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Chen Y, Ge C, Liu Z, Xu H, Zhang X, Shen T. Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 from Hefei, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7651-7663. [PMID: 37407725 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals (TRs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major toxic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and related to various health adverse outcomes. The study aims to get a better understanding of the contents, sources and risks of PM2.5-bounded TRs and PAHs in Hefei, China, during the period of 2019-2021. We collected 504 samples and measured twelve TRs and sixteen priority PAHs by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The annual mass concentrations of PM2.5 was fluctuated in the year of 2019-2021 at 50.95, 47.48 and 59.38 μg/m3, with seasonal variations in rank order of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The median concentrations of PM2.5-bounded ƩTRs and ƩPAHs were also fluctuated, 132.85, 80.93 and 120.27 ng/m3 for ƩTRs, 2.57, 5.85 and 2.97 ng/m3 for ƩPAHs, in the year of 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Seasonal variations of ƩTRs and ƩPAHs show the highest concentration in winter. Positive matrix factorization was used for identified pollution emission sources, and TRs mainly originated from coal combustion, traffic emission and fugitive dust, while PAHs stemmed from biomass, diesel, gasoline and coal combustion. Health risk assessment indicated that adults were more vulnerable than children, the carcinogenic risk assessment of As and Cr manifested a certain degree of cancer risk (1.0 × 10-6 < CR < 1.0 × 10-4) in adults group, and health risks of TRs were higher than PAHs in Hefei. These findings suggest that PM2.5-bounded TRs and PAHs should be considered when making emission control strategies for air pollution, and winter, combustion sources and adults should achieve more policy attention to decrease exposure risks in Hefei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Chen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chengxiang Ge
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zikai Liu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Shenzhen Ecological Environment Intelligent Control Center, Shenzhen, 518034, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Electron Production Supervision and Inspection, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Tong Shen
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Yi W, Cheng J, Song J, Pan R, Liang Y, Sun X, Li Y, Wu Y, Yan S, Jin X, Mei L, Cheng J, Zhang X, Su H. Associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water-soluble ions and metals in PM 2.5 with liver function: Evidence from schizophrenia cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161624. [PMID: 36681036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was reported to impact liver function, but the roles of specific PM2.5 chemical components remained to be explored. Besides, severe liver dysfunction in schizophrenia patients deserves attention. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of short-term PM2.5 components with liver function in schizophrenia patients. METHODS A repeated-measures study based on schizophrenia cohort including 1023 visits (n = 446) was conducted during 2017-2020. Liver function was reflected by 10 indicators including liver enzymes, proteins and bilirubin et al. Monitoring data of PM2.5 and its components, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 4 water-soluble ions and 10 metals were collected. Linear mixed effect and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to evaluate the single and combined effects of PM2.5 components (0-3 day) on liver function in schizophrenia patients. RESULTS Several PAHs were significantly associated with liver enzymes, while water-soluble ions and metal components had almost no association. Specifically, with per interquartile range (IQR) increased in Fluoranthene, levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased by 2.06 %, 5.07 %, 4.94 % and 5.56 %, respectively. An IQR increases in Benzo[a]pyrene was significantly associated with 6.62 %, 3.67 % and 7.83 % increase in ALT, AST and GGT. Almost all PAHs, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, Sb, Al, As, Pb, Mn and Tl were positively associated with albumin (ALB). Phenanthrene was associated with increased levels of direct bilirubin (DBIL) and total bilirubin (TBIL). The combined effects of significant PM2.5 components on ALP, GGT, ALB, globulin (GLOB), ratio of albumin to globulin (A/G), TBIL and total bile acid (TBA) were found by BKMR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the short-term combined effects of PM2.5 components, especially PAHs, on liver function in schizophrenia patients, which contribute to the management of PM2.5 sources including combustion activities and traffic emissions as well as improving schizophrenia comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Rubing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Lu Mei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xulai Zhang
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China.
