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Koseki H, Kajiyama S, Shida T, Tomonaga I, Nishiyama Y, Yoshida D, Mizukami S, Yamaguchi K, Imai C. Characteristics and Clinical Assessment of Elbow Pain in Youth Baseball Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:161. [PMID: 38921855 PMCID: PMC11209444 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Elbow injuries related to the throwing motion in baseball during the growth period present difficulties for early detection and may cause serious future disabilities. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the characteristics and clinical assessment of elbow pain in youth baseball players. Two hundred and sixteen young baseball players underwent elbow medical examination. Basic information and physical examination, clinical assessment, and ultrasonography results were examined. Univariate analyses were statistically performed between the pain-free (98 participants) and elbow pain (118 participants) groups. The mean age was 11.6 years, and ultrasonographic abnormalities were found on the medial side of the elbow in 37.5%. In total, 118 (54.6%) participants experienced elbow pain, with 64.4% of them complaining of elbow pain on the medial side. Players with multiple positions (≥2 positions) had a significantly higher prevalence of elbow pain. Height, weight, length of baseball experience, and positive rates of horizontal flexion and moving valgus stress tests were higher in the elbow pain group than in the pain-free group. The risk factors and clinical assessment for elbow pain are useful for the prevention and early detection of throwing elbow injuries in youth baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Koseki
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Shiro Kajiyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Iku Tomonaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Nishiyama
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizukami
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi Orthopedic Clinic, Nagasaki 850-0013, Japan
| | - Chieko Imai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Pabian PS, Roach V, Howard R, Johnston L, McGuire R. Periscapular Strength Profile Changes in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers Over the Course of a Season. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:724-734. [PMID: 38835988 PMCID: PMC11144669 DOI: 10.26603/001c.117398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Repetitive application of high forces to the shoulder and scapular musculature during the pitching motion over the course of a collegiate baseball season may lead to changes in strength and increased fatigue, potentially predisposing pitching athletes to injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate periscapular strength profiles of Division I collegiate baseball players over the course of a season. Methods This study was a retrospective data analysis of 18 Division I baseball pitchers. Isometric scapular plane abduction (scaption), external rotator, internal rotator, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius isometric strength was measured on throwing arm of each subject using a MicroFET 2 handheld dynamometer. Data were collected in a single session at the preseason, midseason, and postseason of the college baseball season, which spanned a five-month period. A repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to determine if there was a significant change in periscapular strength across the baseball season. Results Over the three time-points, all strength values decreased for each muscle group, with decreases ranging from 3-14%. Changes in scaption strength values were statistically significant (p=0.018, partial eta squared =0.284) with an 8% reduction over the entire season, specifically with a 5% decline from mid-season to post-season. While external rotator, internal rotator, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius strength values all decreased over the course of the season (range 0.02kg to 1.8kg), these differences were not statistically significant. However, the middle trapezius strength value change (1.3kg loss) exceeded the minimal detectible change. Conclusion Periscapular muscles in baseball pitchers diminish in strength over the course of a collegiate baseball season. Understanding strength changes over the course of a season may influence training and therapeutic interventions. Level of Evidence 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Roach
- Division of Physical TherapyUniversity of Central Florida
| | - Roselin Howard
- Division of Physical TherapyUniversity of Central Florida
| | | | - Ryan McGuire
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of Kentucky
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Strama E, Keenan KA, Sell T, Faherty M, Rafferty D, Salesi K, Csonka J, Varnell M. Throwing Shoulder Adaptations Are Not Related to Shoulder Injury or Pain: A Preliminary Report. Sports Health 2024; 16:347-357. [PMID: 37740495 PMCID: PMC11025517 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231197217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overhead throwing in baseball and softball athletes induces shoulder adaptations theorized to increase risk of shoulder musculoskeletal injury (MSI) and/or pain due to range of motion (ROM) deficits. HYPOTHESIS Shoulder ROM adaptations are associated with a higher risk for developing shoulder MSI and pain. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 60 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes cleared for full athletic participation and free from upper extremity MSI in the last 4 weeks (age, 19.0 ± 1.2 years; weight, 82.1 ± 13.7 kg; height, 178.6 ± 11.2 cm; softball, n = 23; baseball, n = 37). Passive glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction (HA) ROM were measured with the scapula stabilized and used to categorize participants with/without external rotation gain (ERG), external rotation insufficiency (ERI), glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), pathological GIRD, and posterior shoulder tightness (PST) before the competitive season. Groups were then compared to assess the incidence of shoulder MSI prospectively and prevalence of shoulder pain at the initial evaluation. RESULTS Baseball and softball athletes demonstrated significantly less IR ROM in the dominant shoulder (50.6° ± 9.4°) compared with the nondominant shoulder (59.1° ± 8.6°; P < 0.01) and significantly more ER ROM (dominant, 104.6° ± 12.1°; nondominant, 97.7° ± 12.0°; P < 0.01). Incidence of shoulder MSI was 15% but was not significantly related to any shoulder adaptations. No significant relationship was found between prevalence of pain and any shoulder adaptations in the 27% of athletes with pain. CONCLUSION Increased ER and decreased IR ROM adaptations in intercollegiate overhead throwing athletes do not appear to be correlated to risk of shoulder MSI or pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings of this level 3 prospective study provide clinicians working with overhead athletes information regarding shoulder MSI risk and pain. It is recommended that clinicians should not use ROM adaptations exclusively to determine increased risk of shoulder MSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Strama
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Timothy Sell
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | | | - Deirdre Rafferty
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Karl Salesi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sasagawa K, Kawabata M, Takaki N, Tsuruike M, Ellenbecker TS, Tsuihiji Y, Watanabe H, Takahira N, Hirose N. Reproducibility and Validity of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (Japanese Version). Cureus 2024; 16:e59139. [PMID: 38803762 PMCID: PMC11129665 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic (KJOC) questionnaire is a self-reported performance and functional assessment tool with good reliability and validity for overhead athletes with shoulder and elbow injuries. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the KJOC (J-KJOC) to clarify its reproducibility and validity for use by Japanese university baseball players. METHODS The J-KJOC was translated according to the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. A total of 88 university baseball players completed the J-KJOC and the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Q-DASH) questionnaires. Thirty players completed the J-KJOC two times after a median interval of two weeks. We assessed the absolute reliability, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.88 and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score was 0.91. A fixed bias was absent in the J-KJOC scores (mean difference: -2.2, 95% CI: -4.8 to 0.5). Furthermore, the J-KJOC score was correlated with the Q-DASH-disability/symptom (r = -0.60, p<0.01) and Q-DASH-sports/music (r = -0.63, p<0.01) scores but not correlated with the Q-DASH-work score (r = -0.11, p = 0.316). CONCLUSIONS The J-KJOC questionnaire demonstrated good reproducibility and validity for assessing upper arm performance in Japanese university baseball players. The results of this study support the use of the J-KJOC for Japanese-speaking baseball players. Further research using this instrument on other types of overhead athletes is needed to determine its wider utility in sports medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sasagawa
- Therapeutics, Medical Plaza Ichikawa Station, Ichikawa, JPN
| | - Masashi Kawabata
- Therapeutics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, JPN
| | | | | | | | - Yusuke Tsuihiji
- Therapeutics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Therapeutics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Naonobu Takahira
- Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Norikazu Hirose
- Therapeutics, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JPN
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5
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Sciascia AD. Rehabilitation of the painful elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024; 33:466-473. [PMID: 37648014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Although lateral elbow pain and medial ulnar collateral ligament injury are common musculoskeletal pathologies in overhead athletes, the evidence supporting specific interventions for managing these conditions is scarce. Management of these conditions has been guided mostly by expert opinion rather than empirical evidence, yet the lack of comparative data in the literature has not negatively affected return-to-play rates following surgery. However, an understanding of what is known regarding unimodal and multimodal treatments for lateral elbow pain and medial ulnar collateral ligament injury is needed for clinicians to select evidence-based treatment pathways and highlight what is not known to develop future high-quality investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Sciascia
