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Magni L, Yu H, Christensen NM, Poulsen MH, Frueh A, Deshar G, Johansen AZ, Johansen JS, Pless SA, Jørgensen NR, Novak I. Human P2X7 receptor variants Gly150Arg and Arg276His polymorphisms have differential effects on risk association and cellular functions in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:148. [PMID: 38664691 PMCID: PMC11044319 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in the crosstalk between pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and cancer cells, thus promoting progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2X7R have been reported for several cancers, but have not been explored in PDAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from PDAC patients and controls were genotyped for 11 non-synonymous SNPs in P2X7R and a risk analysis was performed. Relevant P2X7R-SNP GFP variants were expressed in PSCs and cancer cells and their function was assayed in the following tests. Responses in Ca2+ were studied with Fura-2 and dye uptake with YO-PRO-1. Cell migration was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Released cytokines were measured with MSD assay. RESULTS Risk analysis showed that two SNPs 474G>A and 853G>A (rs28360447, rs7958316), that lead to the Gly150Arg and Arg276His variants, had a significant but opposite risk association with PDAC development, protecting against and predisposing to the disease, respectively. In vitro experiments performed on cancer cells and PSCs expressing the Gly150Arg variant showed reduced intracellular Ca2+ response, fluorescent dye uptake, and cell migration, while the Arg276His variant reduced dye uptake but displayed WT-like Ca2+ responses. As predicted, P2X7R was involved in cytokine release (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α), but the P2X7R inhibitors displayed varied effects. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we provide evidence for the P2X7R SNPs association with PDAC and propose that they could be considered as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Magni
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Haoran Yu
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nynne M Christensen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mette H Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Frueh
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ganga Deshar
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Astrid Z Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stephan A Pless
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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The Impact of Plasma Membrane Ion Channels on Bone Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Stress, Oxidative Imbalance, and Acidosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030689. [PMID: 36978936 PMCID: PMC10045377 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular milieu is a rich source of different stimuli and stressors. Some of them depend on the chemical–physical features of the matrix, while others may come from the ‘outer’ environment, as in the case of mechanical loading applied on the bones. In addition to these forces, a plethora of chemical signals drives cell physiology and fate, possibly leading to dysfunctions when the homeostasis is disrupted. This variety of stimuli triggers different responses among the tissues: bones represent a particular milieu in which a fragile balance between mechanical and metabolic demands should be tuned and maintained by the concerted activity of cell biomolecules located at the interface between external and internal environments. Plasma membrane ion channels can be viewed as multifunctional protein machines that act as rapid and selective dual-nature hubs, sensors, and transducers. Here we focus on some multisensory ion channels (belonging to Piezo, TRP, ASIC/EnaC, P2XR, Connexin, and Pannexin families) actually or potentially playing a significant role in bone adaptation to three main stressors, mechanical forces, oxidative stress, and acidosis, through their effects on bone cells including mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Ion channel-mediated bone remodeling occurs in physiological processes, aging, and human diseases such as osteoporosis, cancer, and traumatic events.
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Huang H, He YM, Lin MM, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liang L, He X. P2X7Rs: new therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:207-219. [PMID: 35106736 PMCID: PMC9984661 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that both the occurrence and progression of osteoporosis are associated with inflammation, especially in primary osteoporosis. The maintenance of skeletal homeostasis is dependent on the complex regulation of bone metabolism. Numerous evidence suggested that purinoceptor networks are essential for bone homeostasis. In this review, the relationship between inflammation and the development of osteoporosis and the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in regulating the dynamic regulation of bone reconstruction were covered. We also discussed how P2X7R regulates the balance between resorption and bone formation by osteoblasts and reviewed the relevance of P2X7R polymorphisms in skeletal physiology. Finally, we analyzed potential targets of P2X7R for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Huang
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yu-Mei He
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lin
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueling He
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Herbert AJ, Williams AG, Lockey SJ, Erskine RM, Sale C, Hennis PJ, Day SH, Stebbings GK. Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: Part B-genotype-dependent characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:71-80. [PMID: 34550467 PMCID: PMC8748376 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Inter-individual variability in bone mineral density (BMD) exists within and between endurance runners and non-athletes, probably in part due to differing genetic profiles. Certainty is lacking, however, regarding which genetic variants may contribute to BMD in endurance runners and if specific genotypes are sensitive to environmental factors, such as mechanical loading via training. Method Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from previous genome-wide and/or candidate gene association studies that have a functional effect on bone physiology. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) associations between genotype at those 10 SNPs and bone phenotypes in high-level endurance runners, and (2) interactions between genotype and athlete status on bone phenotypes. Results Female runners with P2RX7 rs3751143 AA genotype had 4% higher total-body BMD and 5% higher leg BMD than AC + CC genotypes. Male runners with WNT16 rs3801387 AA genotype had 14% lower lumbar spine BMD than AA genotype non-athletes, whilst AG + GG genotype runners also had 5% higher leg BMD than AG + GG genotype non-athletes. Conclusion We report novel associations between P2RX7 rs3751143 genotype and BMD in female runners, whilst differences in BMD between male runners and non-athletes with the same WNT16 rs3801387 genotype existed, highlighting a potential genetic interaction with factors common in endurance runners, such as high levels of mechanical loading. These findings contribute to our knowledge of the genetic associations with BMD and improve our understanding of why some runners have lower BMD than others. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04789-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - A G Williams
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S J Lockey
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - R M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Hennis
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - S H Day
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - G K Stebbings
- Sports Genomics Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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5
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Ellegaard M, Hegner T, Ding M, Ulmann L, Jørgensen NR. Bone phenotype of P2X4 receptor knockout mice: implication of a P2X7 receptor mutation? Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:241-246. [PMID: 33856623 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic and knockout animal models are widely used to investigate the role of receptors, signaling pathways, and other peptides and proteins. Varying results are often published on the same model from different groups, and much effort has been put into understanding the underlying causes of these sometimes conflicting results. Recently, it has been shown that a P2X4R knockout model carries a so-called passenger mutation in the P2X7R gene, potentially affecting the interpretation of results from studies using this animal model. We therefore report this case to raise awareness about the potential pitfalls using genetically modified animal models, especially within P2 receptor research. Although purinergic signaling has been recognized as an important contributor to the regulation of bone remodeling, the process that maintains the bone quality during life, little is known about the role of the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) in regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. To address this, we analyzed the bone phenotype of P2rx4tm1Rass (C57BL/6J) knockout mice and corresponding wildtype using microCT and biomechanical testing. Overall, we found that the P2X4R knockout mice displayed improved bone microstructure and stronger bones in an age- and gender-dependent manner. While cortical BMD, trabecular BMD, and bone volume were higher in the 6-month-old females and 3-month-old males, this was not the case for the 3-month-old females and the 6-month-old males. Bone strength was only affected in the females. Moreover, we found that P2X4R KO mice carried the P2X7 receptor 451P wildtype allele, whereas the wildtype mice carried the 451L mutant allele. In conclusion, this study suggests that P2X4R could play a role in bone remodeling, but more importantly, it underlines the potential pitfalls when using knockout models and highlights the importance of interpreting results with great caution. Further studies are needed to verify any specific effects of P2X4R on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Hegner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Ding
