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van Hoorn EGM, Rademaker D, van der Wel AWT, DeVries JH, Franx A, van Rijn BB, Kooy A, Siegelaar SE, Roseboom TJ, Ozanne SE, Hooijmans CR, Painter RC. Fetal and post-natal outcomes in offspring after intrauterine metformin exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal experiments. Diabet Med 2024; 41:e15243. [PMID: 37845186 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The impact of maternal metformin use during pregnancy on fetal, infant, childhood and adolescent growth, development, and health remains unclear. Our objective was to systematically review the available evidence from animal experiments on the effects of intrauterine metformin exposure on offspring's anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PUBMED and EMBASE from inception (searched on 12th April 2023). We extracted original, controlled animal studies that investigated the effects of maternal metformin use during pregnancy on offspring anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic measurements. Subsequently, risk of bias was assessed and meta-analyses using the standardized mean difference and a random effects model were conducted for all outcomes containing data from 3 or more studies. Subgroup analyses were planned for species, strain, sex and type of model in the case of 10 comparisons or more per subgroup. RESULTS We included 37 articles (n = 3133 offspring from n = 716 litters, containing n = 51 comparisons) in this review, mostly (95%) on rodent models and 5% pig models. Follow-up of offspring ranged from birth to 2 years of age. Thirty four of the included articles could be included in the meta-analysis. No significant effects in the overall meta-analysis of metformin on any of the anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic offspring outcome measures were identified. Between-studies heterogeneity was high, and risk of bias was unclear in most studies as a consequence of poor reporting of essential methodological details. CONCLUSION This systematic review was unable to establish effects of metformin treatment during pregnancy on anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in non-human offspring. Heterogeneity between studies was high and reporting of methodological details often limited. This highlights a need for additional high-quality research both in humans and model systems to allow firm conclusions to be established. Future research should include focus on the effects of metformin in older offspring age groups, and on outcomes which have gone uninvestigated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G M van Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Rademaker
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A W T van der Wel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H DeVries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Franx
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B B van Rijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Kooy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bethesda Diabetes Research Center, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Care Group Treant, Location Bethesda Hoogeveen, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
| | - S E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T J Roseboom
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S E Ozanne
- Welcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C R Hooijmans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care (Meta Research Team), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R C Painter
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ren Y, Zeng Y, Wu Y, Yu J, Zhang Q, Xiao X. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Affecting Intergenerational Glucose Metabolism: Possible Mechanisms and Interventions. Nutrients 2023; 15:4551. [PMID: 37960204 PMCID: PMC10648599 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing every year and has become a serious public health problem. In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors in early life development are risk factors for diabetes. There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota plays an important role in glucose metabolism, and the gut microbiota of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) differs significantly from that of healthy pregnant women. This article reviews the role of maternal gut microbiota in offspring glucose metabolism. To explore the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affects glucose metabolism in offspring, we summarize clinical studies and experimental animal models that support the hypothesis that the gut microbiota affects glucose metabolism in offspring from dams with GDM and discuss interventions that could improve glucose metabolism in offspring. Given that adverse pregnancy outcomes severely impact the quality of survival, reversing the deleterious effects of abnormal glucose metabolism in offspring through early intervention is important for both mothers and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; (Y.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, The Translational Medicine Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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3
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Bele S, Wokasch AS, Gannon M. Epigenetic modulation of cell fate during pancreas development. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2023; 16:1-27. [PMID: 38873037 PMCID: PMC11173269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications to DNA and its associated proteins affect cell plasticity and cell fate restrictions throughout embryonic development. Development of the vertebrate pancreas is characterized by initial is an over-lapping expression of a set of transcriptional regulators in a defined region of the posterior foregut endoderm that collectively promote pancreas progenitor specification and proliferation. As development progresses, these transcription factors segregate into distinct pancreatic lineages, with some being maintained in specific subsets of terminally differentiated pancreas cell types throughout adulthood. Here we describe the progressive stages and cell fate restrictions that occur during pancreas development and the relevant known epigenetic regulatory events that drive the dynamic expression patterns of transcription factors that regulate pancreas development. In addition, we highlight how changes in epigenetic marks can affect susceptibility to pancreas diseases (such as diabetes), adult pancreas cell plasticity, and the ability to derive replacement insulin-producing β cells for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpak Bele
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anthony S. Wokasch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority, Research Division, 1310 24 Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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4
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Celik E, Ercin M, Bolkent S, Gezginci-Oktayoglu S. Metformin induces mitochondrial remodeling and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells into beta-cells by a potential mechanism including suppression of the T1R3, PLCβ2, cytoplasmic Ca +2, and AKT. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:869-883. [PMID: 35907121 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to investigate the molecular changes in pancreatic progenitor cells subject to high glucose, aspartame, and metformin in vitro. This scope of work glucose, aspartame, and metformin were exposed to pancreatic islet derived progenitor cells (PID-PCs) for 10 days. GLUT1's role in beta-cell differentiation was examined by using GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117. Insulin+ cell ratio was measured by flow cytometry; the expression of beta-cell differentiation related genes was shown by RT-PCR; mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial ROS level, cytoplasmic Ca2+, glucose uptake, and metabolite analysis were made fluorometrically and spectrophotometrically; and proteins involved in related molecular pathways were determined by western blotting. Findings showed that glucose or aspartame exposed cells had similar metabolic and gene expression profile to control PID-PCs. Furthermore, relatively few insulin+ cells in aspartame treated cells were determined. Aspartame signal is transmitted through PLCβ2, CAMKK2 and LKB1 in PID-PCs. The most obvious finding of this study is that metformin significantly increased beta-cell differentiation. The mechanism involves suppression of the sweet taste signal's molecules T1R3, PLCβ2, cytoplasmic Ca+2, and AKT in addition to the direct effect of metformin on mitochondria and AMPK, and the energy metabolism of PID-PCs is remodelled in the direction of oxidative phosphorylation. These findings are very important in terms of determining that metformin stimulates the mitochondrial remodeling and the differentiation of PID-PCs to beta-cells and thus it may contribute to the compensation step, which is the first stage of diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Celik
- Molecular Biology Program, Biology Section, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Ercin
- Molecular Biology Program, Biology Section, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Molecular Biology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Bolkent
- Molecular Biology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Gezginci-Oktayoglu
- Molecular Biology Section, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Beetch M, Alejandro EU. Placental mTOR Signaling and Sexual Dimorphism in Metabolic Health across the Lifespan of Offspring. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8110970. [PMID: 34828683 PMCID: PMC8619510 DOI: 10.3390/children8110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Robust evidence of fetal programming of adult disease has surfaced in the last several decades. Human and preclinical investigations of intrauterine insults report perturbations in placental nutrient sensing by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). This review focuses on pregnancy complications associated with placental mTOR regulation, such as fetal growth restriction (FGR), fetal overgrowth, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), maternal nutrient restriction (MNR), preeclampsia (PE), maternal smoking, and related effects on offspring birthweight. The link between mTOR-associated birthweight outcomes and offspring metabolic health trajectory with a focus on sexual dimorphism are discussed. Both human physiology and animal models are summarized to facilitate in depth understanding. GDM, PCOS and fetal overgrowth are associated with increased placental mTOR, whereas FGR, MNR and maternal smoking are linked to decreased placental mTOR activity. Generally, birth weight is reduced in complications with decreased mTOR (i.e., FGR, MNR, maternal smoking) and higher with increased mTOR (GDM, PCOS). Offspring display obesity or a higher body mass index in childhood and adulthood, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance in adulthood, and deficiencies in pancreatic beta-cell mass and function compared to offspring from uncomplicated pregnancies. Defining causal players in the fetal programming of offspring metabolic health across the lifespan will aid in stopping the vicious cycle of obesity and type II diabetes.
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6
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Faure MC, Khoueiry R, Quanico J, Acloque H, Guerquin MJ, Bertoldo MJ, Chevaleyre C, Ramé C, Fournier I, Salzet M, Dupont J, Froment P. In Utero Exposure to Metformin Reduces the Fertility of Male Offspring in Adulthood. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:750145. [PMID: 34745014 PMCID: PMC8565088 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.750145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and disorders associated with insulin resistance. Metformin is also used in the treatment of pregnancy disorders such as gestational diabetes. However, the consequences of foetal exposure to metformin on the fertility of exposed offspring remain poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the effect of in utero metformin exposure on the fertility of female and male offspring. We observed that metformin is detectable in the blood of the mother and in amniotic fluid and blood of the umbilical cord. Metformin was not measurable in any tissues of the embryo, including the gonads. The effect of metformin exposure on offspring was sex specific. The adult females that had been exposed to metformin in utero presented no clear reduction in fertility. However, the adult males that had been exposed to metformin during foetal life exhibited a 30% reduction in litter size compared with controls. The lower fertility was not due to a change in sperm production or the motility of sperm. Rather, the phenotype was due to lower sperm head quality - significantly increased spermatozoa head abnormality with greater DNA damage - and hypermethylation of the genomic DNA in the spermatozoa associated with lower expression of the ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) protein. In conclusion, while foetal metformin exposure did not dramatically alter gonad development, these results suggest that metabolic modification by metformin during the foetal period could change the expression of epigenetic regulators such as Tet1 and perturb the genomic DNA in germ cells, changes that might contribute to a reduced fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie C. Faure
- l’Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements/Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7247/Université François Rabelais de Tours/Institut français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jusal Quanico
- Université Lille 1, INSERM U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Hervé Acloque
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- UMR967 INSERM, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA)/Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF)/Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (iRCM)/Service Cellules Souches et Radiation (SCSR)/LDG, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Michael J. Bertoldo
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Chevaleyre
- l’Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements/Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7247/Université François Rabelais de Tours/Institut français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- l’Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements/Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7247/Université François Rabelais de Tours/Institut français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Université Lille 1, INSERM U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université Lille 1, INSERM U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- l’Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements/Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7247/Université François Rabelais de Tours/Institut français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- l’Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements/Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7247/Université François Rabelais de Tours/Institut français du Cheval et de l'Équitation (IFCE), Nouzilly, France
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7
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Nguyen L, Lim LY, Ding SSL, Amirruddin NS, Hoon S, Chan SY, Teo AKK. Metformin Perturbs Pancreatic Differentiation From Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Diabetes 2021; 70:1689-1702. [PMID: 33958328 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is becoming a popular treatment before and during pregnancy, but current literature on in utero exposure to metformin lacks long-term clinical trials and mechanistic studies. Current literature on the effects of metformin on mature pancreatic β-cells highlights its dual, opposing, protective, or inhibitory effects, depending on metabolic environment. However, the impact of metformin on developing human pancreatic β-cells remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of metformin exposure on human pancreatic β-cell development and function in vitro. In the absence of metabolic challenges such as high levels of glucose and fatty acids, metformin exposure impaired the development and function of pancreatic β-cells, with downregulation of pancreatic genes and dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration. It also affected the insulin secretion function of pancreatic β-cells. These findings call for further in-depth evaluation of the exposure of human embryonic and fetal tissue during pregnancy to metformin and its implications for long-term offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguyen
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lillian Yuxian Lim
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shirley Suet Lee Ding
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Nur Shabrina Amirruddin
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Meligi NM, Dyab AKF, Paunov VN. Sustained In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery of Metformin from Plant Pollen-Derived Composite Microcapsules. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1048. [PMID: 34371742 PMCID: PMC8309045 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a dual microencapsulation platform for the type 2 diabetes drug metformin (MTF), which is aimed to increase its bioavailability. We report the use of Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS), derived from their natural spores, and raw Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) pollens (DPP) for MTF microencapsulation. MTF was loaded into LCS and DPP via a vacuum and a novel method of hydration-induced swelling. The loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) percentages for MTF-loaded LCS and MTF-loaded DPP microcapsules were 14.9% ± 0.7, 29.8 ± 0.8, and 15.2% ± 0.7, 30.3 ± 1.0, respectively. The release of MTF from MTF-loaded LCS microcapsules was additionally controlled by re-encapsulating the loaded microcapsules into calcium alginate (ALG) microbeads via ionotropic gelation, where the release of MTF was found to be significantly slower and pH-dependent. The pharmacokinetic parameters, obtained from the in vivo study, revealed that the relative bioavailability of the MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads was 1.215 times higher compared to pure MTF, following oral administration of a single dose equivalent to 25 mg/kg body weight MTF to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats. Significant hypoglycemic effect was obtained for STZ-induced diabetic rats orally treated with MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads compared to control diabetic rats. Over a period of 29 days, the STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads showed a decrease in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, as well as an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and a recovery in the oxidative stress biomarker, lipid peroxidation (LPx). In addition, histopathological studies of liver, pancreas, kidney, and testes suggested that MTF-loaded LCS-ALG beads improved the degenerative changes in organs of diabetic rats. The LCS-ALG platform for dual encapsulation of MTF achieved sustained MTF delivery and enhancement of bioavailability, as well as the improved biochemical and histopathological characteristics in in vivo studies, opening many other intriguing applications in sustained drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Meligi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Amro K. F. Dyab
- Colloids & Advanced Materials Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Vesselin N. Paunov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nursultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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9
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Carlson Z, Hafner H, Mulcahy M, Bullock K, Zhu A, Bridges D, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Gregg B. Lactational metformin exposure programs offspring white adipose tissue glucose homeostasis and resilience to metabolic stress in a sex-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E600-E612. [PMID: 32154743 PMCID: PMC7272730 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that exposing mouse dams to metformin during gestation results in increased beta-cell mass at birth and increased beta-cell insulin secretion in adult male offspring. Given these favorable changes after a gestational maternal metformin exposure, we wanted to understand the long-term metabolic impact on offspring after exposing dams to metformin during the postnatal window. The newborn period provides a feasible clinical window for intervention and is important for beta-cell proliferation and metabolic tissue development. Using a C57BL/6 model, we administered metformin to dams from the day of birth to postnatal day 21. We monitored maternal health and offspring growth during the lactation window, as well as adult glucose homeostasis through in vivo testing. At necropsy we assessed pancreas and adipocyte morphology using histological and immunofluorescent staining techniques. We found that metformin exposure programmed male and female offspring to be leaner with a higher proportion of small adipocytes in the gonadal white adipose tissue (GWAT). Male, but not female, offspring had an improvement in glucose tolerance as young adults concordant with a mild increase in insulin secretion in response to glucose in vivo. These data demonstrate long-term metabolic programming of offspring associated with maternal exposure to metformin during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Carlson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Molly Mulcahy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kaylie Bullock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Allen Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dave Bridges
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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10
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Baumann D, Wong A, Akhaphong B, Jo S, Pritchard S, Mohan R, Chung G, Zhang Y, Alejandro EU. Role of nutrient-driven O-GlcNAc-post-translational modification in pancreatic exocrine and endocrine islet development. Development 2020; 147:dev186643. [PMID: 32165492 PMCID: PMC7174839 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the developing pancreas is exquisitely sensitive to nutrient supply in utero, it is not entirely clear how nutrient-driven post-translational modification of proteins impacts the pancreas during development. We hypothesized that the nutrient-sensing enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (Ogt), which catalyzes an O-GlcNAc-modification onto key target proteins, integrates nutrient-signaling networks to regulate cell survival and development. In this study, we investigated the heretofore unknown role of Ogt in exocrine and endocrine islet development. By genetic manipulation in vivo and by using morphometric and molecular analyses, such as immunofluorescence imaging and single cell RNA sequencing, we show the first evidence that Ogt regulates pancreas development. Genetic deletion of Ogt in the pancreatic epithelium (OgtKOPanc) causes pancreatic hypoplasia, in part by increased apoptosis and reduced levels of of Pdx1 protein. Transcriptomic analysis of single cell and bulk RNA sequencing uncovered cell-type heterogeneity and predicted upstream regulator proteins that mediate cell survival, including Pdx1, Ptf1a and p53, which are putative Ogt targets. In conclusion, these findings underscore the requirement of O-GlcNAcylation during pancreas development and show that Ogt is essential for pancreatic progenitor survival, providing a novel mechanistic link between nutrients and pancreas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baumann
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian Akhaphong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Pritchard
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Grace Chung
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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11
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Lawal SK, Adeniji AA, Sulaiman SO, Akajewole MM, Buhari MO, Osinubi AA. Comparative effects of glibenclamide, metformin and insulin on fetal pancreatic histology and maternal blood glucose in pregnant streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:2491-2504. [PMID: 32127822 PMCID: PMC7040257 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral hypoglycemic agents use during pregnancy was assumed to cause fetal macrosomia and skeletal deformities, and maternal complications due to significant transfer across placenta or ineffective control of blood glucose. OBJECTIVE This study investigated effects of insulin, metformin and glibenclamide on maternal blood glucose; and fetal crown-rump length, gross malformation and pancreatic histology in pregnant streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Twenty-five pregnant rats of groups 1 to 5 as normal and diabetic controls; and diabetic treated with insulin, metformin and glibenclamide were used. Experimental GDM was induced using 45 and 35mg/Kgbw of intraperitoneal streptozotocin. RESULTS Metformin, Insulin and Glibenclamide significantly reduced maternal glucose by 140.6mg/dL, 103.2mg/dL and 98.54mg/dl; respectively and showed islets with regular interlobular ducts, islets with some irregular interlobular ducts, and islets with many irregular interlobular ducts in histological fetal pancreatic photomicrographs respectively. This depicts metformin having highest ameliorative effect. There were no significant differences in maternal and fetal body weights, maternal blood glucose between diabetic groups, and fetal gross examination. CONCLUSION At the doses used in this research, metformin and glibenclamide showed no adverse effects on maternal and fetal features in the treatment of GDM. Thus, they can be used as safe and inexpensive alternatives to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodiq Kolawole Lawal
- Department of Anatomy, St. Francis University College of Health Sciences and Allied Sciences, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adeoluwa Akeem Adeniji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sheu Oluwadare Sulaiman
- Department of Physiology, Kampala International University Western campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Mustapha Mas'ud Akajewole
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Medical Sciences, State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania
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12
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M. Autophagy-induced degradation of Notch1, achieved through intermittent fasting, may promote beta cell neogenesis: implications for reversal of type 2 diabetes. Open Heart 2019; 6:e001028. [PMID: 31218007 PMCID: PMC6546199 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Shen X, Fan B, Hu X, Luo L, Yan Y, Yang L. Metformin Reduces Lipotoxicity-Induced Meta-Inflammation in β-Cells through the Activation of GPR40-PLC-IP3 Pathway. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:7602427. [PMID: 31950065 PMCID: PMC6948338 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7602427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties; nevertheless, its influence on β-cell meta-inflammation remains unclear. The following study investigated the effects of metformin on meta-inflammatory in β-cells and whether the underlying mechanisms were associated with the G protein-coupled receptor 40-phospholipase C-inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (GPR40-PLC-IP3) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipotoxicity-induced β-cells and the high-fat diet-induced obese rat model were used in the study. RESULTS Metformin-reduced lipotoxicity-induced β-cell meta-inflammatory injury was associated with the expression of GPR40. GPR40 was involved in metformin reversing metabolic inflammation key marker TLR4 activation-mediated β-cell injury. Furthermore, downstream signaling protein PLC-IP3 of GPR40 was involved in the protective effect of metformin on meta-inflammation, and the above process of metformin was partially regulated by AMPK activity. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin were observed in obese rats. CONCLUSION Metformin can reduce lipotoxicity-induced meta-inflammation in β-cells through the regulation of the GPR40-PLC-IP3 pathway and partially via the regulation of AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Shen
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Beibei Fan
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Liufen Luo
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Yuanli Yan
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
| | - Liyong Yang
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350005 Fujian, China
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14
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Nguyen L, Chan SY, Teo AKK. Metformin from mother to unborn child - Are there unwarranted effects? EBioMedicine 2018; 35:394-404. [PMID: 30166273 PMCID: PMC6156706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 40 years, metformin has been used before and during pregnancy. However, it is important to note that metformin can cross the placenta and circulate in the developing foetus. Recent studies reported that the concentration of metformin in foetal cord blood ranges from half to nearly the same concentration as in the maternal plasma. Since metformin has anti-cell growth and pro-apoptotic effects, there are persistent concerns over the use of metformin in early pregnancy. Current human studies are limited by sample size, lack of controls or, short follow-up durations. In this review, we examine the settings in which metformin can be passed on from mother to child during pregnancy and address the current controversies relating to the cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin. Our efforts highlight the need for more data on the effects of metformin on general offspring health as well as further scrutiny into foetal development upon exposure to metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguyen
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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15
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Priya G, Kalra S. Metformin in the management of diabetes during pregnancy and lactation. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212523. [PMID: 29942340 PMCID: PMC6012930 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the current place of metformin in the management of gestational diabetes (GDM) and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy and lactation. The rationale and basic pharmacology of metformin usage in pregnancy is discussed along with the evidence from observational and randomized controlled trials in women with GDM or overt diabetes. There seems to be adequate evidence of efficacy and short-term safety of metformin in relation to maternal and neonatal outcomes in GDM, with possible benefits related to lower maternal weight gain and lower risk of neonatal hypoglycemia and macrosomia. Additionally, metformin offers the advantages of oral administration, convenience, less cost and greater acceptability. Metformin may, therefore, be considered in milder forms of GDM where glycemic goals are not attained by lifestyle modification. However, failure rate is likely to be higher in those with an earlier diagnosis of GDM, higher blood glucose, higher body mass index (BMI) or previous history of GDM, and insulin remains the cornerstone of pharmacological treatment in such cases. The use of metformin in type 2 diabetes has been assessed in observational and small randomized trials. Metformin monotherapy in women with overt diabetes is highly unlikely to achieve glycemic targets. Hence, the use should be restricted as adjunct to insulin and may be considered in women with high insulin dose requirements or rapid weight gain. There is clearly a need for more clinical trials to assess the effect of combined insulin plus metformin therapy in pregnancy with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, there is a paucity of data on long-term effects in offspring exposed to metformin in utero. It is imperative to further explore its impact on offspring as metformin has significant transplacental transfer and has the potential to impact the programming of the epigenome. Therefore, caution must be exercised when prescribing metformin in pregnant women. More research is clearly needed before metformin can be considered as standard of care in the management of diabetes during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Priya
- Department of Endocrinology, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
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16
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Gestational exposure to metformin programs improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in adult male mouse offspring. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5745. [PMID: 29636523 PMCID: PMC5893596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are exquisitely sensitive to developmental nutrient stressors, and alterations in nutrient sensing pathways may underlie changes observed in these models. Here we developed a mouse model of in utero exposure to the anti-diabetic agent metformin. We have previously shown that this exposure increases offspring pancreatic β-cell mass at birth. We hypothesized that adult offspring would have improved metabolic parameters as a long-term outcome of metformin exposure. Virgin dams were given 5 mg/mL metformin in their water from E0.5 to delivery at E18.5. Body weight, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and glucose stimulated insulin secretion were analyzed in the offspring. When male offspring of dams given metformin during gestation were tested as adults they had improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion in vivo as did their islets in vitro. Enhanced insulin secretion was accompanied by changes in intracellular free calcium responses to glucose and potassium chloride, possibly mediated by increased L channel expression. Female offspring exhibited improved glucose tolerance at advanced ages. In conclusion, in this model in utero metformin exposure leads to improved offspring metabolism in a gender-specific manner. These findings suggest that metformin applied during gestation may be an option for reprogramming metabolism in at risk groups.
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17
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Therapies for gestational diabetes and their implications for maternal and offspring health: Evidence from human and animal studies. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:52-73. [PMID: 29421161 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity prior to and during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications during pregnancy. One of the most common complications of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a condition characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance that is diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy. GDM predisposes both mothers and their children to increased obesity and cardiometabolic disorders, namely type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Current treatments include lifestyle changes and insulin injections, but oral anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin and glyburide are increasingly prescribed as they do not require injections. However, the long-term implications of therapies for diabetes during pregnancy on mothers and their offspring are not fully understood. In this review, we describe current treatments for GDM, including the first line lifestyle interventions such as exercise as well as insulin, glyburides and metformin. We also review selected natural health products that are sometimes used by individuals during pregnancy that could also be an effective therapeutic in pregnancies characterized by obesity or GDM. We focus on both the short- and long-term effects of treatments on the health of mothers and their offspring. We review the current literature from clinical research and animal studies.
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18
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Rourke JL, Hu Q, Screaton RA. AMPK and Friends: Central Regulators of β Cell Biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:111-122. [PMID: 29289437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
If left unchecked, prediabetic hyperglycemia can progress to diabetes and often life-threatening attendant secondary complications. Central to the process of glucose homeostasis are pancreatic β cells, which sense elevations in plasma glucose and additional dietary components and respond by releasing the appropriate quantity of insulin, ensuring the arrest of hepatic glucose output and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Given that β cell failure is associated with the transition from prediabetes to diabetes, improved β cell function ('compensation') has a central role in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent data have shown that both insulin secretion and β cell mass dynamics are regulated by the liver kinase B1-AMP-activated kinase (LKB1-AMPK) pathway and related kinases of the AMPK family; thus, an improved understanding of the biological roles of AMPK in the β cell is now of considerable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Rourke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Queenie Hu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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19
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Wyett G, Gibert Y, Ellis M, Castillo HA, Aston-Mourney K. Metformin, beta-cell development, and novel processes following beta-cell ablation in zebrafish. Endocrine 2018; 59:419-425. [PMID: 29274062 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type 1 and 2 diabetes are characterized by a loss of insulin-producing beta-cells. Current treatments help maintain blood glucose levels but cannot provide a cure. As such, a vital target for the cure of diabetes is a way to restore beta-cell mass. The drug metformin can protect cultured beta-cells/islets from hyperglycemia-induced dysfunction and death. Further, treatment of pregnant mice with metformin results in an enhanced beta-cell fraction in the embryos; however, whether this occurs via a direct effect is unknown. METHODS We utilized the external embryogenesis of the zebrafish to determine the direct effect of metformin treatment on the pancreas of the developing embryo and following beta-cell ablation. RESULTS During development metformin did not alter beta-cell or alpha-cell mass but had a small effect to increase delta-cell mass as measured by in situ hybridization. Further metformin significantly increased beta-cell number. Following beta-cell ablation, both glucagon and somatostatin expression were upregulated (>2-fold). Additionally, while metformin showed no effect to alter beta-cell mass or number, somatostatin expression was further increased (>5-fold). CONCLUSIONS We showed that direct exposure to metformin during embryogenesis does not increase insulin-expressing area but does increase beta-cell number. Further, we identified novel consequences of beta-cell ablation to alter the expression of other pancreatic hormones that were enhanced by metformin. Therefore, this study provides a greater understanding of the beta-cell development/regenerative processes and the effect of metformin, bringing us closer to identifying how to increase beta-cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Wyett
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Yann Gibert
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Megan Ellis
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Hozana A Castillo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center of Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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Wang Y, Dang N, Sun P, Xia J, Zhang C, Pang S. The effects of metformin on fibroblast growth factor 19, 21 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in high-fat diet and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Endocr J 2017; 64:543-552. [PMID: 28413172 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand metformin's effects on fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), we investigated circulating fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19), FGF21 levels, and FGFR1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was detected to explain the possible mechanisms. T2DM was induced by feeding rats with high-fat diet for 11 weeks, followed by a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30-35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Control rats (Con) were fed on a normal chow; diabetic rats (DM) were fed on high-fat diet supplemented with or without metformin (METF) for 12 weeks (500 mg·kg-1·d-1). Biochemical parameters were detected at the end of 24th weeks. FGFR1 expression and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in the pancreas and visceral adipose tissues were detected using either Western blot (WB) or immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum FGF19 and FGF21 were measured using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Metformin treated DM rats showed improved glucose, lipid and bile acid metabolism. Besides, significantly decreased FGF19 and increased FGF21 were observed in DM+METF rats. DM rats showed significantly increased FGFR1 both in the pancreas and visceral adipose tissues. While in DM+METF rats, FGFR1 was almost remained at a normal level in the pancreas and increased in the visceral adipose tissue compared to that in DM rats. Besides, metformin treatment restores Akt phosphorylation in both tissues. The altered glucose and lipid profiles by metformin treatment may be associated with the increased circulating FGF21 and tissue-specific expressions of FGFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pei Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunxue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuguang Pang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, Shandong Province, China
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Yang X, Xu Z, Zhang C, Cai Z, Zhang J. Metformin, beyond an insulin sensitizer, targeting heart and pancreatic β cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1984-1990. [PMID: 27702625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, a biguanide derivate, is known as the first-line antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. It reduces insulin resistance and decreases blood glucose concentration by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and suppressing hepatic glucose production with improved peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. As an insulin sensitizer, metformin takes pleiotropic actions and exerts protective effects on multiple organs mainly in insulin-targeted tissues such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Recent studies discover that metformin also plays essential roles in heart and pancreatic β cells - two important organs in metabolic regulation. Metformin not only protects T2DM patients from cardiovascular diseases and heart failure, but also restores insulin secretion activities and protects pancreatic β cells from lipotoxicity or glucotoxicity. Although accumulated evidence shed light on the metformin action, the precise mechanism of metformin is still under investigation. Further laboratory investigations and clinical trials are needed to pinpoint a map of metformin action. Based on recent findings, this review characterizes the beneficial role of metformin in cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zixin Cai
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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