- Institute for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Lexington Clinic, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Jácome-López R, Tejada-Gallego J, Silberberg JM, García-Sanz F, García-Muro-San José F. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in general population with shoulder pain: A descriptive observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36551. [PMID: 38115341 PMCID: PMC10727574 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is one of the most important factors influencing injury risk in the arm of overhead athletes. Some studies have shown that the GIRD of athletes with shoulder pain was higher than those without shoulder pain, establishing a relation between shoulder pain and GIRD. However, there are no studies that relate to GIRD and shoulder pain or the risk factors that affect GIRD in the population with this ailment. This study aimed to: determine if GIRD could be found clinically and between which values it oscillates in patients with shoulder pain, and explore if there are any potential associations between GIRD and some sociodemographic data, and orthopedic or radiological findings. A descriptive observational study design was adopted to determine if GIRD could be found clinically in patients with shoulder pain and to gain further evidence in the potential associations between GIRD and sociodemographic data, and orthopedic or radiological findings. All those patients without exclusion criteria between October 1,2020 and March 31,2021 were included. Exclusion criteria consisted of being under 18 years old but younger than 80 years old, showing shoulder pain in both shoulders and having a joint prosthesis in at least one of the 2 shoulders, tumor, or infection. A total of 67 patients aged between 25 and 75 years (52.7 ± 11.8 years, 36 male and 31 female). More than 82% of patients with shoulder pain showed a GIRD higher than 20º. The mean GIRD was 37.6 ± 17.09º. The 95th percentile was 66.22º. From sociodemographic data could be extracted that: patients who have children showed a lower GIRD, patients with right shoulder pain, or whose dominance coincided with a painful shoulder showed a higher GIRD. The orthopedic findings revealed that patients with a positive Jobe test showed a lower GIRD. The linear model considering both sociodemographic and orthopedic findings showed that GIRD was reduced by having children and by BMI. GIRD shows a high incidence in patients with shoulder pain. The descendant, BMI, and positive Jobe test were negatively associated with the GIRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jácome-López
- Physiotherapy Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, c/ Marquesado de Sta. Marta, Madrid, Spain
- CEU International Doctoral School (CEINDO), University San Pablo-CEU, C/Tutor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tejada-Gallego
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, c/ Marquesado de Sta. Marta, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Silberberg
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, c/ Marquesado de Sta. Marta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Sanz
- Physiotherapy Service, Clínica CEMTRO, Av. Ventisquero de la Condesa, Mirasierra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Muro-San José
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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7
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Matsel KA, Hoch MC, Butler RJ, Westgate PM, Malone TR, Uhl TL. A Field-expedient Arm Care Screening Tool Can Identify Musculoskeletal Risk Factors in Baseball Players. Sports Health 2023; 15:736-745. [PMID: 36203312 PMCID: PMC10467487 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221125465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preseason movement screening can identify modifiable risk factors, deterioration of function, and potential for injury in baseball players. Limited resources and time prevent high school baseball coaches from performing movement screens on their players. HYPOTHESIS The arm care screen (ACS) will be highly sensitive to detecting musculoskeletal risk factors. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 150 baseball players were independently scored on the ACS electronically by reviewing a video recording of each player's screening performance. Discriminability of the ACS was determined with a 2 × 2 contingency table dichotomizing musculoskeletal risk factors as present or absent based on a predetermined cutoff value and those who passed or failed the corresponding ACS subtest. RESULTS High sensitivity was observed on the reciprocal shoulder mobility (0.89; 95% CI 0.81-0.94), 90/90 total body rotation (0.86; 95% CI 0.79-0.92), and lower body diagonal reach (0.85; 95% CI 0.78-0.91) tests of the ACS suggesting sufficient ability to identify musculoskeletal impairments and risk factors. CONCLUSION The ACS is a simplistic screening tool that the coach can administer to discriminate between youth, high school, and college-level baseball players who possess musculoskeletal risk factors. The ACS subtests demonstrated high sensitivity for correctly identifying musculoskeletal risk factors common in baseball players and can be useful as a screening tool for baseball coaches developing arm care exercise programs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A field-expedient screen could provide coaches the ability to identify musculoskeletal risk factors that need to be addressed to minimize injury risk factors in a time-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Matsel
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana
| | | | - Robert J. Butler
- Saint Louis Cardinals Baseball Organization, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Tim L. Uhl
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Huang TS, Weng YH, Chang CC, Tsai YS, Lin JJ. Pitching Biomechanics and Shoulder Function in Baseball Pitchers with Scapular Dyskinesis. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:369-375. [PMID: 36807277 DOI: 10.1055/a-1939-7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose was to investigate the influence of scapular dyskinesis (SD) on pitching biomechanics and shoulder function in high school baseball pitchers. The secondary purpose was to identify possible factors associated with shoulder function in pitchers with SD. Thirty-eight pitchers were classified into the SD group (n=26) or the non-SD group (n=12). They were evaluated with the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow (KJOC) scale and clinical measurements of shoulder characteristics, and with measurements of scapular kinematics, muscle activation, and ball speed during fastball pitching. Compared to the controls, the pitchers with SD had less scapular external rotation (difference=11.3 degrees, ES=0.92, p=0.012) during overall pitching and less upper trapezius (UT) activation during the late cocking (difference=7.1%, ES=0.79, p=0.019) and acceleration phases (difference=12.5%, ES=0.75, p=0.035). Higher UT activation during the late cocking phase was significantly associated with higher KJOC scores (standardized β=0.415, p=0.039). In conclusion, deficits in scapular external rotation and decreased UT activation during pitching were found in pitchers with SD. Higher UT activation may be important for shoulder function in pitchers with SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Shun Huang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Weng
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Jenq Lin
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sonnier JH, Ciccotti MC, Darius D, Hall AT, Freedman KB, Tjoumakaris F. Scapular Dyskinesis in the Athletic Patient: A Sport-Specific Review. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202302000-00001. [PMID: 36745713 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
» Scapular dyskinesis is an alteration of normal scapular kinematics. It is essential that each patient be evaluated holistically and that sport-related factors be taken into account. » The presentation of scapular dyskinesis may be highly variable depending on the underlying etiology or associated pathology, but the onset of symptoms is often gradual. » Sport-specific literature on scapular dyskinesis is most commonly reported in the context of baseball, swimming, and tennis. Treatment is most often conservative and involves physical therapy directed at the scapular stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danielle Darius
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anya T Hall
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Kamiyama M, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Shoulder stretching versus shoulder muscle strength training for the prevention of baseball-related arm injuries: a randomized, active-controlled, open-label, non-inferiority study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22118. [PMID: 36543874 PMCID: PMC9772170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and weakness in prone external rotation are risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. While a shoulder-stretching prevention program to improve GIRD decreases the injury rate, the effects of external rotation strength remain unclear. This non-inferiority (NI) study investigates the hypothesis that external rotation strength training is not inferior to sleeper stretching for shoulder and elbow injury prevention in high school baseball pitchers. Participants were randomly allocated to the stretching (n = 62; active control group) and muscle-training (n = 51) groups. Specific exercises were performed each night. Elbow and shoulder injuries were monitored for 150 days. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and the hazard ratios (HRs) for injury occurrence were calculated using multivariate Cox regression. The log-rank test was used to compare the injury-free time. A one-sided NI test using a fixed NI margin was performed (significance level, P = 0.025). The injury rates were 22.6% (n = 14) in the stretching group and 9.8% (n = 5) in the muscle-training group. The muscle-training group had a lower injury rate (P < 0.001) and a lower risk of injury than the stretching group (HR = 0.489). Therefore, external rotation muscle strength training is not inferior to stretching for preventing baseball-related arm injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shitara
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
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Number of Months of Baseball in the Previous Year and Preseason Olecranon Tenderness: Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High-School Baseball Players. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e620-e626. [PMID: 35969808 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high-school baseball position players and pitchers in the preseason history and physical examination. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Community high-school baseball. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred seventy-one male baseball players' mean age 15.0 ± 1.8 years. OUTCOME MEASURES A preseason history and physical examination was performed on all athletes. Injury information was collected by weekly self-report and athletic trainer injury logs throughout the season. Comparisons between injured and noninjured players were performed using t tests and χ 2 analyses. Binary logistic regression models were developed to identify risk factors for injury. RESULTS Seventy-six injuries were recorded over the season. In univariate analysis, the injured group had greater months of baseball participation ( P = 0.007) and shoulder visual analog scale for the past year ( P = 0.003). The injured group also had more olecranon tenderness ( P < 0.0001, odds ratio [OR] 2.9) and decreased elbow arc of motion. All other factors were not significantly different ( P > 0.05). In multivariable logistic regression, months per year of baseball participation was the only factor significantly associated with injuries ( P = 0.010, OR = 1.21). CONCLUSIONS Baseball players who developed arm injuries during a season were more likely to play more months of baseball and report shoulder pain in the previous year. The presence of preseason olecranon tenderness was associated with nearly triple the risk of injury during the season. Every additional month of baseball participation in the previous year was associated with a 1.2× increased odds of injury. The presence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit was not a predictor of injury.