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kanellopoulos JM, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Rüütel Boudinot S, Ojcius DM. Structural and Functional Features of the P2X4 Receptor: An Immunological Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645834. [PMID: 33897694 PMCID: PMC8059410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important mediators of activation, triggering various responses through plasma membrane P2 and P1 receptors. P2 receptors are further subdivided into ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. P2X4 is an ATP-gated cation channel broadly expressed in most tissues of the body. Within the P2X family, P2X4 has a unique subcellular distribution, being preferentially localized in lysosomes. In these organelles, high ATP concentrations do not trigger P2X4 because of the low pH. However, when the pH increases to 7.4, P2X4 can be stimulated by intra-lysosomal ATP, which is in its active, tetra-anionic form. Elucidation of P2X4, P2X3 and P2X7 structures has shed some light on the functional differences between these purinergic receptors. The potential interaction between P2X4 and P2X7 has been extensively studied. Despite intensive effort, it has not been possible yet to determine whether P2X4 and P2X7 interact as heterotrimers or homotrimers at the plasma membrane. However, several publications have shown that functional interactions between P2X4 and P2X7 do occur. Importantly, these studies indicate that P2X4 potentiates P2X7-dependent activation of inflammasomes, leading to increased release of IL-1β and IL-18. The role of P2X4 in various diseases could be beneficial or deleterious even though the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are still poorly defined. However, in diseases whose physiopathology involves activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, P2X4 was found to exacerbate severity of disease. The recent production of monoclonal antibodies specific for the human and mouse P2X4, some of which are endowed with agonist or antagonist properties, raises the possibility that they could be used therapeutically. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human P2RX4 gene has uncovered the association of P2RX4 gene variants with susceptibility to several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Predicted the P2RX7 rs3751143 polymorphism is associated with cancer risk: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227679. [PMID: 33501930 PMCID: PMC7859319 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both meta-analyses and systematic reviews were used to assess the relationship between purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2RX7) rs3751143 polymorphism and the risk of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data used in this research were collected from Google Scholar, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wan Fang Data databases. The final retrieval ended on 22 February 2019. The strength of correlation was assessed using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Based on the heterogeneity test results, fixed-effect (Mantel-Haenszel) or random-effects (DerSimonian-Laird) models were selected to summarise the collective effects. RESULTS Eight separate studies containing 1462 cancer cases and 3037 controls were enrolled. Overall, there was no significant association between P2RX7 rs3751143 polymorphism and the risk of cancer in the allelic, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, or recessive models. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis indicates that there is no significant association between P2RX7 rs3751143 polymorphism and the risk of cancer in the allelic, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive models.
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Extracellular purines and bone homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114425. [PMID: 33482152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy skeleton is highly dependent on an intricate regulation of bone metabolism, as changes in the balance between bone formation and bone resorption leads to bone loss, bone fragility and ultimately bone fractures. During the last three decades it has become increasingly evident that physiological release of purines in the extracellular space is imperative for bone homeostasis and is orchestrated via the network of purinoceptors. Adenosine derivatives are released locally in the skeleton either by the bone forming osteoblasts or the bone degrading osteoclasts actioned directly by processes like mechanical loading and indirectly by systemic hormones. Adenosine derivatives directly affect the bone cells by their action on the membranal receptors or have co-stimulatory actions with bone active hormones such as parathyroid hormone or the gut hormones. Any deviations leading to increased levels of extracellular adenosine derivatives in the bone tissue such as in pathologic situations, trigger complex pathways with opposing effects on tissue health as presented by studies involving a range of model organisms. Pathological conditions where skeletal purinergic signaling is affected are following tissue injury like microdamage and macroscopic fractures; and during inflammatory processes where nucleotides and nucleosides play an important part in the pathophysiological skeletal response. Moreover, adenosine derivatives also play an important role in the interaction between malignant cells and bone cells in several types of cancers involving the skeleton, such as but not limited to multiple myeloma and bone osteolysis. Much knowledge has been gained over the last decades. The net- resulting phenotype of adenosine derivatives in bone (including the ratio of ATP to Adenosine) is highly dependent on CD39 and CD73 enzymes together with the expression and activity of the specific receptors. Thus, each component is important in the physiological and pathophysiological processes in bone. Promising perspectives await in the future in treating skeletal disorders with medications targeting the individual components of the purinergic signaling pathway.
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Kringel D, Malkusch S, Kalso E, Lötsch J. Computational Functional Genomics-Based AmpliSeq™ Panel for Next-Generation Sequencing of Key Genes of Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020878. [PMID: 33467215 PMCID: PMC7830224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of pain is becoming increasingly well understood, which opens up possibilities for predicting the individual risk of persistent pain and the use of tailored therapies adapted to the variant pattern of the patient's pain-relevant genes. The individual variant pattern of pain-relevant genes is accessible via next-generation sequencing, although the analysis of all "pain genes" would be expensive. Here, we report on the development of a cost-effective next generation sequencing-based pain-genotyping assay comprising the development of a customized AmpliSeq™ panel and bioinformatics approaches that condensate the genetic information of pain by identifying the most representative genes. The panel includes 29 key genes that have been shown to cover 70% of the biological functions exerted by a list of 540 so-called "pain genes" derived from transgenic mice experiments. These were supplemented by 43 additional genes that had been independently proposed as relevant for persistent pain. The functional genomics covered by the resulting 72 genes is particularly represented by mitogen-activated protein kinase of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cytokine production and secretion. The present genotyping assay was established in 61 subjects of Caucasian ethnicity and investigates the functional role of the selected genes in the context of the known genetic architecture of pain without seeking functional associations for pain. The assay identified a total of 691 genetic variants, of which many have reports for a clinical relevance for pain or in another context. The assay is applicable for small to large-scale experimental setups at contemporary genotyping costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Kringel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Malkusch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 440, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.K.); (S.M.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-4589; Fax: +49-69-6301-4354
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P2X7 receptor and the NLRP3 inflammasome: Partners in crime. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114385. [PMID: 33359010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that on one hand plays a central role in cellular energetics and which on the other is a ubiquitous signaling molecule when released into the extracellular media. Extracellular ATP accumulates in inflammatory environments where it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern and activates the purinergic P2X receptor 7 (P2X7) in immune cells. P2X7 receptor activation induces the formation of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the activation of the inflammatory caspase-1. Caspase-1 causes an inflammatory type of cell death called pyroptosis through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intracellular content. Consequently, intense research efforts have been devoted to the design of novel anti-inflammatory therapies, focusing in particular on the P2X7 receptor and the NLRP3 pathway and the introduction of new blocking molecules in early phase clinical trials.
