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Ristvej AJ, McLaren S, Goldie PD. The Relations Between Self-Warmth, Self-Coldness, Internalized Heterosexism, and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Men: A Moderated-Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2478-2502. [PMID: 37695089 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2245523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent mental health issue for sexual minority men (SMM), with the internalization of sexual identity-based stigma a key risk factor. Self-warmth is a protective factor and self-coldness is a risk factor for depressive symptoms, yet limited research in this area has focused on SMM. In the present study, an international sample of 1,285 gay and 487 bisexual men completed measures of depression, internalized heterosexism, and self-warmth/self-coldness. A multiple linear regression showed that internalized heterosexism explained 0.4% unique variance, self-warmth explained 0.5% unique variance, and self-coldness explained 18.8% unique variance in depressive symptoms. Self-warmth was directly and indirectly related to lower levels of depressive symptoms among SMM. In contrast, self-coldness was directly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms among SMM, and indirectly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms only for gay men. Findings should inform work aiming primarily to reduce self-coldness among SMM, thereby reducing depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne McLaren
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Peter D Goldie
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Agor D, Knettel BA, Daici K, Meanley S. The Intersection of Mental Health and Sexual and Gender Minority Identities for Older Adults Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Narrative Review. Nurs Clin North Am 2024; 59:253-271. [PMID: 38670693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The transition of HIV into a chronic illness has brought to the forefront the pressing need to address the complex web of social determinants of HIV outcomes. A structured literature search and narrative review of studies describing intervention strategies for mental health among sexual/gender minority (SGM) older adults living with HIV (OALWH) published in the last decade identified 2 studies for inclusion. This narrative review identifies age-sensitive and culturally adapted therapies, mindfulness and meditation-based stress reduction, group therapy, digital mental health resources, and psilocybin-assisted group therapy as emerging intervention models tailored to meet the unique needs of SGM OALWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Agor
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 418 Curie Boulevard, 218L E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania Eidos Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brandon A Knettel
- Duke School of Nursing, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Mental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Daici
- Brown University, 69 Brown Street, Box 9734, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Steven Meanley
- University of Pennsylvania Eidos Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 418 Curie Boulevard, 231L, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Alckmin-Carvalho F, Pereira H, Oliveira A, Nichiata L. Associations between Stigma, Depression, and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Brazilian Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:1489-1500. [PMID: 38921064 PMCID: PMC11202413 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a complex and multi-determined process that is influenced by psychosocial variables. Although international studies have pointed to the adverse impact of HIV stigma, sexual stigma, and depression on ART adherence among men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV, less is known about this association among Brazilians. We aimed to (a) evaluate indicators of depression, stigma related to HIV and homosexuality, and adherence to ART in a sample of Brazilian MSM living with HIV; (b) assess possible correlations between the variables analyzed, and (c) assess the impact of HIV and sexual stigma and depression on ART adherence. This cross-sectional study comprised 138 Brazilian MSM living with HIV as participants. Scales used included: a sociodemographic/clinical questionnaire, the questionnaire for assessment of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (CEAT-HIV), the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II), the internalized homophobia scale, and the HIV stigmatization scale. The mean adherence score was relatively high (78.83, within a range of 17-89 points). However, we observed inadequate ART adherence (CEAT-HIV < 75) in 28 (20.2%) respondents. Participants reported high scores for internalized sexual stigma, perceived sexual stigma in the community, and HIV stigma. Symptoms of depression were identified in 48.47% of participants. We found negative correlations between depression, HIV stigma, and treatment adherence, but not between sexual stigma and ART adherence. HIV-related stigma and sexual stigma were positively correlated with depression. Our regression analysis indicated that each year of age at diagnosis of HIV increased adherence by 0.22 points, on average. Each additional BDI-II score reduced adherence to ART by 0.20 points. The high prevalence of depression, HIV stigma, and sexual stigma, and their adverse effects on ART adherence and mental health, point to the need to implement evidence-based interventions to reduce sexual and serological stigma in the general population, as well as to mitigate the negative impacts of stigma on MSM living in HIV in Brazil. They also highlight the importance of periodically screening for these variables among MSM treated in Brazilian public health services, especially among those with inadequate adherence to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrique Pereira
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Pólo IV, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.); (A.O.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Oliveira
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Pólo IV, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal; (H.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Lucia Nichiata
- School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01239-020, Brazil;
