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Anwer SS, Hassanin HM. The possible protective role of selenium on the visual cortex of adult albino rat on exposure to potassium dichromate. Ultrastruct Pathol 2023; 47:495-508. [PMID: 37936280 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2023.2259455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The visual cortex is very important in mammals for processing of visual information. Exposure to heavy metals such as potassium dichromate poses serious health threat to human beings. The aim of this work is to study the effect of potassium dichromate on the visual cortex of adult albino rat and also to identify the possibility of selenium as protective agent against toxicity of potassium dichromate. A total number of 40 adult albino rats weighting (200-250) gm were used. They divided into four groups: control group, potassium dichromate received group, potassium dichromate and selenium received group and selenium received group. The rats received treatment for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, they were sacrificed. The present study showed that potassium dichromate causes degeneration of granular neurons in layer IV and pyramidal neurons in layer V. Morphometric results revealed statistically significant decrease in the number of granule and pyramidal cells in potassium dichromate received group as compared with control group. Most of degenerative changes are improved by selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S Anwer
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hala Mohamed Hassanin
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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2
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Blanckaert ACA, Omanović D, Fine M, Grover R, Ferrier-Pagès C. Desert dust deposition supplies essential bioelements to Red Sea corals. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2341-2359. [PMID: 34981609 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-related increase in seawater temperature has become a leading cause of coral bleaching and mortality. However, corals from the northern Red Sea show high thermal tolerance and no recorded massive bleaching event. This specific region is frequently subjected to intense dust storms, coming from the surrounding arid deserts, which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in the future. The aerial dust deposition supplies essential bioelements to the water column. Here, we investigated the effect of dust deposition on the physiology of a Red Sea coral, Stylophora pistillata. We measured the modifications in coral and Symbiodiniaceae metallome (cellular metal content), as well as the changes in photosynthesis and oxidative stress status of colonies exposed during few weeks to dust deposition. Our results show that 1 mg L-1 of dust supplied nanomolar amounts of nitrate and other essential bioelements, such as iron, manganese, zinc and copper, rapidly assimilated by the symbionts. At 25°C, metal bioaccumulation enhanced the chlorophyll concentration and photosynthesis of dust-exposed corals compared to control corals. These results suggest that primary production was limited by metal availability in seawater. A 5°C increase in seawater temperature enhanced iron assimilation in both control and dust-enriched corals. Temperature rise increased the photosynthesis of control corals only, dust-exposed ones having already reached maximal photosynthesis rates at 25°C. Finally, we observed a combined effect of temperature and bioelement concentration on the assimilation of molybdenum, cadmium, manganese and copper, which were in higher concentrations in symbionts of dust-exposed corals maintained at 30°C. All together these observations highlight the importance of dust deposition in the supply of essential bioelements, such as iron, to corals and its role in sustaining coral productivity in Red Sea reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C A Blanckaert
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Coral Ecophysiology Team, Monaco, Monaco
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maoz Fine
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Science in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Renaud Grover
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Coral Ecophysiology Team, Monaco, Monaco
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Hfaiedh M, Brahmi D, Zourgui MN, Zourgui L. Phytochemical analysis and nephroprotective effect of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) cladodes on sodium dichromate-induced kidney injury in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:239-247. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium, is widely recognized as potentially nephrotoxic in humans and animals. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) against sodium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. Cactus cladodes extract (CCE) was phytochemically studied and tested in vitro for its potential antioxidant activities. Additionally, the preventive effect of CCE against sodium dichromate-induced renal dysfunction in a Wistar rat model (24 rats) was evaluated. For this purpose, CCE at a dose of 100 mg/kg was orally administered, followed by 10 mg/kg sodium dichromate (intraperitoneal injection). After 40 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and the kidneys were excised for histological, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme analyses. The phenol, flavonoid, tannin, ascorbic acid, and carotenoid contents of CCE were considered to be important. Our analyses showed that 1 mL of CCE was equivalent to 982.5 ± 1.79 μg of gallic acid, 294.37 ± 0.84 μg of rutin, 234.78 ± 0.24 μg of catechin, 204.34 ± 1.53 μg of ascorbic acid, and 3.14 ± 0.51 μg of β-carotene. In vivo, pretreatment with CCE was found to provide significant protection against sodium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, preserving normal antioxidant activities, and protecting renal tissues from lesions and DNA damage. The nephroprotective potential of CCE against sodium dichromate toxicity might be due to its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbarka Hfaiedh
- Research Unit of Valorization of Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Dalel Brahmi
- Research Unit of Valorization of Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Substances, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Nizar Zourgui
- Research Unit of Valorization of Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Zourgui
- Research Unit of Valorization of Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