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11
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Yang J, Ma C, Zhang M. High glucose inhibits osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of MC3T3‑E1 cells by regulating P2X7. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5084-5090. [PMID: 31702818 PMCID: PMC6854521 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus adversely affects human bones and increases the risk of developing osteoporosis. In the present study, treatment with 30 mmol/l glucose was used to establish a high glucose (HG) cell model in vitro. Plasmids were used to overexpress the P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7) gene. Brilliant blue G and (4‑benzoyl‑benzoyl)‑ATP were used as a P2X7 antagonist and agonist, respectively. Proliferation of osteogenic MC3T3‑E1 cells and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were determined using MTT and colorimetric assays, respectively. Alizarin Red S was used to assess calcification of MC3T3‑E1 cells. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were performed to determine protein and mRNA expression levels. The results demonstrated that HG inhibited MC3T3‑E1 cell proliferation and P2X7 expression, reduced calcification, and downregulated the expression levels of ALP and osteocalcin (Ocn) in MC3T3‑E1 cells. Overexpression of P2X7 in HG conditions increased calcification and proliferation, and upregulated the levels of ALP and Ocn in MC3T3‑E1 cells. Inhibition of P2X7 downregulated the expressions of ALP and Ocn in MC3T3‑E1 cells under HG conditions. Therefore, the present results indicated that HG caused damage to osteogenic MC3T3‑E1 cells. Thus, P2X7 may be a regulatory factor that may be used to counteract the effects of HG on osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Cao Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Maoshu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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Harris TH, Wallace MR, Huang H, Li H, Shaddox LM. Associations of P2RX7 Functional Diplotypes with Localized Aggressive Periodontitis. JDR Clin Trans Res 2019; 4:342-351. [PMID: 31319038 DOI: 10.1177/2380084419863789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to test for the role of the P2X7 receptor in localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). METHODS Peripheral blood was obtained from 95 subjects with LAP and 76 healthy unrelated controls (HUCs). Three P2RX7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1718119, rs2230911, and rs3751143) were genotyped from these subjects, and their peripheral blood samples were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and tested for inflammatory markers. The 3 P2RX7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were in found to be in perfect linkage disequilibrium, and a total of 4 haplotypes and 9 diplotypes were identified among all subjects. For both subject populations, the 9 diplotypes were grouped into 4 functional groups and tested for association with subject inflammatory response. To specifically study the effects of extrinsic activation of the P2X7 receptor in LAP, peripheral blood samples from were stimulated under 3 treatments: LPS, LPS + ATP, and LPS +ATP+ P2X7 selective inhibitor. The effects of these treatments on P2X7 receptor activity were measured through Luminex protein assay. Last, to test whether receptor stimulation was related to P2RX7 expression, relative mRNA levels of P2RX7 were quantified with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Several associations between the P2RX7 diplotypes and LPS-stimulated blood chemokine/cytokine levels were found between the LAP and HUC populations (P < 0.05). P2X7 activation resulted in statistically significant differences in IL-1β and IL-12p40 concentrations for both subject populations. The relative P2RX7 mRNA levels increased significantly after addition of its inhibitor for both LAP and HUC populations. CONCLUSIONS This study detected an association between P2RX7 functional diplotypes and in vitro immune response of whole blood from subjects with LAP. In addition, we found that inhibition of the activated P2X7 receptor leads to increased P2RX7 mRNA levels, suggesting a feedback loop ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01330719). KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The results of this study suggest that P2RX7 functional diplotypes are associated with LAP and their in vitro immune response to bacteria. Ongoing studies to uncover the mechanistic link between P2RX7 and LAP phenotypes could lead to the development of preventive approaches for susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Harris
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H Huang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - H Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L M Shaddox
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Current affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Xiao W, Gong C, Liu X, Liu Y, Peng S, Luo D, Wang R, Li T, Zhao J, Xiong C, Liang S, Xu H. Association of P2X7R gene with serum lipid profiles in Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Climacteric 2019; 22:498-506. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2019.1604654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - C. Gong
- Department of Science and Education, Chest Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - X. Liu
- Clinical Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - S. Peng
- Basic Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - D. Luo
- Basic Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - R. Wang
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - T. Li
- Clinical Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - J. Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - C. Xiong
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - S. Liang
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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14
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Zeng D, Yao P, Zhao H. P2X7, a critical regulator and potential target for bone and joint diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2095-2103. [PMID: 30317598 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abundant evidence indicted that P2X7 receptor show a essential role in human health and some human diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, pulmonary inflammation, tuberculosis infection, psychiatric disorders, and cancer. P2X7 receptor also has an important role in some central nervous system diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, more research suggested that P2X7 receptor also plays a crucial role in bone and joint diseases. But the effect of P2X7 receptor on skeletal and joint diseases has not been systematically reviewed. In this article, the role of P2X7 receptor in skeletal and joint diseases is elaborated. The activation of P2X7 receptor can ameliorate osteoporosis by inducing a fine balance between osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. The activation of P2X7 receptor can relieve the stress fracture injury by increasing the response to mechanical loading and inducing osteogenesis. But the activation of P2X7 receptor mediates the cell growth and cell proliferation in bone cancer. In addition, the activation of P2X7 receptor can aggravate the process of some joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute gouty arthritis. The inhibition of P2X7 receptor can alleviate the pathological process of joint disease to some extent. In conclusion, P2X7 receptor may be a critical regulator and therapeutic target for bone and joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Pingbo Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Nursing College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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15
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Wang H, Gong C, Liu X, Rao S, Li T, He L, Nie Y, Wang S, Zhong P, Xue Y, Wang J, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Ding L, Tu Y, Yang Y, Xiong C, Liang S, Xu H. Genetic interaction of purinergic P2X7 receptor and ER-α polymorphisms in susceptibility to osteoporosis in Chinese postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:488-497. [PMID: 28884379 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is an increasing public health problem worldwide. Genetic factors are considered to be major contributors to the pathogenesis of OP. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) genes with OP risk, and the effect of the possible interaction between the two genes on predisposition to OP in Chinese postmenopausal women. A total of 596 subjects, including 350 OP patients and 246 controls, were recruited in this case-control study. Five functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2X7R gene (rs2393799, rs7958311, rs1718119, rs2230911, rs3751143) and two ER-α PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms were genotyped and analyzed. Single-gene variant analysis showed that the carriers of the CC genotype of P2X7R rs3751143 revealed an increased OP risk. Haplotype rs1718119G-rs2230911G-rs3751143C also appeared to be a significant 'risk' haplotype with OP. For the ER-α gene, no evidence of significant association of PvuII or XbaI polymorphism with OP risk was found. Moreover, there was a significant gene-gene interaction between P2X7R rs3751143 and ER-α PvuII; the cross-validation consistency was 10/10 and the testing accuracy was 0.5818 (P = 0.0107). A 1.67-fold-increased risk for OP was detected in individuals carrying the genotypes of AC or CC of rs3751143 and Pp or PP of PvuII compared to subjects with AA of rs3751143 and pp of PvuII. Our findings suggest an important association of the P2X7R rs3751143CC genotype and the rs1718119G-rs2230911G-rs3751143C haplotype with an increased OP risk. Also, the P2X7R rs3751143 and ER-α PvuII two-locus interaction confers a significantly high susceptibility to OP in Chinese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Gong
- Department of Science and Education, Chest Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzi Liu