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Gibson ES, Cairo A, Räisänen AM, Kuntze C, Emery CA, Pasanen K. The Epidemiology of Youth Sport-Related Shoulder Injuries: A Systematic Review. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8791398. [PMID: 38655170 PMCID: PMC11022765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8791398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Youth around the globe place their shoulders at risk for injury when participating in sports. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity, produce the potential for time-loss from sport, and result in functional disability. We sought to explore sport-related shoulder injuries in youth by identifying injury rates, risk factors, injury mechanisms, and injury prevention strategies. Methods All relevant full-text articles were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. No date restrictions were used. All full-text studies reporting original research describing sport-related shoulder injury among female and/or male youth from 5 to 18 years old were included. Results Of 3,889 studies screened, 97 described shoulder injury in youth sports. Shoulder injuries were identified in 24 unique sports. The median seasonal prevalence of shoulder injury was 10.9% (range 1.2-28.2%). The most common injury mechanisms identified were contacted with another player, contact with the playing environment, and falling to the ground. Risk factors for shoulder injury identified were side-to-side strength imbalances, weak external rotator muscles, and scapular dyskinesia. One study evaluated a successful training strategy to prevent shoulder injuries, but two other interventions demonstrated no effect. Conclusions Sport-related shoulder injuries are prevalent among youth athletes. Injury risk factors identified included modifiable intrinsic factors such as strength, range of motion, and training load. The most common injury mechanism was direct contact with either another person or an object in the playing environment. Innovative shoulder-specific strategies are needed to reduce shoulder injuries in this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020189142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Gibson
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexis Cairo
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences - Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, Oregon, USA
| | - Colleen Kuntze
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carolyn A. Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
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Tsuruike M, Mukaihara Y, Ellenbecker TS. Can the Scapular Dyskinesis Test be Associated with Throwing Related Injuries During the Course of Collegiate Baseball Seasons? Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:707-714. [PMID: 35693851 PMCID: PMC9159709 DOI: 10.26603/001c.34676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A pattern of scapular dyskinesis on the dominant side has been demonstrated to be associated with a decrease in throwing arm conditions identified by a self-report outcome assessment in collegiate baseball pitchers during the course of a single season. However, it is unclear if symptomatic shoulders in baseball pitchers may be associated with the presence of scapular dyskinesis. Purpose To study the relationship between the presence of scapular dyskinesis and throwing-related injury in collegiate baseball pitchers during each respective course of up to four subsequent seasons. Methods A single Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association team participated in this study over a four-year-period. The scapular dyskinesis test was implemented during the preseason for baseball pitchers. Players were followed throughout each respective season to track the incidence of throwing-related upper extremity injuries. Results A total of 36 collegiate baseball pitchers (height: 185.3 ± 5.6 cm, weight: 88.8 ± 7.8 kg, age: 20.0 ± 1.5 years) consisting of 57 pitcher seasons were followed in this study, in which 18 pitchers remained with the team for more than one year. Twenty-seven of the 57 pitchers were classified as having scapular dyskinesis demonstrated at around 90° of shoulder flexion on the throwing side. Five injuries (13.2% of a total of 38 injuries) were diagnosed as throwing-related shoulder injuries during the course of the intercollegiate baseball seasons. Four of the five throwing-related shoulder injuries occurred in pitchers who had scapular dyskinesis on their dominant side. Consequently, the odds ratio was 5.04 for the collegiate pitchers with scapular dyskinesis on the throwing arm side associated with a throwing-related shoulder injury compared to those with no scapular dyskinesis (p = 0.16). No relationship was identified between scapular dyskinesis on the throwing arm side and throwing-related elbow injury. Eighty-one percent of the scapular dyskinesis test results were not changed on the throwing side from the previous to the following year for those 18 pitchers who were followed for more than one season, whereas 42.9% of the results remained unchanged on the non-throwing side. Conclusion The results suggest that collegiate baseball pitchers with dominant arm scapular dyskinesis likely are at increased risk of throwing-related shoulder injury. Level of evidence Level 2, Prospective Cohort Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tsuruike
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, San José State University, CA
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14
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Itoigawa Y, Koga A, Morikawa D, Kubota A, Uehara H, Maruyama Y, Takazawa Y, Ishijima M. Posterior shoulder stiffness was associated with shoulder pain during throwing in college baseball players: assessment of shear wave elastography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2022; 33:1237-1244. [PMID: 35583565 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-022-03286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate shoulder stiffness on the throwing and non-throwing sides in college baseball players using ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE), and investigate the relationship between stiffness and shoulder pain during throwing. METHODS Forty-nine college baseball players (98 shoulders) were recruited. Shoulder range of motion was evaluated. SWE was used to measure stiffness of the bilateral supraspinatus tendons, infraspinatus tendons, subscapularis tendons, supraspinatus muscles, infraspinatus muscles (ISPM), and posterior capsules. Participants were divided into pain and no pain groups based on the presence or absence of shoulder pain during throwing within 1 month before measurements on the throwing side. Items were compared between the throwing and non-throwing sides, and between the pain and no pain groups. Factors affecting shoulder pain during throwing were also investigated via multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Compared with the non-throwing side, the throwing side had significantly greater external rotation at 90° abduction, significantly lesser internal rotation at 0° abduction and internal rotation at 90° abduction (AbdIR), significantly higher SWE values of the infraspinatus tendon, ISPM, and posterior capsule, and significantly lower SWE values of the subscapularis tendon. Compared with the no pain group, the pain group had a significantly higher SWE value of the ISPM, and significantly lesser AbdIR. Increased ISPM SWE values and decreased AbdIR were significantly correlated with shoulder pain during throwing. CONCLUSIONS The posterior tissue was stiffer than the anterior tissue on the throwing side. Decreased AbdIR and increased ISPM stiffness may be correlated with shoulder pain during throwing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Itoigawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Koga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Daichi Morikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kubota
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Uehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maruyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
| | - Yuuji Takazawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
| | - Muneaki Ishijima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Disabled Throwing Shoulder 2021 Update: Part 1-Anatomy and Mechanics. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:1714-1726. [PMID: 35307240 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide updated information for sports health care specialists regarding the Disabled Throwing Shoulder (DTS). A panel of experts, recognized for their experience and expertise in this field, was assembled to address and provide updated information on several topics that have been identified as key areas in creating the DTS spectrum. Each panel member submitted a concise presentation on one of the topics within these areas, each of which were then edited and sent back to the group for their comments and consensus agreement in each area. Part 1 presents the following consensus conclusions and summary findings regarding anatomy and mechanics, including: 1) The current understanding of the DTS identifies internal impingement, resulting from a combination of causative factors, as the final common pathway for the great majority of the labral pathoanatomy; 2) intact labral anatomy is pivotal for glenohumeral stability, but its structure does not control or adapt well to shear or translational loads; 3) the biceps plays an active role in dynamic glenohumeral stability by potentiating "concavity compression" of the glenohumeral joint; 4) the ultimate function of the kinetic chain is to optimize the launch window, the precise biomechanical time, and position for ball release to most effectively allow the ball to be thrown with maximum speed and accuracy, and kinetic chain function is most efficient when stride length is optimized; 5) overhead throwing athletes demonstrate adaptive bony, capsular, and muscular changes in the shoulder with repetitive throwing, and precise measurement of shoulder range of motion in internal rotation, external rotation, and external rotation with forearm pronation is essential to identify harmful and/or progressive deficits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, expert opinion.
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16
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Mine K, Milanese S, Jones MA, Saunders S, Onofrio B. Risk Factors of Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Baseball: A Scoping Review of 3 Types of Evidence. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 9:23259671211064645. [PMID: 34988240 PMCID: PMC8721392 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211064645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shoulder and elbow overuse injuries are the most common problems in baseball players. No scoping review has compared the findings from different types of evidence. Purpose To map the broad evidence from 3 types of evidence (epidemiological, biomechanical, and narrative) on potential risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball and identify gaps in the existing literature to guide future research. Study Design Scoping review. Methods Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to May 14, 2020. Any peer-reviewed papers that investigated or discussed potential risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball were included. Results A total of 302 studies (107 epidemiological studies, 85 biomechanical studies, and 110 narrative reviews) were included. Risk factors were categorized into 9 domains: sports profiles, physical characteristics/functions, pitching mechanics, performance, behavioral, psychosocial, biological and developmental, injury/sports profiles, and environmental factors. Studies were consistent in supporting limited shoulder range of motion (ROM) and player positions (pitchers or catchers) as risk factors for shoulder injuries. For elbow injuries, the majority of the included studies suggested that being pitchers or catchers and working with higher ball velocity can be risk factors. Conclusion Findings were consistent in some risk factors, such as limited shoulder ROM and positions. However, findings were inconsistent or limited for most factors, and substantial research gaps were identified. Research assessing those factors with inconsistent or limited evidence in the current literature were recognized to be priorities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Mine
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Mark A Jones
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Steve Saunders
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Saunders Physiotherapy, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ben Onofrio
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Giants, West Lakes, SA, Australia
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17
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Disantis AE, Martin R. Movement System Dysfunction Applied to Youth and Young Adult Throwing Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:90-103. [PMID: 35024209 PMCID: PMC8720247 DOI: 10.26603/001c.30022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes, especially baseball pitchers, have become more common and result in limited participation. Upper extremity injuries in baseball can occur secondary to high velocity repetitive loading at extreme ranges of motion causing microtrauma to the musculoskeletal structures. With the vast number of youth and young adult baseball players in the United States and the increasing number of throwing related injuries, it is crucial that clinicians can perform a movement system evaluation of the throwing motion. An adequate evaluation of the movement system as it relates to the throwing motion can provide insight into abnormal throwing mechanics and provide rationale for selecting appropriate interventions to address identified impairments that may lead to injury. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present a recommended movement system evaluation that can be utilized during both pre-season and in-season to assess for modifiable injury risk factors in youth and young adult baseball players. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - RobRoy Martin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Center for Sports Medicine
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18
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Jung JW, Kim YK. Scapular Dyskinesis in Elite Boxers with Neck Disability and Shoulder Malfunction. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 57:medicina57121347. [PMID: 34946291 PMCID: PMC8709063 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57121347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Neck and shoulder injuries commonly occur during boxing, and scapular dyskinesis is related to those injuries. This study investigated scapular dyskinesis with neck disability and shoulder malfunction in elite boxers. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two elite boxers participated in this study. Scapular dyskinesis was evaluated as normal, subtle, and obvious. Neck disability index (NDI), shoulder internal (IR), and external (ER) range of motion (ROM), isometric strength of IR and ER, and pectoralis minor length were measured and compared with the severity of scapular dyskinesis. Results: Thirty-eight boxers (52.7%) showed scapular dyskinesis. NDI score was significantly different (normal = 3.89 ± 3.08, obvious = 7.36 ± 4.95, p = 0.025). Isometric IR strength was significantly different (normal = 10.48 ± 2.86, obvious = 8.46 ± 1.74, p = 0.01). The length of the pectoralis minor was significantly different (normal = 10.17 ± 0.67, subtle = 9.87 ± 0.79, obvious = 9.47 ± 0.85; p = 0.001), and the dominant and non-dominant arm IR ROM was significantly different (dominant = 57.43 ± 11.98, non-dominant = 64.62 ± 10.3, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of scapular dyskinesis is high among elite boxers. Boxers with scapular dyskinesis presented shoulder malfunction as well as neck disability. Further investigation is necessary to examine the relationship between scapular dyskinesis and neck disability in boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-728-7918; Fax: +82-31-544-9051
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19
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Matsel KA, Brown SN, Hoch MC, Butler RJ, Westgate PM, Malone TR, Uhl TL. The Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability of an Arm Care Screening Tool in High School Baseball Coaches. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1532-1540. [PMID: 34909258 PMCID: PMC8637259 DOI: 10.26603/001c.29680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preseason movement screening can identify modifiable risk factors, deterioration of function, and potential for injury in baseball players. Limited resources and time intensive testing procedures prevent high school coaches from accurately performing frequent movement screens on their players. PURPOSE To establish the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of a novel arm care screening tool based on the concepts of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) and Selective Functional Movement Assessment (SFMA™) in high school coaches. STUDY DESIGN Methodological intra- and inter-rater reliability study. METHODS Thirty-one male high school baseball players (15.9 years ± 1.06) were independently scored on the Arm Care Screen (ACS) by three examiners (two coaches, one physical therapist) in real-time and again seven days later by reviewing video recordings of each players' initial screening performance. Results from each examiner were compared within and between raters using Cohen's kappa and percent absolute agreement. RESULTS Substantial to excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were established among all raters for each component of the ACS. The mean Cohen's kappa coefficient for intra-rater reliability was 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.95) and percent absolute agreement ranged from 0.82-0.94 among all raters. Inter-rater reliability demonstrated a mean Cohen's kappa value of 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.99) while percent absolute agreement between raters ranged from 0.81-1.00. Intra- and inter-rater reliability did not differ between raters with various movement screening experience (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS High school baseball coaches with limited experience screening movement can reliably score all three components of the ACS in less than three minutes with minimal training. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3, Reliability study.