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Alves C, Evtyugina M, Vicente E, Vicente A, Rienda IC, de la Campa AS, Tomé M, Duarte I. PM 2.5 chemical composition and health risks by inhalation near a chemical complex. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:860-874. [PMID: 36182189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in the vicinity of an industrial chemical pole and analysed for organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), 47 trace elements and around 150 organic constituents. On average, OC and EC accounted for 25.2% and 11.4% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. Organic compounds comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, anhydrosugars, phenolics, aromatic ketones, glycerol derivatives, aliphatic alcohols, sterols, and carboxyl groups, including aromatic, carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. Enrichment factors > 100 were obtained for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Sn, B, Se, Bi, Sb and Mo, showing the contribution of industrial emissions and nearby major roads. Principal component analysis revealed that vehicle, industrial and biomass burning emissions accounted for 66%, 11% and 9%, respectively, of the total PM2.5-bound PAHs. Some of the detected organic constituents are likely associated with plasticiser ingredients and thermal stabilisers used in the manufacture of PVC and other plastics in the industrial complex. Photooxidation products of both anthropogenic (e.g., toluene) and biogenic (e.g., isoprene and pinenes) precursors were also observed. It was estimated that biomass burning accounted for 13.8% of the PM2.5 concentrations and that secondary OC represented 37.6% of the total OC. The lifetime cancer risk from inhalation exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs was found to be negligible, but it exceeded the threshold of 10-6 for metal(loi)s, mainly due to Cr and As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Alves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Margarita Evtyugina
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Estela Vicente
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Vicente
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ismael Casotti Rienda
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071 Huelva, Spain; Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, ETSI, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Mário Tomé
- PROMETHEUS, School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Iola Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Junior DPM, Bueno C, da Silva CM. The Effect of Urban Green Spaces on Reduction of Particulate Matter Concentration. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:1104-1110. [PMID: 35064787 PMCID: PMC8783195 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In an urban scenario, one of the air pollutants most harmful to human health and environmental is the particulate matter (PM). Considering that urban green areas can contribute to mitigating the effects of PM, this work compares the concentration of PM2.5 in two closer locations in Rio de Janeiro, in order to verify how vegetation cover can actually improve air quality. One is the entrance to the Rebouças Tunnel (RT) and the other is the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden (RJBG). For this purpose, PM2.5 samples were taken from September 2017 to March 2018 using a Large Volume Sampler (LVS). The results reveal that RT has a higher concentration of PM2.5 in almost all samples. The RJBG obtains concentrations around 33% less than the other area, suggesting that the presence of urban green areas like the RJBG can reduce PM2.5 levels when compared to places with less vegetation cover, providing better air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecília Bueno
- University Veiga de Almeida, Tijuca Campus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department Vertebrate, Nacional Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleyton Martins da Silva
- University Veiga de Almeida, Tijuca Campus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Trung NT, Anh HQ, Tue NM, Suzuki G, Takahashi S, Tanabe S, Khai NM, Hong TT, Dau PT, Thuy PC, Tuyen LH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter samples from Hanoi, Vietnam: Particle size distribution, aryl hydrocarbon ligand receptor activity, and implication for cancer risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130720. [PMID: 33964743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and profiles of unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs and Me-PAHs) were analyzed in airborne particulate matter (PM) samples collected from high-traffic roads in Hanoi urban area. Levels of PAHs and Me-PAHs ranged from 210 to 660 (average 420) ng/m3 in total PM, and these pollutants were mainly associated with fine particles (PM2.5) rather than coarser ones (PM > 10 and PM10). Proportions of high-molecular-weight compounds (i.e., 5- and 6-ring) increased with decreasing particle size. Benzo[b+k]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene were the most predominant compounds in the PM2.5 samples. In all the samples, Me-PAHs were less abundant than unsubstituted PAHs. The PAH-CALUX assays were applied to evaluate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand activities in crude extracts and different fractions from the PM samples. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaP-EQs) derived by the PAH-CALUX assays for low polar fractions (mainly PAHs and Me-PAHs) ranged from 300 to 840 ng/m3, which were more consistent with theoretical values derived by using PAH-CALUX relative potencies (270-710 ng/m3) rather than conventional toxic equivalency factor-based values (22-69 ng/m3). Concentrations of PAHs and Me-PAHs highly correlated with bioassay-derived BaP-EQs. AhR-mediated activities of more polar compounds and interaction effects between PAH-related compounds were observed. By using PAH-CALUX BaP-EQs, the ILCR values ranged from 1.0 × 10-4 to 2.8 × 10-4 for adults and from 6.4 × 10-5 to 1.8 × 10-4 for children. Underestimation of cancer risk can be eliminated by using effect-directed method (e.g., PAH-CALUX) rather than chemical-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Trung
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Manh Khai
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Hong
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Dau
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Chau Thuy
- Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, 12400, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam.
