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Brady DK, Gurijala AR, Huang L, Hussain AA, Lingan AL, Pembridge OG, Ratangee BA, Sealy TT, Vallone KT, Clements TP. A guide to COVID-19 antiviral therapeutics: a summary and perspective of the antiviral weapons against SARS-CoV-2 infection. FEBS J 2024; 291:1632-1662. [PMID: 36266238 PMCID: PMC9874604 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral therapies are integral in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 (i.e. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causative agent of COVID-19. Antiviral therapeutics can be divided into categories based on how they combat the virus, including viral entry into the host cell, viral replication, protein trafficking, post-translational processing, and immune response regulation. Drugs that target how the virus enters the cell include: Evusheld, REGEN-COV, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, bebtelovimab, sotrovimab, Arbidol, nitazoxanide, and chloroquine. Drugs that prevent the virus from replicating include: Paxlovid, remdesivir, molnupiravir, favipiravir, ribavirin, and Kaletra. Drugs that interfere with protein trafficking and post-translational processing include nitazoxanide and ivermectin. Lastly, drugs that target immune response regulation include interferons and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as dexamethasone. Antiviral therapies offer an alternative solution for those unable or unwilling to be vaccinated and are a vital weapon in the battle against the global pandemic. Learning more about these therapies helps raise awareness in the general population about the options available to them with respect to aiding in the reduction of the severity of COVID-19 infection. In this 'A Guide To' article, we provide an in-depth insight into the development of antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and their ability to help fight COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drugan K. Brady
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Aashi R. Gurijala
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Liyu Huang
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Ali A. Hussain
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Audrey L. Lingan
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Brina A. Ratangee
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Tristan T. Sealy
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Kyle T. Vallone
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
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Aboras SI, Megahed AA, El-Yazbi F, Maher HM. Utility of sustainable ratio derivative spectrophotometry for the concurrent assay of synergistic repurposed drugs for COVID-19 infections; Insilico pharmacokinetics proof. BMC Chem 2024; 18:50. [PMID: 38454503 PMCID: PMC10921645 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cutting-edge combination of fluvoxamine (FVM) and ivermectin (IVM) has been presented as a proposed dosage form for the treatment of COVID-19 infections in early diagnosed patients. The main objective of this work is to develop simple, sensitive, and efficient methods for the synchronous quantification of FVM and IVM without any prior separation. Four green UV-methods were employed for the synchronous quantification, namely: Fourier functions convolution of absorption spectra, FFAS, Fourier functions convolution of derivative spectra of absorption curves, FFDS, Fourier function convolution of ratio spectra of absorption curves, FFRS and the dual-wavelength method, DWM. FFRS and DWM approaches can be able to reconcile the two components' significantly interfering spectrum presented in this commixture. Good linearity was checked in the range of 5-40, and 2.5-25 μg/mL for the FVM, and IVM, respectively. All approaches developed have been recommended in compliance with ICH principles. Furthermore, the approaches' greenness was predestined by "National Environmental Method Index" (NEMI), "Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE)", the "Analytical Eco-Scale", and the "Green Analytical Procedure Index" (GAPI). In addition, spider diagram was utilized for the assessment of the greenness index of the solvent used. Beside greenness, the sustainability of our methods was investigated using the HEXAGON tool. Continuing the constant pursuit of greenness, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between FVM & IVM were predicted by insilico tools to ensure the safety of the suggested mixture as a preliminary step before invitro and in vivo studies. Because they were deemed sustainable, affordable, and successful, the suggested UV-methods may be used for routine quality control investigations of the indicated formulations FVM & IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I Aboras
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Al-mesallah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Megahed
- Al-Basra Health Unit, Alamriya Medical Area, Ministry of Health, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fawzy El-Yazbi
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Al-mesallah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Hadir M Maher
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Al-mesallah, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Kamal MF, Youssef RM, Morshedy S, El-Sayed NW. Green and Smart Quantitative Quality Control for Veterinary Mixture of Ivermectin and Clorsulon: Ecological Evaluation of Spectral Analyses via Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical GREEnness Metric Approaches. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1455-1463. [PMID: 37647651 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global financial market is still highly threatened by bovine fasciolosis, a parasitic infection that targets cattle, mainly in tropical regions. Binary combination of ivermectin (IVER) and clorsulon (CLO), in challenging concentration ratios, is typically indicated for treatment and control of fasciolosis. OBJECTIVE The present study aims at smart simultaneous spectrophotometric assay of both compounds at their high ratio in marketed formulation and synthetic mixtures, without any prior separation. Furthermore, their greenness profile was evaluated and compared with previous reported assay methods, including the official one. METHODS Mathematical-based proposed methods are the dual-wavelength, induced dual-wavelength, and first derivative ratio methods. Each is developed, optimized, and applied to determine simultaneously IVER and CLO at linear ranges of 1-30 and 5-40 μg/mL, respectively. They have been validated according to ICH guidelines. Statistical Student t-tests and F-tests compared the proposed methods with a USP chromatographic technique. Ecological appraisal is accomplished using three independent metrics: Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE). RESULTS Satisfactory recoveries, ICH compliance, and adherence of proposed methods to the ecological safety margin are achieved. CONCLUSIONS Developed methods are eco-friendly and cost-effective and can accomplish a routine quantitative quality control for concurrent determination of both drugs. HIGHLIGHTS Veterinary antimicrobials need analytical quality control using safer and green methodologies. Data manipulated spectral analyses of IVER and CLO, in a ratio of 1:10% (v/v), are developed and optimized. AES, GAPI, and AGREE approaches illustrate the high green compliance in respect to assays reported in the literature. Furthermore, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) assay for IVER and CLO in injectable dosage form depends on analysis of each drug separately in the presence of the other drug, but it cannot determine both drugs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda F Kamal
