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Pinto M, Silva TB, Sardão VA, Simões R, Albuquerque B, Oliveira PJ, Valente MJ, Remião F, Soares-da-Silva P, Fernandes C, Borges F. Cellular and Mitochondrial Toxicity of Tolcapone, Entacapone, and New Nitrocatechol Derivatives. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1637-1649. [PMID: 38751615 PMCID: PMC11091965 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrocatechols are the standard pharmacophore to develop potent tight-binding inhibitors of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), which can be used as coadjuvant drugs to manage Parkinson's disease. Tolcapone is the most potent drug of this class, but it has raised safety concerns due to its potential to induce liver damage. Tolcapone-induced hepatotoxicity has been attributed to the nitrocatechol moiety; however, other nitrocatechol-based COMT inhibitors, such as entacapone, are safe and do not damage the liver. There is a knowledge gap concerning which mechanisms and chemical properties govern the toxicity of nitrocatechol-based COMT inhibitors. Using a vast array of cell-based assays, we found that tolcapone-induced toxicity is caused by direct interference with mitochondria that does not depend on bioactivation by P450. Our findings also suggest that (a) lipophilicity is a key property in the toxic potential of nitrocatechols; (b) the presence of a carbonyl group directly attached to the nitrocatechol ring seems to increase the reactivity of the molecule, and (c) the presence of cyano moiety in double bond stabilizes the reactivity decreasing the cytotoxicity. Altogether, the fine balance between lipophilicity and the chemical nature of the C1 substituents of the nitrocatechol ring may explain the difference in the toxicological behavior observed between tolcapone and entacapone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinto
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Tiago Barros Silva
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Vilma A. Sardão
- CNC-UC
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
- MIA-Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Aging, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
| | - Rui Simões
- CNC-UC
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
- CIBB
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Albuquerque
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- MedInUP -
Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC-UC
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
- CIBB
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- MedInUP -
Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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Tal T, Myhre O, Fritsche E, Rüegg J, Craenen K, Aiello-Holden K, Agrillo C, Babin PJ, Escher BI, Dirven H, Hellsten K, Dolva K, Hessel E, Heusinkveld HJ, Hadzhiev Y, Hurem S, Jagiello K, Judzinska B, Klüver N, Knoll-Gellida A, Kühne BA, Leist M, Lislien M, Lyche JL, Müller F, Colbourne JK, Neuhaus W, Pallocca G, Seeger B, Scharkin I, Scholz S, Spjuth O, Torres-Ruiz M, Bartmann K. New approach methods to assess developmental and adult neurotoxicity for regulatory use: a PARC work package 5 project. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1359507. [PMID: 38742231 PMCID: PMC11089904 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1359507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the European regulatory context, rodent in vivo studies are the predominant source of neurotoxicity information. Although they form a cornerstone of neurotoxicological assessments, they are costly and the topic of ethical debate. While the public expects chemicals and products to be safe for the developing and mature nervous systems, considerable numbers of chemicals in commerce have not, or only to a limited extent, been assessed for their potential to cause neurotoxicity. As such, there is a societal push toward the replacement of animal models with in vitro or alternative methods. New approach methods (NAMs) can contribute to the regulatory knowledge base, increase chemical safety, and modernize chemical hazard and risk assessment. Provided they reach an acceptable level of regulatory relevance and reliability, NAMs may be considered as replacements for specific in vivo studies. The European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) addresses challenges to the development and implementation of NAMs in chemical risk assessment. In collaboration with regulatory agencies, Project 5.2.1e (Neurotoxicity) aims to develop and evaluate NAMs for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and adult neurotoxicity (ANT) and to understand the applicability domain of specific NAMs for the detection of endocrine disruption and epigenetic perturbation. To speed up assay time and reduce costs, we identify early indicators of later-onset effects. Ultimately, we will assemble second-generation developmental neurotoxicity and first-generation adult neurotoxicity test batteries, both of which aim to provide regulatory hazard and risk assessors and industry stakeholders with robust, speedy, lower-cost, and informative next-generation hazard and risk assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tal
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health – NIPH, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kai Craenen
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Caroline Agrillo
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick J. Babin
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Pessac, France
| | - Beate I. Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health – NIPH, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristine Dolva
- University of Oslo, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Olso, Norway
| | - Ellen Hessel
- Dutch Nation Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Heusinkveld
- Dutch Nation Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Yavor Hadzhiev
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Environmental Research and Justice, Birmingham, UK
| | - Selma Hurem
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ås, Norway
| | - Karolina Jagiello
- University of Gdansk, Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Judzinska
- University of Gdansk, Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nils Klüver
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Pessac, France
| | - Britta A. Kühne
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- University of Konstanz, In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malene Lislien
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health – NIPH, Department of Chemical Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan L. Lyche
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ås, Norway
| | - Ferenc Müller
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Environmental Research and Justice, Birmingham, UK
| | - John K. Colbourne
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Environmental Research and Justice, Birmingham, UK
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
- Danube Private University, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Krems, Austria
| | - Giorgia Pallocca
- University of Konstanz, In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/CAAT-Europe, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bettina Seeger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Scharkin
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Chemicals in the Environment Research Section, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Uppsala University and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monica Torres-Ruiz
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Environmental Toxicology Unit, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Kristina Bartmann
- IUF – Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DNTOX GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Suciu I, Delp J, Gutbier S, Suess J, Henschke L, Celardo I, Mayer TU, Amelio I, Leist M. Definition of the Neurotoxicity-Associated Metabolic Signature Triggered by Berberine and Other Respiratory Chain Inhibitors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:49. [PMID: 38247474 PMCID: PMC10812665 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To characterize the hits from a phenotypic neurotoxicity screen, we obtained transcriptomics data for valinomycin, diethylstilbestrol, colchicine, rotenone, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), carbaryl and berberine (Ber). For all compounds, the concentration triggering neurite degeneration correlated with the onset of gene expression changes. The mechanistically diverse toxicants caused similar patterns of gene regulation: the responses were dominated by cell de-differentiation and a triggering of canonical stress response pathways driven by ATF4 and NRF2. To obtain more detailed and specific information on the modes-of-action, the effects on energy metabolism (respiration and glycolysis) were measured. Ber, rotenone and MPP inhibited the mitochondrial respiratory chain and they shared complex I as the target. This group of toxicants was further evaluated by metabolomics under experimental conditions that did not deplete ATP. Ber (204 changed metabolites) showed similar effects as MPP and rotenone. The overall metabolic situation was characterized by oxidative stress, an over-abundance of NADH (>1000% increase) and a re-routing of metabolism in order to dispose of the nitrogen resulting from increased amino acid turnover. This unique overall pattern led to the accumulation of metabolites known as biomarkers of neurodegeneration (saccharopine, aminoadipate and branched-chain ketoacids). These findings suggest that neurotoxicity of mitochondrial inhibitors may result from an ensemble of metabolic changes rather than from a simple ATP depletion. The combi-omics approach used here provided richer and more specific MoA data than the more common transcriptomics analysis alone. As Ber, a human drug and food supplement, mimicked closely the mode-of-action of known neurotoxicants, its potential hazard requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Graduate School of Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Delp