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Vu-Duc N, Phung Thi LA, Le-Minh T, Nguyen LA, Nguyen-Thi H, Pham-Thi LH, Doan-Thi VA, Le-Quang H, Nguyen-Xuan H, Thi Nguyen T, Nguyen PT, Chu DB. Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Airborne Particulate Matter Samples by Gas Chromatography in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6641326. [PMID: 34136305 PMCID: PMC8175174 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6641326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the family of organic contaminations, have been shown to have negative effects on human health. However, until now, the comprehension on occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of human exposure to PAHs has been limited in Vietnam. In this work, a capillary gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS/MS) has been introduced for analysis of 16 PAHs in some particulate matter samples. PAHs have been separated on the TG 5 ms capillary gas chromatographic column and detected by tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The PAHs in the particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10) samples were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted liquid extraction and cleaned up by an acidic silica gel solid phase extraction. The linearity range of all analyzed PAHs was from 5 to 2000 ng mL-1 with R 2 ≥0.9990. Limit of detection (LOD) of PAHs in particulate matter sample was from 0.001 ng m-3 (Br-Naph) to 0.276 ng m-3 (Fln). The recovery of PAHs was investigated by international proficiency testing samples. The recoveries of PAHs in proficiency testing sample ranged from 79.3% (Chr) to 109.8% (IcdP). The in-house validated GC-EI-MS/MS method was then applied to analysis of some particulate matter samples that were collected in the Hanoi areas. The total concentrations of PAHs in several brands of samples collected from Hanoi were found in the range of 226.3 ng m-3-706.43 ng m-3. Among the studied compounds, naphthalene was found at high frequency and ranged from 106.5 ng m-3 to 631.1 ng m-3. The main distribution of the PAHs in particulate matter samples was two-ring and three-ring compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vu-Duc
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Anh Phung Thi
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Le-Minh
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lan-Anh Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Nguyen-Thi
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Loan-Ha Pham-Thi
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Anh Doan-Thi
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Le-Quang
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Xuan
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thao Thi Nguyen
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- FPT University, Hoa Lac High Tech Park, Km 29 Thang Long Boulevard, Thach That, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Binh Chu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Lee ES, Kim S, Lee SW, Jung J, Lee SH, Na HW, Kim HJ, Hong YD, Park WS, Lee TG, Jo DG, Kim SH. Molecule-Resolved Visualization of Particulate Matter on Human Skin Using Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105199. [PMID: 34069002 PMCID: PMC8156198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise measurement of particulate matter (PM) on skin is important for managing and preventing PM-related skin diseases. This study aims to directly visualize the deposition and penetration of PM into human skin using a multimodal nonlinear optical (MNLO) imaging system. We successfully obtained PM particle signals by merging two different sources, C–C vibrational frequency and autofluorescence, while simultaneously visualizing the anatomical features of the skin via keratin, collagen, and elastin. As a result, we found morphologically dependent PM deposition, as well as increased deposition following disruption of the skin barrier via tape-stripping. Furthermore, PM penetrated more and deeper into the skin with an increase in the number of tape-strippings, causing a significant increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that MNLO imaging could be a useful technique for visualizing and quantifying the spatial distribution of PM in ex vivo human skin tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Soo Lee
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (E.-S.L.); (S.H.L.); (H.-W.N.); (H.-J.K.); (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Suho Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.J.)