- Damanhour University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Beheira 25511, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Youssef
- Alexandria University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, El-Messalah, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Samir Morshedy
- Damanhour University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Beheira 25511, Egypt
| | - Nehal W El-Sayed
- College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Department, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
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Ragó Z, Tóth B, Szalenko-Tőkés Á, Bella Z, Dembrovszky F, Farkas N, Kiss S, Hegyi P, Matuz M, Tóth N, Hegedüs I, Máthé D, Csupor D. Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of early studies on ivermectin in SARS-CoV-2 infection. GeroScience 2023; 45:2179-2193. [PMID: 36879183 PMCID: PMC9988599 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin, an antiparasitic drug, has been repurposed for COVID-19 treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Although its antiviral efficacy was confirmed early in vitro and in preclinical studies, its clinical efficacy remained ambiguous. Our purpose was to assess the efficacy of ivermectin in terms of time to viral clearance based on the meta-analysis of available clinical trials at the closing date of the data search period, one year after the start of the pandemic. This meta-analysis was reported by following the PRISMA guidelines and by using the PICO format for formulating the question. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO. Embase, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), bioRvix, and medRvix were searched for human studies of patients receiving ivermectin therapy with control groups. No language or publication status restrictions were applied. The search ended on 1/31/2021 exactly one year after WHO declared the public health emergency on novel coronavirus. The meta-analysis of three trials involving 382 patients revealed that the mean time to viral clearance was 5.74 days shorter in case of ivermectin treatment compared to the control groups [WMD = -5.74, 95% CI (-11.1, -0.39), p = 0.036]. Ivermectin has significantly reduced the time to viral clearance in mild to moderate COVID-19 diseases compared to control groups. However, more eligible studies are needed for analysis to increase the quality of evidence of ivermectin use in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ragó
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barbara Tóth
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szalenko-Tőkés
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- NOÉ Health Care Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bella
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- NOÉ Health Care Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Dembrovszky
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nelli Farkas
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kiss
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Matuz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Tóth
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Hegedüs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- In Vivo Imaging ACF, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Szentágothai Research Centre, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Nabi-Afjadi M, Mohebi F, Zalpoor H, Aziziyan F, Akbari A, Moradi-Sardareh H, Bahreini E, Moeini AM, Effatpanah H. A cellular and molecular biology-based update for ivermectin against COVID-19: is it effective or non-effective? Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:21-35. [PMID: 36609716 PMCID: PMC9823263 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite community vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reduced mortality, there are still challenges in treatment options for the disease. Due to the continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the emergence of new strains, diversity in the use of existing antiviral drugs to combat the epidemic has become a crucial therapeutic chance. As a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antiviral drug, ivermectin has traditionally been used to treat many types of disease, including DNA and RNA viral infections. Even so, based on currently available data, it is still controversial that ivermectin can be used as one of the effective antiviral agents to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or not. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on ivermectin, including its safety and efficacy, as well as its adverse effects in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohebi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozghan Health Institute, Hormozghan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mansour Moeini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Fantini J, Azzaz F, Chahinian H, Yahi N. Electrostatic Surface Potential as a Key Parameter in Virus Transmission and Evolution: How to Manage Future Virus Pandemics in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020284. [PMID: 36851498 PMCID: PMC9964723 DOI: 10.3390/v15020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-cell interactions involve fundamental parameters that need to be considered in strategies implemented to control viral outbreaks. Among these, the surface electrostatic potential can give valuable information to deal with new epidemics. In this article, we describe the role of this key parameter in the hemagglutination of red blood cells and in the co-evolution of synaptic receptors and neurotransmitters. We then establish the functional link between lipid rafts and the electrostatic potential of viruses, with special emphasis on gangliosides, which are sialic-acid-containing, electronegatively charged plasma membrane components. We describe the common features of ganglioside binding domains, which include a wide variety of structures with little sequence homology but that possess key amino acids controlling ganglioside recognition. We analyze the role of the electrostatic potential in the transmission and intra-individual evolution of HIV-1 infections, including gatekeeper and co-receptor switch mechanisms. We show how to organize the epidemic surveillance of influenza viruses by focusing on mutations affecting the hemagglutinin surface potential. We demonstrate that the electrostatic surface potential, by modulating spike-ganglioside interactions, controls the hemagglutination properties of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) as well as the structural dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We relate the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of repositioned molecules to their ability to disrupt virus-raft interactions, challenging the old concept that an antibiotic or anti-parasitic cannot also be an antiviral. We propose a new concept based on the analysis of the electrostatic surface potential to develop, in real time, therapeutic and vaccine strategies adapted to each new viral epidemic.