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Cahill SR. Federal and State Policy Issues Affecting Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Older Adults. Clin Geriatr Med 2024; 40:357-366. [PMID: 38521605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) + discrimination is widespread, harming the health of LGBTQ + people and constituting a barrier to care. This contributes to higher rates of poverty among LGBTQ + people, especially among people of color, and lower insurance coverage rates. The Affordable Care Act's expansion of insurance access has reduced uninsurance rates among LGBT people and people living with human immunodeficienc virus (HIV). Systemic improvements in culturally responsive health care have occurred over the past decade, including increased collection and use of sexual orientation and gender identity data to improve quality of care. As older LGBTQ + people enter elder service systems, reforms are needed to ensure equitable access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Cahill
- The Fenway Institute, 1340 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Marbaniang I, Rose E, Moodie EEM, Hart TA, Cox J. Mental health services use and depressive symptom scores among gay and bisexual men in Canada. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:2333-2342. [PMID: 36121487 PMCID: PMC9636296 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between mental health services (MHS) use and depressive symptom scores among gay and bisexual men (GBM) and compare with heterosexual men in Canada. METHODS We used data from the 2015-2016 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the PHQ-9 questionnaire (prior two weeks). MHS consultations with any licensed mental health professional (prior year) were categorized as 0, 1, 2-11, ≥ 12. We fit linear regression models to quantify the associations between MHS use and PHQ-9 scores, with an interaction term for sexual identity (GBM and heterosexual men). Models were adjusted for socioeconomic and health-related indicators. RESULTS Among 21,383 men, 97.3% self-identified as heterosexual and 2.7% as GBM. Compared to heterosexual men, GBM used any MHS (21% vs. 10%, p < 0.05) and consulted ≥ 2 health professionals for their mental health (6% vs. 2%, p < 0.05) in the preceding year more frequently. Overall, mean PHQ-9 scores were higher among GBM compared to heterosexual men (3.9 vs. 2.3, p < 0.05). Relative to no consultations, higher MHS use (2-11, ≥ 12 consultations) was associated with higher PHQ-9 scores (1.4-4.9 points higher). Associations between MHS use and PHQ-9 scores did not differ statistically between GBM and heterosexual men. CONCLUSION Our findings were inconclusive in demonstrating a difference between heterosexual men and GBM for the association between MHS use and PHQ-9 scores. However, GBM consistently had higher average PHQ-9 scores for every category of consultations. Considering the higher use of MHS and higher burden of depressive symptoms among GBM, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Marbaniang
- Department of Epidemiology, 2001 McGill University, Suite 1200, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Eric Rose
- Department of Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erica E M Moodie
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Trevor A Hart
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Clinical Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Diamond LM, Alley J. Rethinking minority stress: A social safety perspective on the health effects of stigma in sexually-diverse and gender-diverse populations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104720. [PMID: 35662651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For over two decades, the minority stress model has guided research on the health of sexually-diverse individuals (those who are not exclusively heterosexual) and gender-diverse individuals (those whose gender identity/expression differs from their birth-assigned sex/gender). According to this model, the cumulative stress caused by stigma and social marginalization fosters stress-related health problems. Yet studies linking minority stress to physical health outcomes have yielded mixed results, suggesting that something is missing from our understanding of stigma and health. Social safety may be the missing piece. Social safety refers to reliable social connection, inclusion, and protection, which are core human needs that are imperiled by stigma. The absence of social safety is just as health-consequential for stigmatized individuals as the presence of minority stress, because the chronic threat-vigilance fostered by insufficient safety has negative long-term effects on cognitive, emotional, and immunological functioning, even when exposure to minority stress is low. We argue that insufficient social safety is a primary cause of stigma-related health disparities and a key target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jenna Alley
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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DiGuiseppi GT, Davis JP, Srivastava A, Layland EK, Pham D, Kipke MD. Multiple Minority Stress and Behavioral Health Among Young Black and Latino Sexual Minority Men. LGBT Health 2021; 9:114-121. [PMID: 34918974 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2021.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Young Black and Latino sexual minority men may experience multiple minority stressors, which may negatively impact behavioral health. To investigate this, longitudinal associations between multiple minority stressors and behavioral health outcomes were examined over a 2-year period. Methods: Data were from the Healthy Young Men's Cohort Study. The present study used five waves of data collected every 6 months from 2016 to 2019. Participants were young Black and/or Latino sexual minority men in Los Angeles, California (n = 448; aged 16-24). Participants self-reported their experiences of racial and homonegative discrimination, internalized homonegativity, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms. Latent growth curve models with time-varying covariates examined contemporaneous associations between minority stressors as well as general life stress and behavioral health measures. Results: After accounting for general life stress and demographic characteristics, racial discrimination was persistently associated with unhealthy alcohol use. Internalized homonegativity was associated with unhealthy alcohol use initially, but this association became non-significant over time. In models predicting depressive symptoms, racial discrimination was a significant predictor at early waves, and homonegative discrimination and internalized homonegativity emerged as significant predictors at later waves. Conclusion: These results help clarify which multiple minority stressors are more prominent in their relationship to young Black and Latino sexual minority men's unhealthy alcohol use and depressive symptoms. Interventions targeting multiple minority stressors may be needed at different times during young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham T DiGuiseppi
