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Hong SJ, Zhang XN, Sun Z, Zeng T. The potential health risks of N,N-dimethylformamide: An updated review. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:1637-1646. [PMID: 38339870 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a universally used industrial material with exponential growth in production and consumption worldwide. The frequently reported occupational DMF poisoning cases in some countries and the gradually recognized unavoidable health risks to the general population highlight that DMF should still be a matter of concern. Previous studies have demonstrated that the liver is the primary target organ of DMF exposure and multiple mechanisms have been revealed. However, most of these studies investigate the detrimental effects of acute and subacute DMF exposure, while the effects of chronic DMF exposure are rarely studied. Furthermore, the key mechanism for the acute hepatotoxicity of DMF remains to be elucidated. Future research may focus on the identification of efficient preventive measures against the toxicity of DMF to occupational workers, the investigation of the detrimental effects of DMF at environmentally relevant doses, and the studies on the elimination and recycling of DMF in industrial wastes. Herein, we present an updated review of the metabolism of DMF, the biomarker of DMF exposure, underlying molecular mechanisms of DMF-induced hepatotoxicity, and the toxicity of DMF to both occupational workers and general populations and discuss the possible directions in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Hong
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhan Sun
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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2
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Li LX, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang XN, Liu H, Zhang YJ, Wu CT, Zhang CL, Zeng T. Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) prevents N,N-dimethyl formamide-induced liver damage by suppressing oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114198. [PMID: 37995826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely consumed industrial solvent with persistent characteristics, can induce occupational liver damage and pose threats to the general population due to the enormous DMF-containing industrial efflux and emission from indoor facilities. This study was performed to explore the roles of allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) in liver damage induced by DMF and the underlying mechanisms. AMDS was found to effectively suppress the elevation in the liver weight/body weight ratio and serum aminotransferase activities, and reduce the mortality of mice induced by DMF. In addition, AMDS abrogated DMF-elicited increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels and decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse livers. The increase in macrophage number, mRNA expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers, and protein expression of key components in the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by DMF exposure were all suppressed by AMDS in mouse livers. Furthermore, AMDS inhibited DMF-induced cell damage and NF-κB activation in cocultured AML12 hepatocytes and J774A.1 macrophages. However, AMDS per se did not significantly affect the protein level and activity of CYP2E1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AMDS effectively ameliorates DMF-induced acute liver damage possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and inactivating the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xia Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, China
| | - Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yan-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Tao Wu
- The Animal Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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3
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Tak J, Kim SG. Effects of toxicants on endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatic cell fate determination. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:533-547. [PMID: 37779594 PMCID: PMC10541383 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicant-induced injury is a significant global health issue. However, the mechanisms through which toxicants such as carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, dimethylformamide, cocaine, and morphine induce the death of multiple cell types and contribute to liver toxicity are highly complex. This phenomenon involves intricate signaling pathways in association with oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of death receptors, which are closely linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress initially triggers the unfolded protein response, which either promotes cell survival or causes cell death at later times, depending on the severity and duration of the stress. Thus, comprehending the molecular basis governing cell fate determination in the context of ER stress may provide key insights into the prevention and treatment of toxicant-induced injury. This review summarizes our current understanding of agents that trigger different forms of ER stress-mediated cell death, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and apoptosis, and covers the underlying molecular basis of toxicant-induced ER stress, as well as potential target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Tak
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Kyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Kyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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4
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Xu L, Ma W, Jin Y, Sun X, Chen N, Zhu X, Luo J, Li C, Zhao K, Zheng Y, Yu D. N, N-dimethylformamide exposure induced liver abnormal mitophagy by targeting miR-92a-1-5p-BNIP3L pathway in vivo and vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156218. [PMID: 35623527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely existing harmful environmental pollutant from industrial emission which can threat human health for both occupational and general populations. Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated liver as the primary target organ of DMF. However, the molecular mechanism under DMF-induced hepatoxicity remains unclear. In the present study, we identified that DMF could induce abnormal autophagy flux in cells. We also showed that DMF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and lethal mitophagy which further leads to autophagic cell death. Next, miRNA microarray analysis identified miR-92a-1-5p as the most down-regulated miRNA upon DMF exposure. Mechanistically, miR-92a-1-5p regulated mitochondrial function and mitophagy by targeting mitochondrial protein BNIP3L. Exogenous miR-92a-1-5p significantly attenuated DMF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in vitro and in vivo. Our study highlights the mechanistic link between miRNAs and mitophagy under environmental stress, which provided a new clue for the mitochondrial epigenetics mechanism on environmental toxicant-induced hepatoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunming Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Liu H, Li MJ, Zhang XN, Wang S, Li LX, Guo FF, Zeng T. N,N-dimethylformamide-induced acute liver damage is driven by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in liver macrophages of mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113609. [PMID: 35551047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a non-negligible volatile hazardous material in indoor and outdoor environments. Although the hepatotoxicity of DMF has been well recognized, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and prophylactic medicine is still lacking. Herein, we established a DMF-induced acute liver injury mouse model and investigated the underlying mechanisms focusing on oxidative stress and the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. DMF was found to induce oxidative stress, evidenced by the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts levels, and the decline of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. However, neither N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) nor sulforaphane (SF) ameliorated the hepatoxicity induced by DMF in mice. Interestingly, DMF exposure led to focal necrosis of hepatocytes and NLRP3 inflammasome activation before the onset of obvious liver damage. In addition, DMF exposure induced infiltration and proinflammatory/M1 polarization of macrophages in mice livers. Furthermore, the inactivation of hepatic macrophages by GdCl3 significantly suppressed DMF-induced elevation of serum aminotransferase activities, neutrophile infiltration, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in mice liver. Collectively, these results suggest that DMF-induced acute hepatotoxicity may be attributed to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in liver macrophages, but not oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming-Jun Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Tangshan Vocational&Technical College, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong Province 252059, China
| | - Long-Xia Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fang-Fang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Linhart I, Himl M, Urban V, Mráz J. Syntheses of methylcarbamoylated amino acids using synthetic equivalents of methyl isocyanate. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2042563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Linhart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Himl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Urban
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Liu Y, Wen C, Zhang Y, Liu Z, He Q, Cui M, Peng H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li X, Wang Q. Aberrant expression of SNHG12 contributes to N, N-dimethylformamide-induced hepatic apoptosis both in short-term and long-term DMF exposure. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1022-1033. [PMID: 34733487 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) can cause liver damage in occupationally exposed workers, but the molecular mechanism of DMF-induced liver damage has not been fully elucidated. Researches have proved that lncRNA plays a major function in chemical-induced liver toxicity and can be used as a biomarker and therapeutic target for liver injury. In order to verify that lncRNA also participates in DMF-induced liver damage, we treated HL-7702 cells with 75 or 150 mM DMF, and obtained lncRNA expression profiles through high-throughput sequencing. Among the differentially expressed lncRNAs, lncRNA SNHG12 was proved to be significantly downregulated in DMF-treated HL-7702 cells and participate in DMF-mediated apoptosis, even under long-term low-dose DMF exposure (5-10 mM, 8 weeks). In addition, according to bioinformatics analysis, miR-218-5p is expected to be a potential target of SNHG12, which was verified by the dual luciferase reporter assay in HEK293FT cells. MiR-218-5p mimic can induce apoptosis in HL-7702 cells. Among the predicted targets of miR-218-5p, protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE) was reported to be involved in apoptosis, and was indeed downregulated by miR-218-5p mimic in our study. Further experiments showed that changes of the expression of SNHG12 can affect the expression of PRKCE. In the epidemiological study of occupational population, we also found that SNHG12 was downregulated in the serum exosomes of workers exposed to DMF. These results indicated that SNHG12 can mediate DMF-induced apoptosis of HL-7702 cells through miR-218-5p/PRKCE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Cuiju Wen
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yangchun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qianmei He
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengxing Cui
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Honghao Peng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Xu L, Zhao Q, Luo J, Ma W, Jin Y, Li C, Hou Y, Feng M, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhao J, Zheng Y, Yu D. Integration of proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics reveals novel metabolic mechanisms underlying N, N-dimethylformamide induced hepatotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111166. [PMID: 32827966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a universal organic solvent which widely used in various industries, and a considerable amount of DMF is detected in industrial effluents. Accumulating animal and epidemiological studies have identified liver injury as an early toxic effect of DMF exposure; however, the detailed mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically integrated the quantitative proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics data obtained from the primary human hepatocytes exposed to DMF, to depict the complicated biochemical reactions correlated to liver damage. Eventually, we identified 284 deregulated proteins (221 downregulated and 63 upregulated) and 149 deregulated lipids or metabolites (99 downregulated and 50 upregulated) induced by DMF exposure. Further, the integration of the protein-metabolite (lipid) interactions revealed that N-glycan biosynthesis (involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response), bile acid metabolism (involved in the lipid metabolism and the inflammatory process), and mitochondrial dysfunction and glutathione depletion (both contributed to reactive oxygen species) were the typical biochemical reactions disturbed by DMF exposure. In summary, our study identified the versatile protein, lipid, and metabolite molecules in multiple signaling and metabolic pathways involved in DMF induced liver injury, and provided new insights to elucidate the toxic mechanisms of DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yufei Hou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiyao Feng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinquan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Jang BO, Choi GH, Jang HY, Ahn S, Choi JK, Kim S, Lee K, Jang ES, Kim JW, Jeong SH. A Case of Autoimmune Hepatitis after Occupational Exposure to N,N-Dimethylformamide. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e228. [PMID: 32686369 PMCID: PMC7371453 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely used solvent in the chemical industry, is known to induce toxic hepatitis. However, there have been no reported cases of DMF-associated autoimmune hepatitis. A 31-year-old healthy man working at a glove factory since July 2015 had intermittently put his bare hands into a diluted DMF solution for his first 15 days at work. After 2 months, he felt nausea, fatigue, and hand cramping, and a jaundice followed. His laboratory findings showed positive autoantibodies and elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG), and his liver biopsy pathology was typical of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Prednisolone and azathioprine therapy began, and he recovered rapidly without adverse events. Though his liver chemistry was normalized, the IgG level remained persistently upper normal range. His 2nd liver biopsy performed in April 2019 showed mild portal activity, and he was well under a low dose immunosuppressive therapy up to April 2020. This case warns of the hazard of occupational exposure to DMF, and clinicians should be aware of DMF-related AIH for timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boo Ok Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gwang Hyeon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Yoon Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Siho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyunghan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sook Hyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.
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10
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Hu ZY, Chang J, Guo FF, Deng HY, Pan GT, Li BY, Zhang ZL. The effects of dimethylformamide exposure on liver and kidney function in the elderly population: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20749. [PMID: 32629651 PMCID: PMC7337450 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is widely used as a solvent in the production of synthetic leather. Previous studies have focused on workers exposed to DMF in leather factories; however, little attention has been paid to the general population. This study was conducted to examine the effects of DMF exposure on elderly residents living near synthetic leather factories. A total of 962 subjects over 60 years of age in proximity to these factories (monitoring points) were enrolled as the exposure group, and 1924 permanent residents living distant from the factories were enrolled as the control group. The exposure group was divided into 3 groups according to their distance from the monitoring points. Physical examination, routine blood tests, and liver and renal function data were collected, and the DMF concentration in the air was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The prevalence of abnormal heart rhythm, electrocardiogram and B-mode ultrasound results in the exposure group was significantly greater than in the control group. Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the exposure group also were higher than those in the control group (P < .01). There was an effect of distance from leather factories on liver and kidney dysfunction in the 3 exposure groups. Compared with the exposure group at >3 km distance from the source, the prevalence of increased AST, ALT, and BUN in the exposure group at <1 km was significantly greater (P < .001). It was concluded that DMF exposure was related to an increased risk of a cardiac injury and liver and kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Hu
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui
| | - Jie Chang
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Fei-Fei Guo
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Han-Yi Deng
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai
| | - Guo-Tao Pan
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Bing-Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Zeng-Li Zhang
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, China
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Wu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Zheng M, Guan M, Zhang M, Zhao W, Wang C, Lu S, Cheng J, Leng S. The essential role of CYP2E1 in metabolism and hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide using a novel Cyp2e1 knockout mouse model and a population study. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3169-3181. [PMID: 31501917 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widespread contaminant of leather factories and their surrounding environment. There is a lack of direct in vivo evidence supporting CYP2E1 as a primary enzyme responsible for DMF metabolism and hepatotoxicity. In this study, a novel Cyp2e1 knockout (KO) mouse model was generated and used to assess whether DMF metabolism and hepatotoxicity is CYP2E1 dependent using an acute toxicity protocol with a single dose of 1500 mg DMF/kg. An epidemiological study in 698 DMF-exposed workers and 188 non-DMF-exposed controls was conducted to investigate the associations between functional polymorphisms of CYP2E1 (rs6413432/rs2031920) and DMF metabolite (N-methylcarbmoylated-hemoglobin [NMHb]). We successfully established Cyp2e1 KO mice with evidence from DNA sequence analysis, which showed 1-bp insertion at 65 bp (C) site of Cyp2e1 Exon 1. In addition, western blot and in vivo pharmacokinetic study also showed a complete absence of CYP2E1 protein and a 92% and 88% reduction in CYP2E1 activity among males and females, respectively. DMF metabolism as evidenced by increased blood NMHb, and hepatotoxicity as evidenced by elevated liver/body weight ratio, activity of liver enzymes and massive liver necrosis were detected in wild-type (WT) mice but were completely abrogated in KO mice, strongly supporting a CYP2E1-dependent pattern of DMF metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Moreover, variant allele of CYP2E1-rs6413432 was also significantly associated with higher NMHb levels in DMF-exposed workers (P = 0.045). The increase of glucose-regulated protein 94 detected in WT mice but not in KO mice suggested CYP2E1-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress may be a key mechanism underlying DMF-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Min Zheng
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Mingyue Guan
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Man Zhang
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunmin Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Laboratory, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Songwen Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- The Toxicology Laboratory of National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shuguang Leng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266021, China.
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12
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Li MJ, Zeng T. The deleterious effects of N,N-dimethylformamide on liver: A mini-review. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 298:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Use of multiple inter-reboilers to achieve energy savings and improve thermodynamic efficiency of the distillation of N,N-dimethylformamide wastewater. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Kim KW, Chung YH. Hepatotoxicity in rats treated with dimethylformamide or toluene or both. Toxicol Res 2014; 29:187-93. [PMID: 24386519 PMCID: PMC3877998 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.3.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of toluene in dimethylformamide (DMF)-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated with respect to the induction of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) and the activities of related enzymes. The rats were treated intraperitoneally with the organic solvents in olive oil (Single treatment groups: 450 [D1], 900 [D2], 1,800 [D3] mg DMF, and 346 mg toluene [T] per kg of body weight; Combined treatment groups: D1+T, D2+T, and D3+T) once a day for three days, while the control group received just the olive oil. Each group consisted of 4 rats. The activities of the xenobiotic metabolic enzymes and the hepatic morphology were assessed. The immunoblots indicated that the expression of CYP2E1 was considerably enhanced depending on the dosage of DMF and the CYP2E1 blot densities were significantly increased after treatment with both DMF and toluene, compared to treatment with DMF alone. The activities of glutathione- S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were either decreased or remained unaltered after treatment with DMF and toluene, whereas the lipid peroxide levels were increased with increasing dosage of DMF and toluene. The liver tissue in the D3 group (1,800 mg/kg of DMF) showed signs of microvacuolation in the central vein region and a large necrotic zone around the central vein, in rats treated with both DMF (1,800 mg/kg) and toluene (D3T). These results suggest that the expression of CYP2E1 is induced by DMF and enhanced by toluene. These changes may have facilitated the accelerated formation of Nmethylformamide (NMF) from toluene, and the generated NMF may directly induce liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Incheon Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Chung
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon Korea
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15
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Wu QB, Wang Y, Liang L, Jiang Q, Guo ML, Zhang JJ. Novel triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Celosia argentea L. Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:1353-60. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.740034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bin Wu
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Lin Liang
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Qian Jiang
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Mei Li Guo
- a Department of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Jie Zhang
- b Obstetrics and Gynecology Department , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433 , P.R. China
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16
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Kennedy GL. Toxicology of dimethyl and monomethyl derivatives of acetamide and formamide: a second update. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:793-826. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.725028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Zhang J, Yuan Z, Zheng M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Yang S. Effects of N,N-dimethylformamide on behaviour and regeneration of planarian Dugesia japonica. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:753-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712443148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the toxicity, behavioural and regeneration effects of dimethylformamide (DMF) on planarian Dugesia japonica were investigated. One control and six different concentrations of DMF (10 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm and 10,000 ppm) were used in triplicate. The results showed that the mortality was directly proportional to the DMF concentration and planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV) was significantly reduced by increasing the exposure time and DMF concentration. pLMV of D. japonica was significantly reduced at a lower concentration of 10 ppm after 7 days of continuous exposure to DMF. The recovery of the motility of planarians pretreated with DMF was found to be time- and dose dependent, all planarians had complete recovery in their motility after 48 h. The appearance of auricles in regenerating animals was easily affected by DMF exposure in comparison with the appearance of eyespot. The present results suggest that the intact adult mobility in the aquatic planarian D. japonica is a more sensitive biomarker than mortality, and the appearance of auricles in regenerating animals is a more sensitive biomarker than eyespot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Yuqian Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Youjun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Shudong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
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18
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Rui D, Daojun C, Yongjian Y. Liver and heart toxicity due to 90-day oral exposure of ICR mice to N,N-dimethylformamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:357-363. [PMID: 21787705 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a colorless liquid with a faint amine odor, which is widely used in the world. DMF exposure may induce adverse effects on liver, but few studies showed damage to heart after exposure to DMF. In the present study, DMF was administered to ICR mice with the doses of 0.32, 0.63 and 1.26 g/kg of body weight by gavage for 90 days. The increase in the relative liver weight is accompanied with the presence of the centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy as well as increased serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). An increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level was shown in liver homogenate, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities decreased. Heart damage was also shown in mice exposed to DMF for 90 days, although pathological examination showed only slight inflammatory cell infiltration. Increased levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isoenzymes of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were shown. Increased level of MDA was also shown in heart homogenate, in contrast with the decreased activity of SOD. These data suggested that the administration of DMF could induce liver and heart injuries and oxidative stress was involved in the toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Rui
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China.
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19
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Wang Y, Lou Z, Wu QB, Guo ML. A novel hepatoprotective saponin from Celosia cristata L. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:1246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Kim TH, Kim YW, Shin SM, Kim CW, Yu IJ, Kim SG. Synergistic hepatotoxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide with carbon tetrachloride in association with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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21
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Ohbayashi H, Yamazaki K, Aiso S, Nagano K, Fukushima S, Ohta H. Enhanced proliferative response of hepatocytes to combined inhalation and oral exposures to N,N-dimethylformamide in male rats. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 33:327-38. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Ohbayashi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Kazunori Yamazaki
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Shigetoshi Aiso
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Kasuke Nagano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
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22
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Shieh DB, Chen CC, Shih TS, Tai HM, Wei YH, Chang HY. Mitochondrial DNA alterations in blood of the humans exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 165:211-9. [PMID: 17254560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) has been widely used in industries because of its extensive miscibility with water and solvents. Its health effects include hepatotoxicity and male reproductoxicity, possibly linked with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations including mtDNA common deletion (DeltamtDNA(4977)) and mtDNA copy number. The relationship between DMF exposure and mtDNA alterations, however, has not been postulated yet. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether the DMF exposure is associated with DeltamtDNA(4977) and mtDNA copy number and to evaluate the DMF-derived mtDNA alterations are more associated with exposure to the airborne DMF concentrations or to the levels of two urinary DMF biomarkers of N-methylformamide (NMF) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoryl) cysteine(AMCC). Thirteen DMF-exposed workers and 13 age and seniority-matched control workers in a synthetic leather factory were monitored on their airborne DMF, NMF and AMCC in the urine as well as DeltamtDNA(4977) and mtDNA copy number in blood cells. We found that the frequencies of relative DeltamtDNA(4977) in DMF-exposed group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Moreover, elevation in the proportion of DeltamtDNA(4977) of individuals with high urine AMCC (U-AMCC) and airborne DMF levels were significantly higher than those without. We conclude that long-term exposure to DMF is highly associated with the alterations of mtDNA in urine and blood cells. The DeltamtDNA(4977) was more significantly related to repeated exposure to DMF and mtDNA copy number was more closely related to short-term DMF exposure. We also confirmed that U-AMCC is more appropriate to serve as a toxicity biomarker for DMF exposure than U-NMF. Further study with a larger number of subjects is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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23
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Miyauchi H, Tanaka S, Nomiyama T, Seki Y, Imamiya S, Omae K. N, N
‐Dimethylformamide (DMF) Vapor Absorption through the Skin in Workers. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.43.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tetsuo Nomiyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthSchool of Medicine, Keio University
| | - Yukio Seki
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University
| | | | - Kazuyuki Omae
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthSchool of Medicine, Keio University
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24
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Kakuni M, Senoh H, Morimura K, Wanibuchi H, Takaba K, Nagano K, Fukushima S. Absence of β -catenin Mutations in Mouse Hepatoblastomas Induced by N, N-dimethylformamide. J Toxicol Pathol 2004. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.17.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kakuni
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
| | - Hideki Senoh
- Department of Pathology, Japan Bioassay Research Center
| | | | | | - Katsumi Takaba
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
| | - Kasuke Nagano
- Department of Pathology, Japan Bioassay Research Center
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
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25
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Senoh H, Katagiri T, Arito H, Nishizawa T, Nagano K, Yamamoto S, Matsushima T. Toxicity due to 2‐ and 13‐wk Inhalation Exposures of Rats and Mice to
N
,
N
‐Dimethylformamide. J Occup Health 2003; 45:365-75. [PMID: 14676416 DOI: 10.1539/joh.45.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better characterize the toxicity of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and to provide its basic toxicity data for risk assessment of workers exposed to DMF, F344 rats and BDF1 mice of both sexes were exposed by inhalation (6 h/d x 5 d/wk) to 100, 200, 400, 800 or 1,600 ppm DMF for 2 wk, and 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 ppm DMF for 13 wk. Three male and 7 female rats died during the 2-wk exposure to 1,600 ppm DMF, but no death of the exposed rats or mice occurred under any other exposure conditions. Massive, focal and single cell necroses were observed in the liver of DMF-exposed rats and mice. The massive necrosis associated with the centrilobular fibrosis occurred at the highest exposure concentration. The single cell necrosis was associated with fragmentation of the nucleoli as well as an increased mitotic figure. The 13-wk exposures of rats and mice to DMF were characterized by increases in the relative liver weight and the incidence of the centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy as well as increased serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH, total cholesterol and phospholipid. Lower confidence limits of the benchmark dose yielding the response with a 10% extra risk (BMDL10) were determined for the relative liver weight and the incidence of hepatocellular hypertrophy of the 13-wk exposed animals. The BMDL10 resulted in 1 ppm for the increased relative liver weight of male rats and mice and 17 ppm for the hepatocellular hypertrophy of male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Senoh
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
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26
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Amato G, Grasso E, Longo V, Gervasi PG. Oxidation of N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-diethylformamide by human liver microsomes and human recombinant P450s. Toxicol Lett 2001; 124:11-9. [PMID: 11684354 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-N, dimethyl- (DMF) and N-N, diethyl-formamide (DEF) are two hepatotoxic solvents, whose metabolism has not been investigated in humans. To identify the P450 isoforms involved in the microsomal oxidation of these solvents we used (a) 12 human liver samples; (b) human recombinant P450 isoforms (1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C10, 2E1, 3A4); (c) chemical and immunological inhibitions. When correlation analyses were performed using enzymatic markers in human liver microsomes, the p-nitrophenol hydroxylation rate significantly correlated (r=0.87) with the dealkylation rate of DMF but not with that of DEF. Among the tested recombinant P450s only 2E1 oxidised DMF, while DEF was oxidised by 2E1, 2C10 and 3A4. 4-Methylpyrazole and anti human 2E1 IgG strongly inhibited the DMF demethylation but only partially the DEF deethylation. These findings indicate that, in the DMF metabolism, the role of 2E1 is crucial and its expression may be an important factor in determining the susceptibility of human to this solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Amato
- Laboratory of Genetic and Biochemical Toxicology, Istituto di Mutagenesi e Differenziamento-C.N.R., via Moruzzi- Area della Ricerca, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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27
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Tolando R, Zanovello A, Ferrara R, Iley JN, Manno M. Inactivation of rat liver cytochrome P450 (P450) by N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide. Toxicol Lett 2001; 124:101-11. [PMID: 11684362 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), an organic solvent widely used in industry, is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (P450) to reactive metabolites which are believed to be responsible for the hepatotoxicity observed in animals and humans. A decrease of the activating enzyme has been reported in rats treated with DMF, although the specific P450 isoform(s) involved and the nature of the reactive species responsible for this and the other toxic effects are still being investigated. In the present work, the effect of DMF and of the structurally related N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) on the activating enzyme and the nature of the reactive species involved in the mechanism of P450 inactivation by the two chemicals were investigated in vitro. Incubation of liver microsomes from pyridine-induced rats with either substrate resulted in a dose-dependent (0-20 mM) loss of P450 (up to 28 and 24% for DMF and DMAc, respectively), microsomal haem (up to 24 and 20% for DMF and DMAc, respectively), but not protoporphyrin IX content. Moreover, bubbling of CO through the incubation mixture gave almost complete protection against substrate-dependent P450 inactivation, and the spin trapping agent N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, but neither glutathione nor vitamin C, provided a significant protection against DMF- or DMAc-dependent haem loss. Finally, electron spin resonance analysis of microsomal incubations in presence of DMF or DMAc showed spectral evidence for a carbon centered radical intermediate. The results indicate, overall, that both compounds are metabolized in vitro by P450, probably CYP2E1, to free radical metabolites which attack the haem prosthetic group, leading to suicidal enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tolando
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Padua, Via Facciolati, 71, Padua 35128, Italy
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28
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Kennedy GL. Biological effects of acetamide, formamide, and their mono and dimethyl derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Toxicol 2001; 31:139-222. [PMID: 11303553 DOI: 10.1080/200140911116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Kennedy
- Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, DuPont Company, Newark, Delaware, USA
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29
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Twiner MJ, Hirst M, Valenciano A, Zacharewski TR, Dixon SJ. N,N-Dimethylformamide modulates acid extrusion from murine hepatoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 153:143-51. [PMID: 9878585 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) affects cellular differentiation, causes hepatotoxicity and gastric irritation, and may be carcinogenic. Since these processes involve changes in cellular pH homeostasis, we investigated the effects of DMF on H+ extrusion and cytosolic pH (pHi) of mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa 1C1C7). Extracellular pH was monitored using a silicon-based sensor system (Cytosensor microphysiometer) and pHi was monitored by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Superfusion of cells with DMF (0.25 to 0.5 M) suppressed the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) below baseline. Following washout of DMF there was a rapid, concentration-dependent, prolonged overshoot of ECAR above baseline rates. Removal of extracellular Na+ or superfusion with amiloride abolished the overshoot in acidification rate, indicating involvement of Na+/H+ exchange. The overshoot was dependent on extracellular glucose, suggesting that it arises from an increase in metabolic acid production. Fluorescence measurements showed that DMF did not change pHi. Furthermore, DMF did not alter the rate of pHi recovery of cells acid loaded using nigericin, indicating that DMF does not directly alter Na+/H+ exchange activity in these cells. In summary, these data suggest that suppression of acidification rate by DMF is likely due to decreased metabolic acid production. Washout of DMF is then accompanied by increased glucose metabolism and H+ efflux via Na+/H+ exchange. It is possible that alterations in H+ production and transport contribute to the hepatotoxicity of DMF and its effects on cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Twiner
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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