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Navya K, Kumar G, Anilakumar K. Ameliorating effect of Curculigo orchoides on chromium(VI) induced oxidative stress via, modulation of cytokines, transcription factors and apoptotic genes. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sharif A, Ashraf M, Javeed A, Anjum AA, Akhtar MF, Akhtar B, Saleem A. Oxidative stress responses in Wistar rats on subacute exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24158-24165. [PMID: 27646443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution has been a major concern for agrarian societies like Pakistan. Pharmaceutical industries are amongst the foremost contributor to industrial waste. Present study addresses the generation of oxidative stress caused by 2 months exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater in rats and their response to oral treatment with vitamin E, a potent antioxidant. The rats were randomized into five groups (n = 5) named as negative control, pharmaceutical wastewater (PEW) 100 %, PEW 10 %, PEW 1 %, and PEW 100 % + vitamin E. Oxidative damage in rats was evaluated by estimation of the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the liver, kidney, and blood/plasma. Exposure to pharmaceutical wastewater significantly decreased the activities of T-SOD and CAT and concentration of H2O2 in the liver and kidney and blood/plasma. Exposure to 100 % pharmaceutical wastewater exhibited a maximum decline in T-SOD activity, and activity was reduced to only 63.57 U/mL, 32.65, and 43.57 U/mg of protein in the plasma, kidney, and liver, respectively. Exposure to wastewater minimized activity CAT to 89.25 U/g of hemoglobin, 54.36, and 62.95 U/mg of protein in the blood, kidney, and liver, respectively. Treatment with vitamin E significantly increased the activity of T-SOD and CAT. However, increase in concentration of H2O2 was also observed in vitamin E exposed rats. Histopathology of the kidney revealed coagulative necrosis of renal epithelial cells and peritubular congestion. Endocardium showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and cellular breakdown in some areas. Lung sections exhibited atelectasis and emphysema of alveoli suggesting decline in lung function. The anatomy of the liver was also compromised due to severe degeneration and cellular swelling. The present study concluded that pharmaceutical wastewater induced severe oxidative stress in Wistar rats and ensued in histopathological lesions in several vital organs suggesting its high toxicity. Non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin E may ameliorate oxidative stress induced by pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sharif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Akhtar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Mohamed HM, Abd El-Twab SM. Gallic acid attenuates chromium-induced thyroid dysfunction by modulating antioxidant status and inflammatory cytokines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 48:225-236. [PMID: 27835810 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium-mediated oxidative stress causes severe organ damage. The present study was designed to investigate the possible thyroprotective effect and underlying mechanisms of gallic acid using rat model of potassium dichromate-induced thyroid dysfunction. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups: control, gallic acid (20mg GA/kg b. wt), potassium dichromate (2mg PD/kg b. wt) and the fourth group was co-treated with PD and GA. PD-injection resulted in decreased serum free triiodothyonine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) with concomitant significant increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and their respective mRNA expression and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were significantly decreased. Thyroid nitrosative stress marker (NO level and iNOS mRNA and protein expression) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (serum TNF-α, IL-6 and thyroid TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 gene and protein expression levels) were disturbed. Histopathological changes revealed distended, collapsed and degenerated follicles with vacuolated cytoplasm. GA co-treatment attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines, the thyroid expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2, decreased the elevated lipid peroxidation biomarkers and NO level and up- regulated SOD and GST mRNA expression levels. In conclusion, GA has shown strong modulatory potential against PD-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa M Mohamed
- Genetic & Cell Biology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa M Abd El-Twab
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Elwej A, Ghorbel I, Marrekchi R, Boudawara O, Jamoussi K, Boudawara T, Zeghal N, Sefi M. Improvement of kidney redox states contributes to the beneficial effects of dietary pomegranate peel against barium chloride-induced nephrotoxicity in adult rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016; 122:130-40. [PMID: 26835741 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1150298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pomegranate (Punica granatum L., Punicaceae) is known to possess enormous antioxidant activity. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the protective effects of pomegranate peel against barium-mediated renal damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were exposed during 21 days either to barium (67 ppm), barium + pomegranate peel (5% of diet) or to only pomegranate peel (5% of diet). RESULTS Exposure rats to barium provoked a significant increase in kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Creatinine, urea and uric acid levels in plasma and urine were also modified. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, non protein thiol (NPSH) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased. Metallothionein (MT) production was increased and their genes expressions were up-regulated. All these changes were improved by dietary pomegranate peel. Moreover, the distorted histoarchitecture in kidney of barium group was alleviated by pomegranate peel. CONCLUSION Our data showed, for the first time, the protective effects of pomegranate peel against barium-induced renal oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatef Elwej
- a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghorbel
- a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Rim Marrekchi
- b Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia , and
| | - Ons Boudawara
- c Anatomopathology Laboratory, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- b Biochemistry Laboratory, CHU Hedi Chaker, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia , and
