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Curtis M, Wilkinson AL, Dietze P, Stewart AC, Kinner SA, Cossar RD, Nehme E, Aitken C, Walker S, Butler T, Winter RJ, Smith K, Stoove M. Prospective study of retention in opioid agonist treatment and contact with emergency healthcare following release from prisons in Victoria, Australia. Emerg Med J 2023; 40:347-354. [PMID: 36759173 PMCID: PMC10176422 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2022-212755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People recently released from prison engage with emergency healthcare at greater rates than the general population. While retention in opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is associated with substantial reductions in the risk of opioid-related mortality postrelease, it is unknown how OAT affects contact with emergency healthcare. In a cohort of men who injected drugs regularly prior to imprisonment, we described rates of contact with ambulance services and EDs, and their associations with use of OAT, in the 3 months after release from prison. METHODS Self-report data from a prospective observational cohort of men who regularly injected drugs before a period of sentenced imprisonment, recruited between September 2014 and May 2016, were linked to state-wide ambulance and ED records over a 3-month postrelease period in Victoria, Australia. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between OAT use (none/interrupted/retained) and contact with ambulance and EDs postrelease, adjusted for other covariates. RESULTS Among 265 participants, we observed 77 ambulance contacts and 123 ED contacts over a median of 98 days of observation (IQR 87-125 days). Participants who were retained in OAT between prison release and scheduled 3-month postrelease follow-up interviews had lower rates of contact with ambulance (adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.76) and ED (AIRR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.83), compared with participants with no OAT use postrelease. Participants with interrupted OAT use did not differ from those with no OAT use in rates of contact with ambulance or ED. CONCLUSION We found lower rates of contact with emergency healthcare after release among people retained in OAT, but not among people reporting interrupted OAT use, underscoring the benefits of postrelease OAT retention. Strategies to improve accessibility and support OAT retention after leaving prison are important for men who inject drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curtis
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna L Wilkinson
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Cara Stewart
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Emily Nehme
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research & Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shelley Walker
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- Justice Health Research Program, School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Winter
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Smith
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research & Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Stoove
- Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Janca E, Keen C, Willoughby M, Borschmann R, Sutherland G, Kwon S, Kinner SA. Sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:355-371. [PMID: 36462041 PMCID: PMC9971066 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People released from incarceration are at increased risk of suicide compared to the general population. We aimed to synthesise evidence on the incidence of and sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and PubMed between 1 January 1970 and 14 October 2021 for suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020208885). We calculated pooled crude mortality rates (CMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for suicide, overall and by sex, using random-effects models. We calculated a pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) comparing rates of suicide by sex. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included. The pooled suicide CMR per 100,000 person years was 114.5 (95%CI 97.0, 132.0, I2 = 99.2%) for non-sex stratified samples, 139.5 (95% CI 91.3, 187.8, I2 = 88.6%) for women, and 121.8 (95% CI 82.4, 161.2, I2 = 99.1%) for men. The suicide SMR was 7.4 (95% CI 5.4, 9.4, I2 = 98.3%) for non-sex stratified samples, 14.9 for women (95% CI 6.7, 23.1, I2 = 88.3%), and 4.6 for men (95% CI 1.3, 7.8, I2 = 98.8%). The pooled suicide IRR comparing women to men was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9, 1.4, I2 = 82.2%). No studies reporting self-harm or suicidal ideation after incarceration reported sex differences. CONCLUSION People released from incarceration are greater than seven times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. The rate of suicide is higher after release than during incarceration, with the elevation in suicide risk (compared with the general population) three times higher for women than for men. Greater effort to prevent suicide after incarceration, particularly among women, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Janca
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, 410 Koorliny Way, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.
