1
|
de Farias Fraga G, da Silva Rodrigues F, Jantsch J, Silva Dias V, Milczarski V, Wickert F, Pereira Medeiros C, Eller S, Gatto Barschak A, Giovenardi M, Padilha Guedes R. Omega-3 Attenuates Disrupted Neurotransmission and Partially Protects Metabolic Dysfunction Caused by Obesity in Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2763-2773. [PMID: 38960951 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n3) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid well known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Obesity is linked to chronic inflammation that disrupts metabolism, the intestine physiology and the central nervous system functioning. This study aims to determine if n3 supplementation can interfere with the effects of obesity on the mitochondrial activity, intestinal barrier, and neurotransmitter levels in the brain of Wistar rats that received cafeteria diet (CAF). We examined adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, plasma, intestine, and the cerebral cortex of four groups: CT (control diet), CTn3 (control diet with n3 supplementation), CAF, and CAFn3 (CAF and n3). Diets were offered for 13 weeks, with n3 supplementation in the final 5 weeks. Adipose tissue Electron Transport Chain complexes I, II, and III showed higher activity in CAF groups, as did complexes III and IV in skeletal muscle. Acetate levels in plasma were reduced in CAF groups, and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was higher in the CAF group but reduced in CAFn3 group. Claudin-5 in the intestine was lower in CAF groups, with no n3 supplementation effect. In the cerebral cortex, dopamine levels were decreased with CAF, which was reversed by n3. DOPAC, a dopamine metabolite, also showed a supplementation effect, and HVA, a diet effect. Serotonin levels increased in the CAF group that received supplementation. Therefore, we demonstrate disturbances in mitochondria, plasma, intestine and brain of rats submitted to CAF and the potential benefit of n3 supplementation in endotoxemia and neurotransmitter levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Farias Fraga
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda da Silva Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Jantsch
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victor Silva Dias
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitória Milczarski
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Wickert
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila Pereira Medeiros
- Biomedical Science Undergraduate Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alethéa Gatto Barschak
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcia Giovenardi
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nazabal A, Mendiguren A, Pineda J. Inhibition of rat locus coeruleus neurons by prostaglandin E 2 EP3 receptors: pharmacological characterization ex vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290605. [PMID: 38035000 PMCID: PMC10684765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an inflammatory mediator synthesized by the brain constitutive cyclooxygenase enzyme. PGE2 binds to G protein-coupled EP1-4 receptors (EP1 to Gq, EP2,4 to Gs, and EP3 to Gi/o). EP2, EP3 and EP4 receptors are expressed in the locus coeruleus (LC), the main noradrenergic nucleus in the brain. EP3 receptors have been explored in the central nervous system, although its role regulating the locus coeruleus neuron activity has not been pharmacologically defined. Our aim was to characterize the function of EP3 receptors in neurons of the LC. Thus, we studied the effect of EP3 receptor agonists on the firing activity of LC cells in rat brain slices by single-unit extracellular electrophysiological techniques. The EP3 receptor agonist sulprostone (0.15 nM-1.28 µM), PGE2 (0.31 nM-10.2 µM) and the PGE1 analogue misoprostol (0.31 nM-2.56 µM) inhibited the firing rate of LC neurons in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 15 nM, 110 nM, and 51 nM, respectively). The EP3 receptor antagonist L-798,106 (3-10 µM), but not the EP2 (PF-04418948, 3-10 µM) or EP4 (L-161,982, 3-10 µM) receptor antagonists, caused rightward shifts in the concentration-effect curves for the EP3 receptor agonists. Sulprostone-induced effect was attenuated by the Gi/o protein blocker pertussis toxin (pertussis toxin, 500 ng ml-1) and the inhibitors of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) BaCl2 (300 µM) and SCH-23390 (15 µM). In conclusion, LC neuron firing activity is regulated by EP3 receptors, presumably by an inhibitory Gi/o protein- and GIRK-mediated mechanism.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao H, He C, Xin S, Hua R, Du Y, Wang B, Gong F, Yu X, Pan L, Gao L, Xu J. Current Insights into the Use of Probiotics and Fatty Acids in Alleviating Depression. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2018. [PMID: 37630578 PMCID: PMC10459535 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric symptom present among individuals of all ages and backgrounds, impacting an estimated 300 million people globally. Therefore, it demands a significant amount of attention when it comes to managing depression. A growing amount of data reveal that probiotics and fatty acids could be beneficial to depression. However, the opposing position maintains that they have no influence on depression. A network meta-analyses of existing datasets aid in the estimation of comparative efficacy as well as in achieving an understanding of the relative merits of different therapies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current evidence for probiotic or fatty acid depression therapy and to establish a practical alternative for depression patients using a meta-analysis and metagenomic data from a Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) depressed rat model. (2) Methods: Probiotic data were obtained