| | - Tahia Boudawara
- c Anatomopathology Laboratory, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Najiba Zeghal
- a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Mediha Sefi
- a Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
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Hfaiedh M, Brahmi D, Zourgui L. Hepatoprotective effect of Taraxacum officinale leaf extract on sodium dichromate-induced liver injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:339-349. [PMID: 25270677 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber, commonly known as Dandelion, has been widely used as a folkloric medicine for the treatment of liver and kidney disorders and some women diseases such as breast and uterus cancers. The main objective of the present study was to assess the efficiency of T. officinale leaf extract (TOE) in treating sodium dichromate hazards; it is a major environmental pollutant known for its wide toxic manifestations witch induced liver injury. TOE at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w was orally administered once per day for 30 days consecutively, followed by 10 mg/kg b.w sodium dichromate was injected (intraperitoneal) for 10 days. Our results using Wistar rats showed that sodium dichromate significantly increased serum biochemical parameters. In the liver, it was found to induce an oxidative stress, evidenced from increase in lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidative activities. In addition, histopathological observation revealed that sodium dichromate causes acute liver damage, necrosis of hepatocytes, as well as DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, animals that were pretreated with TOE, prior to sodium dichromate administration, showed a significant hepatoprotection, revealed by a significant reduction of sodium dichromate-induced oxidative damage for all tested markers. These finding powerfully supports that TOE was effective in the protection against sodium dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity and, therefore, suggest a potential therapeutic use of this plant as an alternative medicine for patients with acute liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbarka Hfaiedh
- Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, 2112, University of Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Dalel Brahmi
- Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, 2112, University of Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Zourgui
- Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, 2112, University of Gafsa, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology ISBAM Medenine, University of Gabes, Tunisia
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Dezfouli MGZ, Eissazadeh S, Zade SMAS. Histological and histometrical study of the protective role of α-tocopherol against sodium arsenite toxicity in rat ovaries. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1167-1179. [PMID: 24735566 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examines histometrical changes induced by sodium arsenite (SA), as an environmental pollutant, and investigates the protective effect of α-tocopherol on ovaries of SA-treated rats during the prenatal stage until sexual maturity. Rats were classified into groups: control, SA (8 ppm/day), α-tocopherol (100 ppm/day), and SA+α-tocopherol. Treatment was performed from pregnancy until maturation when the rats and ovaries were weighed. The Cavalieri method was used to estimate volume of the ovaries, cortex, medulla, and corpus luteum. The mean diameter of oocytes, granulosa cells, and nuclei were measured and volume was estimated using the Nucleator method. The number of oocytes and thickness of the zona pellucida (ZP) were determined using an optical dissector and orthogonal intercept method, respectively. SA reduced the body and ovary weight, the number of secondary, antral and Graafian oocytes, volume of the ovaries, cortex, medulla and corpus luteum, mean diameter and volume of oocytes in primordial and primary follicles, mean diameter and volume of oocyte nuclei in all types of follicles, and mean thickness of the ZP in secondary and antral follicles. Also, the mean diameter and volume of granulosa cells and their nuclei in antral and Graafian follicles decreased significantly. Vacuolization and vascular congestion in the corpus luteum and an increase in the number of atretic oocytes were seen in the SA group. Most of these parameters were unchanged from the control level in the SA+α-tocopherol group. It was concluded that α-tocopherol supplementation reduced the toxic effects of SA exposure on ovarian tissue in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghandi Zadeh Dezfouli
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science,Arak University,Shahid Beheshti Street,Arak,Markazi Province,3945-5-38138Iran
| | - Samira Eissazadeh
- 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science,Serding,Selangor,Darul Ehsan,43400Malaysia
| | - Sayed Mohammad Ali Shariat Zade
- 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science,Arak University,Shahid Beheshti Street,Arak,Markazi Province,3945-5-38138Iran
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Antioxidant Activity of Coated Probiotic Lactobacillus casei on Chromium(VI) Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Soudani N, Bouaziz H, Sefi M, Chtourou Y, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Toxic effects of chromium (VI) by maternal ingestion on liver function of female rats and their suckling pups. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:11-20. [PMID: 21374791 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) is an environmental contaminant widely recognized as a carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen toward humans and animals. This study investigated the effects of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) on the hepatic function of pregnant and lactating rats and their suckling pups. Experiments were carried out on female Wistar rats given 700 ppm of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) in their drinking water from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. Hepatotoxicity was objectified by the significant increase in liver malondialdehyde content and a significant accumulation of chromium in this soft tissue. Moreover, exposure to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) induced a decrease of glutathione, nonprotein thiols, and vitamin C in the liver of mothers and their suckling pups. Alteration of the antioxidant system in the treated group was confirmed by the significant decline of antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, while liver superoxide dismutase activity increased in mothers and decreased in their offspring. It was found that K(2)Cr(2)O(7) induced liver damages as evidenced by the elevation of plasma aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase activities, and bilirubin levels. Impairment of the hepatic function corresponded histologically. Our investigation revealed hemorrhage, leukocytes infiltration cells, and necrosis, which were more pronounced in the hepatocytes of mothers than in those of their suckling pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Soudani