| | - Claire Keen
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK ,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Georgina Sutherland
- Disability and Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, 410 Koorliny Way, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia ,Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Mater Hospital, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia ,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4122 Australia ,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
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3
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Bunting D, Endo T, Watt K, Daniel R, Bosley E. Mastering Linked Datasets: The Future of Emergency Health Care Research. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2022; 27:1031-1040. [PMID: 35913099 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2022.2108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this work is to describe routine integration of prehospital emergency health records into a health master linkage file, delivering ongoing access to integrated patient treatment and outcome information for ambulance-attended patients in Queensland.Methods: The Queensland Ambulance Service (QAS) data are integrated monthly into the Queensland Health Master Linkage File (MLF) using a linkage algorithm that relies on probabilistic matches in combination with deterministic rules based on patient demographic details, date, time and facility identifiers. Each ambulance record is assigned an enduring linkage key (unique patient identifier) and further processing determines whether each record matches with a corresponding hospital emergency department, admission or death registry record. In this study, all QAS electronic ambulance report form (eARF) records from October 2016 to December 2018 where at least 1 key linkage variable was present (n = 1,771,734) were integrated into the MLF.Results: The majority of records (n = 1,456,502; 82.2%) were for transported patients, and 90.1% (n = 1,312,176) of these transports were to public hospital facilities. Of these transport records, 93.9% (n = 1,231,951) matched to emergency department (ED) records and 59.3% (n = 864,394) also linked to admitted patient records. Of ambulance non-transport records integrated into the MLF, 23.6% (n = 74,311) matched with ED records.Conclusion: This study demonstrates robust linkage methods, quality assurance processes and high linkage rates of data across the continuum of care (prehospital/emergency department/admitted patient/death) in Queensland. The resulting infrastructure provides a high-quality linked dataset that facilitates complex research and analysis to inform critical functions such as quality improvement, system evaluation and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bunting
- Information Support, Research & Evaluation, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Taku Endo
- Queensland Health, Preventive Health Branch, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerrianne Watt
- Information Support, Research & Evaluation, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Raymond Daniel
- Queensland Health, Statistical Services Branch, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma Bosley
- Information Support, Research & Evaluation, Queensland Ambulance Service, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Calais-Ferreira L, Butler A, Dent S, Preen DB, Young JT, Kinner SA. Multimorbidity and quality of primary care after release from prison: a prospective data-linkage cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:876. [PMID: 35799190 PMCID: PMC9264593 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The period after release from prison can be challenging, especially due to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality despite commonly increased use of healthcare services. However, little is known about the quality of the healthcare offered to this population, which limits the possibility of addressing this important health inequity. This study characterised multimorbidity and investigated the relationship between multimorbidity and quality of primary healthcare in adults within 2 years after release from prison. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 1046 participants of a service brokerage intervention after release from prison between August 2008 and July 2010 in Queensland, Australia. Participants had their baseline survey and clinical data linked prospectively with their medical, correctional and death records. Multimorbidity was ascertained using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale and classified into three categories: none, moderate (morbidity in 2–3 domains) and complex (morbidity in 4 or more domains). Outcomes were Usual Provider Continuity Index (UPCI), Continuity of Care (COC) Index, and having at least one extended primary care consultation (> 20 minutes). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used in the analyses. Results Multimorbidity was present for 761 (73%) participants, being more prevalent among females (85%) than males (69%), p < 0.001. Moderate multimorbidity was not associated with UPCI or COC, but was associated with having at least one long consultation (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI:1.14–2.39), after adjusting for covariates. Complex multimorbidity was positively associated with all outcomes in the adjusted models. Indigenous status was negatively associated with UPCI (AOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.37–0.80) and COC (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.36–0.77), and people younger than 25 years were at 36% lower odds (AOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44–0.93) of having a long consultation than the middle-aged group (25–44 years) in the adjusted models. Conclusion Moderate multimorbidity was associated with having at least one extended primary care consultation, but not with adequate continuity of care, for adults within 2 years of being released from prison. Nearly half of those with complex multimorbidity did not receive adequate continuity of care. The quality of primary care is inadequate for a large proportion of adults released from prison, constituting an important and actionable health inequity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08209-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Calais-Ferreira
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia. .,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia. .,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.