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jordan P Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Mindfulness Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Institute of Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ankur Srivastava
- Raymond A. Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric K Layland
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Duyen Pham
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michele D Kipke
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Marmet S, Wicki M, Gmel G, Gachoud C, Bertholet N, Studer J. Sexual Minority Orientation Is Associated With Greater Psychological Impact Due to the COVID-19 Crisis-Evidence From a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Young Swiss Men. Front Public Health 2021; 9:692884. [PMID: 34746075 PMCID: PMC8570433 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.692884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and its countermeasures may have had a significant impact on the psychological well-being of specific population subgroups. The present study investigated whether sexual minority men (defined here as attracted partly or exclusively to men) from an ongoing cohort study of young Swiss men experienced different psychological impacts, levels of substance use and addictive behaviors, and to which degree pre-existing vulnerabilities and participants experiences during the crisis might explain these differences. Methods: An ongoing cohort sample based on the general population of young Swiss men (mean age = 29.07 years; SD = 1.27) was assessed before and during the COVID-19 crisis for depression, stress, sleep quality, substance use and addictive behaviors. Additionally, during the crisis, we assessed its impact in form of fear, isolation and traumatic experiences. Potential associations between these outcomes and sexual orientation (sexual minority vs. heterosexual) were tested using linear regression models. It was additionally estimated to which degree these associations were attenuated if adjusted for differences in mental health, personality and socioeconomic status before the crisis, as well as the experience of the COVID-19 crisis (infection with the virus and changes to work situation). Results: Compared to heterosexual men, sexual minority men showed higher levels of psychological trauma (b = 0.37 [0.25, 0.49]), fear (b = 0.18 [0.06, 0.30]) and isolation (b = 0.32 [0.20, 0.44]) due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as higher levels of depression (b = 0.31 [0.20, 0.41]) and lower sleep quality (b = −0.13 [−0.24, −0.02]) during the crisis. These differences were to a large degree explained by higher pre-crisis levels of mental health problems and the personality dimension of neuroticism-anxiety. Sexual minority men showed higher overall levels of substance use and addictive behaviors, but these differences were already present before the crisis. Conclusion: The COVID-19 crisis may have worsened pre-existing vulnerabilities in sexual minority men, leading to its greater psychological impact on them than on heterosexual men. Reducing minority stress due to sexual orientation may help not only to improve mental health among important proportions of the population but also to reduce their vulnerability to crises. Services offering psychological support to sexual minorities may need to be reinforced during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Marmet
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wicki
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Céline Gachoud
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bertholet
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Studer
- Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bromberg DJ, Mayer KH, Altice FL. Identifying and managing infectious disease syndemics in patients with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 15:232-242. [PMID: 32487816 PMCID: PMC7376494 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We will present recent articles focusing on HIV synergistic interactions with other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and hepatitis, as well as recent advances in the study of social and behavioral determinants that facilitate this clustering of infectious disease. For each synergistic interaction, we highlight evidence-based interventions that clinicians and policymakers should consider to tackle HIV and infectious disease syndemics. RECENT FINDINGS Significant advances in understanding the behavioral and structural determinants of HIV and other infectious disease synergisms have been made in the past years. Intervention strategies based on these new models have also been developed. It is now well understood that treating infectious disease syndemics will require a multidisciplinary and multipronged approach. SUMMARY HIV is synergistic with multiple other infectious diseases because the risk behaviors that lead to HIV acquisition may be similar to the other infections. The influence of HIV on the other infection may be due to immunosuppression associated with disease progression resulting in increased susceptibility (e.g., HIV and tuberculosis), especially when patients are not virologically suppressed using antiretroviral therapy. In reverse, another infectious disease may, when not treated, influence HIV disease progression. Social/structural determinants like homelessness, mass incarceration, and structural discrimination precipitate psychiatric comorbidity, substance use, and risky sex behavior which lead to the spread and co-occurrence of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bromberg
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health
- Yale Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frederick L Altice
- Yale Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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