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, UR/08-73, BP1171 3000 Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Hamad I, Arda N, Pekmez M, Karaer S, Temizkan G. Intracellular scavenging activity of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid) in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 1:16-21. [PMID: 22096330 PMCID: PMC3217288 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.71667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, to prevent oxidative damages is well characterized, but the mechanisms underlying it remain unclear. The protective effect of Trolox pre-treatment on H2O2-induced toxicity might be attributed to the decreased cellular permeability to H2O2 or in vitro scavenging activity of Trolox, induction of antioxidant enzymes or the direct scavenging activity of Trolox. The results obtained rule out the first and second possibilities and intracellular scavenging activity was found to be the mechanism whereby Trolox confers protection. This was confirmed by measuring protein oxidation (levels), and the observed decrease in proteasomal activity indicated that the decrease in protein carbonyls was due to Trolox scavenging activity rather than proteasome activation. In conclusion, the intracellular scavenging activity of Trolox is a key protective mechanism against H2O2. These findings obtained in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a good model organism for eukaryotic cells, can be used as standard protocols for investigating the antioxidant activity of pure or complex potential antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hamad
- Department of Biochemistry, Upper Nile University, P.O. Box 1660 Khartoum, Sudan
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Soudani N, Sefi M, Ben Amara I, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Protective effects of Selenium (Se) on Chromium (VI) induced nephrotoxicity in adult rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:671-678. [PMID: 19913299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is a toxic metal implicated in human diseases. This study was focused on investigating the possible protective effect of Se against K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Female Wistar rats, used in this study, were divided into four groups of six animals each: group I served as control which received standard diet; group II received orally only K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (700 ppm equivalent to 67 mg/kgbw); group III received both K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Se (0.5 mg/kg of diet); group IV received Se (0.5mg Na(2)SeO(3)/kg of diet). The exposure of rats to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) for 21 days provoked renal damages with a significant increase in kidney malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, plasma creatinine, and uric acid levels, while catalase, glutathione peroxidase, non-protein thiol, Metallothionein and plasma urea levels decreased. Coadministration of Se in the diet of chromium-treated group improved malondialdehyde, renal biomarkers levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. Kidney histological studies confirmed biochemical parameters and the beneficial role of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Soudani
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Life Sciences Department, UR/08-73 Sfax Faculty of Sciences, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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Velma V, Tchounwou PB. Chromium-induced biochemical, genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus. Mutat Res 2010; 698:43-51. [PMID: 20348018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fish constitute an excellent model to understand the mechanistic aspects of metal toxicity vis-à-vis oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), due to its redox potential can induce oxidative stress (OS) in fish and impair their health. In the present investigation, we hypothesize that OS plays a key role in chromium induced toxicity in goldfish; leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O(.)(2), H(2)O(2), OH(.), and subsequent modulation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), metallothioneins (MT), glutathione proxidase (GPx), genotoxicity and histopathology. To test this hypothesis, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage and histopathology assays were performed in liver and kidney tissues of goldfish exposed to different concentrations of Cr (VI) (LC(12.5), LC(25) and LC(50)) following 96h static renewal bioassay. The results of this study clearly show that the fish experienced OS as characterized by significant modulation of enzyme activities, induction of DNA damage and microscopic morphological changes in the liver and kidney. In both tissues, CAT activity was decreased whereas SOD activity and hydroperoxide levels were increased. In addition, GPx activity also increased significantly in higher test concentrations, especially in the kidney. MT induction and DNA damage were observed in both tissues in a concentration dependent manner. Microscopic examination of organ morphology indicated degeneration of liver tissue and necrosis of central vein. Necrosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells and tubules was observed at higher Cr (VI) concentrations. Taking together the findings of this study are helpful in organ-specific risk assessment of Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramreddy Velma