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (S.-W.L.); (T.G.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (S.-W.L.); (T.G.L.)
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jinsang Jung
- Gas Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (E.-S.L.); (S.H.L.); (H.-W.N.); (H.-J.K.); (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Hye-Won Na
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (E.-S.L.); (S.H.L.); (H.-W.N.); (H.-J.K.); (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (E.-S.L.); (S.H.L.); (H.-W.N.); (H.-J.K.); (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (E.-S.L.); (S.H.L.); (H.-W.N.); (H.-J.K.); (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Won Seok Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (E.-S.L.); (S.H.L.); (H.-W.N.); (H.-J.K.); (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (S.-W.L.); (T.G.L.)
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-G.J.)
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (S.-W.L.); (T.G.L.)
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Fang T, Jiang T, Yang K, Li J, Liang Y, Zhao X, Gao N, Li H, Lu W, Cui K. Biomonitoring of heavy metal contamination with roadside trees from metropolitan area of Hefei, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:151. [PMID: 33641075 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air and dust borne heavy metals can be deposited and bioaccumulated by plants; therefore, biomonitoring employing plants is an effective tool for environmental impact assessment in urban environments. In this study, in addition to road dust, leaves and bark were collected from four common tree species at roadside and urban park sampling sites within the metropolitan area of Hefei, China. A range of heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS and AFS. The metal accumulation index (MAI) was adopted to compare the bioaccumulation capacity. Results showed that Cd was highly enriched in road dust although its abundance was low in comparison with that of other elements. The MAI values presented a narrow range (1.8-2.7); however, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for Al, Cu, Zn, and As among the tree species. Moreover, deciduous Platanus orientalis bioaccumulated more nonessential As than the other species and deserved further risk management. In addition, bark samples from Cinnamomum camphora bioaccumulated more heavy metals than the other species as a result of its morphological and anatomical characteristics. The distribution patterns of heavy metals in tree tissues showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, as impacted by anthropogenic activities to varying degrees. This study examined the biomonitoring potential of roadside trees and the distribution pattern of heavy metals in an urban area under rapid development. Results from the present study could provide baseline data for urban environmental impact assessment and the design of green belts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Hefei City Landscaping Quality Supervision and Management Center, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xiuxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Na Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Wenxuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquaculture and Enhancement of Anhui Province, Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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9
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Galán-Madruga D, Terroba JM, Dos Santos SG, Úbeda RM, García-Cambero JP. Indoor and Outdoor PM 10-Bound PAHs in an Urban Environment. Similarity of Mixtures and Source Attribution. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:951-957. [PMID: 33201256 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-03047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Given that the European Union lays down air quality objectives associated with outdoor environments, indoor air mixtures' study acquires a remarkable relevance. This work aims to submit a stepwise methodological framework for assessing similarities between indoor and outdoor air mixtures and apportioning potential emission sources. For reaching this goal, PM10 particles were systematically and simultaneously collected at an indoor (dominant emission sources free) and outdoor environment during a year to determine the PAH content in both air mixtures. Broadly, outdoor PAHs levels were higher than at the indoor location, supporting a strong association between both mixtures (r = 0.968, p > 0.001), mainly during the cold period (r = 0.896, p > 0.001). The light molecular weight PAHs were highlighted at the indoor site, in particular to naphthalene and anthracene. Outdoor emission sources influenced the indoor PAH levels, especially high and medium molecular weight PAHs. The local-traffic load was identified as a dominant pollution source responsible for more than half PAHs determined at both environments. Therefore, the control of outdoor emission sources would be translated into an improvement of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galán-Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - June Mérida Terroba