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20
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Ueda A, Matsumura A, Shinkuma T, Oki T, Nakamura Y. Scapular dyskinesis type is associated with glenohumeral joint and scapular kinematic alteration during pitching motion in baseball players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 28:332-340. [PMID: 34776160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is associated with an increased risk of throwing-related shoulder injury onset, resulting in abnormalities in glenohumeral joint (GH) and scapular motions during pitching. The effects of SD on shoulder motion during pitching remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate kinematic alterations in GH and scapular motions during pitching in baseball players with type I SD. METHODS Sixty-seven university and independent-league baseball players with and without SD were included. Pitching motion was measured using an optical three-dimensional motion capture system, and a SD test was conducted to evaluate SD. SD was classified into types I-IV. The inter-rater reliability of SD assessment was calculated using kappa coefficients. Three-dimensional GH and scapular kinematics during pitching motion were analyzed. RESULTS The percentage of agreement representing the inter-rater reliability of SD assessment was 77.6% (52/67; kappa coefficient: 0.72). Overall, 24 and 27 participants were categorized into abnormal (type I SD) and normal group (type IV SD), respectively, with normal scapular motion; one individual with type III SD was excluded. The abnormal group exhibited a significantly increased GH external rotation angle (9°) and decreased scapular posterior tilt angle (6°) during the maximum external rotation period compared with the normal group. CONCLUSIONS Baseball players in the abnormal group showed increased GH motion and decreased scapular motion during pitching. The SD test for the evaluation of type I SD can help predict excessive GH external rotation and decreased scapular posterior tilt during pitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ueda
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Hankai Hospital, Japan.
| | | | | | - Takeshi Oki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hankai Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nakamura
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Japan
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21
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Ichinose T, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Shimoyama D, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Kamiyama M, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Reciprocal inhibition improves posterior shoulder tightness and shoulder range of motion in youth baseball players. JSES Int 2021; 5:978-982. [PMID: 34766073 PMCID: PMC8568802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of reciprocal inhibition for posterior shoulder tightness (PST), internal rotation at 90° abduction (ABIR) limitation, and subacromial impingement in elementary and junior high school baseball players. Methods The present study included 290 elementary school and junior high school baseball players who were members of an organized baseball team and attended a medical checkup in 2014. Seventeen participants were excluded because they were left-handed. We applied a sit-up exercise as a tool of reciprocal inhibition to all participants. Before and after the sit-up exercise, we evaluated the shoulder range of motion (ROM) in external rotation at 90° abduction (ABER), ABIR, and horizontal flexion (HF) in both shoulders and the prevalence of subacromial impingement in the dominant shoulder. We defined PST as a ≧15°decrease in the HF angle of the dominant shoulder in comparison to the nondominant shoulder before the sit-up exercise and divided participants into two groups (the PST group and the non-PST groups). An independent t-test was performed to compare the shoulder ROM, and a chi-squared test was performed to compare the prevalence of subacromial impingement between the two groups. A dependent t-test was performed to compare intragroup changes in the shoulder ROM. The McNemar test was performed to compare intragroup changes in the prevalence of subacromial impingement. Results Fifty-six of 273 participants had PST in the initial examination. The initial examination revealed that the ROM of ABIR and HF in the dominant shoulder were significantly lower in the PST group than those in the non-PST group, whereas the ROM of ABER and total arc were significantly higher in the PST group. The prevalence of subacromial impingement in the PST group was significantly higher than that in the non-PST group. The sit-up exercise improved ABER, ABIR, total arc, HF, and the prevalence of subacromial impingement in both groups. However, the amount of ROM change did not differ between the two groups for any parameter with the exception of HF. Conclusion The presence of PST affects the prevalence of subacromial impingement but was not related to the loss of ABIR or the prevalence of pathological glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. The sit-up exercise, as reciprocal inhibition, can transiently improve the prevalence of subacromial impingement via the improvement of PST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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22
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Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Tsuyoshi Ichinose, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo T, Masataka Kamiyama, Ryosuke Miyamoto, Kurumi Nakase, Atsushi Yamamoto, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Players’ satisfaction with daily pitching performance could predict shoulder and elbow injuries in high-school baseball pitchers: a prospective time-to-event study. JSES Int 2021; 6:191-197. [PMID: 35141696 PMCID: PMC8811405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis and Background The relationship between baseball pitchers’ satisfaction with their performance and the incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries is unclear. We hypothesized that self-evaluated satisfaction with pitching performance before an injury and incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries are related. Methods Baseline data on baseball experience, height, weight, elbow and shoulder range of motion, and shoulder muscle strength of high-school baseball pitchers were collected. During the season, all participants completed a self-recorded questionnaire regarding satisfaction scores, presence of shoulder and/or elbow pain, and pitching limitations due to shoulder and/or elbow pain experienced daily to determine when injuries occurred and record the satisfaction scores. The optimal satisfaction score cutoff value was determined through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis; participants were categorized into satisfied and unsatisfied groups. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate the differences between the groups, obtain the time-to-event curves, and calculate the hazard ratios for the incidence of injury. Results Overall, 108 participants aged 15-17 years were enrolled and divided into satisfied (88) and unsatisfied (20) groups. The injury incidence rate was 10.2% and 50.0% in the satisfied and unsatisfied groups, respectively. High-school baseball pitchers with low satisfaction had a significantly increased risk of shoulder and elbow injuries; these players had a 7.3-times greater risk of injuries and 1.9-times earlier occurrence of injuries than pitchers who were satisfied with their performance. Conclusion Daily evaluation of players’ self-satisfaction could predict shoulder and elbow injuries in high-school baseball pitchers.
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Tajika T, Oya N, Kuboi T, Endo F, Ichinose T, Shimoyama D, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Omodaka T, Kobayashi H, Mieda T, Okamura K, Shitara H, Iizuka Y, Yamamoto A, Nakajima I, Kobayashi T, Sakamoto M, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Risk Factors for Throwing-Related Shoulder and Elbow Pain in Adolescent Baseball Players: A Prospective Study of Physical and Developmental Factors. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211017129. [PMID: 34552989 PMCID: PMC8450620 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211017129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Throwing-related shoulder and elbow pain continues to be reported among adolescent baseball players. Few prospective studies have specifically examined the association between throwing-related shoulder and elbow pain and physical and developmental changes. Purpose: To evaluate the changes in physical and developmental characteristics during 1 year with respect to throwing-related shoulder and elbow pain in adolescent baseball players. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This 1-year prospective follow-up study investigated 164 baseball players aged 7 to 13 years. Player data (age, height, weight, field position, and pitch count), lower extremity muscle tightness, and range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder, elbow, and hip joints were assessed during the 2016 and 2017 preseason medical examinations. After the 2016 season, the participants completed questionnaires related to throwing-related shoulder and elbow pain, defined as an inability to play for ≥1 week because of elbow or shoulder difficulties. For study participants with and without throwing-related shoulder or elbow pain during the 2016 season, we conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for throwing-related shoulder or elbow pain. Results: Overall, 21 players (12.8%) reported a shoulder pain episode, 56 players (34.1%) had an elbow pain episode, and 70 players (42.7%) reported having experienced shoulder and/or elbow pain during the 2016 season. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, (1) shoulder pain was associated with 2016 preseason height (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11; P = .01) and change in dominant-side elbow extension ROM from 2016 to 2017 (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.24; P = .02); (2) elbow pain was associated with change in weight from 2016 to 2017 (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04-1.41; P = .014); and (3) throwing-related shoulder and/or elbow pain was associated with greater 2016 preseason height (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.003-1.68; P = .03) and an increase in height from 2016 to 2017 (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.35; P = .03). Conclusion: Our results indicated that adolescent baseball players who were taller in the preseason and those with an increase in height over the 1-year study period faced significant risks for developing throwing-related shoulder and/or elbow pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noboru Oya
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuya Omodaka
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tokue Mieda
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamura
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoichi Iizuka
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakajima
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sakamoto