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology. Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Hah DS, Kim CH, Kim E, Kim JS. Evaluation of Antioxidative Activity of Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb Leaves on Non-lipid Oxidative Damage. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:243-251. [PMID: 32038845 PMCID: PMC7006320 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative activity of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves on non-lipid oxidative damage. The antioxidative activity of methanolic (MeOH) extract of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves on non-lipid oxidation, including liposome oxidation, deoxyribose oxidation, protein oxidation, chelating activity against metal ions, scavenging activity against hydrogen peroxide, scavenging activity against hydroxyl radical and 2'-deoxyguanosine (2'-dG) oxidation were investigated. The MeOH extract of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves exhibited high antioxidative activity in the liposome model system. Deoxyribose peroxidation was inhibited by the MeOH extract of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves and MeOH extract of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves provided remarkable protection against damage to deoxyribose. Protective effect of MeOH extracts of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves on protein damage was observed at 600 µg level (82.05%). The MeOH extracts of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves at 300 µg revealed metal binding ability (32.64%) for hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (2'-dG) to 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-2'dG) was inhibited by MeOH extracts of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves and scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical exhibited a remarkable effect. From the results in the present study on biological model systems, we concluded that MeOH extract of the Agrimonia pilosa-Ledeb leaves was effective in the protection of non-lipids against various oxidative model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sik Hah
- Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute Middle-branch, Changwon, 541-703 Korea
| | - Chung-Hui Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Jinju National University, Jinju, 660-758 Korea
| | - Euikyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Animal Science), Jinju, 660-701 Korea
| | - Jong-Shu Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Animal Science), Jinju, 660-701 Korea
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16
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Shin R, Suzuki M, Mizutani T, Susa N. Improvement of Experimentally Induced Hepatic and Renal Disorders in Rats using Lactic Acid Bacteria-fermented Soybean Extract (BiofermenticsTM). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 6:357-63. [PMID: 18955265 PMCID: PMC2722200 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of lactic acid bacteria-fermented soybean extract (Biofermentics; BF) on experimental models of hepatic and renal disorders were investigated in vivo and in vitro. In rat, hepatitis induced by feeding of deoxycholic acid (DCA, 0.5 wt/wt, n = 6) or intraperitoneal injection of d-galactosamine (GMN, 500 mg/body wt, n = 6), the increase in serum AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels were inhibited significantly (P < 0.05) by feeding a diet containing 5% dried BF. Moreover, the BF-administered rat group showed lower concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and a larger amount of urine as compared with values in the control group. Pretreatment of primary cell cultures of rat hepatic and renal cells with BF prior to exposure to dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) resulted in a marked decrease of dichromate-induced cytotoxicity as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase The levels of dichromate-induced lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation, were also reduced by pretreatment of hepatocytes with BF. These results suggest that BF may play a role in hepatic and renal disorders, and may be useful for maintaining health in humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Shin
- Central Institute for Health Science, A.L.A. Corporation 40-14 Kitamachi, Seya-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, 246-0002 Japan.
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17
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Farag AM, May T, Marty GD, Easton M, Harper DD, Little EE, Cleveland L. The effect of chronic chromium exposure on the health of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 76:246-57. [PMID: 16330107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine fish health impairment of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to chromium. Juvenile Chinook salmon were exposed to aqueous chromium concentrations (0-266 microgl(-1)) that have been documented in porewater from bottom sediments and in well waters near salmon spawning areas in the Columbia River in the northwestern United States. After Chinook salmon parr were exposed to 24 and 54 microg Crl(-1) for 105 days, neither growth nor survival of parr was affected. On day 105, concentrations were increased from 24 to 120 microg Crl(-1) and from 54 to 266 microg Crl(-1) until the end of the experiment on day 134. Weight of parr was decreased in the 24/120 microg Crl(-1) treatment, and survival was decreased in the 54/266 microg Crl(-1) treatment. Fish health was significantly impaired in both the 24/120 and 54/266 microg Crl(-1) treatments. The kidney is the target organ during chromium exposures through the water column. The kidneys of fish exposed to the greatest concentrations of chromium had gross and microscopic lesions (e.g. necrosis of cells lining kidney tububules) and products of lipid peroxidation were elevated. These changes were associated with elevated concentrations of chromium in the kidney, and reduced growth and survival. Also, variations in DNA in the blood were associated with pathological changes in the kidney and spleen. These changes suggest that chromium accumulates and enters the lipid peroxidation pathway where fatty acid damage and DNA damage (expressed as chromosome changes) occur to cause cell death and tissue damage. While most of the physiological malfunctions occurred following parr exposures to concentrations > or =120 microg Crl(-1), nuclear DNA damage followed exposures to 24 microg Crl(-1), which was the smallest concentration tested. The abnormalities measured during this study are particularly important because they are associated with impaired growth and reduced survival at concentrations > or =120 microg Crl(-1). Therefore, these changes can be used to investigate the health of resident fish in natural waters with high chromium concentrations as well as provide insight into the mechanisms of chromium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïda M Farag
- United States Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Jackson Field Research Station, WY 83001, USA.