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl García Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina Muñoz Úbeda
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Babaei AA, Geravandi S, Idani E, Salmanzadeh S, Mohammadi MJ. Investigation of Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Populated Middle Eastern City. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1823857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokrolah Salmanzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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11
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Zhao Y, Feng L, Wang Y, Shang B, Li J, Han P. Study on Pollution Characterization and Source Apportionment of Daytime and Nighttime PM 2.5 Samples in an Urban Residential Community in Different Weather Conditions. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:673-681. [PMID: 32189016 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected from an urban community in Tianjin. The major chemical components in PM2.5, including metal elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic water-soluble ions, were monitored. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to apportion the potential sources of PM2.5 under different weather conditions. When the Air Quality Index (AQI) was below 200, the concentrations of BaA, BbF, BkF, Na and NO3- during the nighttime were higher than those during the daytime. PMF analysis indicated that secondary aerosols (37.3%), biomass burning (26.7%) and coal combustion (26.0%) were important sources of PM2.5 in the urban residential community when the AQI was greater than 200. When the AQI was less than 200 in the urban residential community, the main sources of PM2.5 in the urban residential community were secondary aerosols (50.7%) and fossil fuel combustion (47.2%). The pollution status of PM2.5 in the residential community of the urban area was serious, and the source apportionments of the PM2.5 samples in the urban area were different under different weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China.
| | - Lihong Feng
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Bodong Shang
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Penghao Han
- Department of Monitoring, Heping Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300070, China
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12
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Shen M, Liu G, Yin H, Zhou L. Distribution, sources and health risk of PAHs in urban air-conditioning dust from Hefei, East China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110442. [PMID: 32171121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, indoor air quality (IAQ) has become one of the most important human health issues. The potential properties and potential health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with their long-term residues, bioaccumulation and semivolatility, and they can also be transferred through a variety of media, such as the atmosphere, water and soil. Dust particles from indoor and outdoor emission sources adhere to A-C filters and can represent air quality to a certain extent. However, few studies have focused on PAHs in A-C filter dust in Hefei, China. In this study, 16 PAHs were selected, dust samples were collected from A-C filters from three different functional districts, and GC-MS analysis of the samples was performed. The concentration of the ∑16PAHs ranged from 7.34 to 326.84 μg g-1, 5.07-15.34 μg g-1, 4.09-47.26 μg g-1 and 0.97-13.38 μg g-1 in dust samples from the Administrative District (AD), Industrial District (ID), Commercial District (CD) and Outdoors (OD), respectively. The total PAH concentration in A-C dust was much higher than that in dust deposited outdoors in the urban area. The percentage of 5-6 ring PAHs accounted for more than 70% of the ∑16PAHs, which shows that the PAHs in A-C dust mainly come from pyrolysis rather than a diagenetic source. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios were used in a source analysis, and the results indicated that the main PAHs emission sources in the different functional districts were coal, wood and biomass combustion. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values indicated a medium to high potential carcinogenic risk for adults and children exposed to dust with PAHs. Particularly, skin contact and ingestion of carcinogenic PAHs from dust are the major exposure pathways and present an exposure risk that is four to five orders of magnitude higher than the risk of inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China.