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenqiang Rao
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Luling He
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Zhong
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Xue
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Wang
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani Zhao
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Zhou
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ding
- Undergraduate student of Queen Mary School and Clinical Medical School and Public Health School, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunming Tu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Yang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaopeng Xiong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, JiangXi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Alves LA, Ferreira LB, Pacheco PF, Mendivelso EAC, Teixeira PCN, Faria RX. Pore forming channels as a drug delivery system for photodynamic therapy in cancer associated with nanoscintillators. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25342-25354. [PMID: 29861876 PMCID: PMC5982756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is one of main causes of death worldwide, with 8.2 million people dying from this disease in 2012. Because of this, new forms of treatments or improvement of current treatments are crucial. In this regard, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used to successfully treat cancers that can be easily accessed externally or by fibre-optic endoscopes, such as skin, bladder and esophagus cancers. In addition, this therapy can used alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in order to kill cancer cells. The main problem in implementing PDT is penetration of visible light deeper than 10 mm in tissues, due to scattering and absorption by tissue chromophores. Unfortunately, this excludes several internal organs affected by cancer. Another issue in this regard is the use of a selective cancer cell-photosensitizing compound. Nevertheless, several groups have recently developed scintillation nanoparticles, which can be stimulated by X-rays, thereby making this a possible solution for light production in deeper tissues. Alternative approaches have also been developed, such as photosensitizer structure modifications and cell membrane permeabilizing agents. In this context, certain channels lead to transitory plasma membrane permeability changes, such as pannexin, connexin hemmichannels, TRPV1-4 and P2×7, which allow for the non-selective passage of molecules up to 1,000 Da. Herein, we discuss the particular case of the P2×7 receptor-associated pore as a drug delivery system for hydrophilic substances to be applied in PDT, which could also be carried out with other channels. Methylene blue (MB) is a low cost dye used as a prototype photosensitizer, approved for clinical use in several other clinical conditions, as well as photodynamic therapy for fungi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratório de Comunicação Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Braga Ferreira
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Paulo Furtado Pacheco
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Pedro Celso Nogueira Teixeira
- Laboratório de Comunicação Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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17
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Jørgensen NR. The purinergic P2X7 ion channel receptor-a 'repair' receptor in bone. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:32-38. [PMID: 29587220 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A strong skeleton relies on adaptation to varying physical demands and on maintenance of the bone tissue in order to avoid accumulation of micro-damage. In bone, the purinergic P2X7 ion channel receptor is expressed on both cells of the stromal lineage such as the bone forming osteoblasts and the mechano-sensing osteocytes and on cells belonging to the immune-related monocyte-macrophage lineage, the bone resorbing osteoclasts. Recent studies have demonstrated that the receptor plays important roles in the anabolic responses to mechanical loading on bone and, together with the pannexin1 hemi-channel, in the process of initiating bone remodeling in response to micro-damage. Thus, the receptor is crucial in skeletal mechano-transduction and in the continuous repair process. However, under pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes with high glucose concentrations or glucocorticoid-treatment the receptor is downregulated thus blunting the important effects it has for maintaining a healthy and strong skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens Vej 13, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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18
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Effect of Icariin on Tibial Dyschondroplasia Incidence and Tibial Characteristics by Regulating P2RX7 in Chickens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6796271. [PMID: 29750168 PMCID: PMC5884288 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6796271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a disease of rapid growing chickens that occurs in many avian species; it is characterized by nonvascular and nonmineralized growth plates, along with tibia bone deformation and lameness. Icariin is widely used to treat bone diseases in humans, but no report is available regarding the effectiveness of icariin against avian TD. Therefore, this study was designed to determine its effect against TD. For this purpose, a total of 180 broiler chicks were distributed into three groups including control, TD, and icariin group. Control group was given a standard normal diet, while TD and icariin groups received normal standard diet containing 50 mg/kg thiram to induce TD from days 3 to 7 after hatch. After the induction of TD, the chicks of icariin group were fed with standard normal diet by adding 10 mg/kg icariin in water. Then morphological and production parameters analysis of tibial bone indicators, physiological index changes, and gene expression were examined. The results showed that icariin administration not only decreased the mortality but also mitigated the lameness and promoted the angiogenesis, which diminished the TD lesion and significantly increased the expression of P2RX7 (P < 0.05) in TD affected thiram induced chicks. In conclusion, present findings suggest that icariin has a significant role in promoting the recovery of chicken growth plates affected by TD via regulating the P2RX7. Our findings reveal a new target for clinical treatment and prevention of TD in broiler chickens.
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19
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Purinergic P2X7 receptor functional genetic polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to osteoporosis in Chinese postmenopausal women. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:339-346. [PMID: 28497417 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a major public health problem worldwide. Genetic factors are considered to be major contributors to the pathogenesis of OP. The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been shown to play a role in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity and has been considered as an important candidate gene for OP. A case-control study was performed to investigate the associations of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2X7R gene (rs2393799, rs7958311, rs1718119, rs2230911, and rs3751143) with susceptibility to OP in 400 Chinese OP patients and 400 controls. Results showed that rs3751143 was associated with OP; in particular, carriers of the C allele and CC/(AC + CC) genotypes were at a higher risk of OP, but no significant association of rs2230911, rs7958311, rs1718119, and rs2393799 with OP risk was observed. Analysis of the haplotypes revealed one haplotype (rs1718119G-rs2230911G-rs3751143C) that appeared to be a significant "risk" haplotype with OP. The rs3751143 polymorphism was associated with osteoclast apoptosis; ATP-induced caspase-1 activity of osteoclasts with AC and CC genotypes is lower than that of osteoclasts with AA genotype in vitro. The findings suggest that the P2X7R rs3751143 functional polymorphism might contribute to OP susceptibility in Chinese postmenopausal women.
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20
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Agrawal A, Henriksen Z, Syberg S, Petersen S, Aslan D, Solgaard M, Nissen N, Larsen TK, Schwarz P, Steinberg TH, Jørgensen NR. P2X7Rs are involved in cell death, growth and cellular signaling in primary human osteoblasts. Bone 2017; 95:91-101. [PMID: 27856358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ionotropic ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is involved in the regulation of many physiological functions including bone metabolism. Several studies on osteoblasts from rodents and human osteoblast-like cell lines have addressed the expression and function of P2X7R on these bone-forming cells however; its role in human primary osteoblasts has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of the P2X7R in bone marrow-derived stromal cells and in primary human trabecular osteoblasts and to determine the function in bone formation and cell signaling. We report that osteoblasts derived from human trabecular explants express a functional P2X7R capable of agonist-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration and a positive permeability to fluorescent dyes. These osteoblasts are fully differentiated cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and the ability to form mineralized nodules. We show that the transcriptional regulation of osteoblastic markers can be modulated by P2X7R activity or blockade thereby influencing the differentiation, proliferation and bone matrix formation by these primary human osteoblasts. Finally, we demonstrate that the P2X7R is involved in propagation of mechanically-induced intercellular signaling in addition to the known mechanisms involving calcium signaling via P2Y2 receptors and gap junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agrawal