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18
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Chundawat RS, Sood PP. Vitamins deficiency in developing chick during chromium intoxication and protection thereof. Toxicology 2005; 211:124-31. [PMID: 15863255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of various vitamins in postnatally developing chick during chromium intoxication and their recovery during vitamins (B and E) and glutathione therapies has been investigated. Study was concentrated on liver, kidney, muscles and serum. Newly hatched chicks were reared in laboratory. They were treated with a daily dose of 10mg/kg/day potassium dichromate from 2nd to 8th day of their age. Thereafter, one group was sacrificed on 9th day. Second group was kept without intoxication for another 7 days and sacrificed on 16th day. Three groups of chromium pretoxicated animals were exposed to therapeutic agents like vitamins (B and E) and glutathione for another 7 days. These animals were sacrificed on 16th day of their age along with control. Study showed chromium intoxication decreases vitamins (B(1), B(2), B(6) and E) in all the tissues and serum. The maximum decrease was recorded in serum. The 7 days pretoxicated animals kept without any treatment for 7 days revealed a slow increase of vitamins with few exceptions. Nevertheless, the recovery of vitamins was quick and significant during vitamins and glutathione therapy and in some cases control level was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh Chundawat
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360 005, India
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19
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Krumschnabel G, Nawaz M. Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 70:159-67. [PMID: 15522432 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxic effects of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a widely recognised carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, were investigated in isolated hepatocytes of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Exposure to 250 microM Cr(VI) induced a significant decrease of cell viability from 94% in controls to 88% and 84% after 30 min and 4 h of exposure, respectively. Cr-toxicity was associated with a concentration-dependent stimulation of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As one potential source of ROS formation we identified the lysosomal Fe(2+) pool, since the ferric ion chelator deferoxamin inhibited ROS formation by approximately 15%. Lysosomal membranes remained nevertheless intact during Cr-exposure, as determined from neutral red retention in this compartment. Another significant source of ROS appear to be the mitochondria, where a presumably uncoupled increase of respiration by 20-30% was triggered by the metal. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by cyanide caused an approximately 40% decrease of Cr-induced ROS-formation, whereas the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine was without effect. Cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was not disturbed by Cr(VI) and thus played no role in this scenario. Overall, our data show that Cr(VI) is acutely toxic to goldfish hepatocytes, and its toxicity is associated with the induction of radical stress, presumably involving lysosomes and mitochondria as important sources of ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Krumschnabel
- Institut für Zoologie und Limnologie, Abteilung für Okophysiologie, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Fernandes MA, Geraldes CF, Oliveira CR, Alpoim MC. Chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation: influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide. Toxicol Lett 2000; 114:237-43. [PMID: 10713489 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(00)00167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to attenuate or to prevent chromate-induced human erythrocytes injury, the influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide on chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation were investigated. It was observed that pretreatment of human erythrocytes with vitamin E (20 microM), vitamin C (1 mM), salicylate (3 mM), and deferoxamine (4 mM) significantly increased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation in a time dependent manner, while it was significantly decreased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM). In contrast, pretreatment of human erythrocytes with deferoxamine (4 mM) immediately inhibited (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation, while it was significantly increased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) during the first 4 h of cells exposition to chromate. For time periods superior to 6 h pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) significantly decreased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation. It was concluded that care must be taken as these drugs are used to prevent against toxicity induced by chromium(VI) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernandes
- Departamento de Zoologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Mobio TA, Anane R, Baudrimont I, Carratú MR, Shier TW, Dano SD, Ueno Y, Creppy EE. Epigenetic properties of fumonisin B(1): cell cycle arrest and DNA base modification in C6 glioma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 164:91-6. [PMID: 10739748 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2000.8893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B(1) produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme is a member of a new class of sphinganine analogue mycotoxins that occur widely in the food chain. Epidemiological studies associate FB(1) with human oesophageal cancer in China and South Africa. FB(1) also causes acute pulmonary edema in pigs and equine leucoencephalomalacia. This disease is thought to be a consequence of inhibition by FB(1) of cellular ceramide synthesis in cells. To investigate further on this pathogenesis, the effect of FB(1) was studied on cell viability (3 to 54 microM of FB(1)), protein (2.5 to 20 microM of FB(1)) and DNA syntheses (2.5 to 50 microM of FB(1)), and cellular cycle (3 to 18 microM of FB(1)) of rat C6 glioma cells after 24 h incubation. The results of the viability test show that FB(1) induces 10 +/- 2% and 47 +/- 4% cell death with, respectively, 3 and 54 microM, in C6 cells. This cytotoxicity induced by FB(1) was efficiently prevented when the cells were preincubated 24 h with vitamin E (25 microM). FB(1) displays epigenetic properties since it induced hypermethylation of the DNA (9-18 microM). Inhibition of protein synthesis was observed with FB(1) with an IC(50) of 6 microM showing that C6 glioma cells are very sensitive to FB(1); however, the synthesis of DNA was only slightly inhibited, up to 20 microM of FB1. The flow cytometry showed that the number of cells in phase S decreased significantly as compared to the control p = 0.01 from 18. 7 +/- 2.5% to 8.1 +/- 1.1% for 9 microM FB(1). The number of cells in phase G(2)/M increased significantly as compared to the control (p </= 0.05) from 45.7 +/- 0.4% to 54.8 +/- 1.1% for 9 microM FB(1), whereas no change occurs in the number of cells in the phase G(0)/G(1). These results show that cytotoxic concentrations of FB(1) induce cellular cycle arrest in phase G(2)/M in rat C6 glioma cells possibly in relation with genotoxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Mobio
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
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22
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Shumilla JA, Barchowsky A. Inhibition of protein synthesis by chromium(VI) differentially affects expression of urokinase and its receptor in human type II pneumocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 158:288-95. [PMID: 10438662 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chromium(VI) increases the incidence of cancer, respiratory distress, and pulmonary fibrosis. The latter is a pathological disorder characterized by decreased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activity and fibrinolysis. In this study, treatment of alveolar type II cells (A549) with 1 to 5 microM chromium(VI) for 4 and 12 h decreased both the specific activity and the amount of uPA protein. Chromium reduced uPA protein levels by inhibiting protein synthesis and had no effect on uPA mRNA levels or the rate of uPA protein degradation. In contrast, both mRNA and protein levels for the uPA receptor (uPAR) were increased by treatment with concentrations of chromium(VI) that did not completely inhibit protein synthesis. The chromium-induced increase in uPAR resulted from increased message stability. These data indicate that chromium has differential effects on expression of the proteins in the pulmonary fibrinolytic cascade. The net loss of uPA activity may promote fibrosis following inhalation of chromium(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shumilla
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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23
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Abstract
Humans have been in contact with metals almost since the beginning of our existence. In fact, one cannot even think on human evolution without considering the great role played by metals in mankind's development. Metals are common moieties of molecules involved in a wide variety of biological processes, and hence are found in virtually all living organisms. Some metals are essential for human nutrition; others are found as contaminants in foodstuffs. One feature of the normal human diet which is frequently found is the simultaneous presence of both essential and toxic metals. Other factors important in the risk-evaluation analysis of metals are their pharmacokinetics, interactions among them and with other major components of the diet, and, especially, the great differences in the dietary habits of different populations and in the regional distribution of metals. In attempting to understand the role which dietary metals could play in human carcinogenesis, we found that the many factors involved and the lack of specific information made it difficult to reach firm conclusions on the hazards of dietary metals. We hope that this paper will raise the interest of genetic toxicologists in the subject and will consequently facilitate a risk analysis of the carcinogenic potential of dietary metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70228, C.P. 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Sauer H, Pütz V, Fischer K, Hescheler J, Wartenberg M. Increased doxorubicin uptake and toxicity in multicellular tumour spheroids treated with DC electrical fields. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:1204-13. [PMID: 10376973 PMCID: PMC2362375 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new approach to the treatment of tumours. In the present study, multicellular prostate tumour spheroids were treated with non-lethal direct current (DC) electrical fields, and uptake and toxicity of doxorubicin were investigated. An electrical field with a field strength of 500 Vm(-1) applied for a duration of 90 s resulted in neither reversible nor irreversible membrane breakdown as revealed by fluid phase uptake studies of the membrane impermeant tracer Lucifer yellow. However, treated spheroids showed an increased uptake of doxorubicin and, consequently, an increased toxicity following electrical field exposure. The electrical field raised intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as revealed using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) as an indicator. ROS induced membrane lipid peroxidation since the lipid peroxidation end products malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE) were detected after electrical field treatment. Moreover, lipid peroxidation decreased the lipid diffusion coefficient D from 4.2 x 10(-10) cm2 s(-1) to 2.7 x 10(-10) cm2 s(-1) in the control and treated sample, respectively, as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. The field effects could be mimicked by incubating spheroids with 100 nM hydrogen peroxide and were inhibited by the radical scavengers dehydroascorbate (DHA) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), indicating that the increased uptake of doxorubicin after electrical field treatment is owing to lipid peroxidation and decreased membrane lipid mobility. Treatment of tumours with low intensity electrical fields may be useful to improve the cytotoxic capacity of anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sauer
- Department of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Germany
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25
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Fernandes MA, Mota IM, Silva MT, Oliveira CR, Geraldes CF, Alpoim MC. Human erythrocytes are protected against chromate-induced peroxidation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1999; 43:38-46. [PMID: 10330319 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies performed in this laboratory it was realized that in a broad concentration range (0.5-8 mM) dichromate does not induced red blood cell (RBC) peroxidation. To investigate the reasons behind RBC protection against chromate-induced peroxidation, the effects of 8 mM dichromate on white ghost and RBC peroxidation, RBC antioxidant system and hemoglobin status, as well as RBC osmotic fragility and morphology, were studied in more detail. It was observed that the peroxidation level induced by dichromate on RBCs is practically negligible when compared with the peroxidation induced in white ghosts. Furthermore, the osmotic fragility of RBCs exposed to dichromate is not altered, but the cells undergo echinocytic transformation, probably due to chromate-induced structural RBC membrane modifications. The activities of catalase, gluthatione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase of RBCs exposed to dichromate were similar to those observed in controls, but the gluthatione reductase and GSH levels were significantly reduced (P<0. 05). Concomitantly, GSSG and methemoglobin levels increased and NADH-methemoglobin reductase activity decreased. These results indicate that chromate does not induce RBC peroxidation, but does promote echinocytic shape transformation, oxidation of hemoglobin and GSH, and inhibition of gluthatione reductase and methemoglobin reductase. The enzymatic antioxidant defense system and hemoglobin oxidation are probably involved in the mechanism of RBC proctection against chromate-induced peroxidation, as is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernandes
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000, Portugal
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26
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Tirmenstein MA, Ge X, Elkins CR, Fariss MW. Administration of the tris salt of alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate inactivates CYP2E1, enhances microsomal alpha-tocopherol levels and protects against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:825-35. [PMID: 10232825 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of tocopherol compounds were examined for their capacity to protect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Of the tocopherol compounds tested in our study, only the tris salt of d-alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS-tris) protected against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. The administration of d-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) and the nonhydrolyzable tocopherol ether, d-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyrate tris salt (TSE-tris), failed to protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. TS-tris was the only tocopherol which significantly decreased CYP2E1 activity after 18 h. This decrease in CYP2E1 activity is likely to limit the activation of CCl4 and protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results also suggest that TS-tris protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity correlates with the enhanced capacity of TS-tris to deliver alpha-T and increase the antioxidant status of hepatocytes. TSE-tris did not increase cellular alpha-T levels, while administration of TS-tris produced large increases in alpha-T levels in liver homogenates as well as in liver nuclei, microsomes, mitochondria and plasma membranes. This enhanced ability to deliver tocopherol equivalents to parenchymal liver cells may be related in part to the ability of TS-tris to form liposomes in aqueous solutions. TS-tris administration protected against CCl4-induced microsomal lipid peroxide formation and inactivation of the microsomal enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). Supplementation of animals with alpha-T protected against microsomal lipid peroxide formation but not against the inactivation of G6Pase. Based on our findings, we propose that high cellular levels of alpha-T protect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by scavenging CCl4 radicals as well as protecting against lipid peroxidation. Our results do not support the importance of microsomal lipid peroxidation as an early event in acute CCl4-induced hepatic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tirmenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6510, USA
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27
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Vaglenov A, Carbonell E, Marcos R. Biomonitoring of workers exposed to lead. Genotoxic effects, its modulation by polyvitamin treatment and evaluation of the induced radioresistance. Mutat Res 1998; 418:79-92. [PMID: 9757002 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A population monitoring study was performed, by using the micronucleus (MN) assay in human peripheral lymphocytes, to investigate whether occupational exposure to lead is genotoxic to workers. In addition to the exposed workers group, two more groups were studied, an external group from a factory without exposure to lead and an internal control group, from the same factory as the exposed workers, but that were not directly exposed to lead. Measures of lead levels at working place and in blood were calculated, and blood samples were collected to carry out a MN study. The results from these studies indicate that the blood from workers directly exposed contained high levels of lead, compared with the other groups, and a significant increase in the frequency of both the total number of MN and the number of binucleated cells carrying MN appeared. In addition, a study on the antimutagenic effects of a polyvitamin rich diet was conducted by measuring the frequency of MN after the workers had a four month daily intake of a polyvitamin-polymineral complex. These results clearly show a significant reduction of the MN frequency evaluated after this treatment, obtaining values that were even lower than those obtained in the internal control group. Finally, a challenge assay was carried out to determine response to gamma-radiation as indication of any kind of radiosensitivity or radioresistance. The results of this experiment did not show any significant variation in the increase of the frequency of MN after challenge irradiation in the lead exposed workers; nevertheless this increase was significantly reduced in the sample obtained after the polyvitamin treatment indicating a radioresistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaglenov
- National Centre of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Boul. Kliment Ohridski 132, 1750, Sofia, Bulgaria
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28
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Susa N, Ueno S, Furukawa Y. Protective effect of diethyldithiocarbamate pretreatment on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:71-6. [PMID: 9492363 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) for 15 min prior to exposure to K2Cr2O7 resulted in a marked decrease in dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, pretreatment with DDTC attenuated the suppression of the level of vitamin E attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DDTC pretreatment had no effect on the cellular levels of glutathione or vitamin C or on the activity of the glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase or alkaline phosphatase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake or distribution of chromium was not affected by DDTC. These results indicate that the protective effect of DDTC on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation may be associated with the level of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Susa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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