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
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13
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Yang L, Suzuki G, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Shima M, Yoda Y, Nakatsubo R, Hiraki T, Sun B, Fu W, Qi H, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2817. [PMID: 31394804 PMCID: PMC6721111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) was collected in three different areas, SY-1, SY-2, and SY-3, in Shenyang, China, during the warm and cold seasons from 2012 to 2014. SY-1 was located beside a thermal power plant, far from the central area. SY-2 was near a coal heating boiler on the main road, close to the central area. SY-3 was on the main road, without fixed emission sources. Nine PM-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of total PAHs was higher in the cold season (92.6-316 ng m-3) than in the warm season (18.4-32.2 ng m-3). Five- and six-ring PAHs occupied a large percentage at all sites in the warm season, and four-ring PAHs were the dominant components in the cold season. Several diagnostic PAH ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs in Shenyang in the warm and cold seasons were not only coal burning but also vehicle emission. In this study, we suggest that a benzo[a]pyrene/benzo[ghi]perylene ratio ([BaP]/[BgPe]) of 0.6 was a useful indicator to speculate the relative significance of coal burning and vehicle exhaust. Although the Shenyang government has undertaken actions to address air pollution, the PM and PAH concentrations did not decrease significantly compared to those in our previous studies. The cancer risk calculated from the BaP equivalent total concentration at all three sites in the warm and cold seasons exceeded the acceptable limit established by the US EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Genki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8131, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe 654-0037, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hiraki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe 654-0037, Japan
| | - Baijun Sun
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Wenhua Fu
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Hongye Qi
- Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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14
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Han J, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xing F, Qin L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:312-327. [PMID: 31091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the huge amounts of energy consumption caused severe carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in the soil and ambient air. This paper summarized that the references published in 2008-2018 and suggested that biomass, coal and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in China. In 2016, the emitted PAHs in China due to the incomplete combustion of fuel was about 32720 tonnes, and the contribution of the emission sources was the sequence: biomass combustion > residential coal combustion > vehicle > coke production > refine oil > power plant > natural gas combustion. The total amount of PAHs emission in China at 2016 was significantly decreased due to the decrease of the proportion of crop resides burning (indoor and open burning). The geographical distribution of PAHs concentration demonstrated that PAHs concentration in the urban soil is 0.092-4.733 μg/g. At 2008-2012, the serious PAHs concentration in the urban soil occurred in the eastern China, which was shifted to western China after 2012. The concentration of particulate and gaseous PAHs in China is 1-151 ng/m3 and 1.08-217 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-bound PAHs in the southwest and eastern region are lower than that in north and central region of China. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis demonstrates that ILCR in the soil and ambient air in China is below the acceptable cancer risk level of 10-6 recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which mean that there is a low potential PAHs carcinogenic risk for the soil and ambient air in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Yangshuo Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Futang Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Linbo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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15
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Zhao Y, Feng L, Shang B, Li J, Lv G, Wu Y. Pollution Characterization and Source Apportionment of Day and Night PM 2.5 Samples in Urban and Suburban Communities of Tianjin (China). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:591-604. [PMID: 30868177 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Day and night PM2.5 samples were collected from two typical urban and suburban communities in Tianjin. The major chemical components in PM2.5, including the metal elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and inorganic water-soluble ions, were monitored. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to apportion the potential sources of PM2.5 at the two sites in the daytime and nighttime. The results indicated that the PM2.5 concentration was higher in the suburban area than in the urban area during the daytime in winter. The daytime and nighttime PAHs concentrations at both sites were both generally higher in winter than in summer. The concentrations of some of the metal elements were higher in summer than in winter. Regional differences and day and night differences in the metals and water-soluble ions commonly existed. The PMF analysis indicated that coal combustion and transportation-related sources were the predominant sources in the urban and suburban areas in the daytime in winter, and secondary aerosols were the most important source for the suburban area in the nighttime in winter. There were more pollution sources of PM2.5 during the daytime in summer, especially in the suburban area. In the nighttime in summer, the pollution sources of PM2.5 in the urban and suburbs areas were basically the same, but the source apportionment was quite different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China.