from seven randomized controlled trial studies (n = 394), and fatty acid data were obtained from 24 randomized controlled trial studies (n = 1876). Meanwhile, a metagenomics analysis of data on animal gut flora was also applied to validate the preceding evidence. (3) Results: The fatty acid studies were separated into three sections based on the duration of probiotic delivery: ≤8 weeks, 9-12 weeks, and >12 weeks. The results were as follows: for ≤8 weeks, MD = -1.65 (95% CI: -2.96--0.15), p = 0.01; for 9-12 weeks, MD = -2.22 (95% CI: -3.03--1.22), p < 0.001; for >12 weeks, MD = -1.23 (95% CI: -2.85-0.39), p = 0.14. Regarding the probiotics, the meta-analysis revealed MD = -2.19 (95% CI: -3.38--2.43), p < 0.001. The research presented herein illustrates that probiotics and fatty acids may successfully lower depression scores. Additionally, the probiotics were drastically reduced in the WKY rats. (4) Conclusions: According to the data, a depression intervention utilizing probiotics outperformed the control, implying that the use of probiotics and fatty acids may be a successful strategy for depression treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049, China;
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Yixuan Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Boya Wang
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Fengrong Gong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Luming Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patel A, Desai SS, Mane VK, Enman J, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Futuristic food fortification with a balanced ratio of dietary ω-3/ω-6 omega fatty acids for the prevention of lifestyle diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
5
|
Wang CC, Du L, Shi HH, Ding L, Yanagita T, Xue CH, Wang YM, Zhang TT. Dietary EPA-Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS-Induced Depression- and Anxiety-Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100009. [PMID: 34219360 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE A growing number of studies have reported the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and terrestrial phospholipids on ameliorating mood disorders. Marine-derived EPA-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PL) exhibit the structural characteristics of EPA and phospholipids. However, the effect of dietary EPA-PL, and the differences between amphiphilic EPA-PL and lyophobic EPA on mood disorders had not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS A comparative investigation to determine the effects of dietary EPA-enriched ethyl ester (EPA-EE) and EPA-PL on improving depression- and anxiety-like behavior in a mouse model is performed, induced by 4 week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) coupled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. It is found that dietary 4 week 0.6% (w/w) EPA-PL rescued depression- and anxiety-like behavior to a greater extent than did EPA-EE. Moreover, dietary EPA-PL significantly reduced the immobility time by 56.6%, close to the normal level, in forced swimming test, which revealed a reversal of depression-like behavior. Further studies revealed that dietary EPA-PL regulated immunity, monoamine systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by multi-target interactions, including inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis. CONCLUSION EPA-PL exerted superior effects to EPA-EE in alleviating depression- and anxiety-like behavior. The data suggest potential novel candidate or targeted dietary patterns to prevent and treat mood disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patan MJ, Kennedy DO, Husberg C, Hustvedt SO, Calder PC, Middleton B, Khan J, Forster J, Jackson PA. Differential Effects of DHA- and EPA-Rich Oils on Sleep in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010248. [PMID: 33467135 PMCID: PMC7830450 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that adequate intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which include docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), might be associated with better sleep quality. N-3 PUFAs, which must be acquired from dietary sources, are typically consumed at suboptimal levels in Western diets. Therefore, the current placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial, investigated the effects of an oil rich in either DHA or EPA on sleep quality in healthy adults who habitually consumed low amounts of oily fish. Eighty-four participants aged 25-49 years completed the 26-week intervention trial. Compared to placebo, improvements in actigraphy sleep efficiency (p = 0.030) and latency (p = 0.026) were observed following the DHA-rich oil. However, these participants also reported feeling less energetic compared to the placebo (p = 0.041), and less rested (p = 0.017), and there was a trend towards feeling less ready to perform (p = 0.075) than those given EPA-rich oil. A trend towards improved sleep efficiency was identified in the EPA-rich group compared to placebo (p = 0.087), along with a significant decrease in both total time in bed (p = 0.032) and total sleep time (p = 0.019) compared to the DHA-rich oil. No significant effects of either treatment were identified for urinary excretion of the major melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin. This study was the first to demonstrate some positive effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFAs in healthy adult normal sleepers, and provides novel evidence showing the differential effects of n-3 PUFA supplements rich in either DHA or EPA. Further investigation into the mechanisms underpinning these observations including the effects of n-3 PUFAs on sleep architecture are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Patan
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (M.J.P.); (D.O.K.); (J.K.); (J.F.)