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Zanne Henriksen
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Susanne Syberg
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Solveig Petersen
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Derya Aslan
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Marie Solgaard
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Nis Nissen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kolding Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Schwarz
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Steinberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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21
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ion channel gated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The receptor is present on an increasing number of different cells types including stem, blood, glial, neural, ocular, bone, dental, exocrine, endothelial, muscle, renal and skin cells. The P2X7 receptor induces various downstream events in a cell-specific manner, including inflammatory molecule release, cell proliferation and death, metabolic events, and phagocytosis. As such this receptor plays important roles in heath and disease. Increasing knowledge about the P2X7 receptor has been gained from studies of, but not limited to, protein chemistry including cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, crystal structures and atomic modeling, as well as from studies of primary tissues and transgenic mice. This chapter focuses on the P2X7 receptor itself. This includes the P2RX7 gene and its products including splice and polymorphic variants. This chapter also reviews modulators of P2X7 receptor activation and inhibition, as well as the transcriptional regulation of the P2RX7 gene via its promoter and enhancer regions, and by microRNA and long-coding RNA. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the post-translational modification of the P2X7 receptor by N-linked glycosylation, adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation and palmitoylation. Finally, this chapter reviews interaction partners of the P2X7 receptor, and its cellular localisation and trafficking within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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22
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Duan S, Yu J, Han Z, Cheng Z, Liang P. Association Between P2RX7 Gene and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility: A Case-Control Study in a Chinese Han Population. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1916-23. [PMID: 27272229 PMCID: PMC4915328 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of liver cancer. It is hypothesized that P2RX7 genetic polymorphisms have strong association with HCC susceptibility. Therefore, a case-control study was designed and performed to verify the association between P2RX7 gene polymorphisms and HCC susceptibility. Material/Methods A total of 646 subjects were recruited in our study, including 323 HCC patients and 323 healthy controls. Five gene polymorphisms, −762C>T (rs2393799), 946G>A (rs28360457), 1513A>C (rs3751143), 1068G>A (rs1718119), and 1096C>G (rs2230911), were selected. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the association between P2RX7 gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to HCC. All tests were performed using SPSS 20 and a 2-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results Our results suggest that allelic frequencies of these 5 SNPs all conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). There was no significant difference in genotype and allele distributions of −762C>T and 1096C>G between the case group and the control group. However, an increased risk of HCC was associated with 946G>A (A vs. G: OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.09–2.01, P=0.013; GA+AA vs. GG: OR=1.46, 95%CI=1.03–2.07, P=0.033). A similar increased risk was associated with 1513A>C polymorphism (C vs. A: OR=1.37, 95%CI=1.05–1.79, P=0.021; AC+CC vs. AA: OR=1.40, 95%CI=1.01–1.93, P=0.041). On the other hand, a decreased risk of HCC was associated with gene polymorphism of 1068G>A (A vs. G: OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.51–0.91, P=0.010; GA+AA vs. GG: OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.49–0.96, P=0.027; AA vs. GG: OR=0.42, 95%CI=0.18–0.99, P=0.048). Conclusions Our results suggest that 3 of the 5 polymorphisms of P2RX7 described above (1513A>C, 946G>A, and 1068G>A) are significantly associated with HCC susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to confirm whether our results will be applicable to different ethnic populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Duan
- , Medical Center of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyu Han
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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23
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Machado JP, Johnson WE, Gilbert MTP, Zhang G, Jarvis ED, O'Brien SJ, Antunes A. Bone-associated gene evolution and the origin of flight in birds. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:371. [PMID: 27193938 PMCID: PMC4870793 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bones have been subjected to considerable selective pressure throughout vertebrate evolution, such as occurred during the adaptations associated with the development of powered flight. Powered flight evolved independently in two extant clades of vertebrates, birds and bats. While this trait provided advantages such as in aerial foraging habits, escape from predators or long-distance travels, it also imposed great challenges, namely in the bone structure. RESULTS We performed comparative genomic analyses of 89 bone-associated genes from 47 avian genomes (including 45 new), 39 mammalian, and 20 reptilian genomes, and demonstrate that birds, after correcting for multiple testing, have an almost two-fold increase in the number of bone-associated genes with evidence of positive selection (~52.8 %) compared with mammals (~30.3 %). Most of the positive-selected genes in birds are linked with bone regulation and remodeling and thirteen have been linked with functional pathways relevant to powered flight, including bone metabolism, bone fusion, muscle development and hyperglycemia levels. Genes encoding proteins involved in bone resorption, such as TPP1, had a high number of sites under Darwinian selection in birds. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of positive selection observed in bird ossification genes suggest that there was a period of intense selective pressure to improve flight efficiency that was closely linked with constraints on body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Machado
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Volgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guojie Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzen, 518083, China
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Department of Neurobiology Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Stephen J O'Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199004, Russia
- Oceanographic Center, 8000 N. Ocean Drive, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL, 33004, USA
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Varley I, Greeves JP, Sale C, Friedman E, Moran DS, Yanovich R, Wilson PJ, Gartland A, Hughes DC, Stellingwerff T, Ranson C, Fraser WD, Gallagher JA. Functional polymorphisms in the P2X7 receptor gene are associated with stress fracture injury. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:103-13. [PMID: 26825304 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Military recruits and elite athletes are susceptible to stress fracture injuries. Genetic predisposition has been postulated to have a role in their development. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) gene, a key regulator of bone remodelling, is a genetic candidate that may contribute to stress fracture predisposition. The aim of this study is to evaluate the putative contribution of P2X7R to stress fracture injury in two separate cohorts, military personnel and elite athletes. In 210 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) military conscripts, stress fracture injury was diagnosed (n = 43) based on symptoms and a positive bone scan. In a separate cohort of 518 elite athletes, self-reported medical imaging scan-certified stress fracture injuries were recorded (n = 125). Non-stress fracture controls were identified from these cohorts who had a normal bone scan or no history or symptoms of stress fracture injury. Study participants were genotyped for functional SNPs within the P2X7R gene using proprietary fluorescence-based competitive allele-specific PCR assay. Pearson's chi-squared (χ (2)) tests, corrected for multiple comparisons, were used to assess associations in genotype frequencies. The variant allele of P2X7R SNP rs3751143 (Glu496Ala-loss of function) was associated with stress fracture injury, whilst the variant allele of rs1718119 (Ala348Thr-gain of function) was associated with a reduced occurrence of stress fracture injury in military conscripts (P < 0.05). The association of the variant allele of rs3751143 with stress fractures was replicated in elite athletes (P < 0.05), whereas the variant allele of rs1718119 was also associated with reduced multiple stress fracture cases in elite athletes (P < 0.05). The association between independent P2X7R polymorphisms with stress fracture prevalence supports the role of a genetic predisposition in the development of stress fracture injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Varley
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Headquarters Army Recruiting and Training Division, Trenchard Lines, Upavon, Pewsey, Wilts SN9 6BE, UK.
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Eitan Friedman
- The Susanne Levy Gertner Oncogenetics Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Daniel S Moran
- Ariel and Heller Institue, Sheba Medical Center, Ariel University, Ramat Gen, Israel.
| | - Ran Yanovich
- Ariel and Heller Institue, Sheba Medical Center, Ariel University, Ramat Gen, Israel.