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Dats LB, von Haugwitz F, Seifert R. Bibliometric development of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:43-61. [PMID: 36280660 PMCID: PMC9592544 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the 150-year anniversary of the Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology in 2023, we studied the bibliometric development of the journal. We evaluated data from Editorial Reports, Clarivate, and Springer Nature databases. Several parameters representing the journal's performance, such as the impact factor and social impact, were analyzed over the years. We analyzed the journal's meta-data and wrote an algorithm to retrieve cities and countries of origin. We could see a decrease in publications from Germany and an increase in papers from Brazil, China, Egypt, and Iran during the last years. The decrease in publications from Germany is probably a zeitgeist effect because this country places a strong emphasis on high-impact factor papers for academic promotion and winning grants. Germany was the country with the most publications throughout the 100 most-cited articles. Most of these articles were published between 1970 and 1990, when neurotransmitters were the most published topic. Klaus Starke (Freiburg) and Manfred Göthert (Bonn) were prominent drivers of this field. The most common topics nowadays are "Drugs for the Treatment of Malignant Tumor Diseases" and "Immunopharmacology." The internationality of the journal substantially increased after introduction of English as mandatory language in the 1970s. The journal also experienced substantial COVID-19 pandemic-related effects. This paper is not only of relevance for the field of pharmacology but for science in general in the sense that Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology is a case study for profound changes in a traditional scientific journal, requiring permanent adjustment by editors, referees, publisher, authors, and readers alike. The development of the journal has been strongly influenced by historic and political developments, cultural attitudes (zeitgeist), language changes, global changes in research topics, and eminent individuals who published many papers in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah B. Dats
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florentin von Haugwitz
- Nova School of Business and Economics Carcavelos Campus, Rua da Holanda, no. 1, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alexiou A, Batiha GES. Central Effects of Ivermectin in Alleviation of Covid-19-induced Dysauto-nomia. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1277-1287. [PMID: 35950254 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220810102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 may be associated with various neurological disorders, including dysautonomia, a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In Covid-19, hypoxia, immunoinflammatory abnormality, and deregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may increase sympathetic discharge with dysautonomia development. Direct SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effects and associated inflammatory reaction may lead to neuroinflammation, affecting different parts of the central nervous system (CNS), including the autonomic center in the hypothalamus, causing dysautonomia. High circulating AngII, hypoxia, oxidative stress, high pro-inflammatory cytokines, and emotional stress can also provoke autonomic deregulation and high sympathetic outflow with the development of the sympathetic storm. During SARS-CoV-2 infection with neuro-invasion, GABA-ergic neurons and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) are inhibited in the hypothalamic pre-sympathetic neurons leading to sympathetic storm and dysautonomia. Different therapeutic modalities are applied to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, like antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs. Ivermectin (IVM) is a robust repurposed drug widely used to prevent and manage mild-moderate Covid-19. IVM activates both GABA-ergic neurons and nAChRs to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection- induced dysautonomia. Therefore, in this brief report, we try to identify the potential role of IVM in managing Covid-19-induced dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia.,AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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Elshafie AH, Elsawah HK, Hammad M, Sweed EM, Seif AS, Abdel Ghaffar MM, Goda FM, Mosalam EM, Abdallah MS. Ivermectin role in COVID-19 treatment (IRICT): single-center, adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1341-1350. [PMID: 35788169 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2098113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the efficacy and safety of ivermectin compared to hydroxychloroquine and placebo in hospitalized moderate to severe COVID-19 patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was an adaptive, randomized, double-blinded, controlled, single-center trial. The study was a series of 3-arm comparisons between two different investigational therapeutic agents (ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine) and a placebo. There was interim monitoring to allow early stopping for futility, efficacy, or safety. RESULTS Ivermectin decreased survival time from 29 to 18.3 days (HR, 9.8, 95%CI, 3.7-26.2), while it did not shorten the recovery time (HR, 1.02, 95%CI, 0.69-1.5). Subgroup analysis showed an association between ivermectin-related mortality and baseline oxygen saturation level. Moreover, stratified groups showed higher risk among patients on high flow O2. Hydroxychloroquine delayed recovery from 10.1 to 12.5 days (HR, 0.62, 95%CI, 0.4-0.95) and non-significantly decreased survival time from 29 to 26.8 days (HR, 1.47, 95%CI, 0.73-2.9). However, 3 months mortality rates were increased with hydroxychloroquine (RR, 2.05, 95%CI, 1.33-3.16). Neither ivermectin nor hydroxychloroquine increased adverse events and demonstrated safety profile compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS The study recommends against using either ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with any degree of severity. Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier is: NCT04746365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hanei Elshafie