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo T, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Nakase K, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Pronation and palmar pinch improve the stability of the medial elbow joint space in high school baseball pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:2120-2126. [PMID: 33567354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We aimed to investigate the contributions of grip, pronation, and pinch to stabilization of the medial elbow joint space; examine their relationship with muscle strength; and assess the effect of stabilization on the medial elbow joint space in baseball pitchers. METHODS In this controlled laboratory study, we measured the medial elbow joint space using ultrasound during the following conditions: unloading; loading; and loading with grip, pronation, and pinch. To evaluate changes in the medial elbow joint space as a result of various conditions, 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc analysis for multiple comparisons were performed. To investigate whether strong or weak muscle strength improved the medial elbow joint space during the loaded condition, Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Finally, a post hoc power analysis was performed. RESULTS We enrolled 121 pitchers. The medial elbow joint space in the loaded condition, loaded condition with full grip, and loaded condition with full pinch was significantly larger than that in the unloaded condition. The medial elbow joint space in the loaded condition with full grip, loaded condition with full pronation, and loaded condition with full palmar pinch was significantly smaller than that in the loaded condition. A post hoc power analysis showed that the power of the 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was 100%. The strengths of the full grip and palmar pinch were significantly correlated with a reduced gap distance of the medial elbow joint space (P < .001 for both). CONCLUSION In high school baseball pitchers, pronation and palmar pinch contraction significantly improved the gap distance of the medial elbow joint space in the loaded condition and during grip contraction. Moreover, the grip and palmar pinch strengths were significantly correlated with stabilizing effects on the medial elbow joint space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Hogan C, Corbett JA, Ashton S, Perraton L, Frame R, Dakic J. Scapular Dyskinesis Is Not an Isolated Risk Factor for Shoulder Injury in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2843-2853. [PMID: 33211975 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520968508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scapular dyskinesis has been considered a risk factor for athletic shoulder injury; however, findings in the prospective literature have demonstrated mixed results. PURPOSE To determine if scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of shoulder injury in athletes. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search was conducted on the MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, SPORTDiscus, and Embase databases to identify prospective studies examining scapular dyskinesis and shoulder injury risk in athletes. Studies were included if they assessed participants using a dynamic scapular assessment at baseline and monitored for the development of shoulder injury. Data from the studies were subject to meta-analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method to produce a pooled risk ratio. RESULTS Seven studies were eligible for inclusion, resulting in 212 shoulder injuries observed across 923 athletes. Scapular dyskinesis was present in 46% of participants, and these athletes had an injury rate of 25%. The presence of scapular dyskinesis displayed a trend to increase the risk of shoulder injury, but this was not statistically significant (risk ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.85-1.34; P = .59). CONCLUSION Scapular dyskinesis was not significantly associated with the development of shoulder injury in athletes. REGISTRATION CRD42019133089 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Hogan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Corbett
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Ashton
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke Perraton
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel Frame
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie Dakic
- Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Hamano N, Shitara H, Tajika T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Kuboi T, Shimoyama D, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Endo F, Nakase K, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto A, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Relationship between upper limb injuries and hip range of motion and strength in high school baseball pitchers. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 29:23094990211003347. [PMID: 33779394 DOI: 10.1177/23094990211003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the relationship between hip range of motion (ROM) and abduction strength and throwing-related shoulder/elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. The study included 135 baseball pitchers. We asked them to fill out a questionnaire at the checkups, that included the dominant arm and the years of baseball experience. To avoid a confirmation bias, the examiners were blinded to the participants' hand dominance. All players underwent physical function measurements, such as height, weight, shoulder and hip strength, and shoulder and hip ROM. Shoulder and elbow injury was defined as shoulder and elbow pain that the patient had been aware of in the past 3 years. The results of injured and non-injured pitchers were compared. Eighty-five pitchers had experienced a shoulder or elbow injury in the past 3 years. The shoulder ROM and strength in the injured and non-injured groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent. The hip external rotation ROM on the dominant side, the hip abduction strength on the non-dominant side, and the hip abduction strength on the dominant side were significantly lower in the injured group than in the non-injured group. The results may contribute to reducing the incidence of these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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27
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Ishigaki T, Hirokawa M, Ezawa Y, Yamanaka M. Supraspinatus Tendon Changes and Glenohumeral Range of Motion in College Baseball Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:145-150. [PMID: 34265860 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Baseball players commonly show altered glenohumeral range of motion during internal rotation, external rotation, total rotation, and horizontal adduction. These altered ranges of motion appear to be associated with throwing shoulder injuries, which frequently involve the supraspinatus tendons; thus, we aimed to examine the relationship between altered glenohumeral range of motion and supraspinatus tendon changes in collegiate baseball players. To investigate this association using the Pearson correlation coefficient, we measured glenohumeral internal rotation, external rotation, total rotation, and horizontal adduction ranges of motion and supraspinatus tendon thickness in 22 college baseball players. Consequently, there was a significant relationship between increase in supraspinatus tendon thickness and greater deficit of internal rotation (r=-0.520, P=0.013). Increased supraspinatus tendon thickness tended to be associated with greater external rotation gain (r=0.394, P=0.073). No other range of motion had any relationship with supraspinatus tendon changes. These results might indicate that restricted glenohumeral internal rotation and excessive gain in external rotation increase the risk of supraspinatus tendon abnormalities in baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Ishigaki
- Graduate School of Human Life Design, Toyo University, Asaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Motoki Hirokawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Yuya Ezawa
- Department of Social and Human Science Course, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Faculty of Health Science, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan
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Risk factor for elbow symptom manifestation in young baseball players with asymptomatic medial elbow abnormalities: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13119. [PMID: 34162960 PMCID: PMC8222278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic elbow abnormalities are relatively common in young baseball players, but the factors responsible are unclear. To prospectively identify risk factors related to symptom manifestation in asymptomatic elbow abnormalities, we recruited 573 baseball players (age: 7-14 years) at a pre-participation medical/physical examination in the preseason who were right-handed and had asymptomatic medial elbow abnormalities on ultrasound (US). Baseline preseason and postseason participant characteristics were assessed. A "symptomatic" elbow was defined as an elbow with medial elbow joint problems that prevented ball throwing for ≥ 8 days. After exclusions, 82 players were enrolled, of whom 22 (26.8%) developed a symptomatic elbow. In univariate analyses, the external and internal rotation strengths of the dominant shoulder were significantly greater in the symptomatic group than in the asymptomatic group (P = 0.021). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the internal rotation strength of the dominant shoulder was a significant independent risk factor (odds ratio = 1.091, P = 0.027) for developing a symptomatic elbow. In young asymptomatic baseball players with abnormalities in the medial elbow region of the dominant arm on US, stronger preseason internal rotation strength of the dominant shoulder was a significant independent risk factor for the development of a "symptomatic" elbow.
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Nakase K, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. The Relationship Between Dynamic Balance Ability and Shoulder Pain in High School Baseball Pitchers. Sports Health 2021; 14:397-403. [PMID: 34100673 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211019682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic balance is essential for pitching motion because pitching kinematics requires whole body coordination. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Y balance test (YBT) evaluate dynamic balance quantitatively. There are some reports that investigated the relationship between SEBT/YBT and pain in upper and lower extremities, but there is no study among high school baseball pitchers. HYPOTHESIS Dynamic balance deficiency is associated with shoulder pain among high school baseball pitchers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 259 male high school pitchers who participated in the preseason medical checkups were included in the study. YBT was used to measure their dynamic balance. The participants completed a questionnaire which asked if they were currently experiencing shoulder pain. RESULTS Twenty-two pitchers had shoulder pain during the preseason medical checkups. In the YBT, the posterolateral balance while standing with the axis leg as well as the posteromedial and posterolateral balance while standing with the step leg were significantly lower in the pain group than in the nonpain group (P = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.001, respectively). A logistic regression analysis showed that posterolateral balance when standing with the step leg was an independent risk factor for current shoulder pain (P = 0.04, odds ratio 0.942, 95% CI 0.892-0.996). CONCLUSION The dynamic balance of high school baseball pitchers with shoulder pain was lower than that of participants without shoulder pain. In particular, posterolateral direction with the step leg standing was significantly related to shoulder pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Among high school baseball pitchers, decreased dynamic balance was related to current shoulder pain. YBT maybe recommended in preseason medical checkups for high school baseball pitchers.