| | - Lihong Feng
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Bodong Shang
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Guang Lv
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Yinghong Wu
- Department of Environmental and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
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16
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Beriro DJ, Vane C, Thomas R, Riding M, Taylor C. An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:373-390. [PMID: 30130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings and are probably one of the most studied groups of organic chemicals in environmental research. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes, particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in particulate matter. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is associated with adverse health problems. This review identifies the main research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of PAHs in dusts and particulates using a new approach to carrying out a literature review where many peer-review publications have been produced. The review extracts the most important research themes from a literature search using a combination of text mining and a more detailed review of selected papers from within the identified themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chistopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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17
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Hu R, Liu G, Zhang H, Xue H, Wang X. Levels, characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs in different functional zones of Hefei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:301-307. [PMID: 29857234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the characteristics and health risk of VOCs in the ambient air in the typical developing cities in China, the research was conducted in five functional zones in Hefei from September 2016 to January 2017. The average concentrations of total measured VOCs in traffic zone was the largest (85.94 μg m-3), followed by industrial zone (64.84 μg m-3), development zone (58.92 μg m-3), resident zone (57.31 μg m-3), and background zone (54.94 μg m-3). Cl-VOCs were most abundant species in chlorinated VOCs (85.06%), which showed much higher level in industrial zone. the mean value of BTEX found in presented study was 65.19 μg m-3. Based on the specific VOC ratio method (B/T), the observed sites were greatly affected by the traffic emissions. The ratios of T/B, E/B and X/B were 1.15, 1.35 and 0.47, respectively, possibly due to the aging air mass. Carcinogenic risks for benzene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 1, 2-dichloroethane and chloroform were higher than the general acceptable risk level of 1.00 × 10-6. Potential non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that hazard quotient (HQ) of 10 VOCs not exceeded unity, but the hazard risk index (HI) at site ED, LY, YH and HD were both higher than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huaqin Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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18
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Idani E, Geravandi S, Akhzari M, Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Yari AR, Mehrpour M, Khavasi M, Bahmaei J, Bostan H, Dobaradaran S, Salmanzadeh S, Mohammadi MJ. Characteristics, sources, and health risks of atmospheric PM10-bound heavy metals in a populated middle eastern city. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1513034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akhzari
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Yari
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Manizheh Mehrpour
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Shokrolah Salmanzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Goudarzi G, Geravandi S, Alavi N, Idani E, Salmanzadeh S, Yari AR, Jamshidi F, Mohammadi MJ, Ranjbarzadeh A, Alamdari FA, Darabi F, Rohban A. Association between cancer risk and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' exposure in the ambient air of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1461-1470. [PMID: 29959528 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a large number of health endpoints such as disease rates, treatment costs, and death, by air pollutants, have been a serious health problem for humans. One of the most hazardous air pollutants, which is highly dangerous for human health, is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The existence of the emission of industries' pollutants and seasonal variations are the primary agents affecting PAHs' concentration. The purposes of this study were to calculate the cancer risk and measure PAHs' exposure in the ambient air of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran, during 2017. Three distinct areas ((S1) industrial, (S2) high traffic, and (S3) residential) of Ahvaz metropolitan were selected. Omni sampler equipped with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters were used for active sampling of PAHs. To detect the level of PAHs, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and lifetime average daily dose (LADD) were used to estimate the health risk caused by PAHs. The results showed that the residential and industrial areas had the lowest and highest level of PAHs. Moreover, the average levels of PAHs in industrial, high traffic, and residential areas were 8.44 ± 3.37, 7.11 ± 2.64, and 5.52 ± 1.63 ng m-3, respectively. Furthermore, ILCR in autumn and winter was higher than EPA standard, 0.06307 and 0.04718, respectively. In addition, ILCR in different areas was significantly higher than standard. Research findings imply that the levels of exposure to PAHs can increase ILCR and risk of health endpoint. The cancer risk attributed to PAHs should be further investigated from the perspective of the public health in metropolitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Nadali Alavi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Idani