- Neurology and Psychiatry Department, Shebin Elkom Teaching Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Hozaifa Khalil Elsawah
- Department of Biostatistics, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hammad
- Neurology and Psychiatry Department, Shebin Elkom Teaching Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Sweed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salah Seif
- Gastrohepatology and Endemic Medicine Department, Shebin Elkom Teaching Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | | | - Feisal Mahmoud Goda
- General Surgery Department, Shebin Elkom Teaching Hospital, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Esraa M Mosalam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Abdallah
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City, Egypt
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Clinical Protocol for Early Treatment of COVID-19 in a real-world scenario: results of a series of patients. MEDICINA CLÍNICA PRÁCTICA 2022. [PMCID: PMC9492515 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpsp.2022.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite the advance in vaccination, the SARS-CoV-2 infection remains a challenge for the medical community. Outpatient and hospital therapy for COVID-19 are still improving. Our study aimed to report the results of a series of patients with COVID-19 who participated in an outpatient treatment protocol since the first clinical manifestation. Methods A case series report of individuals aged ≥ 18 years with clinical symptoms and a confirmed test for COVID-19 submitted to a treatment protocol. Patients were enrolled between May and September 2020 and followed for at least 15 days. The assessed clinical outcomes were the need for hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit, orotracheal intubation, and death. Results We studied a 116 patients. The mean age was 48 ± 14 years. Females formed 53%. The main comorbidities wereobesity (15.5%), systemic arterial hypertension (10.3%) ,type II diabetes (6%), and lung diseases (6.0%). Temperature > 37.7 °C (51.7%), cough (55.2%), myalgia (37.1%), headache (37.9%), and fatigue (34.5%) were the most frequent signs and symptoms. According to different disease staging, the most administered drugs were: azithromycin, ivermectin, corticosteroid, antibiotics, and anticoagulants. There was no death, and hospitalization accounted for only 8.6% of the patients (1 in ICU); none required orotracheal intubation. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.8 days.
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Hazan S. Microbiome-Based Hypothesis on Ivermectin's Mechanism in COVID-19: Ivermectin Feeds Bifidobacteria to Boost Immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952321. [PMID: 35898916 PMCID: PMC9309549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic agent that has gained attention as a potential COVID-19 therapeutic. It is a compound of the type Avermectin, which is a fermented by-product of Streptomyces avermitilis. Bifidobacterium is a member of the same phylum as Streptomyces spp., suggesting it may have a symbiotic relation with Streptomyces. Decreased Bifidobacterium levels are observed in COVID-19 susceptibility states, including old age, autoimmune disorder, and obesity. We hypothesize that Ivermectin, as a by-product of Streptomyces fermentation, is capable of feeding Bifidobacterium, thereby possibly preventing against COVID-19 susceptibilities. Moreover, Bifidobacterium may be capable of boosting natural immunity, offering more direct COVID-19 protection. These data concord with our study, as well as others, that show Ivermectin protects against COVID-19.
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Annie FH, Campbell J, Searls L, Amos J. The effect of Ivermectin on cases of COVID-19. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2022; 44:98-100. [PMID: 35729025 PMCID: PMC9212849 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an antiviral agent that has historically had a wide variety of uses. Recently, it has gained popularity in the mainstream media for use in treating and preventing COVID-19 infection, prompting high sales in veterinary grade Ivermectin. Studies are increasingly looking at Ivermectin as a possible agent for prevention and treatment of COVID-19, however further information is needed to assess efficacy and safety. Our project aimed to evaluate mortality differences in patients with COVID-19 infection who were prescribed Ivermectin vs. those not prescribed Ivermectin. Adult patients with active COVID-19 infection who were not prescribed Ivermectin (n = 797,285 Outpatient, n = 481,705 Inpatient, and n = 58,050 Intensive care unit), and those prescribed Ivermectin (n = 804 Outpatient, n = 1774 Inpatient, and n = 107 Intensive care unit) were evaluated. The cohorts were then evaluated for mortality comparing patients prescribed Ivermectin and those not prescribed Ivermectin in the Outpatient (7.7 % vs 2.2 %, P < 0.001), Inpatient not requiring Intensive Care (15.6 % vs 7.2 %, P ≤ 0.001), and Intensive care (20.6 % vs 19.6 %, P = 0.86) treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Annie
- Charleston Area Medical Center Institute for Academic Medicine, 3200 MacCorkle Ave. SE, Charleston, WV 25304, United States of America.