| | - David O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (M.J.P.); (D.O.K.); (J.K.); (J.F.)
| | | | | | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
- National Institute of Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Benita Middleton
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Julie Khan
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (M.J.P.); (D.O.K.); (J.K.); (J.F.)
| | - Joanne Forster
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (M.J.P.); (D.O.K.); (J.K.); (J.F.)
| | - Philippa A. Jackson
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (M.J.P.); (D.O.K.); (J.K.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-191-227-4468
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhatt DL, Hull MA, Song M, Van Hulle C, Carlsson C, Chapman MJ, Toth PP. Beyond cardiovascular medicine: potential future uses of icosapent ethyl. Eur Heart J Suppl 2020; 22:J54-J64. [PMID: 33061868 PMCID: PMC7537800 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated that icosapent ethyl, an ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), reduced cardiovascular events in an at-risk population by a substantial degree. While the cardiovascular protective properties of this compound are now proven, several other potential uses are being actively explored in clinical studies. These areas of investigation include cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and depression. The next decade promises to deepen our understanding of the beneficial effects that EPA may offer beyond cardiovascular risk reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Heart & Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark A Hull
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Surgical Sciences, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, St James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carol Van Hulle
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cindy Carlsson
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC), 600 Highland Ave, J5/1 Mezzanine, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute (WAI), 610 Walnut St Suite 957, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - M John Chapman
- Sorbonne University, 21, Rue de l'Ecole de Medicine, 75006 Paris, France
- Endocrinology-Metabolism Division, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, 47-83, Boulevard de lopital, 75651 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, 101 East Miller Road, Sterling, IL 61081, USA
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carabelli B, Delattre AM, Waltrick APF, Araújo G, Suchecki D, Machado RB, de Souza LER, Zanata SM, Zanoveli JM, Ferraz AC. Fish-oil supplementation decreases Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase expression and increases hippocampal serotonin levels in the LPS depression model. Behav Brain Res 2020; 390:112675. [PMID: 32407816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that the antidepressant-like effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is related to the Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) inhibition. METHODS Animals were supplemented for 50 days with 3.0 g/kg of Fish Oil (FO) or received water (Control group - C), via gavage. At the end of this period, both groups were injected with LPS 24 h before the modified forced swim test (MFST) and the open field. To assess the possible involvement of IDO in the FO effects, we performed two independent experiments, using two IDO inhibitors: the direct inhibitor 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (1-MT) and the anti-inflammatory drug minocycline (MINO), administered 23 h, 5 h and 1 h before the tests. After the tests, the animals' hippocampi were removed for quantification of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) by HPLC, and for IDO expression by western blot. RESULTS LPS induced a depressive-like state in the animals, and this effect was blocked by 1-MT, MINO and FO. Regardless of IDO inhibition, FO supplemented animals displayed an antidepressant-like response by increasing swimming and decreasing immobility frequencies in the MFST when compared to the control group. The immune challenge induced an over-expression of IDO and reduced hippocampal 5-HT levels, both of which were reversed by MINO and FO. CONCLUSION FO induced a pronounced antidepressant-like effect and prevented LPS-induced depressive-like behavior, and this effect was related to decreased IDO expression and increased 5-HT levels in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carabelli
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Ana Márcia Delattre
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Giulia Araújo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio M Zanata
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Anete Curte Ferraz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bazinet RP, Metherel AH, Chen CT, Shaikh SR, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Layé S. Brain eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism as a lead for novel therapeutics in major depression. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:21-28. [PMID: 31278982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of several meta-analyses suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation is therapeutic in managing the symptoms of major depression. It was previously assumed that because EPA is extremely low in the brain it did not cross the blood-brain barrier and any therapeutic effects it exerted would be via the periphery. However, more recent studies have established that EPA does enter the brain, but is rapidly metabolised following entry. While EPA does not accumulate within the brain, it is present in microglia and homeostatic mechanisms may regulate its esterification to phospholipids that serve important roles in cell signaling. Furthermore, a variety of signaling molecules from EPA have been described in the periphery and they have the potential to exert effects within the brain. If EPA is confirmed to be therapeutic in major depression as a result of adequately powered randomized clinical trials, future research on brain EPA metabolism could lead to the discovery of novel targets for treating or preventing major depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chuck T Chen
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health & School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hsu MC, Tung CY, Chen HE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in prevention and treatment of maternal depression: Putative mechanism and recommendation. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:47-61. [PMID: 29860183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are vulnerable to depression during their childbearing years, and giving birth to a child precipitates postpartum depression (PPD) in some women. This review focuses on comparing the effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on depression during pregnancy or PPD after childbirth. METHODS MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials etc. through July 2017 were searched. Studies of dietary intake and plasma and/or milk levels of omega-3 fatty acids and trials of benefits and effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplements on pregnant or postpartum women with depression were specifically selected. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, due to inadequate intake, fast depletion during pregnancy and lactation, is one of the risk factors of PPD. Associations between neuroinflammation (elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines) and aberrant neurotransmission (low serotonergic transmission activity) and risk of PPD have also been reported by numerous studies. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil can effectively reduce depression during pregnancy and PPD after childbirth. Long term treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil can be effective in reducing the risk of PPD in healthy women, but not in lactating women. Supplementation of DHA-rich oil to women begun at pregnancy and continued after childbirth exerts no beneficial effect on depression. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids rich in EPA during pregnancy or postpartum reduces some symptoms associated with depression. DHA supplementation to healthy pregnant women can also reduce the risk of PPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No. 8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chia-Yi Tung
- Nursing Department, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-E Chen
- Nursing Department, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhatt S, Pundarikakshudu K, Patel P, Patel N, Panchal A, Shah G, Goswami S. Beneficial effect of aspirin against interferon-α-2b-induced depressive behavior in Sprague Dawley rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:1208-1215. [PMID: 27561157 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data advocates that inflammatory mediators may contribute to depression in experimental models as well as in humans. Nonetheless, whether anti-inflammatory treatments can prevent depression still remains controversial. To substantiate our hypothesis, we used an interferon-α-2b model of depression using Sprague Dawley rats. Interferon-α-2b is a cytokine which activates immune response and also produces depression. The animals were treated for 21 days with aspirin (10 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.)) dexamethasone (1 mg/kg p.o.) and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg p.o.). Amitriptyline was used as reference standard, and given concurrently with aspirin and dexamethasone to examine any synergy. Interferon-α-2b (6000 IU/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was administered in all the above groups daily, except normal control. Tests performed included sucrose preference test, behavioural tests like forced swim test, elevated plus maze, light dark box and locomotor activity along with biochemical estimations like serum cortisol and brain neurotransmitters. The rats in the group treated with Interferon-α-2b produced depressive behaviour in rats. We found that animals treated with aspirin decreased immobility time in forced swim test, increased sucrose preference, decreased serum cortisol and increased brain serotonin levels signifying antidepressant action. In contrast, there was no effect in groups treated with dexamethasone. Our results suggest that aspirin can serve as a potential antidepressant both individually and as adjuvant agent in the treatment of depression. Inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase-2 levels and prostaglandins concentration or any other potential physiological and biochemical mechanisms may be involved in antidepressant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gaurang Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, K B Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunita Goswami