| | - Amanda Butler
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Dent
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3070, Australia.,School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Carter A, Butler A, Willoughby M, Janca E, Kinner SA, Southalan L, Fazel S, Borschmann R. Interventions to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system: A global systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101266. [PMID: 35072018 PMCID: PMC8763634 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience incarceration die by suicide at a higher rate than those who have no prior criminal justice system contact, but little is known about the effectiveness of interventions in other criminal justice settings. We aimed to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to reduce suicide and suicide-related behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system. METHODS We searched Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and grey literature databases for articles published between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2021. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020185989). FINDINGS Thirty-eight studies (36 primary research articles, two grey literature reports) met our inclusion criteria, 23 of which were conducted in adult custodial settings in high-income, Western countries. Four studies were randomised controlled trials. Two-thirds of studies (n=26, 68%) were assessed as medium quality, 11 (29%) were assessed as high quality, and one (3%) was assessed as low quality. Most had considerable methodological limitations and very few interventions had been rigorously evaluated; as such, drawing robust conclusions about the efficacy of interventions was difficult. INTERPRETATION More high-quality evidence from criminal justice settings other than adult prisons, particularly from low- and middle-income countries, should be considered a priority for future research. FUNDING This work was funded by the Australian government's National Suicide Prevention Taskforce. RB is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leader Investigator Grant (EL2; GNT2008073). MW is supported by a NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (GNT1151103). SF was funded by the NIHR HTA Programme (HTA Project:16/159/09).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Butler
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding Author: A/Prof. Rohan Borschmann, PhD DClinPsych BBSc PG-Dip (Psych) MAPS, Dame Kate Campbell Senior Research Fellow / Psychologist, Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton, 3010, VIC Australia. Tel: +61 3 8344 0093; Fax: +61 3 8341 6212.
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6
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Cumming C, Armstrong G, Borschmann R, Foulds JA, Newton-Howes G, McKetin R, Vallesi S, Preen D, Young J. Amphetamine-type stimulant use and self-harm: protocol for a systematic review of observational studies. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057029. [PMID: 35074824 PMCID: PMC8788311 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amphetamine type stimulant (ATS) use and self-harm are both major public health concerns globally. Use of ATS is associated with a range of health and social problems, and has been increasing internationally in the last decade. Self-harm and ATS use share a number of underlying risk factors and occur at elevated rates in marginalised groups with high rates of exposure to trauma. The relationship between self-harm and ATS use is likely complex, and the causal pathway may run in either direction. A comprehensive review, synthesis and analysis of the evidence are warranted to investigate this relationship and inform policy and practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search the Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and Scopus databases for relevant observational studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The initial search was conducted on 5 February 2021, with a final search expected on 1 February 2022. All studies will be independently screened by two reviewers, first on title and abstract, and then on full-text to determine inclusion in the review. We place no restriction on the population that studies investigate, our exposure of interest is both prescription and illicit ATS use, comparators will be those not currently using ATS, and our primary outcome of interest is the prevalence of self-harm. Data will be extracted using a predesigned template, and pooled prevalence and pooled measures of effect for the association between ATS use and self-harm. If sufficient data are available, we will perform multiple meta-analyses to produce pooled measures of effect for each measure of ATS exposure, as well as different population sub-groups. The Methodological Standard for Epidemiological Research scale will be used to assess study quality, and Egger's test and I2 values will be used to assess publication bias and heterogeneity, respectively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethical approval is required for this review. We will only synthesise information from published studies that were conducted with ethical approval, so no individual participant data will be used. We will disseminate our findings via publication in a peer-reviewed journal, national and international conference presentations, and presentations to stakeholders in the community. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This study has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42021226562).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Giles Newton-Howes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shannen Vallesi
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jesse Young
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Browne CC, Korobanova D, Chemjong P, Harris AWF, Glozier N, Basson J, Spencer SJ, Dean K. Continuity of mental health care during the transition from prison to the community following brief periods of imprisonment. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:934837. [PMID: 36203827 PMCID: PMC9530150 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.934837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The prison-to-community transition period is one of high risk and need, particularly for those with mental illness. Some individuals cycle in and out of prison for short periods with little opportunity for mental health stabilization or service planning either in prison or the community. This study describes the socio-demographic, clinical and criminal justice characteristics of individuals with mental illness and frequent, brief periods of imprisonment, examines continuity of mental health care between prison and the community for this group, and reports on their post-release mental health and criminal justice outcomes. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This study examined a sample of 275 men who had recently entered prison in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, who had been charged with relatively minor offenses and had been identified on reception screening as having significant mental health needs. Baseline demographic and mental health information was collected via interview and file review and contacts with the prison mental health service were recorded for the period of incarceration. Follow-up interviews were conducted 3 months post-release to determine level of health service contact and mental health symptoms. Information on criminal justice contact during the 3 month period was also collected. FINDINGS The majority (85.5%) of the sample had contact with a mental health professional during their period of incarceration. Mental health discharge planning was, however, lacking, with only one in 20 receiving a referral to a community mental health team (CMHT) and one in eight being referred for any kind of mental health follow-up on release. Of those followed up 3 months post-release (n = 113), 14.2% had had contact with a CMHT. Of those released for at least 3 months (n = 255), one in three had received new charges in this period and one in five had been reincarcerated. CONCLUSION Continuity of mental health care for those exiting prison is poor, particularly for those with mental health needs experiencing brief periods of imprisonment, and rates of CMHT contact are low in the immediate post-release period. These findings suggest a need for early identification of individuals in this group for timely commencement of intervention and release planning, and opportunities for diversion from prison should be utilized where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie C Browne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daria Korobanova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Prabin Chemjong