| | - James Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Charleston Division, Charleston Area Medical Center Institute for Academic Medicine, United States of America
| | - Lauren Searls
- Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Charleston Division, Charleston Area Medical Center Institute for Academic Medicine, United States of America
| | - Jessica Amos
- Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Charleston Division, Charleston Area Medical Center Institute for Academic Medicine, United States of America
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Garegnani LI, Madrid E, Meza N. Misleading clinical evidence and systematic reviews on ivermectin for COVID-19. BMJ Evid Based Med 2022; 27:156-158. [PMID: 33888547 DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ignacio Garegnani
- Research Department. Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eva Madrid
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Studies (CIESAL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Cochrane Chile Associate Centre, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Nicolás Meza
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Studies (CIESAL), Universidad de Valparaíso, Cochrane Chile Associate Centre, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Volkova YA, Rassokhina IV, Kondrakhin EA, Rossokhin AV, Kolbaev SN, Tihonova TB, Kh. Dzhafarov M, Schetinina MA, Chernoburova EI, Vasileva EV, Dmitrenok AS, Kovalev GI, Sharonova IN, Zavarzin IV. Synthesis and Evaluation of Avermectin–Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Hybrids as Potent GABAA Receptor Modulators. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Panahi Y, Dadkhah M, Talei S, Gharari Z, Asghariazar V, Abdolmaleki A, Matin S, Molaei S. Can anti-parasitic drugs help control COVID-19? Future Virol 2022. [PMID: 35359702 PMCID: PMC8940209 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel COVID-19 is a public health emergency that poses a serious threat to people worldwide. Given the virus spreading so quickly, novel antiviral medications are desperately needed. Repurposing existing drugs is the first strategy. Anti-parasitic drugs were among the first to be considered as a potential treatment option for this disease. Even though many papers have discussed the efficacy of various anti-parasitic drugs in treating COVID-19 separately, so far, no single study comprehensively discussed these drugs. This study reviews some anti-parasitic recommended drugs to treat COVID-19, in terms of function and in vitro as well as clinical results. Finally, we briefly review the advanced techniques, such as artificial intelligence, that have been used to find effective drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Panahi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sahand Talei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Gharari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Arash Abdolmaleki
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin, Iran.,Bio Science & Biotechnology Research center (BBRC), Sabalan University of Advanced Technologies (SUAT), Namin, Iran
| | - Somayeh Matin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Soheila Molaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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16
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In Silico Analysis of the Multi-Targeted Mode of Action of Ivermectin and Related Compounds. COMPUTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/computation10040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Some clinical studies have indicated activity of ivermectin, a macrocyclic lactone, against COVID-19, but a biological mechanism initially proposed for this anti-viral effect is not applicable at physiological concentrations. This in silico investigation explores potential modes of action of ivermectin and 14 related compounds, by which the infectivity and morbidity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be limited. Binding affinity computations were performed for these agents on several docking sites each for models of (1) the spike glycoprotein of the virus, (2) the CD147 receptor, which has been identified as a secondary attachment point for the virus, and (3) the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChr), an indicated point of viral penetration of neuronal tissue as well as an activation site for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway controlled by the vagus nerve. Binding affinities were calculated for these multiple docking sites and binding modes of each compound. Our results indicate the high affinity of ivermectin, and even higher affinities for some of the other compounds evaluated, for all three of these molecular targets. These results suggest biological mechanisms by which ivermectin may limit the infectivity and morbidity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and stimulate an α7nAChr-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway that could limit cytokine production by immune cells.
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Morales-Paredes CA, Rodríguez-Díaz JM, Boluda-Botella N. Pharmaceutical compounds used in the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of their presence in water and treatment techniques for their elimination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152691. [PMID: 34974020 PMCID: PMC8717703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, high consumption of antivirals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, antiprotozoals, and glucocorticoids used in the treatment of this virus has been reported. Conventional treatment systems fail to efficiently remove these contaminants from water, becoming an emerging concern from the environmental field. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to address the current state of the literature on the presence and removal processes of these drugs from water bodies. It was found that the concentration of most of the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 increased during the pandemic in water bodies. Before the pandemic, Azithromycin concentrations in surface waters were reported to be in the order of 4.3 ng L-1, and during the pandemic, they increased up to 935 ng L-1. Laboratory scale studies conclude that adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be effective in the removal of these drugs. Up to more than 80% removal of Azithromycin, Chloroquine, Ivermectin, and Dexamethasone in aqueous solutions have been reported using these processes. Pilot-scale tests achieved 100% removal of Azithromycin from hospital wastewater by adsorption with powdered activated carbon. At full scale, treatment plants supplemented with ozonation and artificial wetlands removed all Favipiravir and Azithromycin, respectively. It should be noted that hybrid technologies can improve removal rates, process kinetics, and treatment cost. Consequently, the development of new materials that can act synergistically in technically and economically sustainable treatments is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Morales-Paredes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain; Editorial Universitaria, Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Manta 130802, Ecuador.
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130104, Ecuador; Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130104, Ecuador
| | - Nuria Boluda-Botella
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain; Instituto Universitario del Agua y las Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
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Combined Therapy with Ivermectin and Doxycycline can effectively alleviate the Cytokine Storm of COVID-19 Infection amid Vaccination Drive: A Narrative Review. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:566-572. [PMID: 35462191 PMCID: PMC8964533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented global health crisis has developed due to the emergence of the mysterious coronavirus-2 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, which has resulted in millions of deaths around the globe, as no therapy could control the ‘cytokine storm’. Consequently, many vaccines have been developed and several others are being developed for this infection. Although most of the approved vaccines have been highly effective, many developing, and economically poor countries are still deprived of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 due to the unequal distribution of vaccines worldwide. Furthermore, the uncertainty about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against the emerging mutants and variants also remains a matter of concern. Due to the multistep pathogenesis and unique features, combination therapy using safe immunomodulatory and antiviral drugs should be considered as the most effective and acceptable therapeutic regimen for this infection. Based on a thorough assessment of the literature, it was determined that it would be interesting to study the therapeutic potential of ivermectin and doxycycline, given their roles in several biological pathways involved in SARS CoV-2 pathogenesis. Following that, a comprehensive literature search was undertaken using Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed, depending on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The present study provides a mechanism and comprehensive report, highlighting the role of combined therapy with ivermectin and doxycycline in alleviating the ‘cytokine storm’ of COVID-19 infection.