- Department of Pharmacology, L M College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim SO, Duffy DM. Mapping PTGERs to the Ovulatory Follicle: Regional Responses to the Ovulatory PGE2 Signal. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:33. [PMID: 27307073 PMCID: PMC5029471 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.140574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key intrafollicular mediator of ovulation in many, if not all, mammalian species. PGE2 acts at follicular cells via four distinct PGE2 receptors (PTGERs). Within the ovulatory follicle, each cell type (e.g., oocyte, cumulus granulosa cell, mural granulosa cell, theca cell, endothelial cell) expresses a different subset of the four PTGERs. Expression of a subset of PTGERs has consequences for the generation of intracellular signals and ultimately the unique functions of follicular cells that respond to PGE2. Just as the ovulatory LH surge regulates PGE2 synthesis, the LH surge also regulates expression of the four PTGERs. The pattern of expression of the four PTGERs among follicular cells before and after the LH surge forms a spatial and temporal map of PGE2 responses. Differential PTGER expression, coupled with activation of cell-specific intracellular signals, may explain how a single paracrine mediator can have pleotropic actions within the ovulatory follicle. Understanding the role of each PTGER in ovulation may point to previously unappreciated opportunities to both promote and prevent fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Kim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Diane M Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J 2015; 29:2207-22. [PMID: 25713056 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin regulates a wide variety of brain functions and behaviors. Here, we synthesize previous findings that serotonin regulates executive function, sensory gating, and social behavior and that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior all share in common defects in these functions. It has remained unclear why supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D improve cognitive function and behavior in these brain disorders. Here, we propose mechanisms by which serotonin synthesis, release, and function in the brain are modulated by vitamin D and the 2 marine omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Brain serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase 2, which is transcriptionally activated by vitamin D hormone. Inadequate levels of vitamin D (∼70% of the population) and omega-3 fatty acids are common, suggesting that brain serotonin synthesis is not optimal. We propose mechanisms by which EPA increases serotonin release from presynaptic neurons by reducing E2 series prostaglandins and DHA influences serotonin receptor action by increasing cell membrane fluidity in postsynaptic neurons. We propose a model whereby insufficient levels of vitamin D, EPA, or DHA, in combination with genetic factors and at key periods during development, would lead to dysfunctional serotonin activation and function and may be one underlying mechanism that contributes to neuropsychiatric disorders and depression. This model suggests that optimizing vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid intake may help prevent and modulate the severity of brain dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda P Patrick
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Bruce N Ames
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Do cannabinoids exhibit a tyramine-like effect? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:1041-6. [PMID: 23900610 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The major constituent of the cannabis plant, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, has stimulatory and depressant effects on cardiovascular functions. There is evidence from an in vivo study on the urethane-anaesthetized rat that part of the stimulatory effects is related to a tyramine-like activity. In the present study, we examined whether Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol induces carrier-mediated noradrenaline release in vitro. The study was extended to another phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol, to the synthetic cannabinoids CP 55,940 and WIN 55,212-2 and to the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Tissue pieces of the renal cortex from the mouse and the rat were preincubated with (3)H-noradrenaline and superfused. The effect of the cannabinoids on basal (3)H-noradrenaline release was studied. Tyramine served as a positive control. In the mouse kidney, basal (3)H-noradrenaline release was increased by tyramine 0.1, 1 and 10 μM by 39, 91 and 212 %, respectively, and, in the rat kidney, (3)H-noradrenaline release was increased by tyramine 10 μM by 158 %. All effects were abolished by desipramine 1 μM, an inhibitor of the neuronal noradrenaline transporter. The cannabinoids at 0.1, 1 and 10 μM (CP 55,940 at 0.1, 1 and 3.2 μM) did not affect (3)H-noradrenaline release in the mouse kidney. The highest concentration of the cannabinoids (10 μM and in the case of CP 55,940 3.2 μM) also failed to affect (3)H-noradrenaline release in the rat kidney. In conclusion, the cannabinoids Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, CP 55,940, WIN 55,212-2, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol do not possess a tyramine-like effect on noradrenaline release.