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julian Suess
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lars Henschke
- Graduate School of Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivana Celardo
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas U. Mayer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division for Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Dong Y, Zhang H, Mei J, Xie J. Stunning methods before slaughter induce oxidation changes of large yellow croaker during cold storage: the role of mitochondria and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7747-7756. [PMID: 37439124 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improper stunning methods before slaughter could cause fish to deteriorate more quickly during cold storage. However, it is unclear how stunning methods affect the mitochondrial structure and the role of mitochondria in oxidation in muscle-based food. RESULTS This study explored the potential mechanism of oxidation induced by different stunning methods (hit on the head, T1 ; gill cut, T2 ; immersion in ice/water slurry, T3 ; CO2 asphyxiated, T4 ; 40% CO2 + 30% N2 + 30% O2 , T5 ) in large yellow croaker during cold storage. The results showed that T4 samples had the minimum stress response and the mitochondrial membrane potential and permeability were less damaged. Besides, the mitochondrial functional structure and peroxisome of T4 samples were less damaged compared with other samples, which was reflected in higher total superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. In terms of oxidation indices, the T4 samples showed higher pH values and iron myoglobin contents and lower total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after 168 h cold storage, indicating that the T4 samples significantly maintained oxidative stability of large yellow croaker. CONCLUSION The CO2 asphyxiation had the least oxidative damage to large yellow croaker during cold storage, possibly because it had the least effect on mitochondrial structure, reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai, China
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Hirano T, Ikenaka Y, Nomiyama K, Honda M, Suzuki N, Hoshi N, Tabuchi Y. An adverse outcome pathway-based approach to assess the neurotoxicity by combined exposure to current-use pesticides. Toxicology 2023; 500:153687. [PMID: 38040083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple pesticides in daily life has become an important public health concern. However, the combined effects of pesticide mixtures have not been fully elucidated by the conventional toxicological testing used for individual chemicals. Grouping of chemicals by mode of action using common key events (KEs) in the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) as endpoints could be applied for efficient risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exposure to multiple pesticides has synergistic neurotoxic effects on mammalian nervous systems. According to the AOP-based approach, we evaluated the effects of 10 current-use pesticides (4 neonicotinoids, 4 pyrethroids and 2 phenylpyrazoles) on the common KEs in AOPs for neurotoxicity, such as KEs involving mitochondrial and proteolytic functions, in a mammalian neuronal cell model. Our data showed that several pyrethroids and phenylpyrazoles partly shared the effects on several common KEs, including decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and proteasome activity and increases in autophagy activity. Furthermore, we also found that combined exposure to a type-I pyrethroid permethrin or a type-II pyrethroid deltamethrin and the phenylpyrazole fipronil decreased the cell viability and the benchmark doses much more than either single exposure, indicating that the pair exhibited synergistic effects, since the combination indexes were less than 1. These findings revealed that novel pairs of different classes of pesticides with similar effects on common KEs exhibited synergistic neurotoxicity and provide new insights into the risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Hirano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University,Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masato Honda
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Ückert AK, Rütschlin S, Gutbier S, Wörz NC, Miah MR, Martins AC, Hauer I, Holzer AK, Meyburg B, Mix AK, Hauck C, Aschner M, Böttcher T, Leist M. Identification of the bacterial metabolite aerugine as potential trigger of human dopaminergic neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108229. [PMID: 37797477 PMCID: PMC10666548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The causes of nigrostriatal cell death in idiopathic Parkinson's disease are unknown, but exposure to toxic chemicals may play some role. We followed up here on suggestions that bacterial secondary metabolites might be selectively cytotoxic to dopaminergic neurons. Extracts from Streptomyces venezuelae were found to kill human dopaminergic neurons (LUHMES cells). Utilizing this model system as a bioassay, we identified a bacterial metabolite known as aerugine (C10H11NO2S; 2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]phenol) and confirmed this finding by chemical re-synthesis. This 2-hydroxyphenyl-thiazoline compound was previously shown to be a product of a wide-spread biosynthetic cluster also found in the human microbiome and in several pathogens. Aerugine triggered half-maximal dopaminergic neurotoxicity at 3-4 µM. It was less toxic for other neurons (10-20 µM), and non-toxic (at <100 µM) for common human cell lines. Neurotoxicity was completely prevented by several iron chelators, by distinct anti-oxidants and by a caspase inhibitor. In the Caenorhabditis elegans model organism, general survival was not affected by aerugine concentrations up to 100 µM. When transgenic worms, expressing green fluorescent protein only in their dopamine neurons, were exposed to aerugine, specific neurodegeneration was observed. The toxicant also exerted functional dopaminergic toxicity in nematodes as determined by the "basal slowing response" assay. Thus, our research has unveiled a bacterial metabolite with a remarkably selective toxicity toward human dopaminergic neurons in vitro and for the dopaminergic nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. These findings suggest that microbe-derived environmental chemicals should be further investigated for their role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nathalie Christine Wörz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria; Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahfuzur R Miah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Isa Hauer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Birthe Meyburg
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mix
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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7
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Suciu I, Pamies D, Peruzzo R, Wirtz PH, Smirnova L, Pallocca G, Hauck C, Cronin MTD, Hengstler JG, Brunner T, Hartung T, Amelio I, Leist M. G × E interactions as a basis for toxicological uncertainty. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2035-2049. [PMID: 37258688 PMCID: PMC10256652 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To transfer toxicological findings from model systems, e.g. animals, to humans, standardized safety factors are applied to account for intra-species and inter-species variabilities. An alternative approach would be to measure and model the actual compound-specific uncertainties. This biological concept assumes that all observed toxicities depend not only on the exposure situation (environment = E), but also on the genetic (G) background of the model (G × E). As a quantitative discipline, toxicology needs to move beyond merely qualitative G × E concepts. Research programs are required that determine the major biological variabilities affecting toxicity and categorize their relative weights and contributions. In a complementary approach, detailed case studies need to explore the role of genetic backgrounds in the adverse effects of defined chemicals. In addition, current understanding of the selection and propagation of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) in different biological environments is very limited. To improve understanding, a particular focus is required on modulatory and counter-regulatory steps. For quantitative approaches to address uncertainties, the concept of "genetic" influence needs a more precise definition. What is usually meant by this term in the context of G × E are the protein functions encoded by the genes. Besides the gene sequence, the regulation of the gene expression and function should also be accounted for. The widened concept of past and present "gene expression" influences is summarized here as Ge. Also, the concept of "environment" needs some re-consideration in situations where exposure timing (Et) is pivotal: prolonged or repeated exposure to the insult (chemical, physical, life style) affects Ge. This implies that it changes the model system. The interaction of Ge with Et might be denoted as Ge × Et. We provide here general explanations and specific examples for this concept and show how it could be applied in the context of New Approach Methodologies (NAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - David Pamies
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Christof Hauck
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division for Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany.