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Shirazi FM, Mirzaei R, Nakhaee S, Nejatian A, Ghafari S, Mehrpour O. Repurposing the drug, ivermectin, in COVID-19: toxicological points of view. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:21. [PMID: 35123559 PMCID: PMC8817475 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world’s population by causing changes in behavior, such as social distancing, masking, restricting people’s movement, and evaluating existing medication as potential therapies. Many pre-existing medications such as tocilizumab, ivermectin, colchicine, interferon, and steroids have been evaluated for being repurposed to use for the treatment of COVID-19. None of these agents have been effective except for steroids and, to a lesser degree, tocilizumab. Ivermectin has been one of the suggested repurposed medications which exhibit an in vitro inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2 replication. The most recommended dose of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 is 150–200 µg/kg twice daily. As ivermectin adoption for COVID-19 increased, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning on its use during the pandemic. However, the drug remains of interest to clinicians and has shown some promise in observational studies. This narrative reviews the toxicological profile and some potential therapeutic effects of ivermectin. Based on the current dose recommendation, ivermectin appears to be safe with minimum side effects. However, serious questions remain about the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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20
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Basu D, Chavda VP, Mehta AA. Therapeutics for COVID-19 and post COVID-19 complications: An update. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100086. [PMID: 35136858 PMCID: PMC8813675 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its inception in late December 2020 in China, novel coronavirus has affected the global socio-economic aspect. Currently, the world is seeking safe and effective treatment measures against COVID-19 to eradicate it. Many established drug molecules are tested against SARS-CoV-2 as a part of drug repurposing where some are proved effective for symptomatic relief while some are ineffective. Drug repurposing is a practical strategy for rapidly developing antiviral agents. Many drugs are presently being repurposed utilizing basic understanding of disease pathogenesis and drug pharmacodynamics, as well as computational methods. In the present situation, drug repurposing could be viewed as a new treatment option for COVID-19. Several new drug molecules and biologics are engineered against SARS-CoV-2 and are under different stages of clinical development. A few biologics drug products are approved by USFDA for emergency use in the covid management. Due to continuous mutation, many of the approved vaccines are not much efficacious to render the individual immune against opportunistic infection of SARS-CoV-2 mutants. Hence, there is a strong need for the cogent therapeutic agent for covid management. In this review, a consolidated summary of the therapeutic developments against SARS-CoV-2 are depicted along with an overview of effective management of post COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdoot Basu
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Anita A Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
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21
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Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P. The mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2-an extensive review. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:60-71. [PMID: 34931048 PMCID: PMC8688140 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considering the urgency of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, detection of new mutant strains and potential re-emergence of novel coronaviruses, repurposing of drugs such as ivermectin could be worthy of attention. This review article aims to discuss the probable mechanisms of action of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2 by summarizing the available literature over the years. A schematic of the key cellular and biomolecular interactions between ivermectin, host cell, and SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention of complications has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Kamber Zaidi
- Association "Naso Sano" Onlus, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Association "Naso Sano" Onlus, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
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22
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Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P. RETRACTED ARTICLE: The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:122. [PMID: 34127807 PMCID: PMC8203399 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Kamber Zaidi
- Member, Association "Naso Sano" Onlus, Umbria Regional Registry of volunteer activities, Corciano, Italy.
- Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Indore, India.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- President, Association "Naso Sano" Onlus, Umbria Regional Registry of volunteer activities, Corciano, Italy
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The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ionophores for the treatment of human infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111661. [PMID: 34896767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionophores are a diverse class of synthetic and naturally occurring ion transporter compounds which demonstrate both direct and in-direct antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. In addition, ionophores can regulate the host-immune response during communicable and non-communicable disease states. Although the clinical use of ionophores such as Amphotericin B, Bedaquiline and Ivermectin highlight the utility of ionophores in modern medicine, for many other ionophore compounds issues surrounding toxicity, bioavailability or lack of in vivo efficacy studies have hindered clinical development. The antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of a range of compounds with characteristics of ionophores remain largely unexplored. As such, ionophores remain a latent therapeutic avenue to address both the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, and the unmet clinical need for new antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide an overview of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of ionophores, and their potential uses in clinical medicine for combatting infection.