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - David C Hughes
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Pacific Institute for Sport Excellence, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada.
| | - Craig Ranson
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - William D Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK. .,Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK.
| | - James A Gallagher
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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De Marchi E, Orioli E, Dal Ben D, Adinolfi E. P2X7 Receptor as a Therapeutic Target. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:39-79. [PMID: 27038372 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel that upon agonist interaction leads to cellular influx of Na(+) and Ca(2+) and efflux of K(+). P2X7 is expressed by a wide variety of cells and its activation mediates a large number of biological processes like inflammation, neuromodulation, cell death or cell proliferation and it has been associated to related pathological conditions including infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, neurological, and musculoskeletal disorders and, in the last years, to cancer. This chapter describes structural features of P2X7, chemical properties of its agonist, antagonist, and allosteric modulators and summarizes recent advances on P2X7 receptor as therapeutic target in the aforementioned diseases. We also give an overview on recent literature suggesting that P2X7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms could be exploited as diagnostic biomarkers for the development of tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Orioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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26
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Dastgheib SA, Gartland A, Tabei SMB, Omrani GR, Teare MD. A Candidate Gene Association Study of Bone Mineral Density in an Iranian Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 27833587 PMCID: PMC5081477 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic epidemiology of variation in bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis is not well studied in Iranian populations and needs more research. We report a candidate gene association study of BMD variation in a healthy cross-sectional study of 501 males and females sampled from the Iranian Multi-Centre Osteoporosis Study, Shiraz, Iran. We selected to study the association with 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 7 candidate genes LRP5, RANK, RANKL, OPG, P2RX7, VDR, and ESR1. BMD was measured at the three sites L2-L4, neck of femur, and total hip. Association between BMD and each SNP was assessed using multiple linear regression assuming an allele dose (additive effect) on BMD (adjusted for age and sex). Statistically significant (at the unadjusted 5% level) associations were seen with seven SNPs in five of the candidate genes. Two SNPs showed statistically significant association with more than one BMD site. Significant association was seen between BMD at all the three sites with the VDR SNP rs731246 (L2-L4 p = 0.038; neck of femur p = 0.001; and total hip p < 0.001). The T allele was consistently associated with lower BMD than the C allele. Significant association was also seen for the P2RX7 SNP rs3751143, where the G allele was consistently associated with lower BMD than the T allele (L2-L4 p = 0.069; neck of femur p = 0.024; and total hip p = 0.045).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Alireza Dastgheib
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Seyed Alireza Dastgheib, ; Marion Dawn Teare,
| | - Alison Gartland
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Seyed Mohammad Bagher Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Marion Dawn Teare
- Design Trials and Statistics, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- *Correspondence: Seyed Alireza Dastgheib, ; Marion Dawn Teare,
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27
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Caseley EA, Muench SP, Baldwin SA, Simmons K, Fishwick CW, Jiang LH. Docking of competitive inhibitors to the P2X7 receptor family reveals key differences responsible for changes in response between rat and human. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3164-7. [PMID: 26099538 PMCID: PMC4508345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a calcium permeable cationic channel activated by extracellular ATP, playing a role in chronic pain, osteoporosis and arthritis. A number of potential lead compounds are inactive against the rat isoform, despite good activity against the human homologue, making animal model studies problematic. Here we have produced P2X7 models and docked three structurally distinct inhibitors using in silico approaches and show they have a similar mode of binding in which Phe95 plays a key role by forming pi-stacking interactions. Importantly this residue is replaced by Leu in the rat P2X7 receptor resulting in a significantly reduced binding affinity. This work provides new insights into binding of P2X7 inhibitors and shows the structural difference in human and rat P2X7 receptors which results in a difference in affinity. Such information is useful both for the rational design of inhibitors based on these scaffolds and also the way in which these compounds are tested in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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28
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Lenertz LY, Baughman CJ, Waldschmidt NV, Thaler R, van Wijnen AJ. Control of bone development by P2X and P2Y receptors expressed in mesenchymal and hematopoietic cells. Gene 2015; 570:1-7. [PMID: 26079571 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone development and homeostasis require the interplay between several cell types, including mesenchymal osteoblasts and osteocytes, as well as hematopoietic osteoclasts. Recent evidence suggests that cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, which are fundamental for tissue regeneration and treatment of degenerative diseases, are controlled by P2 receptors (i.e., P2X and P2Y receptors). Both types of P2 receptors are versatile transducers of diverse signals activated by extracellular nucleotides like ATP that are released in response to tissue injury, infection or shear stress. The P2X family of receptors has been shown to mediate multiple signaling events including the influx of calcium, activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and induction of AP-1 family members known to regulate bone development. Support for the significance of P2X7 in regulating bone development and homeostasis has been provided by several studies focusing on animal models and single nucleotide polymorphisms. P2 receptors are functionally expressed in both bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, while recent findings also suggest that these receptors translate mechanical stimuli in osteocytes. Their ability to respond to external nucleotide analogs renders these cell surface proteins excellent targets for skeletal regenerative therapies. This overview summarizes mechanisms by which nucleotide receptors control skeletal cells and contribute to bone tissue development remodeling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Lenertz
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Cory J Baughman
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | | | - Roman Thaler
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Abstract
The role of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is being explored with intensive interest in the context of normal bone physiology, bone-related diseases and, to an extent, bone cancer. In this review, we cover the current understanding of P2X7R regulation of bone cell formation, function and survival. We will discuss how the P2X7R drives lineage commitment of undifferentiated bone cell progenitors, the vital role of P2X7R activation in bone mineralisation and its relatively unexplored role in osteocyte function. We also review how P2X7R activation is imperative for osteoclast formation and its role in bone resorption via orchestrating osteoclast apoptosis. Variations in the gene for the P2X7R (P2RX7) have implications for P2X7R-mediated processes and we review the relevance of these genetic variations in bone physiology. Finally, we highlight how targeting P2X7R may have therapeutic potential in bone disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agrawal
- Department of Human MetabolismThe Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- Department of Human MetabolismThe Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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30
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Praetorius HA. The primary cilium as sensor of fluid flow: new building blocks to the model. A review in the theme: cell signaling: proteins, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C198-208. [PMID: 25428884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00336.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an extraordinary organelle. For many years, it had the full attention of only a few dedicated scientists fascinated by its uniqueness. Unexpectedly, after decades of obscurity, it has moved very quickly into the limelight with the increasing evidence of its central role in the many genetic variations that lead to what are now known as ciliopathies. These studies implicated unique biological functions of the primary cilium, which are not completely straightforward. In parallel, and initially completely unrelated to the ciliopathies, the primary cilium was characterized functionally as an organelle that makes cells more susceptible to changes in fluid flow. Thus the primary cilium was suggested to function as a flow-sensing device. This characterization has been substantiated for many epithelial cell types over the years. Nevertheless, part of the central mechanism of signal transduction has not been explained, largely because of the substantial technical challenges of working with this delicate organelle. The current review considers the recent advances that allow us to fill some of the holes in the model of signal transduction in cilium-mediated responses to fluid flow and to pursue the physiological implications of this peculiar organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle A Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine-Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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31
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Schwarz P, Jørgensen N, Nielsen B, Laursen AS, Linneberg A, Aadahl M. Muscle strength, power and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with bone mineral density in men aged 31-60 years. Scand J Public Health 2014; 42:773-9. [PMID: 25269791 DOI: 10.1177/1403494814552119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporotic fractures represent a growing economical burden to society, not only because of fractures in women, but also because of an increasing number of fractures in men. AIMS In this cross-sectional study we aimed to investigate the association of muscular and cardio-respiratory fitness with BMD at the spine and hip in men. RESULTS The association between independent variables maximal aerobic capacity (VO(2max)), leg power and hand grip strength, and dependent variables BMD at the spine and total hip was explored in a series of linear regression models successively adjusted for age, weight and height, smoking, alcohol intake and leisure time physical activity level. In the fully adjusted model we found a significant association of VO(2max) with BMD at the lumbar spine, p<0.0089. Furthermore, we observed significant associations of VO(2max) (p<0.0022) and leg power (p<0.011) with BMD at total hip. CONCLUSIONS We found that cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with BMD in men. Furthermore, hand grip strength and leg power were associated with increasing BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip in men, respectively. Further prospective studies are needed to further investigate the association between physical activity and BMD in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwarz
- Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Jørgensen
- Department of Diagnostics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Barbara Nielsen
- Research Centre of Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Laursen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mette Aadahl
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
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32
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Trophic activity of human P2X7 receptor isoforms A and B in osteosarcoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107224. [PMID: 25226385 PMCID: PMC4165768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is attracting increasing attention for its involvement in cancer. Several recent studies have shown a crucial role of P2X7R in tumour cell growth, angiogenesis and invasiveness. In this study, we investigated the role of the two known human P2X7R functional splice variants, the full length P2X7RA and the truncated P2X7RB, in osteosarcoma cell growth. Immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue array of human osteosarcomas showed that forty-four, of a total fifty-four tumours (81.4%), stained positive for both P2X7RA and B, thirty-one (57.4%) were positive using an anti-P2X7RA antibody, whereas fifteen of the total number (27.7%) expressed only P2X7RB. P2X7RB positive tumours showed increased cell density, at the expense of extracellular matrix. The human osteosarcoma cell line Te85, which lacks endogenous P2X7R expression, was stably transfected with either P2X7RA, P2X7RB, or both. Receptor expression was a powerful stimulus for cell growth, the most efficient growth-promoting isoform being P2X7RB alone. Growth stimulation was matched by increased Ca2+ mobilization and enhanced NFATc1 activity. Te85 P2X7RA+B cells presented pore formation as well as spontaneous extracellular ATP release. The ATP release was sustained in all clones by P2X7R agonist (BzATP) and reduced following P2X7R antagonist (A740003) application. BzATP also increased cell growth and activated NFATc1 levels. On the other hand cyclosporin A (CSA) affected both NFATc1 activation and cell growth, definitively linking P2X7R stimulation to NFATc1 and cell proliferation. All transfected clones also showed reduced RANK-L expression, and an overall decreased RANK-L/OPG ratio. Mineralization was increased in Te85 P2X7RA+B cells while it was significantly diminished in Te85 P2X7RB clones, in agreement with immunohistochemical results. In summary, our data show that the majority of human osteosarcomas express P2X7RA and B and suggest that expression of either isoform is differently coupled to cell growth or activity.
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Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P2X receptor genes: association with diseases, impact on receptor functions and potential use as diagnosis biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13344-71. [PMID: 25079442 PMCID: PMC4159798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are Ca2+-permeable cationic channels in the cell membranes, where they play an important role in mediating a diversity of physiological and pathophysiological functions of extracellular ATP. Mammalian cells express seven P2X receptor genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are widespread in the P2RX genes encoding the human P2X receptors, particularly the human P2X7 receptor. This article will provide an overview of the non-synonymous SNPs (NS-SNPs) that have been associated with or implicated in altering the susceptibility to pathologies or disease conditions, and discuss the consequences of the mutations resulting from such NS-SNPs on the receptor functions. Disease-associated NS-SNPs in the P2RX genes have been valuable in understanding the disease etiology and the receptor function, and are promising as biomarkers to be used for the diagnosis and development of stratified therapeutics.
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Ursu D, Ebert P, Langron E, Ruble C, Munsie L, Zou W, Fijal B, Qian YW, McNearney TA, Mogg A, Grubisha O, Merchant K, Sher E. Gain and loss of function of P2X7 receptors: mechanisms, pharmacology and relevance to diabetic neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2014; 10:37. [PMID: 24934217 PMCID: PMC4072620 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic causes of exaggerated or reduced pain sensitivity in humans are well known. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene P2RX7, coding for the ATP-gated ion channel P2X7, have been described that cause gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF), respectively of this channel. Importantly, P2RX7 SNPs have been associated with more or less severe pain scores in patient suffering of post-mastectomy pain and osteoarthritis. Results The functional consequences of some P2RX7 SNPs (rs208294 (His155Tyr), rs1718119 (Ala348Thr) and rs3751143 (Glu496Ala)) were studied in recombinant cells in vitro. Our findings suggest a correlation between GOF and LOF of P2X7 and actual channel protein expression. Both channel and pore function for these mutant P2X7 receptors changed in parallel to protein levels. On the other hand, the mutant receptors did not differ in their sensitivity to known P2X7 agonists and antagonists. We further demonstrated that in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP), the presence of the GOF SNPs rs208294 (His155Tyr) and rs1718119 (Ala348Thr) is associated, in females, with higher pain intensity scores. Conclusions Our present results confirm the physiological relevance of some of the SNPs in the P2RX7 gene and show that the presence of these genetic variants correlates with pain sensitivity also in a diabetic neuropathic pain patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuele Sher
- Lilly Research Centre, Eli Lilly & Co, Ltd,, Sunninghill Road, GU20 6PH Windlesham, Surrey, UK.
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Ganda K, Schaffer A, Pearson S, Seibel MJ. Compliance and persistence to oral bisphosphonate therapy following initiation within a secondary fracture prevention program: a randomised controlled trial of specialist vs. non-specialist management. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1345-55. [PMID: 24445732 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Following initiation of oral bisphosphonate therapy through a secondary fracture prevention program, 2-year treatment compliance and persistence remained high and were similar in patients randomised to follow-up by either the program or primary care physician. Thus, community-based and specialist management are equally effective in supporting compliance and persistence with anti-osteoporotic treatments. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine whether management by a secondary fracture prevention (SFP) program (aka "fracture liaison service") results in better compliance and persistence to oral bisphosphonate therapy than follow-up by the primary care physician, after initiation within an SFP program. METHODS This prospective RCT included 102 patients with incident osteoporotic fractures referred to a SFP program in Sydney, Australia. Following oral bisphosphonate therapy initiation, patients were randomised to either 6-monthly follow-up with the SFP program (group A) or referral to their primary care physician with a single SFP program visit at 24 months (group B). Compliance and persistence to treatment were measured using pharmaceutical claims data. Predictors of compliance and persistence and associations between compliance and persistence, and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) or bone resorption marker, urinary deoxypyridinoline over 24 months were analysed. RESULTS The median medication possession ratio at 24 months was 0.78 (IQR, 0.50-0.93) in group A and 0.79 (IQR, 0.48-0.96) in group B (p = 0.68). Persistence at 24 months was also similar in both groups (64 vs. 61%, respectively; p = 0.75). After adjusting for confounders, patients in group A were not more likely to be compliant (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.46-2.47) or persistent (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.27-1.67) than those randomised to group B. Time-based changes in BMD or bone turnover were not associated with compliance or persistence. CONCLUSION Compliance and persistence to oral bisphosphonate therapy remain high amongst patients initiated within an SFP program, with community-based and SFP program management being equally effective in maintaining therapeutic compliance and persistence over 2 years. These results indicate that one of the main functions of an SFP program may be the initiation of therapy rather than continuous patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ganda
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia,
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36
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The P2X7 receptor: a key player in immune-mediated bone loss? ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:954530. [PMID: 24574936 PMCID: PMC3915485 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are often multiorganic diseases with manifestations not related directly to the primary affected organ. They are often complicated by a generalized bone loss that subsequently leads to osteoporosis and bone fractures. The exact mechanism for the accompanying bone loss is not understood in full detail, but factors such as glucocorticoid treatment, immobilization, malnutrition, and insufficient intake of vitamin D play a role. However, it has become evident that the inflammatory process itself is involved and the resulting bone loss is termed immune-mediated bone loss. It stems from an increase in bone resorption and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and has been shown to not only mediate the inflammatory response but also to strongly stimulate bone degradation. The purinergic P2X7 receptor is central in the processing of these two cytokines and in the initiation of the inflammatory response, and it is a key molecule in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. The aim of this review is therefore to provide evidence-based novel hypotheses of the role of ATP-mediated purinergic signalling via the P2X7 receptor in immune-mediated bone loss and -osteoporosis.