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Glozier
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
| | - John Basson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Spencer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Meurk C, Wittenhagen L, Steele ML, Ferris L, Edwards B, Bosley E, Heffernan E. Examining the Use of Police and Ambulance Data in Suicide Research. CRISIS 2020; 42:386-395. [PMID: 33241741 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Police and paramedics are often the first to respond to individuals in suicide crisis and have an important role to play in facilitating optimal care pathways. Yet, little evidence exists to inform these responses. Data linkage provides one approach to examining this knowledge gap. Aim: We identified studies that examined suicide behaviors and linked to police or ambulance data. Method: A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus was undertaken to identify data linkage studies that: (1) examined suicide behaviors, and (2) included police or ambulance data. Studies were reviewed to identify: aims; suicide behaviors examined; how these were measured; how the cohort was defined; topic area; and what datasets were linked. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Six studies included police data, and two studies included ambulance data. No study included both. Two topic areas were identified: (1) suicide-related contact with police or ambulance services; and (2) associations between suicidal behaviors and violence, victimization, and criminality. Limitations: Limitations to the review include the potential to have missed studies that investigated or reported on suicidality under the guise of mental health problems; complexities and nuances arising from the role of police data in coronial investigations; and limitations in the number of databases searched. Conclusion: Police and ambulance data represent a currently underutilized source of valuable information relevant to suicide crises, and further research should aim to address this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Meurk
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa Wittenhagen
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megan L Steele
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura Ferris
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Emma Bosley
- Queensland Ambulance Service, Kedron, QLD, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- Forensic Mental Health Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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9
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Young JT, Borschmann R, Heffernan E, Spittal MJ, Brophy L, Ogloff JRP, Moran P, Armstrong G, Preen DB, Kinner SA. Contact with Mental Health Services After Acute Care for Self-Harm Among Adults Released from Prison: A Prospective Data Linkage Study. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:990-1006. [PMID: 32359122 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the care pathway and rate and predictors of mental health care contact within seven days of discharge from acute care following self-harm. METHOD In a representative cohort of adults released from prisons in Queensland, Australia, we probabilistically linked person-level, statewide ambulance, emergency department, and hospital records, both prospectively and retrospectively, and community mental health service and Medicare records prospectively, to baseline survey data. We fit multivariate modified log-linked Poisson regression models to examine the association between sociodemographic, health, and criminal justice factors and mental health care contact after self-harm. RESULTS Of 217 discharges from acute care following self-harm, 55% (n = 119) received mental health care within seven days of discharge. Mental health care contact was associated with substance use disorder (adjusted relative risk (ARR) = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.85), dual diagnosis (ARR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41-0.82), physical health-related functioning (ARR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), being female (ARR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02-1.90), being identified as at risk of self-harm by correctional authorities (ARR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.07-2.09), and prior engagement with state-funded mental health care (ARR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.08-2.22). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the need to improve the integration of community mental health care for people who present to acute care following self-harm with a recent history of incarceration, particularly for men and those with substance use disorder or dual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Young
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Ed Heffernan
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Lisa Brophy
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Mind Australia, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology & Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Alphington, Vic., Australia
| | - Paul Moran
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Qld, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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10
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Butler A, Love AD, Young JT, Kinner SA. Frequent Attendance to the Emergency Department after Release from Prison: a Prospective Data Linkage Study. J Behav Health Serv Res 2019; 47:544-559. [PMID: 31820327 PMCID: PMC7578130 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-019-09685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to identify characteristics and predictors of frequent emergency department (ED) use among people released from prisons in Queensland, Australia. Baseline interview data from a sample of sentenced adults were linked to ED and hospital records. The association between baseline characteristics and frequent ED attendance was modelled by fitting multivariate logistic regression models. Participants who had ≥ 4 visits to the ED in any 365-day period of community follow-up were defined as frequent attenders (FA). The analyses included 1307 people and mean follow-up time in the community was 1063 days. After adjusting for covariates, those with a dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance use (RR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.47–3.99) and those with mental illness alone (RR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.29–4.73) were at higher risk of frequent ED attendance, compared with those with no disorder. Future research should assess whether individually tailored transition supports from prison to community reduce the frequency of ED use among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Butler
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 313-1286 14th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC, V6H 1P9, Canada.