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shokrolah Salmanzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Yari
- Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Jamshidi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Darabi
- Department of Public Health, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Rohban
- Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Goudarzi G, Alavi N, Geravandi S, Idani E, Behrooz HRA, Babaei AA, Alamdari FA, Dobaradaran S, Farhadi M, Mohammadi MJ. Health risk assessment on human exposed to heavy metals in the ambient air PM 10 in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1075-1083. [PMID: 29464337 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HM) are one of the main components of urban air pollution. Today, megacities and industrial regions in southwest of Iran are frequently suffering from severe haze episodes, which essentially caused by PM10-bound heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health risk assessment on human exposed to heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the ambient air PM10 in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. In this study, we estimated healthy people from the following scenarios: (S3) residential site; (S2) high-traffic site; (S1) industrial site in Ahvaz metropolitan during autumn and winter. In the current study, high-volume air samplers equipped with quartz fiber filters were used to sampling and measurements of heavy metal concentration. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was utilized for detection of heavy metal concentration (ng m-3). Also, an estimate of the amount of health risk assessment (hazard index) of Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn of heavy metal exposure to participants was used. Result of this study showed that the residential and industrial areas had the lowest and the highest level of heavy metal. Based on the result of this study, average levels of heavy metal in industrial, high-traffic, and residential areas in autumn and winter were 31.48, 30.89, and 23.21 μg m-3 and 42.60, 37.70, and 40.07 μg m-3, respectively. Based on the result of this study, the highest and the lowest concentration of heavy metal had in the industrial and residential areas. Zn and Pb were the most abundant elements among the studied PM10-bound heavy metals, followed by Cr and Ni. The carcinogenic risks of Cr, Pb, and the integral HQ of metals in PM10 for children and adults via inhalation and dermal exposures exceeded 1 × 10-4 in three areas. Also, based on the result of this study, the values of hazard index (HI) of HM exposure in different areas were significantly higher than standard. The health risks attributed to HM should be further investigated from the perspective of the public health in metropolitans. The result of this study showed increasing exposure concentrations to heavy metal in the studied scenarios have a significant potential for generating different health endpoints, while environmental health management in ambient air can cause disorders in citizenship and causing more spiritual and material costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health AND Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nadali Alavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Idani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health AND Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Majid Farhadi
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health AND Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Hu R, Liu G, Zhang H, Xue H, Wang X, Wang R. Particle-Associated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Atmosphere of Hefei, China: Levels, Characterizations and Health Risks. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:442-451. [PMID: 29080016 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Airborne PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected in summertime (August 2015) and wintertime (December 2015-January 2016) in an industrial complex area in Hefei, China. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (90.5 and 114.5 μg/m3, respectively) were higher than the regulated levels of China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (grade I) and the WHO Ambient (outdoor) Air Quality and Health Guideline Value. Seasonal variations in PM2.5/PM10 indicated that the secondary sources of particulate matters, formed by gas-to-particle conversion, were enhanced in summer due to longer time of solar radiation and higher temperature. The total concentrations of PM2.5- and PM10-associated PAHs were 5.89 and 17.70 ng/m3 in summer as well as 63.41 and 78.26 ng/m3 in winter, respectively. Both PM2.5- and PM10-associated PAHs were dominated by 4- to 6-ring PAHs, suggesting that the fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PAHs in atmospheric particulate matters in Hefei. The total concentration of PAHs had a slightly higher correlation coefficient with PM2.5 (R = 0.499, P < 0.05) than PM10 (R = 0.431, P > 0.05), indicating the higher association tendency of PAHs with PM2.5. The coefficient of divergence analysis showed that the compositions of PAH were quite different between summer and winter. Total BaP equivalent concentration (BaP-TEQ) for particulate-bound PAHs in winter (58.87 ng/m3) was higher than that in summer (5.53 ng/m3). In addition, particulate-bound PAHs in winter had an inhalation cancer risk (ICR) value of 2.8 × 10-3, which was higher than the safe range (10-4-10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Huaqin Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
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