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Rose J, McCullough PA. WITHDRAWN: A Report on Myocarditis Adverse Events in the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) in Association with COVID-19 Injectable Biological Products. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021:101011. [PMID: 34601006 PMCID: PMC8483988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article has been temporarily removed. A replacement will appear as soon as possible in which the reason for the removal of the article will be specified, or the article will be reinstated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rose
- Institute of Pure and Applied Knowledge, Public Health Policy Initiative (PHPI), Texas A & M College of Medicine, Baylor Dallas Campus, Dallas TX USA.
| | - Peter A McCullough
- Institute of Pure and Applied Knowledge, Public Health Policy Initiative (PHPI), Texas A & M College of Medicine, Baylor Dallas Campus, Dallas TX USA
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Dęborska-Materkowska D, Kamińska D. The Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccines in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2021; 13:1879. [PMID: 34578460 PMCID: PMC8473113 DOI: 10.3390/v13091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its outbreak in December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), led to an enormous rise in scientific response with an excess of COVID-19-related studies on the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches. Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are a heterogeneous population with long-lasting immunosuppression as a joining element. Immunocompromised patients are a vulnerable population with a high risk of severe infections and an increased infection-related mortality rate. It was postulated that the hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine release syndrome during severe COVID-19 could be alleviated by immunosuppressive therapy in SOT patients. On the other hand, it was previously established that T cell-mediated immunity, which is significantly weakened in SOT recipients, is the main component of antiviral immune responses. In this paper, we present the current state of science on COVID-19 immunology in relation to solid organ transplantation with prospective therapeutic and vaccination strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dęborska-Materkowska
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Machado MLDL, Souza ATB, Linhares PVA, Martins Ferreira CF, Oliveira Silva DF, Martins RR, Cobucci RN. Effectiveness and safety of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050532. [PMID: 34535482 PMCID: PMC8450968 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ivermectin is a drug with antiviral properties and has been proposed as an alternative treatment for patients with COVID-19, in some countries; however, there is limited evidence to support its clinical use. Accordingly, the aim of this review and meta-analysis is to obtain superior evidence on the effectiveness and safety of ivermectin in treatment of COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search in the medical databases and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform databases for randomised clinical trials and quasi-randomised trials published from December 2019. The criteria for inclusion are that infection needs to be confirmed by a real-time PCR or serology test, and the effect of ivermectin has been compared with placebo, symptomatic treatment or no treatment. We will exclude observational studies and clinical trials that involved patients with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, but without a laboratorial diagnosis. Outcomes of interest include mortality, time to symptom resolution, time of hospitalisation, frequency of invasive mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome, admission to intensive care unit, viral load, PCR-negative status, percentage of infection after prophylactic use, and total incidence of adverse and side effects. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Two reviewers will independently select the studies and assess their eligibility. Two other reviewers will independently extract data from each study. Meta-analysis will then be carried out using fixed-effects or random-effects model, using the mean difference for continuous outcomes and the relative risk for dichotomous outcomes. Bias risk will be assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The quality of evidence for each outcome will be assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. Review Manager V.5.3.5 will be used for synthesis and subgroup analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Owing to the nature of the review, ethical approval is not required. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020197395.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letícia de Lima Machado
- Graduate Program in Sciences Applied to Women's Health, Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco (MEJC/EBSERH), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Health Sciences Center, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rand Randall Martins
- Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Health Sciences Center, Natal, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ney Cobucci
- Graduate Program in Sciences Applied to Women's Health, Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco (MEJC/EBSERH), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Health Sciences Center, Natal, Brazil
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade Potiguar Salgado Filho Unit, Natal, Brazil
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Xia D, Yao R, Wang S, Chen G, Wang Y. Mapping Trends and Hotspots Regarding Clinical Research on COVID-19: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research. Front Public Health 2021; 9:713487. [PMID: 34497794 PMCID: PMC8419357 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.713487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which began in December 2019, has not been completely controlled; therefore, COVID-19 has received much attention from countries around the world. Many related clinical studies, such as clinical trials, have been published, but to the knowledge of the authors, there has been no bibliometric analysis of these publications focusing on clinical research studies on COVID-19. Methods: Global publications on COVID-19 from January 2020 to December 2020 were extracted from the Web of Science (WOS) collection database. The VOSviewer software and CiteSpace were employed to perform a bibliometric study. In addition, we obtained information on relevant clinical trials from the website http://clinicaltrials.gov. Results: China published most of the articles in this field and had the highest number of citations and H-index. The Journal of Medical Virology published most of the articles related to COVID-19. In terms of institutions, Huazhong University of Science and Technology had the most publications, and Wang, JW received the highest number of citations. Conclusion: The diagnosis, prevention, and prognosis of COVID-19 are still the focus of attention at present. The overall analysis of the disease were identified as the emerging topics from the perspectives of epidemiology and statistics. However, finding an effective treatment remains the focus of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xia
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Naval Hospital of Eastern Theater Command of People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), Zhoushan, China
| | - Renqi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoqi Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Which ones, when and why should renin-angiotensin system inhibitors work against COVID-19? Adv Biol Regul 2021; 81:100820. [PMID: 34419773 PMCID: PMC8359569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The article describes the possible pathophysiological origin of COVID-19 and the crucial role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), providing several “converging” evidence in support of this hypothesis. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to initially upregulate ACE2 systemic activity (early phase), which can subsequently induce compensatory responses leading to upregulation of both arms of the RAS (late phase) and consequently to critical, advanced and untreatable stages of COVID-19 disease. The main and initial actors of the process are ACE2 and ADAM17 zinc-metalloproteases, which, initially triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, work together in increasing circulating Ang 1–7 and Ang 1–9 peptides and downstream (Mas and Angiotensin type 2 receptors) pathways with anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and antithrombotic activities. During the late phase of severe COVID-19, compensatory secretion of renin and ACE enzymes are subsequently upregulated, leading to inflammation, hypertension and thrombosis, which further sustain ACE2 and ADAM17 upregulation. Based on this hypothesis, COVID-19-phase-specific inhibition of different RAS enzymes is proposed as a pharmacological strategy against COVID-19 and vaccine-induced adverse effects. The aim is to prevent the establishment of positive feedback-loops, which can sustain hyperactivity of both arms of the RAS independently of viral trigger and, in some cases, may lead to Long-COVID syndrome.