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37
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Pereira S, Lavado N, Nogueira L, Lopez M, Abreu J, Silva H. Polymorphisms of genes encoding P2X7R, IL-1B, OPG and RANK in orthodontic-induced apical root resorption. Oral Dis 2013; 20:659-67. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Pereira
- Department of Orthodontics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - N Lavado
- Department of Physics and Mathematics; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra (ISEC); Coimbra Portugal
- Business Research Unit; University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE-IUL); Lisbon Portugal
| | - L Nogueira
- Medical Genetics Department; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - M Lopez
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - J Abreu
- Department of Orthodontics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - H Silva
- Medical Genetics Department; Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- CIMAGO (Center of Investigation on Environmental, Genetics and Oncobiology); Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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Physiological roles and potential therapeutic applications of the P2X7 receptor in inflammation and pain. Molecules 2013; 18:10953-72. [PMID: 24013409 PMCID: PMC6270334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a nonselective cation channel that is activated by extracellular ATP and triggers the secretion of several proinflammatory substances, such as IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, and nitric oxide. Recently, several preclinical studies have demonstrated that this receptor participates in inflammation and pain mechanisms. Taken together, these results indicate that P2X7R is a promising pharmacological target, and compounds that modulate the function of this receptor show potential as new anti-inflammatory medicines. In this review, we discuss aspects of P2X7R pharmacology and the participation of this protein in inflammation and pain and provide an overview of some promising compounds that have been tested as antagonists of P2X7R, with clinical applicability.
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Jiang LH, Baldwin JM, Roger S, Baldwin SA. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Mammalian P2X7 Receptor Functions and Contributions in Diseases, Revealed by Structural Modeling and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23675347 PMCID: PMC3646254 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs), a member of the ionotropic P2X receptor family with distinctive functional properties, play an important part in mediating extracellular ATP signaling in health and disease. A clear delineation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the key receptor properties, such as ATP-binding, ion permeation, and large pore formation of the mammalian P2X7Rs, is still lacking, but such knowledge is crucial for a better understanding of their physiological functions and contributions in diseases and for development of therapeutics. The recent breakthroughs in determining the atomic structures of the zebrafish P2X4.1R in the closed and ATP-bound open states have provided the long-awaited structural information. The human P2RX7 gene is abundant with non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (NS-SNPs), which generate a repertoire of human P2X7Rs with point mutations. Characterizations of the NS-SNPs identified in patients of various disease conditions and the resulting mutations have informed previously unknown molecular mechanisms determining the mammalian P2X7R functions and diseases. In this review, we will discuss the new insights into such mechanisms provided by structural modeling and recent functional and genetic linkage studies of NS-SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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Wesselius A, Bours MJL, Jørgensen NR, Wiley J, Gu B, van Helden S, van Rhijn L, Dagnelie PC. Non-synonymous polymorphisms in the P2RX ( 4 ) are related to bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in a cohort of Dutch fracture patients. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:123-30. [PMID: 23138503 PMCID: PMC3568421 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX ( 4 ), which alter the P2X ( 4 ) R function, are associated with the development of osteoporosis and whether an interaction between the P2X ( 4 ) R and P2X ( 7 ) R confer a synergistic effect of these two receptors on osteoporosis risk. Patients with fracture (690 females and 231 males, aged ≥50 years) were genotyped for three non-synonymous P2X ( 4 ) R SNPs. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck. Subject carrying the variant allele of the Tyr315Cys polymorphism showed a 2.68-fold (95 % CI, 1.20-6.02) higher risk of osteoporosis compared with wild-type subject. Furthermore, significant lower lumbar spine BMD values were observed in subjects carrying the Cys315 allele as compared with wild-type (0.85 ± 0.17 and 0.93 ± 0.17 g/cm(2), respectively; p < 0.001). Assuming a recessive model, carriers of the variant allele of the Ser242Gly polymorphism showed increased BMD values at the lumbar spine compare to wild-type subject (1.11 ± 0.35 and 0.92 ± 0.17 g/cm(2), respectively; p = 0.0045). This is the first study demonstrating an association of non-synonymous polymorphisms in the P2RX ( 4 ) and the risk of osteoporosis, suggesting a role of the P2X ( 4 ) R in the regulation of bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wesselius
- />Department of Epidemiology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P O Box 616, Peter Debyeplein 1 6229HA, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn JL Bours
- />Department of Epidemiology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P O Box 616, Peter Debyeplein 1 6229HA, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- />Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Department of Diagnostics and Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen Glostrup, NdrRingvej 57-59, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Wiley
- />Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Ben Gu
- />Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Svenjhalmar van Helden
- />Department of Trauma Surgery Isala Clinics, Zwolle; formerly Department of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P O Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk van Rhijn
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P O Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Dagnelie
- />Department of Epidemiology, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P O Box 616, Peter Debyeplein 1 6229HA, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wesselius A, Bours MJL, Arts ICW, Theunisz EHE, Geusens P, Dagnelie PC. The P2X(7) loss-of-function Glu496Ala polymorphism affects ex vivo cytokine release and protects against the cytotoxic effects of high ATP-levels. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:64. [PMID: 23210974 PMCID: PMC3526505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The P2X(7) receptor plays an important role in cytokine release during the inflammatory response in vivo. Polymorphisms within the P2X(7) receptor gene that lead to loss of receptor function may contribute to impaired cytokine release by immune cells. Therefore, we investigated whether a known loss-of-function polymorphism (Glu496Ala) in the P2X(7) receptor gene leads to alterations in cytokine release in response to ATP. RESULTS An ex vivo whole blood model was used to induce an inflammatory reaction with the pro-inflammatory stimuli LPS and PHA (phytohemagglutinin). Blood from n=9 subjects with the Glu496Ala P2X7 SNP (P2X7MUT) and n=7 'wild-type' subjects (no P2X7 SNP; P2X7WT) was used.Addition of ATP (0.9-3 mM) to LPS/PHA-stimulated whole blood induced an increase in IL-1β release in P2X7MUT subjects, whereas decreased release was observed in P2X7WT subjects. Decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in response to ATP were shown in both P2X7MUT and P2X7WT subjects, which was less pronounced in P2X7MUT subjects. ATP at 3 mM also significantly decreased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in P2X7MUT subjects compared to P2X7WT subjects. CONCLUSIONS The presence of the non-synonymous Glu496Ala loss-of-function polymorphism within the P2X(7) receptor gene is likely to be of importance in the release of cytokines during inflammation. Furthermore, this study suggests that carriers of the Glu496Ala loss-of-function polymorphism are protected against the cytotoxic effects of high ATP-levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wesselius
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Peter Debyeplein 1, Maastricht, MD 6200, The Netherlands.
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