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8
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Dynamic Metabolic and Transcriptional Responses of Proteasome-Inhibited Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010164. [PMID: 36671027 PMCID: PMC9854434 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibition is associated with parkinsonian pathology in vivo and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We explored here the metabolome (386 metabolites) and transcriptome (3257 transcripts) regulations of human LUHMES neurons, following exposure to MG-132 [100 nM]. This proteasome inhibitor killed cells within 24 h but did not reduce viability for 12 h. Overall, 206 metabolites were changed in live neurons. The early (3 h) metabolome changes suggested a compromised energy metabolism. For instance, AMP, NADH and lactate were up-regulated, while glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates were down-regulated. At later time points, glutathione-related metabolites were up-regulated, most likely by an early oxidative stress response and activation of NRF2/ATF4 target genes. The transcriptome pattern confirmed proteostatic stress (fast up-regulation of proteasome subunits) and also suggested the progressive activation of additional stress response pathways. The early ones (e.g., HIF-1, NF-kB, HSF-1) can be considered a cytoprotective cellular counter-regulation, which maintained cell viability. For instance, a very strong up-regulation of AIFM2 (=FSP1) may have prevented fast ferroptotic death. For most of the initial period, a definite life-death decision was not taken, as neurons could be rescued for at least 10 h after the start of proteasome inhibition. Late responses involved p53 activation and catabolic processes such as a loss of pyrimidine synthesis intermediates. We interpret this as a phase of co-occurrence of protective and maladaptive cellular changes. Altogether, this combined metabolomics-transcriptomics analysis informs on responses triggered in neurons by proteasome dysfunction that may be targeted by novel therapeutic intervention in Parkinson's disease.
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9
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Markovich ZR, Hartman JH, Ryde IT, Hershberger KA, Joyce AS, Ferguson PL, Meyer JN. Mild pentachlorophenol-mediated uncoupling of mitochondria depletes ATP but does not cause an oxidized redox state or dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100084. [PMID: 35957653 PMCID: PMC9361317 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in several diseases, including neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, there is uncertainty about which of the many mechanisms by which mitochondrial function can be disrupted may lead to neurodegeneration. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organic pollutant reported to cause mitochondrial dysfunction including oxidative stress and mitochondrial uncoupling. We investigated the effects of PCP exposure in Caenorhabditis elegans, including effects on mitochondria and dopaminergic neurons. We hypothesized that mild mitochondrial uncoupling by PCP would impair bioenergetics while decreasing oxidative stress, and therefore would not cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Results A 48-hour developmental exposure to PCP causing mild growth delay (∼10 % decrease in growth during 48 h, covering all larval stages) reduced whole-organism ATP content > 50 %, and spare respiratory capacity ∼ 30 %. Proton leak was also markedly increased. These findings suggest a main toxic mechanism of mitochondrial uncoupling rather than oxidative stress, which was further supported by a concomitant shift toward a more reduced cellular redox state measured at the whole organism level. However, exposure to PCP did not cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration, nor did it sensitize animals to a neurotoxic challenge with 6-hydroxydopamine. Whole-organism uptake and PCP metabolism measurements revealed low overall uptake of PCP in our experimental conditions (50 μM PCP in the liquid exposure medium resulted in organismal concentrations of < 0.25 μM), and no measurable production of the oxidative metabolites tetra-1,4-benzoquinone and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone. Innovation This study provides new insights into the mechanistic interplay between mitochondrial uncoupling, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in C. elegans. These findings support the premise of mild uncoupling-mediated neuroprotection, but are inconsistent with proposed broad "mitochondrial dysfunction"-mediated neurodegeneration models, and highlight the utility of the C. elegans model for studying mitochondrial and neurotoxicity. Conclusions Developmental exposure to pentachlorophenol causes gross toxicological effects (growth delay and arrest) at high levels. At a lower level of exposure, still causing mild growth delay, we observed mitochondrial dysfunction including uncoupling and decreased ATP levels. However, this was associated with a more-reduced cellular redox tone and did not exacerbate dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine, instead trending toward protection. These findings may be informative of efforts to define nuanced mitochondrial dysfunction-related adverse outcome pathways that will differ depending on the form of initial mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica H. Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | | | - Abigail S. Joyce
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Patrick L. Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
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10
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Assessing Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity in Cardiomyocytes: Implications for Preclinical Cardiac Safety Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071313. [PMID: 35890211 PMCID: PMC9319223 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity not only leads to the attrition of drugs during development, but also contributes to the high morbidity and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases. Comprehensive testing for proarrhythmic risks of drugs has been applied in preclinical cardiac safety assessment for over 15 years. However, other mechanisms of cardiac toxicity have not received such attention. Of them, mitochondrial impairment is a common form of cardiotoxicity and is known to account for over half of cardiovascular adverse-event-related black box warnings imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Although it has been studied in great depth, mitochondrial toxicity assessment has not yet been incorporated into routine safety tests for cardiotoxicity at the preclinical stage. This review discusses the main characteristics of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes, drug-induced mitochondrial toxicities, and high-throughput screening strategies for cardiomyocytes, as well as their proposed integration into preclinical safety pharmacology. We emphasize the advantages of using adult human primary cardiomyocytes for the evaluation of mitochondrial morphology and function, and the need for a novel cardiac safety testing platform integrating mitochondrial toxicity and proarrhythmic risk assessments in cardiac safety evaluation.
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11
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Allen CNS, Santerre M, Arjona SP, Ghaleb LJ, Herzi M, Llewellyn MD, Shcherbik N, Sawaya BE. SARS-CoV-2 Causes Lung Inflammation through Metabolic Reprogramming and RAGE. Viruses 2022; 14:983. [PMID: 35632725 PMCID: PMC9143006 DOI: 10.3390/v14050983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop hyperinflammation, which correlates with increased mortality. The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19-dependent inflammation is thought to occur via increased cytokine production and hyperactivity of RAGE in several cell types, a phenomenon observed for other disorders and diseases. Metabolic reprogramming has been shown to contribute to inflammation and is considered a hallmark of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Malfunctioning glycolysis, which normally aims to convert glucose into pyruvate, leads to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Being aberrantly generated, AGEs then bind to their receptor, RAGE, and activate several pro-inflammatory genes, such as IL-1b and IL-6, thus, increasing hypoxia and inducing senescence. Using the lung epithelial cell (BEAS-2B) line, we demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 proteins reprogram the cellular metabolism and increase pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 2 (PKM2). This deregulation promotes the accumulation of AGEs and senescence induction. We showed the ability of the PKM2 stabilizer, Tepp-46, to reverse the observed glycolysis changes/alterations and restore this essential metabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. S. Allen
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Sterling P. Arjona
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Lea J. Ghaleb
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Muna Herzi
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Megan D. Llewellyn
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Natalia Shcherbik
- Department for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA;
| | - Bassel E. Sawaya
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (C.N.S.A.); (M.S.); (S.P.A.); (L.J.G.); (M.H.); (M.D.L.)
- Departments of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Cancer and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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12
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Allen CNS, Arjona SP, Santerre M, De Lucia C, Koch WJ, Sawaya BE. Metabolic Reprogramming in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:812887. [PMID: 35418836 PMCID: PMC8997587 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.812887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of patients infected with HIV-1 suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) such as spatial memory impairments and learning disabilities (SMI-LD). SMI-LD is also observed in patients using combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Our lab has demonstrated that the HIV-1 protein, gp120, promotes SMI-LD by altering mitochondrial functions and energy production. We have investigated cellular processes upstream of the mitochondrial functions and discovered that gp120 causes metabolic reprogramming. Effectively, the addition of gp120 protein to neuronal cells disrupted the glycolysis pathway at the pyruvate level. Looking for the players involved, we found that gp120 promotes increased expression of polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1), causing the splicing of pyruvate kinase M (PKM) into PKM1 and PKM2. We have also shown that these events lead to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent the cleavage of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (pro-BDNF) protein into mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The accumulation of proBDNF results in signaling that increases the expression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) protein which then occupies the cAMP response element (CRE)-binding sites within the BDNF promoters II and IV, thus altering normal synaptic plasticity. We reversed these events by adding Tepp-46, which stabilizes the tetrameric form of PKM2. Therefore, we concluded that gp120 reprograms cellular metabolism, causing changes linked to disrupted memory in HIV-infected patients and that preventing the disruption of the metabolism presents a potential cure against HAND progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. S. Allen
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sterling P. Arjona
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claudio De Lucia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bassel E. Sawaya
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bassel E. Sawaya,
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13
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Inhibition of neurite outgrowth and enhanced effects compared to baseline toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1039-1053. [PMID: 35182163 PMCID: PMC8921145 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposure to environmental chemicals can cause developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). The impairment of key neurodevelopmental processes such as neurite outgrowth inhibition can be used as endpoints for screening of DNT effects. We quantified neurite-specific effects using the ratio of effect concentrations for cytotoxicity and neurite outgrowth inhibition (SRcytotoxicity). Baseline cytotoxicity, the minimal toxicity of any chemical, was used to quantify enhanced cytotoxicity (toxic ratio, TR) and neuronal-specific toxicity (SRbaseline) by comparing baseline cytotoxicity with the effects on cell viability and neurite outgrowth, respectively. The effects on cell viability and neurite length were measured based on image analysis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Baseline cytotoxicity was predicted from hydrophobicity descriptors using a previously published model for SH-SY5Y cells. Enhanced cytotoxicity and neuronal-specific toxicity were more often observed for hydrophilic chemicals, which indicates that they are more likely to act through specific modes of action (MOA) on cell viability and neurite outgrowth. Hydrophobic chemicals showed a tendency to act through baseline toxicity without showing specific or enhanced toxicity, but were highly potent considering their low effect concentrations for both cytotoxicity and neurite outgrowth inhibition. The endpoint-specific controls (narciclasine, colchicine, cycloheximide, and rotenone), two carbamates (3-hydroxycarbofuran and carbaryl), and two redox cyclers (diquat and paraquat) showed distinct neurite-specific effects (SRcytotoxicity > 4). By comparing neurite-specific effects with enhanced cytotoxicity, one can explain whether the observed effects involve specific inhibition of neurite outgrowth, other specific MOAs, or merely baseline toxicity arising from hydrophobicity.
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14
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Loser D, Grillberger K, Hinojosa MG, Blum J, Haufe Y, Danker T, Johansson Y, Möller C, Nicke A, Bennekou SH, Gardner I, Bauch C, Walker P, Forsby A, Ecker GF, Kraushaar U, Leist M. Acute effects of the imidacloprid metabolite desnitro-imidacloprid on human nACh receptors relevant for neuronal signaling. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3695-3716. [PMID: 34628512 PMCID: PMC8536575 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several neonicotinoids have recently been shown to activate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) on human neurons. Moreover, imidacloprid (IMI) and other members of this pesticide family form a set of diverse metabolites within crops. Among these, desnitro-imidacloprid (DN-IMI) is of special toxicological interest, as there is evidence (i) for human dietary exposure to this metabolite, (ii) and that DN-IMI is a strong trigger of mammalian nicotinic responses. We set out here to quantify responses of human nAChRs to DN-IMI and an alternative metabolite, IMI-olefin. To evaluate toxicological hazards, these data were then compared to those of IMI and nicotine. Ca2+-imaging experiments on human neurons showed that DN-IMI exhibits an agonistic effect on nAChRs at sub-micromolar concentrations (equipotent with nicotine) while IMI-olefin activated the receptors less potently (in a similar range as IMI). Direct experimental data on the interaction with defined receptor subtypes were obtained by heterologous expression of various human nAChR subtypes in Xenopus laevis oocytes and measurement of the transmembrane currents evoked by exposure to putative ligands. DN-IMI acted on the physiologically important human nAChR subtypes α7, α3β4, and α4β2 (high-sensitivity variant) with similar potency as nicotine. IMI and IMI-olefin were confirmed as nAChR agonists, although with 2-3 orders of magnitude lower potency. Molecular docking studies, using receptor models for the α7 and α4β2 nAChR subtypes supported an activity of DN-IMI similar to that of nicotine. In summary, these data suggest that DN-IMI functionally affects human neurons similar to the well-established neurotoxicant nicotine by triggering α7 and several non-α7 nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Grillberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria G Hinojosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Blum
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yves Haufe
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Timm Danker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ylva Johansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clemens Möller
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Iain Gardner
- CERTARA UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Caroline Bauch
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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15
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van der Stel W, Yang H, Vrijenhoek NG, Schimming JP, Callegaro G, Carta G, Darici S, Delp J, Forsby A, White A, le Dévédec S, Leist M, Jennings P, Beltman JB, van de Water B, Danen EHJ. Mapping the cellular response to electron transport chain inhibitors reveals selective signaling networks triggered by mitochondrial perturbation. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:259-285. [PMID: 34642769 PMCID: PMC8748354 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial perturbation is a key event in chemical-induced organ toxicities that is incompletely understood. Here, we studied how electron transport chain (ETC) complex I, II, or III (CI, CII and CIII) inhibitors affect mitochondrial functionality, stress response activation, and cell viability using a combination of high-content imaging and TempO-Seq in HepG2 hepatocyte cells. CI and CIII inhibitors perturbed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial and cellular ATP levels in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion and, under conditions preventing a switch to glycolysis attenuated cell viability, whereas CII inhibitors had no effect. TempO-Seq analysis of changes in mRNA expression pointed to a shared cellular response to CI and CIII inhibition. First, to define specific ETC inhibition responses, a gene set responsive toward ETC inhibition (and not to genotoxic, oxidative, or endoplasmic reticulum stress) was identified using targeted TempO-Seq in HepG2. Silencing of one of these genes, NOS3, exacerbated the impact of CI and CIII inhibitors on cell viability, indicating its functional implication in cellular responses to mitochondrial stress. Then by monitoring dynamic responses to ETC inhibition using a HepG2 GFP reporter panel for different classes of stress response pathways and applying pathway and gene network analysis to TempO-Seq data, we looked for downstream cellular events of ETC inhibition and identified the amino acid response (AAR) as being triggered in HepG2 by ETC inhibition. Through in silico approaches we provide evidence indicating that a similar AAR is associated with exposure to mitochondrial toxicants in primary human hepatocytes. Altogether, we (i) unravel quantitative, time- and concentration-resolved cellular responses to mitochondrial perturbation, (ii) identify a gene set associated with adaptation to exposure to active ETC inhibitors, and (iii) show that ER stress and an AAR accompany ETC inhibition in HepG2 and primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Yang
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nanette G Vrijenhoek
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes P Schimming
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Callegaro
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salihanur Darici
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Delp
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sylvia le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zeng L, Li WC, Zhang H, Cao P, Ai CX, Hu B, Song W. Hypoxic acclimation improves mitochondrial bioenergetic function in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea under Cu stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112688. [PMID: 34425539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how pre-hypoxia exposure affected the mitochondrial structure and bioenergetic function of large yellow croaker in responding to Cu stress. Fish were acclimated to normoxia and 3.0 mg DO L-1 for 48 h, then subjected to 0 and 120 μg Cu L-1 for another 48 h. Hypoxic acclimation did not affect mitochondrial ultrastructure and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but reduced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency. Cu exposure impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure, increased ROS generation and inhibited OXPHOS efficiency. Compared with Cu exposure alone, hypoxic acclimation plus Cu exposure reduced ROS production and improved OXPHOS efficiency by enhancing mitochondrial respiratory control ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, and activities and gene expressions of electron transport chain enzymes. In conclusion, hypoxic acclimation improved the mitochondrial energy metabolism of large yellow croaker under Cu stress, facilitating our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regarding adaptive responses of hypoxia-acclimated fish under Cu stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wen-Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Ping Cao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Special Aquatic Formula Feed, Fuqing 350300, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
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17
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Childers GM, Perry CA, Blachut B, Martin N, Bortner CD, Sieber S, Li JL, Fessler MB, Harry GJ. Assessing the Association of Mitochondrial Function and Inflammasome Activation in Murine Macrophages Exposed to Select Mitotoxic Tri-Organotin Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:47015. [PMID: 33929904 PMCID: PMC8086801 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial function is implicated as a target of environmental toxicants and found in disease or injury models, contributing to acute and chronic inflammation. One mechanism by which mitochondrial damage can propagate inflammation is via activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing receptor (NLRP)3 inflammasome, a protein complex that processes mature interleukin (IL)-1β. IL-1β plays an important role in the innate immune response and dysregulation is associated with autoinflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate whether mitochondrial toxicants recruit inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing. METHOD Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) exposed to tri-organotins (triethyltin bromide (TETBr), trimethyltin hydroxide (TMTOH), triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTOH), bis(tributyltin)oxide) [Bis(TBT)Ox] were examined for pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. TMTOH and TETBr were examined in RAW 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages for mitochondrial bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammasome activation via visualization of aggregate formation, caspase-1 flow cytometry, IL-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots, and microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA arrays. RESULTS TETBr and TMTOH induced inflammasome aggregate formation and IL-1β release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed macrophages. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial ROS were suppressed. Il1a and Il1b induction with LPS or LPS+ATP challenge was diminished. Differential miRNA and mRNA profiles were observed. Lower miR-151-3p targeted cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways; higher miR-6909-5p, miR-7044-5p, and miR-7686-5p targeted Wnt beta-catenin signaling, retinoic acid receptor activation, apoptosis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, IL-22, IL-12, and IL-10 signaling. Functional enrichment analysis identified apoptosis and cell survival canonical pathways. CONCLUSION Select mitotoxic tri-organotins disrupted murine macrophage transcriptional response to LPS, yet triggered inflammasome activation. The differential response pattern suggested unique functional changes in the inflammatory response that may translate to suppressed host defense or prolong inflammation. We posit a framework to examine immune cell effects of environmental mitotoxic compounds for adverse health outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. Childers
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline A. Perry
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Blachut
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Negin Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carl D. Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stella Sieber
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Loser D, Hinojosa MG, Blum J, Schaefer J, Brüll M, Johansson Y, Suciu I, Grillberger K, Danker T, Möller C, Gardner I, Ecker GF, Bennekou SH, Forsby A, Kraushaar U, Leist M. Functional alterations by a subgroup of neonicotinoid pesticides in human dopaminergic neurons. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2081-2107. [PMID: 33778899 PMCID: PMC8166715 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides, originally developed to target the insect nervous system, have been reported to interact with human receptors and to activate rodent neurons. Therefore, we evaluated in how far these compounds may trigger signaling in human neurons, and thus, affect the human adult or developing nervous system. We used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as established model of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling. In parallel, we profiled dopaminergic neurons, generated from LUHMES neuronal precursor cells, as novel system to study nAChR activation in human post-mitotic neurons. Changes of the free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were used as readout, and key findings were confirmed by patch clamp recordings. Nicotine triggered typical neuronal signaling responses that were blocked by antagonists, such as tubocurarine and mecamylamine. Pharmacological approaches suggested a functional expression of α7 and non-α7 nAChRs on LUHMES cells. In this novel test system, the neonicotinoids acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiacloprid, but not thiamethoxam and dinotefuran, triggered [Ca2+]i signaling at 10-100 µM. Strong synergy of the active neonicotinoids (at low micromolar concentrations) with the α7 nAChR-positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 was observed in LUHMES and SH-SY5Y cells, and specific antagonists fully inhibited such signaling. To provide a third line of evidence for neonicotinoid signaling via nAChR, we studied cross-desensitization: pretreatment of LUHMES and SH-SY5Y cells with active neonicotinoids (at 1-10 µM) blunted the signaling response of nicotine. The pesticides (at 3-30 µM) also blunted the response to the non-α7 agonist ABT 594 in LUHMES cells. These data show that human neuronal cells are functionally affected by low micromolar concentrations of several neonicotinoids. An effect of such signals on nervous system development is a toxicological concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maria G Hinojosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Blum
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schaefer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Markus Brüll
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ylva Johansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karin Grillberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timm Danker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Möller
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Iain Gardner
- CERTARA UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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19
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Neurotoxicity and underlying cellular changes of 21 mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:591-615. [PMID: 33512557 PMCID: PMC7870626 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (cI) by rotenone and methyl-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) leads to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in man and rodents. To formally describe this mechanism of toxicity, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP:3) has been developed that implies that any inhibitor of cI, or possibly of other parts of the respiratory chain, would have the potential to trigger parkinsonian motor deficits. We used here 21 pesticides, all of which are described in the literature as mitochondrial inhibitors, to study the general applicability of AOP:3 or of in vitro assays that are assessing its activation. Five cI, three complex II (cII), and five complex III (cIII) inhibitors were characterized in detail in human dopaminergic neuronal cell cultures. The NeuriTox assay, examining neurite damage in LUHMES cells, was used as in vitro proxy of the adverse outcome (AO), i.e., of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This test provided data on whether test compounds were unspecific cytotoxicants or specifically neurotoxic, and it yielded potency data with respect to neurite degeneration. The pesticide panel was also examined in assays for the sequential key events (KE) leading to the AO, i.e., mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disturbed proteostasis. Data from KE assays were compared to the NeuriTox data (AO). The cII-inhibitory pesticides tested here did not appear to trigger the AOP:3 at all. Some of the cI/cIII inhibitors showed a consistent AOP activation response in all assays, while others did not. In general, there was a clear hierarchy of assay sensitivity: changes of gene expression (biomarker of neuronal stress) correlated well with NeuriTox data; mitochondrial failure (measured both by a mitochondrial membrane potential-sensitive dye and a respirometric assay) was about 10–260 times more sensitive than neurite damage (AO); cI/cIII activity was sometimes affected at > 1000 times lower concentrations than the neurites. These data suggest that the use of AOP:3 for hazard assessment has a number of caveats: (i) specific parkinsonian neurodegeneration cannot be easily predicted from assays of mitochondrial dysfunction; (ii) deriving a point-of-departure for risk assessment from early KE assays may overestimate toxicant potency. Comparison of 21 data-rich mitochondrial toxicants for neurotoxicity Quantitative comparison of key event triggering thresholds for AOP:3 Comparison of two cell models and two exposure times for neurotoxicity Comparison of transcriptome changes and classical key event measures for sensitivity
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20
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Leah T, Vazquez-Villaseñor I, Ferraiuolo L, Wharton SB, Mortiboys H. A Parkinson's Disease-relevant Mitochondrial and Neuronal Morphology High-throughput Screening Assay in LUHMES Cells. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3881. [PMID: 33732769 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 2-3% of the population over 65 years of age. There is currently no disease-modifying treatment. One of the predominant pathological features of Parkinson's disease is mitochondrial dysfunction, and much work has aimed to identify therapeutic compounds which can restore the disrupted mitochondrial physiology. However, modelling mitochondrial dysfunction in a disease-relevant model, suitable for screening large compound libraries for ameliorative effects, represents a considerable challenge. Primary patient derived cells, SHSY-5Y cells and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease have been utilized extensively to study the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's. Indeed many studies have utilized LUHMES cells to study Parkinson's disease, however LUHMES cells have not been used as a compound screening model for PD-associated mitochondrial dysfunction previously, despite possessing several advantages compared to other frequently used models, such as rapid differentiation and high uniformity (e.g., in contrast to iPSC-derived neurons), and relevant physiology as human mesencephalic tissue capable of differentiating into dopaminergic-like neurons that highly express characteristic markers. After previously generating GFP+-LUHMES cells to model metabolic dysfunction, we report this protocol using GFP+-LUHMES cells for high-throughput compound screening in a restoration model of PD-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. This protocol describes the use of a robust and reproducible toxin-induced GFP+-LUHMES cell model for high throughput compound screening by assessing a range of mitochondrial and neuronal morphological parameters. We also provide detailed instructions for data and statistical analysis, including example calculations of Z'-score to assess statistical effect size across independent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Leah
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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21
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Loser D, Schaefer J, Danker T, Möller C, Brüll M, Suciu I, Ückert AK, Klima S, Leist M, Kraushaar U. Human neuronal signaling and communication assays to assess functional neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:229-252. [PMID: 33269408 PMCID: PMC7811517 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of drug toxicity on the human nervous system still relies mainly on animal experiments. Here, we developed an alternative system allowing assessment of complex signaling in both individual human neurons and on the network level. The LUHMES cultures used for our approach can be cultured in 384-well plates with high reproducibility. We established here high-throughput quantification of free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+]i as broadly applicable surrogate of neuronal activity and verified the main processes by patch clamp recordings. Initially, we characterized the expression pattern of many neuronal signaling components and selected the purinergic receptors to demonstrate the applicability of the [Ca2+]i signals for quantitative characterization of agonist and antagonist responses on classical ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors. This included receptor sub-typing and the characterization of the anti-parasitic drug suramin as modulator of the cellular response to ATP. To exemplify potential studies on ion channels, we characterized voltage-gated sodium channels and their inhibition by tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and lidocaine, as well as their opening by the plant alkaloid veratridine and the food-relevant marine biotoxin ciguatoxin. Even broader applicability of [Ca2+]i quantification as an end point was demonstrated by measurements of dopamine transporter activity based on the membrane potential-changing activity of this neurotransmitter carrier. The substrates dopamine or amphetamine triggered [Ca2+]i oscillations that were synchronized over the entire culture dish. We identified compounds that modified these oscillations by interfering with various ion channels. Thus, this new test system allows multiple types of neuronal signaling, within and between cells, to be assessed, quantified and characterized for their potential disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Loser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Schaefer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
- NMI TT GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Möller
- Life Sciences Faculty, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany
| | - Markus Brüll
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klima
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
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Moné MJ, Pallocca G, Escher SE, Exner T, Herzler M, Bennekou SH, Kamp H, Kroese ED, Leist M, Steger-Hartmann T, van de Water B. Setting the stage for next-generation risk assessment with non-animal approaches: the EU-ToxRisk project experience. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3581-3592. [PMID: 32886186 PMCID: PMC7502065 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the European Commission launched the EU-ToxRisk research project to develop and promote animal-free approaches in toxicology. The 36 partners of this consortium used in vitro and in silico methods in the context of case studies (CSs). These CSs included both compounds with a highly defined target (e.g. mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors) as well as compounds with poorly defined molecular initiation events (e.g. short-chain branched carboxylic acids). The initial project focus was on developing a science-based strategy for read-across (RAx) as an animal-free approach in chemical risk assessment. Moreover, seamless incorporation of new approach method (NAM) data into this process (= NAM-enhanced RAx) was explored. Here, the EU-ToxRisk consortium has collated its scientific and regulatory learnings from this particular project objective. For all CSs, a mechanistic hypothesis (in the form of an adverse outcome pathway) guided the safety evaluation. ADME data were generated from NAMs and used for comprehensive physiological-based kinetic modelling. Quality assurance and data management were optimized in parallel. Scientific and Regulatory Advisory Boards played a vital role in assessing the practical applicability of the new approaches. In a next step, external stakeholders evaluated the usefulness of NAMs in the context of RAx CSs for regulatory acceptance. For instance, the CSs were included in the OECD CS portfolio for the Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment project. Feedback from regulators and other stakeholders was collected at several stages. Future chemical safety science projects can draw from this experience to implement systems toxicology-guided, animal-free next-generation risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Moné
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Pallocca
- CAAT-Europe at the University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - S E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - T Exner
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Herzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - H Kamp
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - E D Kroese
- TNO Innovation for Life, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- CAAT-Europe at the University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany.
| | - T Steger-Hartmann
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - B van de Water
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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van der Stel W, Carta G, Eakins J, Darici S, Delp J, Forsby A, Bennekou SH, Gardner I, Leist M, Danen EHJ, Walker P, van de Water B, Jennings P. Multiparametric assessment of mitochondrial respiratory inhibition in HepG2 and RPTEC/TERT1 cells using a panel of mitochondrial targeting agrochemicals. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2707-2729. [PMID: 32607615 PMCID: PMC7395062 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is mounting for the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in several pathologies including metabolic diseases, accelerated ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and in certain xenobiotic-induced organ toxicity. Assessing mitochondrial perturbations is not trivial and the outcomes of such investigations are dependent on the cell types used and assays employed. Here we systematically investigated the effect of electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors on multiple mitochondrial-related parameters in two human cell types, HepG2 and RPTEC/TERT1. Cells were exposed to a broad range of concentrations of 20 ETC-inhibiting agrochemicals and capsaicin, consisting of inhibitors of NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I, CI), succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II, CII) and cytochrome bc1 complex (Complex III, CIII). A battery of tests was utilised, including viability assays, lactate production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the Seahorse bioanalyser, which simultaneously measures extracellular acidification rate [ECAR] and oxygen consumption rate [OCR]. CI inhibitors caused a potent decrease in OCR, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ECAR and increased lactate production in both cell types. Twenty-fourhour exposure to CI inhibitors decreased viability of RPTEC/TERT1 cells and 3D spheroid-cultured HepG2 cells in the presence of glucose. CI inhibitors decreased 2D HepG2 viability only in the absence of glucose. CII inhibitors had no notable effects in intact cells up to 10 µM. CIII inhibitors had similar effects to the CI inhibitors. Antimycin A was the most potent CIII inhibitor, with activity in the nanomolar range. The proposed CIII inhibitor cyazofamid demonstrated a mitochondrial uncoupling signal in both cell types. The study presents a comprehensive example of a mitochondrial assessment workflow and establishes measurable key events of ETC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De
Boelelaan, 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Eakins
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Salihanur Darici
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Forsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Erik H. J. Danen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De
Boelelaan, 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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The EU-ToxRisk method documentation, data processing and chemical testing pipeline for the regulatory use of new approach methods. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2435-2461. [PMID: 32632539 PMCID: PMC7367925 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hazard assessment, based on new approach methods (NAM), requires the use of batteries of assays, where individual tests may be contributed by different laboratories. A unified strategy for such collaborative testing is presented. It details all procedures required to allow test information to be usable for integrated hazard assessment, strategic project decisions and/or for regulatory purposes. The EU-ToxRisk project developed a strategy to provide regulatorily valid data, and exemplified this using a panel of > 20 assays (with > 50 individual endpoints), each exposed to 19 well-known test compounds (e.g. rotenone, colchicine, mercury, paracetamol, rifampicine, paraquat, taxol). Examples of strategy implementation are provided for all aspects required to ensure data validity: (i) documentation of test methods in a publicly accessible database; (ii) deposition of standard operating procedures (SOP) at the European Union DB-ALM repository; (iii) test readiness scoring accoding to defined criteria; (iv) disclosure of the pipeline for data processing; (v) link of uncertainty measures and metadata to the data; (vi) definition of test chemicals, their handling and their behavior in test media; (vii) specification of the test purpose and overall evaluation plans. Moreover, data generation was exemplified by providing results from 25 reporter assays. A complete evaluation of the entire test battery will be described elsewhere. A major learning from the retrospective analysis of this large testing project was the need for thorough definitions of the above strategy aspects, ideally in form of a study pre-registration, to allow adequate interpretation of the data and to ensure overall scientific/toxicological validity.
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Hallinger DR, Lindsay HB, Friedman KP, Suarez DA, Simmons SO. Respirometric Screening and Characterization of Mitochondrial Toxicants Within the ToxCast Phase I and II Chemical Libraries. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:175-192. [PMID: 32374859 PMCID: PMC10626520 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity drives several adverse health outcomes. Current high-throughput screening assays for chemically induced mitochondrial toxicity typically measure changes to mitochondrial structure and may not detect known mitochondrial toxicants. We adapted a respirometric screening assay (RSA) measuring mitochondrial function to screen ToxCast chemicals in HepG2 cells using a tiered testing strategy. Of 1042 chemicals initially screened at a singlemaximal concentration, 243 actives were identified and rescreened at 7 concentrations. Concentration-response data for 3 respiration phases confirmed activity and indicated a mechanism for 193 mitochondrial toxicants: 149 electron transport chain inhibitors (ETCi), 15 uncouplers and 29 adenosine triphosphate synthase inhibitors. Subsequently, an electron flow assay was used to identify the target complex for 84 of the 149 ETCi. Sixty reference chemicals were used to compare the RSA to existing ToxCast and Tox21 mitochondrial toxicity assays. The RSA was most predictive (accuracy = 90%) of mitochondrial toxicity. The Tox21 mitochondrial membrane potential assay was also highly predictive (accuracy = 87%) of bioactivity but underestimated the potency of well-known ETCi and provided no mechanistic information. The tiered RSA approach accurately identifies and characterizes mitochondrial toxicants acting through diverse mechanisms and at a throughput sufficient to screen large chemical inventories. The electron flow assay provides additional confirmation and detailed mechanistic understanding for ETCi, the most common type of mitochondrial toxicants among ToxCast chemicals. The mitochondrial toxicity screening approach described herein may inform hazard assessment and the in vitro bioactive concentrations used to derive relevant doses for screening level chemical assessment using new approach methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danielle A. Suarez
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Identification of mitochondrial toxicants by combined in silico and in vitro studies – A structure-based view on the adverse outcome pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2020.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ripani P, Delp J, Bode K, Delgado ME, Dietrich L, Betzler VM, Yan N, von Scheven G, Mayer TU, Leist M, Brunner T. Thiazolides promote G1 cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells by targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Oncogene 2019; 39:2345-2357. [PMID: 31844249 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic toxicity and tumor cell resistance still limit the efficacy of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Therefore, alternative treatments are desperately needed. The thiazolide Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of parasite-mediated infectious diarrhea with a favorable safety profile. Interestingly, NTZ and the thiazolide RM4819-its bromo-derivative lacking antibiotic activity-are also promising candidates for cancer treatment. Yet the exact anticancer mechanism(s) of these compounds still remains unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated RM4819 and NTZ in 2D and 3D colorectal cancer culture systems. Both compounds strongly inhibited proliferation of colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Thiazolide-induced cell cycle arrest was independent of the p53/p21 axis, but was mediated by inhibition of protein translation via the mTOR/c-Myc/p27 pathway, likely caused by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. While both thiazolides demonstrated mitochondrial uncoupling activity, only RM4819 inhibited the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III. Interestingly, thiazolides also potently inhibited the growth of murine colonic tumoroids in a comparable manner with cisplatin, while in contrast to cisplatin thiazolides did not affect the growth of primary intestinal organoids. Thus, thiazolides appear to have a tumor-selective antiproliferative activity, which offers new perspectives in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ripani
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J Delp
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - K Bode
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M E Delgado
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - L Dietrich
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - V M Betzler
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - N Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - G von Scheven
- Department of Biology, Molecular Toxicology Group, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - T U Mayer
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - T Brunner
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Kranaster P, Karreman C, Dold JEGA, Krebs A, Funke M, Holzer AK, Klima S, Nyffeler J, Helfrich S, Wittmann V, Leist M. Time and space-resolved quantification of plasma membrane sialylation for measurements of cell function and neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:449-467. [PMID: 31828357 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While there are many methods to quantify the synthesis, localization, and pool sizes of proteins and DNA during physiological responses and toxicological stress, only few approaches allow following the fate of carbohydrates. One of them is metabolic glycoengineering (MGE), which makes use of chemically modified sugars (CMS) that enter the cellular biosynthesis pathways leading to glycoproteins and glycolipids. The CMS can subsequently be coupled (via bio-orthogonal chemical reactions) to tags that are quantifiable by microscopic imaging. We asked here, whether MGE can be used in a quantitative and time-resolved way to study neuronal glycoprotein synthesis and its impairment. We focused on the detection of sialic acid (Sia), by feeding human neurons the biosynthetic precursor N-acetyl-mannosamine, modified by an azide tag. Using this system, we identified non-toxic conditions that allowed live cell labeling with high spatial and temporal resolution, as well as the quantification of cell surface Sia. Using combinations of immunostaining, chromatography, and western blotting, we quantified the percentage of cellular label incorporation and effects on glycoproteins such as polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule. A specific imaging algorithm was used to quantify Sia incorporation into neuronal projections, as potential measure of complex cell function in toxicological studies. When various toxicants were studied, we identified a subgroup (mitochondrial respiration inhibitors) that affected neurite glycan levels several hours before any other viability parameter was affected. The MGE-based neurotoxicity assay, thus allowed the identification of subtle impairments of neurochemical function with very high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kranaster
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christiaan Karreman
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jeremias E G A Dold
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alice Krebs
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Melina Funke
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klima
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Kooperatives Promotionskolleg (KPK) InViTe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johanna Nyffeler
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Helfrich
- The Bioimaging Center, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,KNIME GmbH, 78467, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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CAAT News & Views. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 47:113-115. [PMID: 31698926 DOI: 10.1177/0261192919885575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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