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Nakase K, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. An analysis of pre-season risk factors for low back injury in high-school baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11415. [PMID: 34075129 PMCID: PMC8169826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitching motion requires whole-body coordination; therefore, poor control of the lower extremities, pelvis and trunk may cause shoulder and elbow injuries. However, few studies have described the relationship between the shoulder joint function and low back injury in high-school baseball pitchers. A total of 128 healthy high school pitchers underwent pre-season medical checkups, where their shoulder range of motion and shoulder strength were measured. The participants completed a self-recorded daily questionnaire regarding the presence of low back pain. Pitchers were divided into injured and non-injured groups. Low back injury was observed in 13 participants (13.4%). In the injured group, horizontal adduction on the dominant shoulder was significantly less than in the non-injured group. A logistic regression analysis showed that horizontal adduction on the dominant side was a significant independent risk factor for low back injury during the season. It is important to recognize that restriction of the shoulder function not only causes shoulder and elbow injuries but can also risk low back injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Schilling DT, Elazzazi AM. Shoulder Strength and Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test Performance in Division III Collegiate Baseball and Softball Players. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:844-853. [PMID: 34123536 PMCID: PMC8168989 DOI: 10.26603/001c.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder strength measured with a handheld dynamometer (HHD) and the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST) are clinical tools that have been used to measure athlete's performance and track their progress. PURPOSE The specific aims of this study were to describe baseball (BB) and softball (SB) players isometric strength measures and their performance on the CKCUEST; examine the relationships between strength and the CKCUEST; compare isometric strength measures of the throwing and non-throwing arms; and compare the strength and the CKCUEST measures between BB and SB players. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study. METHODS Participants included 50 DIII BB and 24 DIII SB players. Shoulder strength for the internal and external rotators were measured using a HHD and the CKCUEST was performed. The CKCUEST score and power were calculated. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to compare throwing and non-throwing shoulder strength. Independent t-test was used to compare BB and SB players shoulder strength and the CKCUEST measures. RESULTS The BB players demonstrated significant strength differences between the throwing and non-throwing shoulders and the internal rotators were significantly stronger than the external rotators (p < 0.05), while the strength ratio of the internal and external rotators was not different between arms (p=0.87). The SB players demonstrated no significant strength differences between the throwing and non-throwing shoulders for the internal and external rotators or the strength ratio of the rotators (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the strength of the internal and external rotators of the non-throwing shoulder (p=0.075) or the throwing shoulder (p=0.096). The BB players throwing and non-throwing shoulders produced significantly more internal and external force than the SB players (p < 0.001), however, the internal/external rotators strength ratio were similar (p=0.32, p=0.30). The CKCUEST power had inverse and significant correlations (p=0.006, p=0.003) with SB players internal and external rotators, respectively. The CKCUEST power was significantly different between BB and SB players (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study presented shoulder rotator strength and CKCUEST reference values for DIII BB and SB players. BB players demonstrated more strength but overall, less symmetry compared to SB players. CKCUEST power may be considered for the evaluation of athletes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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32
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Matsel KA, Weiss EE, Butler RJ, Hoch MC, Westgate PM, Malone TR, Uhl TL. A Nation-Wide Survey of High School Baseball Coaches' Perceptions Indicates their Arm Care Programs Play a Role in Injury Prevention. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:816-826. [PMID: 34123533 PMCID: PMC8169022 DOI: 10.26603/001c.24247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arm care programs consisting of upper extremity strengthening and stretching have been recommended for injury prevention for pitchers of all ages. There has been no investigation into high school baseball coaches' usage and perceptions of arm care programs to mitigate physical impairments associated with injuries in baseball players. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the current usage of arm care programs by high school baseball coaches. The primary objective was to determine if coaches use group-based or individualized arm care programs. The secondary objective sought to determine if the use of arm care programs is influenced by coaches' age, education, and experience level. Finally, this study explored the potential barriers to arm care implementation and high school baseball coaches' current awareness and beliefs of injury prevention. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive cross-sectional survey. METHODS A 29-item online survey was emailed to 18,500 high school baseball coaches throughout the United States. Data were collected for three months, and the response rate was 3.7%. RESULTS A total of 87.3% (n=571/654) of responding coaches use arm care programs with their players. Of coaches performing arm care, only 18.5% of 571 individualize their arm care exercises based on specific player needs. However, older and more experienced coaches are more likely to individualize their programs. Among the 12.7% (n=83/654) of coaches who do not use arm care programs, the two most commonly cited reasons for not implementing arm care were lack of observed benefit (41%) and insufficient staff (31%). Although 42% of 654 coaches recognized reduced shoulder mobility as a major contributor to injury, risk factors such as throwing with a fatigued arm, previous injury history, and throwing > 8 months per year were not consistently identified as primary risk factors. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the majority high school baseball coaches implement group-based arm care exercise programs to prevent injury. Lack of confidence in the effectiveness and staffing limitations were major barriers to implementation of arm care programming. However, the responding coaches exhibited inconsistent risk factor awareness and dated injury prevention beliefs. Therefore, better educational collaboration between rehabilitation professionals and high school coaches regarding injury risk factors and preventative strategies is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Matsel
- University of Kentucky; University of Evansville
| | | | - R J Butler
- Saint Louis Cardinals Baseball Organization
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Sasaki T, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Shimoyama D, Hamano N, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Nakase K, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Four-year trend in shoulder and elbow injuries in competitive-level high school baseball pitchers: a repeated cross-sectional survey. JSES Int 2021; 5:789-792. [PMID: 34223431 PMCID: PMC8245981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shoulder and elbow injuries are the main cause of throwing disability among high school baseball pitchers. However, longitudinal studies on shoulder and elbow injuries among competitive-level high school baseball pitchers have been insufficient. This study aimed to investigate shoulder and elbow injuries in competitive-level high school baseball pitchers over a four-year period and elucidate the effects of implementing medical checkups on the incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries. Methods Five hundred fifty-two high school baseball pitchers, who received preseason medical checkups from February 2012 to February 2015, were enrolled in this study. Shoulder and elbow injuries occurring during the season after medical checkups were prospectively evaluated by a postseason questionnaire. Pitchers who were not able to pitch for >7 days owing to shoulder or elbow pain were defined as having shoulder and elbow injuries during the season. The incidence rates of shoulder and elbow injuries during the seasons were calculated and compared over the 4-year period. Results Ninety-six percent of medical checkup participants were included in the study. The mean questionnaire collection rate of the prospective study was 71.6% (range: 67.7-78.9%). The incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries significantly decreased from 20.0% in 2012 to 7.7% in 2015 (P = .013). Conclusion The four-year trend in the incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries in competitive-level high school baseball pitchers was evaluated. The incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries during the season significantly decreased with a linear downward trend during the survey period after the implementation of medical checkups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Kakase K, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Asymptomatic Medial Elbow Ultrasound Abnormality in Youth Baseball Players Is an Independent Risk Factor for Elbow Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967120986791. [PMID: 33912614 PMCID: PMC8050762 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120986791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Youth baseball players who experience elbow pain during the season frequently exhibit radiographic elbow abnormalities. However, it is unknown whether asymptomatic elbow abnormalities are risk factors for in-season elbow injuries. Purpose To determine whether the preseason presence of asymptomatic medial epicondyle apophysitis is a risk factor for in-season elbow injuries in youth baseball players. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Youth baseball players (N = 210; age range, 7-12 years) with no pain or history of injury in their throwing arms underwent preseason evaluations that included shoulder and elbow range of motion measurements, shoulder muscle strength testing, and ultrasound elbow scans with a multifrequency 13-MHz linear array transducer. Over 1 year of play, the players and their parents maintained daily elbow pain diaries. Elbow injuries were defined as medial elbow symptoms that prevented ball throwing for ≥8 days. Results The preseason ultrasound evaluation revealed medial epicondyle apophysitis in 59 players. In the year following, elbow injuries occurred in 17 (28.8%) players with preseason medial epicondyle apophysitis and 18 (11.9%) players without apophysitis. Independent predictors of elbow injuries were preseason medial epicondyle apophysitis (odds ratio [OR], 2.488; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.152-5.376; P = .02) and deficits of abduction (ABD) and external rotation of the dominant shoulder (OR, 0.963; 95% CI, 0.936-0.992; P = .012). Conclusion Asymptomatic medial epicondyle apophysitis and ABD and external rotation deficits in the dominant shoulder were risk factors for elbow injuries in 7- to 12-year-old youth baseball players. These findings may aid in the design of programs to prevent elbow injuries in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shitara
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kurumi Kakase
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Hamano N, Shitara H, Tajika T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Kuboi T, Shimoyama D, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Endo F, Nakase K, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto A, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Relationship between the Lower Limb Function and Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Elementary School Baseball Pitchers. Prog Rehabil Med 2021; 6:20210015. [PMID: 33728384 PMCID: PMC7952376 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to examine the relationship between the hip range of motion (ROM) and ankle ROM and throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary school baseball pitchers. Methods This retrospective comparative study (Level of evidence: Level III) included 195 baseball pitchers (mean age 10.8±1.0 years, range 8-12 years). All pitchers underwent physical function measurements, including height, weight, shoulder strength, and hip and ankle ROM. Shoulder and elbow injury was defined as shoulder and elbow pain that the pitchers had been aware of in the past or at the time of medical checkups. The results for the injured and non-injured groups were then compared. Results The shoulder ROM and strength in the injured and non-injured groups did not differ to a statistically significant extent. The hip external rotation on the dominant side (injured vs. non-injured: 48.9±11.1° vs. 53.3±9.7°, P<0.01), the hip internal rotation on the non-dominant side (injured vs. non-injured: 36.6±12.0° vs. 40.9±11.0°, P=0.01), and ankle plantar flexion on the non-dominant side (injured vs. non-injured: 52.0±6.8° vs. 54.3±6.7°, P=0.02) were significantly smaller in the injured group than in the non-injured group. Conclusions The hip external rotation ROM on the dominant side and the hip internal rotation and ankle plantar flexion on the non-dominant side were significantly lower in the injured group than in the non-injured group. These results may suggest measures to reduce the incidence of elbow and shoulder injuries in elementary school baseball pitchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Ankle dorsiflexion deficit in the back leg is a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injuries in young baseball players. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5500. [PMID: 33750882 PMCID: PMC7943763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between ankle joint function and throwing-related injuries has not been demonstrated. We hypothesized that limited ankle joint range of motion (ROM) was related to risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in young baseball players. This 12-month prospective cohort study evaluated the age, height, weight, playing position, shoulder, elbow, and ankle function of 228 enrolled baseball players. Shoulder and elbow injuries were tracked during the season. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries among participants divided into non-injured and injured groups. Univariate analysis showed that age, height, weight, ROM of elbow flexion in the dominant arm, muscle strength ratio of shoulder abduction, and the likelihood of being a pitcher or a catcher were significantly greater in the injured group than in the non-injured group. ROM of shoulder abduction-external/internal rotation, shoulder total arc on the dominant arm, ankle joint dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion on the back (non-lead) and front (lead) legs were significantly less in the injured group than in the non-injured group. In conclusion, ROM dorsiflexion deficits in the back leg, shoulder abduction-external rotation in the dominant arm, ROM increase in elbow flexion on the dominant side, older age, and being a pitcher were significant independent risk factors for injury.
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Hamano N, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Kitagawa T, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Shimoyama D, Takanime S, Miyamoto R, Nakase K. Relationship Between Upper Limb Injuries and Hip Range of Motion in Elementary and Junior High School Baseball Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967120970916. [PMID: 33623793 PMCID: PMC7878951 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120970916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Shoulder and elbow injuries are major problems in baseball players. Tightness of the upper extremities has been reported as a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between decreased hip range of motion (ROM) and shoulder and elbow injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study aimed to prospectively examine the relationship between hip ROM and throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. The hypothesis was that players with unrestricted ROM in the hip would have a reduced risk of upper extremity injuries. Methods: The study included 263 baseball players (mean ± SD age, 10.5 ± 1.3 years; range, 7-14 years). The following physical parameters were assessed: (1) hip flexion ROM measured in the supine position and (2) hip internal and external rotation in the prone position. After the season, players completed questionnaires regarding shoulder and/or elbow injuries. For comparison, the players were classified as injured (not able to play for ≥8 days because of shoulder and/or elbow problems) or noninjured. Results: During the season, 52 players had shoulder and/or elbow injuries. When the injured and noninjured groups were compared, hip flexion on the dominant side (121.5° ± 12.0° vs 126.7° ± 9.8°, respectively; P < .01), hip flexion on the nondominant side (119.6° ± 11.7° vs 126.0° ± 9.9°, respectively; P < .01), and internal rotation on the dominant side (52.5° ± 11.3° vs 56.8° ± 10.8°, respectively; P = .01) were significantly reduced in the injured group. Conclusion: We identified preseason decreases in flexion bilaterally and internal rotation on the dominant side as risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. Further studies are required to prevent disabilities in elementary and junior high school baseball players through development of prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hamano
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takanori Kitagawa
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takanime
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kurumi Nakase
- Investigation performed at Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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Calcei JG, Schulman BL, Workman WB. Pitching Mechanics: Do Certain Mechanics Predispose Pitchers to Shoulder Injuries? OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2021.150796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Matsel KA, Butler RJ, Malone TR, Hoch MC, Westgate PM, Uhl TL. Current Concepts in Arm Care Exercise Programs and Injury Risk Reduction in Adolescent Baseball Players: A Clinical Review. Sports Health 2021; 13:245-250. [PMID: 33514287 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120976384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Awareness of important injury risk factors associated with excessive pitching volume has been highlighted in the literature, but injury rates remain high. Shoulder pain in baseball players is associated with various changes in musculoskeletal movements, which presents as measurable impairments throughout the kinetic chain. Baseball coaches and rehabilitation professionals have utilized exercise programs targeting strength and flexibility of the throwing arm to prevent injuries. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of arm care exercise programs in reducing upper extremity injury rates in adolescent baseball players. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search of electronic databases, including CINAHL with full text, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus was conducted to retrieve available articles in English from the years 2010 through 2020. The search terms injury prevention, exercise, and adolescent baseball were used. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS Improving shoulder internal rotation range of motion by stretching the posterior shoulder muscles daily was associated with a 36% risk reduction of shoulder and elbow injuries. Group-based arm care exercise programs that target multiple musculoskeletal impairments demonstrated an approximately 50% reduced risk of elbow injury. CONCLUSION For adolescent baseball players, arm care injury prevention programs focusing on important musculoskeletal impairments are effective at reducing injury incidence rates. Multimodal injury prevention programs that improve multiple musculoskeletal impairments are more comprehensive and may result in better injury reduction than programs focusing on a singular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Matsel
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,University of Evansville, Evansville, Indiana
| | - Robert J Butler
- Saint Louis Cardinals Baseball Organization, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Tim L Uhl
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo T, Kamiyama M, Simoyama D, Suzuki J, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. High baseball loads induce shoulder and elbow injuries among high school baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:351. [PMID: 33432028 PMCID: PMC7801724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the relationship between baseball loads (practice, training, and competition hours) and shoulder and elbow injuries among high school pitchers are limited. Therefore, this study included 92 male high school baseball pitchers and evaluated their preseason shoulder and elbow conditions. All participants completed a self-recorded questionnaire regarding baseball load, presence of shoulder pain or elbow pain, or both, and pitching limitations due to shoulder and/or elbow pain experienced daily to determine the occurrence of injuries and record the baseball load. The optimal load cutoff value was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Participants were categorized into high-load and low-load groups according to the aforementioned cutoff value. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain time-to-event curves, and cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios for injury rates. The cutoff value of the average baseball load was 324.4 min per day. A high load (> 5.5 h/day) led to a 2.6-times greater risk of injuries and 3.3-times earlier occurrence of injuries than a low load (< 5.5 h/day). Therefore, a high load is a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takafumi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Daisuke Simoyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Junki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Totlis T, Kitridis D, Tsikopoulos K, Georgoulis A. A computer tablet software can quantify the deviation of scapula medial border from the thoracic wall during clinical assessment of scapula dyskinesis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:202-209. [PMID: 32152691 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-05916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aim of this study is to establish an objective and easily applicable method that will allow clinicians to quantitatively assess scapular dyskinesis during clinical examination using a computer tablet software. Hypothesis is that dyskinetic scapulae present greater motion-deviation from the thoracic wall-compared to the non-dyskinetic ones and that the software will be able to record those differences. METHODS Twenty-five patients and 19 healthy individuals were clinically evaluated for the presence of dyskinesis or not. According to the clinical diagnosis, the observations were divided into three groups; A. Dyskinetic scapulae with symptoms (n = 25), B. Contralateral non-dyskinetic scapulae without symptoms (n = 25), C. Healthy control scapulae (n = 38). Then, all individuals were tested using a tablet with the PIVOT™ image-based analysis software (PIVOT, Impellia, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The motion produced by the scapula medial border and inferior angle deviation from the thoracic wall was recorded. RESULTS The deviation of the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula from the thoracic wall was 24.6 ± 7.3 mm in Group A, 14.7 ± 4.9 mm in Group B, and 12.4 ± 5.2 mm in Group C. The motion recorded in the dyskinetic scapulae group was significantly greater than both the contralateral non-dyskinetic scapulae group (p < 0.01) and the healthy control scapulae group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The PIVOT™ software was efficient to detect significant differences in the motion between dyskinetic and non-dyskinetic scapulae. This system can support the clinical diagnosis of dyskinesis with a numeric value, which not only contributes to scapula dyskinesis grading but also to the evaluation of the progress and efficacy of the applied treatment, thus providing a feedback to the clinician and the patient. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV, laboratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trifon Totlis
- Thessaloniki Minimally Invasive Surgery (The-MIS) Orthopaedic Center, St. Luke's Hospital, 55236, Thessaloniki, Greece. .,Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Kitridis
- 1st Orthopaedic Department, George Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Anastasios Georgoulis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Center, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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A small number of daily pitches induces shoulder and elbow injuries among high school baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21955. [PMID: 33319844 PMCID: PMC7738486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Baseball players frequently injure their shoulders and elbows. Preseason risk factors for such injuries have been relatively well studied, but in-season risk factors are less known, and the relationship between the number of pitches and the incidence of such injuries in baseball pitchers of any level is unclear. Identifying the risk factors related to the number of daily pitches is particularly important to prevent baseball-related arm injuries among young pitchers. Thus, we prospectively investigated the relationship between the number of daily full-power pitches in high school baseball pitchers and the incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries. We observed that a small number of daily full-power pitches, < 30 pitches per day, in high school baseball pitchers, significantly increased the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries: these players had a 2.3-times greater risk of injuries and a 45-day earlier occurrence of injuries than those pitching ≥ 30 pitches per day. Although unexpected, this was plausible as continuous daily pitching is required to maintain physical condition in growing and maturing high school pitchers. These findings may form the basis for establishing guidelines regarding the appropriate number of daily pitches required to prevent shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers.
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Hamano N, Shitara H, Tajika T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Kuboi T, Endo F, Yamamoto A, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Relationship between tightness of the hip joint and shoulder/elbow injury in high school baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19979. [PMID: 33203930 PMCID: PMC7673013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported that upper limb tightness is a risk factor for shoulder/elbow pain in high school baseball pitchers; but there has been insufficient research on the relationship between lower limb tightness and shoulder and elbow pain in pitchers. This study aimed to clarify the correlation among pre-season hip range of motion (ROM) and shoulder and elbow disorders in high school baseball pitchers. We surveyed 125 high school pitchers. Hip ROM was measured in the supine and prone positions. After the season, based on their answers to the self-recorded questionnaire, a “shoulder or elbow injury” was defined as any condition resulting in the pitcher being considered disabled for ≥ 8 days. An independent t-test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Eleven disabled pitchers (9%) were identified during the season. In the injured group, the ROM of the plant side hip with 90° flexed external rotation was smaller than that in the non-injured group. Preseason limited ROM in the plant side hip with 90° flexed external rotation was a risk factor for the occurrence of shoulder/elbow pain in the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Scapular Dyskinesis and the Kinetic Chain: Recognizing Dysfunction and Treating Injury in the Tennis Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2020; 13:748-756. [PMID: 32827302 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-020-09672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of scapular dyskinesis and its impact on the kinetic chain in tennis athletes. RECENT FINDINGS Optimal glenohumeral biomechanics are intimately associated with proper scapular motion and function. The tennis serve requires the scapula to act as a force transducer in the kinetic chain to convert potential energy generated in the lower extremities to kinetic energy in the upper extremity. Any aberration within this complex kinetic chain will result in force uncoupling and increases the potential for injury through compensatory mechanisms. Specifically, scapular dyskinesis has been associated with an increased risk of shoulder pain of up to 43% in overhead athletes. These pathologies include rotator cuff disease, subacromial and posterior impingement, labral injuries, and SLAP tears. Although the direct causality of these injuries remains controversial, multiple kinematic studies have demonstrated altered scapular positioning increasing the predilection for soft tissue pathology. The diagnosis of scapular dyskinesis is predicated upon a thorough history, physical examination, and observational analysis of key nodes in the kinetic chain during tennis activity. Conservative management remains the mainstay of treatment and consists of a graduated physical therapy regimen. Although shoulder pain in the overhead athletes is often multifactorial, early recognition and treatment of scapular dyskinesis generally carry a favorable prognosis and result in improved patient outcomes.
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Tooth C, Gofflot A, Schwartz C, Croisier JL, Beaudart C, Bruyère O, Forthomme B. Risk Factors of Overuse Shoulder Injuries in Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2020; 12:478-487. [PMID: 32758080 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120931764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Shoulder injuries are highly prevalent in sports involving the upper extremity. Some risk factors have been identified in the literature, but consensus is still lacking. OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors of overuse shoulder injury in overhead athletes, as described in the literature. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of the literature from the years 1970 to 2018 was performed using 2 electronic databases: PubMed and Scopus. STUDY SELECTION Prospective studies, written in English, that described at least 1 risk factor associated with overuse shoulder injuries in overhead sports (volleyball, handball, basketball, swimming, water polo, badminton, baseball, and tennis) were considered for analysis. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted from 25 studies. Study methodology quality was evaluated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. RESULTS Intrinsic factors, previous injury, range of motion (lack or excess), and rotator cuff weakness (isometric and isokinetic) highly increase the risk of future injuries. Additionally, years of athletic practice, body mass index, sex, age, and level of play seem to have modest influence. As for the effect of scapular dysfunction on shoulder injuries, it is still controversial, though these are typically linked. Extrinsic factors, field position, condition of practice (match/training), time of season, and training load also have influence on the occurrence of shoulder injuries. CONCLUSION Range of motion, rotator cuff muscle weakness, and training load are important modifiable factors associated with shoulder injuries. Scapular dysfunction may also have influence. The preventive approach for shoulder injury should focus on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tooth
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Amandine Gofflot
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Schwartz
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Beaudart
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics (URSAPES), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Aging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics (URSAPES), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Aging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Devaney LL, Denegar CR, Thigpen CA, Lepley AS, Edgar C, DiStefano LJ. Preseason Neck Mobility Is Associated With Throwing-Related Shoulder and Elbow Injuries, Pain, and Disability in College Baseball Pitchers. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120920556. [PMID: 32523967 PMCID: PMC7235677 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120920556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball pitchers, which can lead to significant pain and disability, have been on the rise at all levels of play for 3 decades. Despite anatomic and neurophysiological relationships, neck mobility has not been explored as a contributor to shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball pitchers. Hypothesis Impaired neck mobility will increase the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in college baseball pitchers. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Posture, neck mobility, and shoulder passive range of motion were measured in healthy college baseball pitchers during the 2018 preseason. Time loss (days lost because of shoulder or elbow injuries) and patient-reported disability via Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST) scores were used to dichotomize pitchers into injured and uninjured groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and accuracy values and risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to assess the diagnostic utility of the physical measures. Time-to-injury analysis was conducted to assess the timing of injuries. Results A total of 49 pitchers (mean age, 19.92 ± 1.48 years; mean height, 187.04 ± 6.02 cm; mean weight, 89.14 ± 12.08 kg) completed the study. There were 10 pitchers (20.4%) who sustained a time-loss injury >7 days because of a shoulder or elbow injury. A Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test (CFRT) finding on the dominant side of ≤39° resulted in over 9 times the increased risk of time-loss injuries (RR, 9.38 [95% CI, 1.28-68.49]). Time-to-injury analysis demonstrated differences between the 2 groups (χ2 = 7.667; P = .01). Pitchers with a >39.25° finding on the CFRT played a mean 109.4 of 112 days (95% CI, 105-114) before the injury, while pitchers with ≤39.25° only played 83.6 of 112 days (95% CI, 68-99). A CFRT finding of ≤38° (RR, 3.91 [95% CI, 1.23-12.39]), cervical flexion range of motion of ≤64° (RR, 10.56 [95% CI, 1.50-74.34]), and weight of >86.9 kg (RR, 10.42 [95% CI, 1.14-213.70]) were also associated with an increased risk of patient-reported pain and disability on the FAST pitcher module. Conclusion College baseball pitchers with less neck mobility during the preseason had an increased risk of time loss and shoulder and elbow disability during the season. The predictive value of these measures as part of a risk screening profile should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Lee Devaney
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig R Denegar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Adam S Lepley
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cory Edgar
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lindsay J DiStefano
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Giuseppe LU, Laura RA, Berton A, Candela V, Massaroni C, Carnevale A, Stelitano G, Schena E, Nazarian A, DeAngelis J, Denaro V. Scapular Dyskinesis: From Basic Science to Ultimate Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082974. [PMID: 32344746 PMCID: PMC7215460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study intends to summarize the causes, clinical examination, and treatments of scapular dyskinesis (SD) and to briefly investigate whether alteration can be managed by a precision rehabilitation protocol planned on the basis of features derived from clinical tests. Methods: We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and EMBASE databases using various combinations of the keywords “Rotator cuff”, “Scapula”, “Scapular Dyskinesis”, “Shoulder”, “Biomechanics” and “Arthroscopy”. Results: SD incidence is growing in patients with shoulder pathologies, even if it is not a specific injury or directly related to a particular injury. SD can be caused by multiple factors or can be the trigger of shoulder-degenerative pathologies. In both cases, SD results in a protracted scapula with the arm at rest or in motion. Conclusions: A clinical evaluation of altered shoulder kinematics is still complicated. Limitations in observing scapular motion are mainly related to the anatomical position and function of the scapula itself and the absence of a tool for quantitative SD clinical assessment. High-quality clinical trials are needed to establish whether there is a possible correlation between SD patterns and the specific findings of shoulder pathologies with altered scapular kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longo Umile Giuseppe
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-062-2541-1613; Fax: +39-0622-5411
| | - Risi Ambrogioni Laura
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessandra Berton
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Candela
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Arianna Carnevale
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Giovanna Stelitano
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA; (A.N.); (J.D.)
| | - Joseph DeAngelis
- Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA; (A.N.); (J.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; (R.A.L.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (A.C.); (G.S.)
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Fredriksen H, Cools A, Bahr R, Myklebust G. Does an effective shoulder injury prevention program affect risk factors in handball? A randomized controlled study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1423-1433. [PMID: 32293738 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder problems are common in handball, but injury risk reduction is possible by implementing a prevention program. However, player compliance to the program remains a challenge, with feedback from players that the program is too time consuming. AIM To develop a more efficient program, we aimed to assess the effect of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center shoulder injury prevention program on external rotation (ER) strength and internal rotation (IR) range of motion (ROM), considered to represent key risk factors for injury. METHODS Four youth handball teams (three females, one males, 57 players, mean age 17.1 years) were randomized to an intervention or control group. The intervention program was conducted three times per week as a part of handball warm-up for 18 weeks, supervised by physical therapists. The main outcome variables were the between-group differences in ER strength and IR ROM change from baseline to postintervention. Isometric ER strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer and IR ROM with a digital goniometer. RESULTS Mean dominant shoulder isometric ER strength increased both in the intervention (10%) and the control group (6%) during the intervention, but there was no significant group by time interaction (group difference: 0.06 N/kg (95% CI: -0.04 to 0.17). IR ROM did not change in either group during the intervention. CONCLUSION The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center shoulder injury prevention program did not affect the risk factors ER strength and IR ROM. The preventive effect of the program must therefore be due to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Fredriksen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Sports Medicine Department, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Cools
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Sports Medicine Department, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grethe Myklebust
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Sports Medicine Department, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a term used in the literature to describe the physiological adaptation that occurs in the dominant arm of the overhead-throwing athlete. The meaning of this term and the clinical significance and the rationale for its treatment have all been described with some ambiguity within the literature. GIRD as a measurement is multivariate. There is an adaptive bony component in humeral retroversion (HR) and muscular contributions in the form of thixotropy which can confound the capsular component of GIRD. Emerging diagnostic tools such as ultrasound can help differentiate between the bony and soft tissue contributions as well as provide a dynamic assessment in the throwing shoulder. The purpose of this review is to describe and differentiate between anatomical GIRD (aGIRD) and pathological GIRD (pGIRD), discuss the clinical significance of pGIRD and values reported within the literature, and describe its measurement and clinical treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature has demonstrated that GIRD alone is not associated with injury risk of the upper extremity in the overhead athlete. Although past literature has demonstrated pGIRD as increasing injury risk, other variables such as external rotation (ER) deficit, horizontal adduction deficit, and shoulder flexion deficit have been associated with injury of the upper extremity while GIRD did not. Further, an appreciation for the difference between adaptive GIRD and pathologic GIRD has recently been emphasized to ensure optimal treatment addresses the pathologic portion of GIRD. The recent focus on early treatment approaches to pGIRD may play a role in its diminished risk association. This review offers the term humeral retroversion (HR) Corrected GIRD as a more clinically sensitive value that may provide the clinician a more precise rationale for the treatment of pGIRD. Currently, diagnostic ultrasound is a reliable and valid method for measuring HR in the overhead-throwing athlete. Future research that validates clinical methods for assessing HR could provide utility for clinical decision-making in the absence of diagnostic ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Zajac
- Mayo Clinic Tempe Sports Medicine, 63 S. Rockford Drive, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - John M Tokish
- Mayo Clinic Tempe Sports Medicine, 63 S. Rockford Drive, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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50
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Pozzi F, Plummer HA, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Bauer C, Wilson ML, Michener LA. Preseason shoulder range of motion screening and in-season risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1019-1027. [PMID: 31937577 PMCID: PMC7456673 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To characterise whether preseason screening of shoulder range of motion (ROM) is associated with the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Six electronic databases up to 22 September 2018. Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria were (1) overhead athletes from Olympic or college sports, (2) preseason measures of shoulder ROM, (3) tracked in-season injuries at the shoulder and elbow, and (4) prospective cohort design. Exclusion criteria were (1) included contact injuries, (2) lower extremity, spine and hand injuries, and (3) full report not published in English. Results Fifteen studies were identified, and they included 3314 overhead athletes (baseball (74.6%), softball (3.1%), handball (16.1%), tennis (2.0%), volleyball (2.0%) and swimming (2.2%)). Female athletes are unrepresented (12% of the overall sample). Study quality ranged from 11 to 18 points on a modified Downs and Black checklist (maximum score 21, better quality). In one study, swimmers with low (<93°) or high (>100°) shoulder external rotation were at higher risk of injuries. Using data pooled from three studies of professional baseball pitchers, we showed in the meta-analysis that shoulder external rotation insufficiency (throwing arm <5° greater than the non-throwing arm) was associated with injury (odds ratio=1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.24 to 2.92, p<0.01). Conclusion Preseason screening of shoulder external rotation ROM may identify professional baseball pitchers and swimmers at risk of injury. Shoulder ROM screening may not be effective to identify handball, softball, volleyball and tennis players at risk of injuries. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies and their high degree of heterogeneity. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017072895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pozzi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA .,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Chase Bauer
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Melissa L Wilson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lori A Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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