| | - Alexander D Love
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Enang I, Murray J, Dougall N, Wooff A, Heyman I, Aston E. Defining and assessing vulnerability within law enforcement and public health organisations: a scoping review. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2019; 7:2. [PMID: 30825016 PMCID: PMC6717956 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-019-0083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, police departments focused solely on criminal justice issues. Recently, there has been a dynamic shift in focus, with Law Enforcement professional groups assuming more responsibility for tackling mental health and distress-related issues (that may arise because of mental health related problems and learning disabilities) alongside Public Health departments. While Law Enforcement has become a 'last line of support' and an increasing partner in mental health support, there is partnership working between law enforcement, psychology, and health professions in training and mental health service delivery. The term vulnerability is frequently used across Law Enforcement and Public Health (LEPH) to identify those in need of these services. Effective vulnerability assessment is therefore expected to prevent unintentional harmful health and criminal justice consequences and manage the negative impact of such in cases where prevention is not possible. This scoping review aimed to identify how vulnerability is defined and assessed across LEPH organisations. RESULTS Vulnerability is context-specific from a Law Enforcement perspective, and person-specific from a Public Health perspective. Definitions of vulnerability are at best fragmented, while models for assessing vulnerability lack uniformity across LEPH. The implications are two-fold. For "vulnerable groups", the lack of an evidence-based definition and assessment model could prevent access to relevant LEPH services, exacerbating issues of multiple vulnerabilities, co-morbidity, and/or dual diagnosis. All could inadvertently enable social exclusion of vulnerable groups from political discourse and policy interventions. The lack of consistency regarding vulnerability may result in reactive crisis responses as opposed to proactive preventative measures. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review exposes the complexities associated with defining and assessing vulnerability from a LEPH perspective, which are perceived and prioritised differently across the organizations. Future research must bridge this gap. Building on the establishment of a definition of vulnerability within the empirical literature, researchers ought to engage with service users, LEPH staff, and those engaged in policy making to craft effective vulnerability definitions and assessment models. Only through evidence based, co-produced definitions and assessment models for vulnerability can we ensure that best-practice, but also meaningful and feasible practice, in vulnerability assessment can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniobong Enang
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
| | - Jennifer Murray
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
| | - Nadine Dougall
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Wooff
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
| | - Inga Heyman
- School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
| | - Elizabeth Aston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN Scotland, UK
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12
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Borschmann R, Young JT, Moran PA, Spittal MJ, Kinner SA. Self-harm in the criminal justice system: a public health opportunity. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 3:e10-e11. [PMID: 29307379 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Jesse T Young
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul A Moran
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Stewart AC, Cossar R, Dietze P, Armstrong G, Curtis M, Kinner SA, Ogloff JRP, Kirwan A, Stoové M. Lifetime prevalence and correlates of self-harm and suicide attempts among male prisoners with histories of injecting drug use. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2018; 6:19. [PMID: 30324532 PMCID: PMC6755595 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-018-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histories of self-harm and suicide attempts are common among people in prison in Australia, and substance dependence is an established risk factor for these lifetime experiences. We describe the prevalence of self-reported history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts in a cohort of men with recent histories of injecting drug use (IDU) imprisoned in Victoria, Australia. Baseline interviews from the Prison and Transition Health (PATH) prospective cohort study were conducted in the weeks prior to release from prison among 400 incarcerated men who reported regular IDU in the six months prior to incarceration. RESULTS Participants completed a researcher-administered structured questionnaire that collected information on sociodemographics, substance use patterns, and physical and mental health indicators. More than one third (37%) reported a history of NSSI and almost half of participants (47%) reported a history of suicide attempts. In multivariable Poisson regression models, a history of NSSI was associated with: being aged 30-39 years; moving accommodation