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kozłowska H, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Schlicker E, Kozłowski M, Zakrzeska A, Grzęda E, Malinowska B. EP3 receptor-mediated contraction of human pulmonary arteries and inhibition of neurogenic tachycardia in pithed rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Borre Y, Lemstra S, Westphal KG, Morgan ME, Olivier B, Oosting RS. Celecoxib delays cognitive decline in an animal model of neurodegeneration. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:285-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Celecoxib enhances the effect of reboxetine and fluoxetine on cortical noradrenaline and serotonin output in the rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:143-8. [PMID: 22691715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A substantial number of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond adequately to current antidepressant pharmacological treatments, which are all more or less based on a gradually increased enhancement of monoaminergic neurotransmission. Although a functional deficiency in monoaminergic neurotransmission may contribute to MDD, the etiology and pathophysiology are far from clarified. Recent studies suggest that inflammatory processes may contribute, since increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) have repeatedly been observed in a subset of patients suffering from MDD. Interestingly, adjunct treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor which blocks the PGE(2)-production, has shown to enhance the efficacy of both reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, as well as fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in treatment-resistant depression. To examine the neurobiological underpinnings to the clinical observations, we here studied the acute effects of a combined treatment with celecoxib and reboxetine on noradrenaline and dopamine output, as well as celecoxib and fluoxetine on 5-HT output in the medial prefrontal cortex, using in vivo microdialysis in awake freely moving rats. Celecoxib significantly potentiated the effects of reboxetine and fluoxetine on cortical noradrenaline and 5-HT output, respectively, but not the reboxetine-induced dopamine output. Moreover, celecoxib, when given alone, enhanced 5-HT output. These findings provide, in principle, novel experimental support for the clinical utility of combined treatment with antidepressant and anti-inflammatory drugs, such as COX-2 inhibitors, in MDD.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation, pharmacological blockade, or genetic ablation affects the function of the muscarinic auto- and heteroreceptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:385-96. [PMID: 22215206 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Different types of presynaptic inhibitory Gα(i/o) protein-coupled receptors usually do not act independently of each other but rather pre-activation of receptor X impairs the effect mediated via receptor Y. It is, however, unknown whether this interaction extends to the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor on cholinergic neurones and hence we studied whether its activation, pharmacological blockade, or genetic inactivation affects the function of other presynaptic inhibitory receptors. The electrically evoked acetylcholine or noradrenaline release was determined in superfused rodent tissues preincubated with (3)H-choline or (3)H-noradrenaline. The muscarinic M(2) receptor, Gα(i), and Gα(o) proteins were determined in hippocampal synaptosomes by Western blotting. Hippocampal anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. The inhibitory effect of the muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine on acetylcholine release in hippocampal slices was increased by genetic CB(1) receptor ablation (mouse) and the CB(1) antagonist rimonabant (rat but not mouse) and decreased by a cannabinoid receptor agonist (mouse). In mouse tissues, CB(1) receptor ablation also increased the effect of a δ opioid receptor agonist on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus and the effect of oxotremorine on noradrenaline release in the vas deferens. CB(1) receptor ablation, to a very slight extent, increased Gα(o) protein levels without affecting either Gα(i) and M(2) receptor protein or the levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the CB(1) receptor shows an inhibitory interaction with the muscarinic and δ opioid receptor on cholinergic neurones in the rodent hippocampus and with the muscarinic receptor on noradrenergic neurones in the mouse vas deferens.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schulte K, Kumar M, Zajac JM, Schlicker E. Noradrenaline release in rodent tissues is inhibited by interleukin-1β but is not affected by urotensin II, MCH, NPW and NPFF. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|