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Story MJ. Essential sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D and magnesium for prevention and treatment of COVID-19, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer. Biochimie 2021; 187:94-109. [PMID: 34082041 PMCID: PMC8166046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of a number of vaccines for COVID-19, there remains a need for prevention and treatment of the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease COVID-19. This report discusses the key elements of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 that can be readily treated: viral entry, the immune system and inflammation, and the cytokine storm. It is shown that the essential nutrients zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D and magnesium provide the ideal combination for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells, prevention of proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, inhibition of excessive inflammation, improved control of the regulation of the immune system, inhibition of the cytokine storm, and reduction in the effects of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated non-communicable diseases. It is emphasized that the non-communicable diseases associated with COVID-19 are inherently more prevalent in the elderly than the young, and that the maintenance of sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs, vitamin D and magnesium is essential for the elderly to prevent the occurrence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer. Annual checking of levels of these essential nutrients is recommended for those over 65 years of age, together with appropriate adjustments in their intake, with these services and supplies being at government cost. The cost:benefit ratio would be huge as the cost of the nutrients and the testing of their levels would be very small compared with the cost savings of specialists and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
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Mathachan SR, Sardana K, Khurana A. Current Use of Ivermectin in Dermatology, Tropical Medicine, and COVID-19: An Update on Pharmacology, Uses, Proven and Varied Proposed Mechanistic Action. Indian Dermatol Online J 2021; 12:500-514. [PMID: 34430453 PMCID: PMC8354388 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_298_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug with anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor effects. In this review, we discuss the history, pharmacology, multimodal actions, indications in dermatology and tropical medicine, therapeutic and prophylactic use of ivermectin in COVID-19, safety, adverse effects, special considerations, and drug interactions of ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Rose Mathachan
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kabir Sardana
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Khurana
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Zein AFMZ, Sulistiyana CS, Raffaelo WM, Pranata R. Ivermectin and mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102186. [PMID: 34237554 PMCID: PMC8236126 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the effect of ivermectin on mortality in patients with COVID-19. METHODS A comprehensive systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Clinicaltrials.gov from the inception of databases up until April 9, 2021. The intervention group was ivermectin and the control group was standard of care or placebo. The primary outcome was mortality reported as risk ratio (RR). RESULTS There were 9 RCTs comprising of 1788 patients included in this meta-analysis. Ivermectin was associated with decreased mortality (RR 0.39 [95% 0.20-0.74], p = 0.004; I2: 58.2%, p = 0.051). Subgroup analysis in patients with severe COVID-19 showed borderline statistical significance towards mortality reduction (RR 0.42 [95% 0.18-1.00], p = 0.052; I2: 68.3, p = 0.013). The benefit of ivermectin and mortality was reduced by hypertension (RR 1.08 [95% CI 1.03-1.13], p = 0.001); but was not influenced by age (p = 0.657), sex (p = 0.466), diabetes (p = 0.429). Sensitivity analysis using fixed-effect model showed that ivermectin decreased mortality in general (RR 0.43 [95% CI 0.29-0.62], p < 0.001) and severe COVID-19 subgroup (RR 0.48 [95% CI 0.32-0.72], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin was associated with decreased mortality in COVID-19 with a low certainty of evidence. Further adequately powered double-blinded placebo-controlled RCTs are required for definite conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fariz Malvi Zamzam Zein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Department of Internal Medicine, Waled General Hospital, Cirebon, Indonesia.
| | - Catur Setiya Sulistiyana
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia.
| | | | - Raymond Pranata
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia.
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Khandelwal A, Singh GP, Jamil S. Ivermectin as a multifaceted drug in COVID-19: Current insights. Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 77:S254-S256. [PMID: 34334890 PMCID: PMC8313054 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Khandelwal
- Assistant Professor (Anaesthesiology) & Critical Care, Sharda University School of Medical Sciences & Research, Greater Noida, UP India
| | - Gyaninder Pal Singh
- