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Ganguly K, Adhikary K, Acharjee A, Acharjee P, Trigun SK, Mutlaq AS, Ashique S, Yasmin S, Alshahrani AM, Ansari MY. Biological significance and pathophysiological role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Central Nervous System. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135967. [PMID: 39322129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are endopeptidase reliant on zinc, are low in embryonic tissues but increases in response to a variety of physiological stimulus and pathological stresses. Neuro-glial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and leucocytes secrete MMPs, which cleave extracellular matrix proteins in a time-dependent manner. MMPs affect synaptic plasticity and the development of short-term memory by controlling the size, shape, and excitatory synapses' function through the lateral diffusion of receptors. In addition, MMPs influence the Extracellular Matrix proteins in the Peri-Neuronal Net at the Neuro-glial interface, which aids in the establishment of long-term memory. Through modulating neuronal, and glial cells migration, differentiation, Neurogenesis, and survival, MMPs impact brain development in mammals. In adult brains, MMPs play a beneficial role in physiological plasticity, which includes learning, memory consolidation, social interaction, and complex behaviors, by proteolytically altering a wide variety of factors, including growth factors, cytokines, receptors, DNA repair enzymes, and matrix proteins. Additionally, stress, depression, addiction, hepatic encephalopathy, and stroke may all have negative effects on MMPs. In addition to their role in glioblastoma development, MMPs influence neurological diseases such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain damage, pain, neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. To help shed light on the potential of MMPs as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, this review summarizes their regulation, mode of action, and participation in brain physiological plasticity and pathological damage. Finally, by employing different MMP-based nanotools and inhibitors, MMPs may also be utilized to map the anatomical and functional connectome of the brain, analyze its secretome, and treat neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Ganguly
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Helen Keller Sarani, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Helen Keller Sarani, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arup Acharjee
- Molecular Omics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Papia Acharjee
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Sumel Ashique
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Yousuf Ansari
- MM college of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
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Cultural evolution: The third component of mental illness heritability. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e154. [PMID: 36098432 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2100162x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Uchiyama et al. provide a theoretical framework to explain the gap between reported gene-environment interactions and real-life epidemiological statistics. Through cultural evolution, informed behavioral approaches mitigate the impact of environmental risk on disease onset. Similarly, here we propose that fostering certain behavioral traits, transmitted culturally or through access to scientific knowledge, could confer resilience to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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Packard K, Opendak M. Rodent models of early adversity: Impacts on developing social behavior circuitry and clinical implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:918862. [PMID: 35990728 PMCID: PMC9385963 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.918862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible and context-appropriate social functioning is key for survival across species. This flexibility also renders social behavior highly plastic, particularly during early development when attachment to caregiver can provide a template for future social processing. As a result, early caregiving adversity can have unique and lasting impacts on social behavior and even confer vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. However, the neural circuit mechanisms translating experience to outcome remain poorly understood. Here, we consider social behavior scaffolding through the lens of reward and threat processing. We begin by surveying several complementary rodent models of early adversity, which together have highlighted impacts on neural circuits processing social cues. We next explore these circuits underlying perturbed social functioning with focus on dopamine (DA) and its role in regions implicated in social and threat processing such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the lateral habenula (LHb). Finally, we turn to human populations once more to examine how altered DA signaling and LHb dysfunction may play a role in social anhedonia, a common feature in diagnoses such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). We argue that this translational focus is critical for identifying specific features of adversity that confer heightened vulnerability for clinical outcomes involving social cue processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Packard
- Department of Neuroscience, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maya Opendak
- Department of Neuroscience, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Spyridonidis S, Dykxhoorn J, Hollander AC, Dalman C, Kirkbride JB. Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Age-at-First-Diagnosis of Psychotic Disorders: A Swedish Register-Based Cohort Study. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2022; 3:sgac045. [PMID: 39144780 PMCID: PMC11205874 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between neighborhood-level factors and the incidence of psychotic disorders is well established. However, it is unclear whether neighborhood characteristics are also associated with age-at-first-diagnosis of these disorders. We used linked Swedish register data to identify a cohort of persons first diagnosed with an ICD-10 non-affective or affective psychotic disorder (F20-33) between 1997 and 2016. Using multilevel mixed-effect linear modelling, we investigated whether neighborhood deprivation and population density at birth were associated with age-at-first diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. Our final cohort included 13,440 individuals, with a median age-at-first-diagnosis of 21.8 years for women (interquartile range [IQR]: 19.0-25.5) and 22.9 years for men (IQR: 20.1-26.1; P < .0001). In an unadjusted model, we found no evidence of an association between neighborhood deprivation and age-at-first-diagnosis of psychotic disorder (P = .07). However, after multivariable adjustment, age-at-first-diagnosis increased by .13 years (95% CI: .05 to .21; P = .002) for a one standard deviation increase in neighborhood deprivation. This was equivalent to a later diagnosis of 47 days (95% CI: 18 to 77). We found no evidence of a different relationship for non-affective versus affective psychoses [LRT χ 2(1) = .14; P = .71]. Population density was not associated with age-at-first-diagnosis in unadjusted (P = .81) or adjusted (P = .85) models. Later age-at-first-diagnosis for individuals born in more deprived neighborhoods suggests structural barriers in accessing equitable psychiatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Dykxhoorn
- PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Christina Dalman
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
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Reichert M, Gan G, Renz M, Braun U, Brüßler S, Timm I, Ma R, Berhe O, Benedyk A, Moldavski A, Schweiger JI, Hennig O, Zidda F, Heim C, Banaschewski T, Tost H, Ebner-Priemer UW, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Ambulatory assessment for precision psychiatry: Foundations, current developments and future avenues. Exp Neurol 2021; 345:113807. [PMID: 34228998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precision psychiatry stands to benefit from the latest digital technologies for assessment and analyses to tailor treatment towards individuals. Insights into dynamic psychological processes as they unfold in humans' everyday life can critically add value in understanding symptomatology and environmental stressors to provide individualized treatment where and when needed. Towards this goal, ambulatory assessment encompasses methodological approaches to investigate behavioral, physiological, and biological processes in humans' everyday life. It combines repeated assessments of symptomatology over time, e.g., via Ecological Momentary Assessment (e.g., smartphone-diaries), with monitoring of physical behavior, environmental characteristics (such as geolocations, social interactions) and physiological function via sensors, e.g., mobile accelerometers, global-positioning-systems, and electrocardiography. In this review, we expand on promises of ambulatory assessment in the investigation of mental states (e.g., real-life, dynamical and contextual perspective), on chances for precision psychiatry such as the prediction of courses of psychiatric disorders, detection of tipping points and critical windows of relapse, and treatment effects as exemplified by ongoing projects, and on future avenues of how ambulatory interventions can benefit personalized care for psychiatric patients (e.g., through real-time feedback in everyday life). Ambulatory assessment is a key contributor to precision psychiatry, opening up promising avenues in research, diagnoses, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reichert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany; mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany; Department of eHealth and Sports Analytics, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), 44801 Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Gabriela Gan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Malika Renz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Urs Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Brüßler
- mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Irina Timm
- mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Ren Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Berhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Benedyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Moldavski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Janina I Schweiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Zidda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Christine Heim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich W Ebner-Priemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany; mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, 68159 Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.
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Bardol O, Grot S, Oh H, Poulet E, Zeroug-Vial H, Brunelin J, Leaune E. Perceived ethnic discrimination as a risk factor for psychotic symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1077-1089. [PMID: 32317042 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000094x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown an elevated risk of psychotic symptoms (PS) and experiences (PEs) among ethnic minority groups, with significant variation between groups. This pattern may be partially attributable to the unfavorable socio-environmental conditions that surround ethnic minority groups. Perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) in particular has been a salient putative risk factor to explain the increased risk. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of PED on reporting PS/PEs in ethnic minorities. This review abides by the guidelines set forth by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The included studies were obtained from the databases: Medline, PsycINFO, and Web Of Science. Sub-group analyses were performed assessing the effect of PED in different subtypes of PS, the influence of ethnicity and moderating/mediating factors. RESULTS Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, and nine were used to conduct the meta-analysis. We found a positive association between PED and the occurrence of PS/PEs among ethnic minorities. The combined odds ratio were 1.77 (95% CI 1.26-2.49) for PS and 1.94 (95% CI 1.42-2.67) for PEs. We found that the association was similar across ethnic groups and did not depend on the ethnic origin of individuals. Weak evidence supported the buffering effects of ethnic identity, collective self-esteem and social support; and no evidence supported the moderating effect of ethnic density. Sensitivity to race-based rejection significantly but only slightly mediated the association. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PED is involved in the increased risk of PS/PEs in ethnic minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bardol
- Grenoble Alpes University, School of Medicine, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Emmanuel Poulet
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response - PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry, University Hospital Edouard Herriot, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jérôme Brunelin
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response - PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France
| | - Edouard Leaune
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, France
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Psychiatric Disorders: from Resistance to Response - PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France
- Institute for Philosophical Research, Lyon 3 University, Lyon, France
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Wu YF, Sytwu HK, Lung FW. Polymorphisms in the Human Aquaporin 4 Gene Are Associated With Schizophrenia in the Southern Chinese Han Population: A Case-Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:596. [PMID: 32676041 PMCID: PMC7333661 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In psychiatric illness, pathogenic role of neuroinflammation has been supported by multiple lines of evidence. Astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with formation of the "glymphatic" drainage system of the central nervous system (CNS) through perivascular processes. Found primarily at the end-feet of astrocytes, the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) gene has been suspected to play putative roles in the development of psychiatric disorders as well as the clearance of the glymphatic system. However, there remain many uncertainties because of the limited research on AQP4. The present study is focused on the association between AQP4 gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia (SCZ) in the Southern Chinese Han population. METHODS Two hundred ninety-two patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. To study the relationship of AQP4 gene polymorphisms and SCZ, genetic information was drawn from a cohort of 100 healthy controls and 100 matched patients with SCZ of Southern Han Chinese descent. Comparisons of the allele and genotype distributions between control and case groups were made using the χ2 test. Two-group comparisons were made to assess the linkage equilibrium and haplotype. RESULTS Three SNPs were found. In comparison to healthy controls, patients had higher T-allele frequencies at rs1058424 and G-allele frequencies at rs3763043 (p = 0.043 and p = 0.045, respectively). Furthermore, there is an association between the decreased risk of SCZ and the AA genotype at both rs1058424 (p = 0.021, OR = 2.04) and rs3763043 (p = 0.018, OR = 2.25) The TCG haplotype (p = 0.036) was associated with a potential risk of SCZ, while the ACA haplotype (p = 0.0007) was associated with a decreased risk of SCZ and retained statistical significance after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS An etiological reference for SCZ is provided by the association between AQP4 gene polymorphisms and SCZ in Southern Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - For-Wey Lung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung County, Taiwan
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are disturbances of cognitive and behavioral processes mediated by the brain. Emerging evidence suggests that accurate biomarkers for psychiatric disorders might benefit from incorporating information regarding multiple brain regions and their interactions with one another, rather than considering local perturbations in brain structure and function alone. Recent advances in the field of applied mathematics generally - and network science specifically - provide a language to capture the complexity of interacting brain regions, and the application of this language to fundamental questions in neuroscience forms the emerging field of network neuroscience. This chapter provides an overview of the use and utility of network neuroscience for building biomarkers in psychiatry. The chapter begins with an overview of the theoretical frameworks and tools that encompass network neuroscience before describing applications of network neuroscience to the study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. With reference to work on genetic, molecular, and environmental correlates of network neuroscience features, the promises and challenges of network neuroscience for providing tools that aid in the diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment response in psychiatric disorders are discussed.
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Psychoses sans Frontieres: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of psychosis risk amongst migrants and their descendants. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019; 28:146-152. [PMID: 30208980 PMCID: PMC6330066 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796018000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the excess risk of psychotic disorders in migrant and ethnic minority groups has long been an important research focus in psychiatric epidemiology and public mental health. Heterogeneity between migrant groups based on the region of origin, minority status and other socioeconomic factors may provide clues as to the underlying aetiological mechanisms explaining this risk, as well as informing our general understanding of psychotic disorders. Nonetheless, disentangling the mechanisms underlying this association has been the focus of more speculation and theory to date than empirical research. Now more than ever, we need to move beyond studies which demonstrate excess rates in migrant and ethnic minority groups to novel population-based studies which identify the determinants and mechanisms through which this risk is shaped. In this paper, we review the main hypotheses proposed to explain these disparities and the current level of support for them. We then highlight recent evidence from epidemiology and neuroscience which provides important new clues in our understanding of the aetiology of psychotic disorders. We concluded with suggestions for future interdisciplinary research to prevent this public mental health inequality within a generation.
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Krautheim JT, Straube B, Dannlowski U, Pyka M, Schneider-Hassloff H, Drexler R, Krug A, Sommer J, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Kircher T. Outgroup emotion processing in the vACC is modulated by childhood trauma and CACNA1C risk variant. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:341-348. [PMID: 29385621 PMCID: PMC5836282 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high frequency of outgroup contact—as experienced by urban dwellers and migrants—possibly increases schizophrenia risk. This risk might be further amplified by genetic and environmental risk factors, such as the A-allele of rs1006737 within the calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C gene and childhood interpersonal trauma (CIT). Both have been related to ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) functioning. We investigated vACC functioning, during ingroup and outgroup emotion perception in relation to rs1006737 and CIT. Group membership was manipulated through a minimal group paradigm. Thus, in our functional magnetic resonance imaging study, a group of healthy Caucasian participants (n = 178) viewed video-recorded facial emotions (happy vs angry) of actors artificially assigned to represent the ingroup or the outgroup. Rs1006737 and CIT were related to brain activation for group and emotion specific processing. The group–emotion interaction in the vACC showed reduced sensitivity to emotional valence for outgroup member processing. Specifically for the angry outgroup condition, we found a gene by environment interaction in vACC activity. We speculate that the increased schizophrenia risk in migrants and urban dwellers could therefore be facilitated via this pathophysiological pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes T Krautheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Pyka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca Drexler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
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Handforth A, Parker GA. Conditions Associated with Essential Tremor in Veterans: A Potential Role for Chronic Stress. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 8:517. [PMID: 29971194 PMCID: PMC6026277 DOI: 10.7916/d8vd8ff5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Increased depression, hearing loss, dementia, alcoholism, and mortality in essential tremor patients remain unexplained. We investigated whether conditions associated with tremor are linked to chronic stress. Methods The FY2013 Veterans Affairs database was queried for 38 selected dual diagnosis combinations in 5,854,223 veterans aged 21–95 years. Results Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression were the most common psychiatric diagnoses in tremor patients, with the odds ratio exceeding 2 in all 15-year cohorts. Depending on age, patients with essential tremor were more likely than those without to have obsessive–compulsive disorder, bipolar illness, schizophrenia, use tobacco and abuse alcohol, have hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, vitamin D deficiency, coronary and cerebrovascular diseases, congestive heart failure, stroke, asthma, hypothyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome, renal insufficiency, alcoholic liver disease, hearing loss, glaucoma, macular degeneration, migraine, epilepsy, idiopathic polyneuropathy, history of head trauma, and ‘Alzheimer’s dementia. In contrast, lung and colorectal cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, psychostimulant abuse, and rheumatoid arthritis were not more common. Discussion Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression, strongly associated with essential tremor, are known risk factors for poor health habits, tobacco use and alcohol abuse; collectively these are risk factors for vascular disease, with further negative health consequences for multiple organ systems. As essential tremor is associated with all these conditions, we propose that chronic stress is not only responsible for the conditions associated with tremor but in some cases itself directly and indirectly induces essential tremor, so that tremor and poor health share a common cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Handforth
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gail A Parker
- Knowledge Management, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Epigenomics of Major Depressive Disorders and Schizophrenia: Early Life Decides. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081711. [PMID: 28777307 PMCID: PMC5578101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is guided by the interactions between the genetic blueprint and the environment. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, can mediate these interactions and may also trigger long-lasting adaptations in developmental programs that increase the risk of major depressive disorders (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Early life adversity is a major risk factor for MDD/SCZ and can trigger persistent genome-wide changes in DNA methylation at genes important to early, but also to mature, brain function, including neural proliferation, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity, among others. Moreover, genetic variations controlling dynamic DNA methylation in early life are thought to influence later epigenomic changes in SCZ. This finding corroborates the high genetic load and a neurodevelopmental origin of SCZ and shows that epigenetic responses to the environment are, at least in part, genetically controlled. Interestingly, genetic variants influencing DNA methylation are also enriched in risk variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on SCZ supporting a role in neurodevelopment. Overall, epigenomic responses to early life adversity appear to be controlled to different degrees by genetics in MDD/SCZ, even though the potential reversibility of epigenomic processes may offer new hope for timely therapeutic interventions in MDD/SCZ.
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Oxidative stress, prefrontal cortex hypomyelination and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1171. [PMID: 28934193 PMCID: PMC5538118 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a broad symptomatology, including cognitive symptoms that are thought to arise from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The neurobiological aetiology of these symptoms remains elusive, yet both impaired redox control and PFC dysconnectivity have been recently implicated. PFC dysconnectivity has been linked to white matter, oligodendrocyte (OL) and myelin abnormalities in SZ patients. Myelin is produced by mature OLs, and OL precursor cells (OPCs) are exceptionally susceptible to oxidative stress. Here we propose a hypothesis for the aetiology of cognitive symptomatology in SZ: the redox-induced prefrontal OPC-dysfunctioning hypothesis. We pose that the combination of genetic and environmental factors causes oxidative stress marked by a build-up of reactive oxygen species that, during late adolescence, impair OPC signal transduction processes that are necessary for OPC proliferation and differentiation, and involve AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt-mTOR-P70S6K and peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha signalling. OPC dysfunctioning coincides with the relatively late onset of PFC myelination, causing hypomyelination and disruption of connectivity in this brain area. The resulting cognitive deficits arise in parallel with SZ onset. Hence, our hypothesis provides a novel neurobiological framework for the aetiology of SZ cognitive symptoms. Future research addressing our hypothesis could have important implications for the development of new (combined) antioxidant- and promyelination-based strategies to treat the cognitive symptoms in SZ.
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Akdeniz C, Schäfer A, Streit F, Haller L, Wüst S, Kirsch P, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Sex-Dependent Association of Perigenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex Volume and Migration Background, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:925-934. [PMID: 28969352 PMCID: PMC5472165 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Migration status is one of the best-established risk factors for schizophrenia. An increase in risk is observed in both first- and second-generation immigrants, with a varying magnitude depending on the ethnic background of the individuals. The underlying mechanisms for the increased risk are only recently coming into focus. A causal role for social stress has been widely proposed, and recent work indicated altered neural stress processing in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) in migrants. Since previous work shows that social stress may lead to enduring changes in the gray matter volume of vulnerable brain regions, we investigated the impact of migration background on brain structure. We studied healthy young adults (N = 124), native Germans and second-generation migrants, using whole-brain structural magnetic resonance imaging. Groups were matched for a broad range of sociodemographic characteristics including age, gender, urban exposure, and education. We found a significant group by sex interaction effect in pACC gray matter volume, which was reduced in males with migration background only. This mirrors previous findings in urban upbringing, another risk factor for schizophrenia. Our results provide convergent evidence for an impact of environmental risk factors linked to schizophrenia on gray matter volume and extend prior data by highlighting the possibility that the pACC structure may be particularly sensitive to the convergent risk factors linked to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Akdeniz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany,These authors contributed equally
| | - Axel Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany,These authors contributed equally
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leila Haller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Wüst
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany,Present address: Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating disease that arises on the background of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors, such as early life stress (ELS). In this study, we show that ELS-induced schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice correlate with a widespread increase of histone-deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) expression that is linked to altered DNA methylation. Hdac1 overexpression in neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex, but not in the dorsal or ventral hippocampus, mimics schizophrenia-like phenotypes induced by ELS. Systemic administration of an HDAC inhibitor rescues the detrimental effects of ELS when applied after the manifestation of disease phenotypes. In addition to the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, mice subjected to ELS exhibit increased Hdac1 expression in blood. Moreover, Hdac1 levels are increased in blood samples from patients with schizophrenia who had encountered ELS, compared with patients without ELS experience. Our data suggest that HDAC1 inhibition should be considered as a therapeutic approach to treat schizophrenia.
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Klippel A, Myin-Germeys I, Chavez-Baldini U, Preacher KJ, Kempton M, Valmaggia L, Calem M, So S, Beards S, Hubbard K, Gayer-Anderson C, Onyejiaka A, Wichers M, McGuire P, Murray R, Garety P, van Os J, Wykes T, Morgan C, Reininghaus U. Modeling the Interplay Between Psychological Processes and Adverse, Stressful Contexts and Experiences in Pathways to Psychosis: An Experience Sampling Study. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:302-315. [PMID: 28204708 PMCID: PMC5605264 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several integrated models of psychosis have implicated adverse, stressful contexts and experiences, and affective and cognitive processes in the onset of psychosis. In these models, the effects of stress are posited to contribute to the development of psychotic experiences via pathways through affective disturbance, cognitive biases, and anomalous experiences. However, attempts to systematically test comprehensive models of these pathways remain sparse. Using the Experience Sampling Method in 51 individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 46 individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, and 53 controls, we investigated how stress, enhanced threat anticipation, and experiences of aberrant salience combine to increase the intensity of psychotic experiences. We fitted multilevel moderated mediation models to investigate indirect effects across these groups. We found that the effects of stress on psychotic experiences were mediated via pathways through affective disturbance in all 3 groups. The effect of stress on psychotic experiences was mediated by threat anticipation in FEP individuals and controls but not in ARMS individuals. There was only weak evidence of mediation via aberrant salience. However, aberrant salience retained a substantial direct effect on psychotic experiences, independently of stress, in all 3 groups. Our findings provide novel insights on the role of affective disturbance and threat anticipation in pathways through which stress impacts on the formation of psychotic experiences across different stages of early psychosis in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Klippel
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Research Group, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - UnYoung Chavez-Baldini
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthew Kempton
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Lucia Valmaggia
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Calem
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Suzanne So
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Beards
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kathryn Hubbard
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adanna Onyejiaka
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Marieke Wichers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), University Center Psychiatry (UCP), Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip McGuire
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philippa Garety
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Til Wykes
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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The "polyenviromic risk score": Aggregating environmental risk factors predicts conversion to psychosis in familial high-risk subjects. Schizophr Res 2017; 181:17-22. [PMID: 28029515 PMCID: PMC5365360 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia (i.e. youth at familial high-risk, FHR) are at increased risk of developing psychotic disorders, and show higher rates of psychiatric symptoms, cognitive and neurobiological abnormalities than non-relatives. It is not known whether overall exposure to environmental risk factors increases risk of conversion to psychosis in FHR subjects. METHODS Subjects consisted of a pilot longitudinal sample of 83 young FHR subjects. As a proof of principle, we examined whether an aggregate score of exposure to environmental risk factors, which we term a 'polyenviromic risk score' (PERS), could predict conversion to psychosis. The PERS combines known environmental risk factors including cannabis use, urbanicity, season of birth, paternal age, obstetric and perinatal complications, and various types of childhood adversity, each weighted by its odds ratio for association with psychosis in the literature. RESULTS A higher PERS was significantly associated with conversion to psychosis in young, familial high-risk subjects (OR=1.97, p=0.009). A model combining the PERS and clinical predictors had a sensitivity of 27% and specificity of 96%. CONCLUSION An aggregate index of environmental risk may help predict conversion to psychosis in FHR subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 (VIJV1), 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Morgan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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Reininghaus U, Kempton MJ, Valmaggia L, Craig TKJ, Garety P, Onyejiaka A, Gayer-Anderson C, So SH, Hubbard K, Beards S, Dazzan P, Pariante C, Mondelli V, Fisher HL, Mills JG, Viechtbauer W, McGuire P, van Os J, Murray RM, Wykes T, Myin-Germeys I, Morgan C. Stress Sensitivity, Aberrant Salience, and Threat Anticipation in Early Psychosis: An Experience Sampling Study. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:712-22. [PMID: 26834027 PMCID: PMC4838104 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While contemporary models of psychosis have proposed a number of putative psychological mechanisms, how these impact on individuals to increase intensity of psychotic experiences in real life, outside the research laboratory, remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether elevated stress sensitivity, experiences of aberrant novelty and salience, and enhanced anticipation of threat contribute to the development of psychotic experiences in daily life. We used the experience sampling method (ESM) to assess stress, negative affect, aberrant salience, threat anticipation, and psychotic experiences in 51 individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 46 individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, and 53 controls with no personal or family history of psychosis. Linear mixed models were used to account for the multilevel structure of ESM data. In all 3 groups, elevated stress sensitivity, aberrant salience, and enhanced threat anticipation were associated with an increased intensity of psychotic experiences. However, elevated sensitivity to minor stressful events (χ(2)= 6.3,P= 0.044), activities (χ(2)= 6.7,P= 0.036), and areas (χ(2)= 9.4,P= 0.009) and enhanced threat anticipation (χ(2)= 9.3,P= 0.009) were associated with more intense psychotic experiences in FEP individuals than controls. Sensitivity to outsider status (χ(2)= 5.7,P= 0.058) and aberrantly salient experiences (χ(2)= 12.3,P= 0.002) were more strongly associated with psychotic experiences in ARMS individuals than controls. Our findings suggest that stress sensitivity, aberrant salience, and threat anticipation are important psychological processes in the development of psychotic experiences in daily life in the early stages of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Reininghaus
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Valmaggia
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tom K J Craig
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philippa Garety
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adanna Onyejiaka
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Gayer-Anderson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne H So
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn Hubbard
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Beards
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John G Mills
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philip McGuire
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M Murray
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Til Wykes
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Craig Morgan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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Vafadari B, Salamian A, Kaczmarek L. MMP-9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology, and therapy. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:91-114. [PMID: 26525923 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a member of the metzincin family of mostly extracellularly operating proteases. Despite the fact that all of these enzymes might be target promiscuous, with largely overlapping catalogs of potential substrates, MMP-9 has recently emerged as a major and apparently unique player in brain physiology and pathology. The specificity of MMP-9 may arise from its very local and time-restricted actions, even when released in the brain from cells of various types, including neurons, glia, and leukocytes. In fact, the quantity of MMP-9 is very low in the naive brain, but it is markedly activated at the levels of enzymatic activity, protein abundance, and gene expression following various physiological stimuli and pathological insults. Neuronal MMP-9 participates in synaptic plasticity by controlling the shape of dendritic spines and function of excitatory synapses, thus playing a pivotal role in learning, memory, and cortical plasticity. When improperly unleashed, MMP-9 contributes to a large variety of brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, brain injury, stroke, neurodegeneration, pain, brain tumors, etc. The foremost mechanism of action of MMP-9 in brain disorders appears to be its involvement in immune/inflammation responses that are related to the enzyme's ability to process and activate various cytokines and chemokines, as well as its contribution to blood-brain barrier disruption, facilitating the extravasation of leukocytes into brain parenchyma. However, another emerging possibility (i.e., the control of MMP-9 over synaptic plasticity) should not be neglected. The translational potential of MMP-9 has already been recognized in both the diagnosis and treatment domains. The most striking translational aspect may be the discovery of MMP-9 up-regulation in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, quickly followed by human studies and promising clinical trials that have sought to inhibit MMP-9. With regard to diagnosis, suggestions have been made to use MMP-9 alone or combined with tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor as disease biomarkers. MMP-9, through cleavage of specific target proteins, plays a major role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation, and by those virtues contributes to brain physiology and a host of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Reininghaus U, Depp CA, Myin-Germeys I. Ecological Interventionist Causal Models in Psychosis: Targeting Psychological Mechanisms in Daily Life. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:264-9. [PMID: 26707864 PMCID: PMC4753613 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Integrated models of psychotic disorders have posited a number of putative psychological mechanisms that may contribute to the development of psychotic symptoms, but it is only recently that a modest amount of experience sampling research has provided evidence on their role in daily life, outside the research laboratory. A number of methodological challenges remain in evaluating specificity of potential causal links between a given psychological mechanism and psychosis outcomes in a systematic fashion, capitalizing on longitudinal data to investigate temporal ordering. In this article, we argue for testing ecological interventionist causal models that draw on real world and real-time delivered, ecological momentary interventions for generating evidence on several causal criteria (association, time order, and direction/sole plausibility) under real-world conditions, while maximizing generalizability to social contexts and experiences in heterogeneous populations. Specifically, this approach tests whether ecological momentary interventions can (1) modify a putative mechanism and (2) produce changes in the mechanism that lead to sustainable changes in intended psychosis outcomes in individuals' daily lives. Future research using this approach will provide translational evidence on the active ingredients of mobile health and in-person interventions that promote sustained effectiveness of ecological momentary interventions and, thereby, contribute to ongoing efforts that seek to enhance effectiveness of psychological interventions under real-world conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK;
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Browne CJ, Fletcher PJ, Zeeb FD. Responding for a conditioned reinforcer or unconditioned sensory reinforcer in mice: interactions with environmental enrichment, social isolation, and monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:983-93. [PMID: 26690588 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Environmental factors influence the etiology of many psychiatric disorders. Likewise, environmental factors can alter processes central to motivation. Therefore, motivational deficits present in many disorders may be influenced by early life environmental conditions. OBJECTIVE We examined whether housing animals in different environmental conditions influenced the ability of sensory stimuli to acquire incentive value and whether elevated monoamine activity altered responsing for these stimuli. METHODS Isolation-housed (IH), pair-housed (PH), and environmentally enriched (EE) male C57BL/6N mice were examined in tests of responding for a conditioned reinforcer (CRf) or an unconditioned sensory reinforcer (USRf). The CRf was previously paired with saccharin delivery through Pavlovian conditioning, while the USRf was not conditioned with a reward. Following baseline tests of responding for the CRf or USRf, the effects of elevated monoamine activity were examined. RESULTS At baseline, PH and EE mice responded similarly for the CRf or USRf. IH mice responded more for the CRf but exhibited slower acquisition of responding for the USRf. Administration of citalopram, a serotonin transporter blocker, or atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter blocker, decreased responding for the CRf and USRf in all groups. The dopamine transporter blocker GBR 12909 generally increased responding for the CRf and USRf, but further analysis revealed enhanced responding for both reinforcers only in EE mice. CONCLUSIONS Baseline incentive motivation is strongly influenced by the social component of housing conditions. Furthermore, environmental enrichment increased the sensitivity to elevated dopamine activity, while acute elevations in serotonin and norepinephrine inhibit incentive motivation irrespective of housing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Browne
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3.
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
| | - Fiona D Zeeb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Biopsychology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1R8
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Pejatović MM, Anzić S. Personalized Medicine of Central Nervous System Diseases and Disorders: Looking Toward the Future. Per Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39349-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Schilbach L, Hoffstaedter F, Müller V, Cieslik E, Goya-Maldonado R, Trost S, Sorg C, Riedl V, Jardri R, Sommer I, Kogler L, Derntl B, Gruber O, Eickhoff S. Transdiagnostic commonalities and differences in resting state functional connectivity of the default mode network in schizophrenia and major depression. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 10:326-35. [PMID: 26904405 PMCID: PMC4724692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and depression are prevalent psychiatric disorders, but their underlying neural bases remains poorly understood. Neuroimaging evidence has pointed towards the relevance of functional connectivity aberrations in default mode network (DMN) hubs, dorso-medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus, in both disorders, but commonalities and differences in resting state functional connectivity of those two regions across disorders has not been formally assessed. Here, we took a transdiagnostic approach to investigate resting state functional connectivity of those two regions in 75 patients with schizophrenia and 82 controls from 4 scanning sites and 102 patients with depression and 106 controls from 3 sites. Our results demonstrate common dysconnectivity patterns as indexed by a significant reduction of functional connectivity between precuneus and bilateral superior parietal lobe in schizophrenia and depression. Furthermore, our findings highlight diagnosis-specific connectivity reductions of the parietal operculum in schizophrenia relative to depression. In light of evidence that points towards the importance of the DMN for social cognitive abilities and well documented impairments of social interaction in both patient groups, it is conceivable that the observed transdiagnostic connectivity alterations may contribute to interpersonal difficulties, but this could not be assessed directly in our study as measures of social behavior were not available. Given the operculum's role in somatosensory integration, diagnosis-specific connectivity reductions may indicate a pathophysiological mechanism for basic self-disturbances that is characteristic of schizophrenia, but not depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Schilbach
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - F. Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - V. Müller
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E.C. Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R. Goya-Maldonado
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Trost
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Sorg
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - V. Riedl
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - R. Jardri
- Divison of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, France
| | - I. Sommer
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L. Kogler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - B. Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - O. Gruber
- Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - S.B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gaebel W, Zielasek J. Schizophrenia in 2020: Trends in diagnosis and therapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:661-73. [PMID: 26011091 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia research is providing an increasing number of studies and important insights into the condition's etiopathogenesis based on genetic, neuropsychological and cranial neuroimaging studies. However, research progress has not yet led to the incorporation of such findings into the revised classification criteria of mental disorders or everyday clinical practice. By 2020, schizophrenia will most likely still be a clinically defined primary psychotic disorder. While there is some hope that treatment will be improved with new antipsychotic drugs, drugs addressing negative symptoms, more refined psychotherapy approaches and the introduction of new treatment modalities like transcranial magnetic stimulation, an additional hope is to improve early detection and prevention. As the results of new research into the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia are promising to improve diagnosis, classification and therapy in the future, a picture of complex brain dysfunction is currently emerging requiring sophisticated mathematical methods of analysis. The imminent clinical challenge will be to develop comprehensive diagnostic and treatment modules individually tailored to the time-variable needs of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,WHO Collaborating Center for Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zielasek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,WHO Collaborating Center for Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Tost H, Champagne FA, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Environmental influence in the brain, human welfare and mental health. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1421-31. [PMID: 26404717 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developing human brain is shaped by environmental exposures--for better or worse. Many exposures relevant to mental health are genuinely social in nature or believed to have social subcomponents, even those related to more complex societal or area-level influences. The nature of how these social experiences are embedded into the environment may be crucial. Here we review select neuroscience evidence on the neural correlates of adverse and protective social exposures in their environmental context, focusing on human neuroimaging data and supporting cellular and molecular studies in laboratory animals. We also propose the inclusion of innovative methods in social neuroscience research that may provide new and ecologically more valid insight into the social-environmental risk architecture of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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27
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Asian Americans and European Americans' stigma levels in response to biological and social explanations of depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:767-76. [PMID: 25539590 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental illness stigma is prevalent among Asian Americans, and it is a key barrier that prevents them from seeking psychological services. Limited studies have experimentally examined how Asian Americans respond to biological and social explanations of mental illness. Understanding how to educate and communicate about mental illness effectively is crucial in increasing service utilization among Asian Americans. PURPOSE To assess how genetic, neurobiological, and social explanations for the onset of depression affects Asian American and European American's mental illness stigma. METHODS 231 Asian Americans and 206 European Americans read about an individual with major depression and were randomly assigned to be informed that the cause was either genetic, neurobiological, social, or unknown. Various stigma outcomes, including social distance, fear, and depression duration were assessed. RESULTS Consistent with prior research, Asian Americans had higher baseline levels of stigma compared to European Americans. Greater social essentialist beliefs predicted positive stigma outcomes for Asian Americans, such as a greater willingness to be near, help, and hire someone with depression, but genetic essentialist beliefs predicted negative stigma outcomes, such as fear. In addition, a social explanation for the etiology of depression led to lower stigma outcomes for Asian Americans; it decreased their fear of someone with depression and increased the perception that depression is treatable. For European Americans, both genetic and social essentialist beliefs predicted a greater perception of depression treatability. CONCLUSION Although genetics do play a role in the development of depression, emphasizing a social explanation for the origin of depression may help reduce stigma for Asian Americans.
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28
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Prefrontal dysfunction and a monkey model of schizophrenia. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:235-41. [PMID: 25822218 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is implicated in cognitive functioning and schizophrenia. Prefrontal dysfunction is closely associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition to the features typical of schizophrenia, patients also present with aspects of cognitive disorders. Based on these relationships, a monkey model mimicking the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia has been made using treatment with the non-specific competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, phencyclidine. The symptoms are ameliorated by atypical antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine. The beneficial effects of clozapine on behavioral impairment might be a specific indicator of schizophrenia-related cognitive impairment.
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29
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Kasai K, Fukuda M, Yahata N, Morita K, Fujii N. The future of real-world neuroscience: Imaging techniques to assess active brains in social environments. Neurosci Res 2015; 90:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Keyes KM, Susser E. The expanding scope of psychiatric epidemiology in the 21st century. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:1521-4. [PMID: 25096981 PMCID: PMC4167940 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
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31
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Girardi CEN, Zanta NC, Suchecki D. Neonatal stress-induced affective changes in adolescent Wistar rats: early signs of schizophrenia-like behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:319. [PMID: 25309370 PMCID: PMC4159973 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are multifactorial diseases with etiology that may involve genetic factors, early life environment and stressful life events. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on a wealth of data on increased vulnerability in individuals exposed to insults during the perinatal period. Maternal deprivation (MD) disinhibits the adrenocortical response to stress in neonatal rats and has been used as an animal model of schizophrenia. To test if long-term affective consequences of early life stress were influenced by maternal presence, we submitted 10-day old rats, either deprived (for 22 h) or not from their dams, to a stress challenge (i.p. saline injection). Corticosterone plasma levels were measured 2 h after the challenge, whereas another subgroup was assessed for behavior in the open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), social investigation and the negative contrast sucrose consumption test in adolescence (postnatal day 45). Maternally deprived rats exhibited increased plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels which were higher in maternally deprived and stress challenged pups. Social investigation was impaired in maternally deprived rats only, while saline injection, independently of MD, was associated with increased anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and an impaired intake decrement in the negative sucrose contrast. In the open field, center exploration was reduced in all maternally-deprived adolescents and in control rats challenged with saline injection. The most striking finding was that exposure to a stressful stimulus per se, regardless of MD, was linked to differential emotional consequences. We therefore propose that besides being a well-known and validated model of schizophrenia in adult rats, the MD paradigm could be extended to model early signs of psychiatric dysfunction, and would particularly be a useful tool to detect early signs that resemble schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Neves Girardi
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Cristina Zanta
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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32
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Zhang Y, Crofton EJ, Li D, Lobo MK, Fan X, Nestler EJ, Green TA. Overexpression of DeltaFosB in nucleus accumbens mimics the protective addiction phenotype, but not the protective depression phenotype of environmental enrichment. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:297. [PMID: 25221490 PMCID: PMC4148937 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment produces protective addiction and depression phenotypes in rats. ΔFosB is a transcription factor that regulates reward in the brain and is induced by psychological stress as well as drugs of abuse. However, the role played by ΔFosB in the protective phenotypes of environmental enrichment has not been well studied. Here, we demonstrate that ΔFosB is differentially regulated in rats reared in an isolated condition (IC) compared to those in an enriched condition (EC) in response to restraint stress or cocaine. Chronic stress or chronic cocaine treatment each elevates ΔFosB protein levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of IC rats, but not of EC rats due to an already elevated basal accumulation of ΔFosB seen under EC conditions. Viral-mediated overexpression of ΔFosB in the NAc shell of pair-housed rats (i.e., independent of environmental enrichment/isolation) increases operant responding for sucrose when motivated by hunger, but decreases responding in satiated animals. Moreover, ΔFosB overexpression decreases cocaine self-administration, enhances extinction of cocaine seeking, and decreases cocaine-induced reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration; all behavioral findings consistent with the enrichment phenotype. In contrast, however, ΔFosB overexpression did not alter responses of pair-housed rats in several tests of anxiety- and depression-related behavior. Thus, ΔFosB in the NAc the shell mimics the protective addiction phenotype, but not the protective depression phenotype of environmental enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Zhang
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Crofton
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Dingge Li
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Fan
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A Green
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX, USA
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33
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Kirkbride JB. The emerging molecular architecture of schizophrenia, polygenic risk scores and the clinical implications for gXe research. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:1531-4. [PMID: 25193375 PMCID: PMC4165868 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary I review the recent paper by Iyegbe et al. on "The emerging molecular architecture of schizophrenia, polygenic risk scores and the clinical implications for gXe research". I discuss how the paper advances our knowledge of polygenic risk scores for use, amongst others, in gene-environment interaction studies and the opportunities and challenges such approaches will bring to our understanding of the epidemiology of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Kirkbride
- Sir Henry Dale Fellow, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 2nd Floor Charles Bell House, 67–73 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7EJ UK
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