three or more times in the year prior to current sentence; self-reporting a history of mental illness diagnosis; current poor psychiatric well-being; and self-reporting three or more previous drug overdoses. History of suicide attempts was significantly associated with: self-reporting a history of mental illness diagnosis; current poor psychiatric well-being; and self-reporting a history of 1-2 and > 3 drug overdoses. CONCLUSION We observed a disconcertingly high lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts among incarcerated males with a history of recent regular injecting drug use. Significant associations with indicators of mental illness and drug related harms support the need to prioritise in-prison screening and early intervention to reduce the risk of future harms for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh C. Stewart
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Reece Cossar
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Michael Curtis
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James R. P. Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Amy Kirwan
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
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14
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Borschmann R, Young JT, Moran P, Spittal MJ, Snow K, Mok K, Kinner SA. Accuracy and predictive value of incarcerated adults' accounts of their self-harm histories: findings froman Australian prospective data linkage study. CMAJ Open 2017; 5:E694-E701. [PMID: 28893844 PMCID: PMC5621944 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20170058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-harm is prevalent in prison populations and is a well-established risk factor for suicide. Researchers typically rely on self-report to measure self-harm, yet the accuracy and predictive value of self-report in prison populations is unclear. Using a large, representative sample of incarcerated men and women, we aimed to examine the level of agreement between self-reported self-harm history and historical medical records, and investigate the association between self-harm history and medically verified self-harm after release from prison. METHODS During confidential interviews with 1315 adults conducted within 6 weeks of expected release from 1 of 7 prisons in Queensland, Australia, participants were asked about the occurrence of lifetime self-harm. Responses were compared with prison medical records and linked both retrospectively and prospectively with ambulance, emergency department and hospital records to identify instances of medically verified self-harm. Follow-up interviews roughly 1, 3 and 6 months after release covered the same domains assessed in the baseline interview as well as self-reported criminal activity and contact with health care, social and criminal justice services since release. RESULTS Agreement between self-reported and medically verified history of self-harm was poor, with 64 (37.6%) of 170 participants with a history of medically verified self-harm disclosing a history of self-harm at baseline. Participants with a medically verified history of self-harm were more likely than other participants to self-harm during the follow-up period. Compared to the unconfirmed-negative group, the true-positive (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 6.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.3-10.4]), false-negative (adjusted HR 4.0 [95% CI 2.2-6.7]) and unconfirmed-positive (adjusted HR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2-3.9]) groups were at increased risk for self-harm after release from prison. INTERPRETATION Self-reported history of self-harm should not be considered a sensitive indicator of prior self-harm or of future self-harm risk in incarcerated adults. To identify those who should be targeted for preventive strategies, triangulation of data from multiple verifiable sources should be performed whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse T Young
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Moran
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn Snow
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Mok
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry (Borschmann), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne;Centre for Adolescent Health (Borschmann, Kinner), Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health (Borschmann, Young, Snow, Kinner), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Service and Population Research (Borschmann), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Health Services Research (Young), School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth; National Drug Research Institute (Young), Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Centre for Academic Mental Health (Moran), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Mental Health (Spittal), Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Centre for International Child Health (Snow), Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; The Black Dog Institute (Mok), Randwick; Mater Research Institute (Kinner), The University of Queensland, South Brisbane; Griffith Criminology Institute (Kinner), Griffith University, Brisbane; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Kinner), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Kinner), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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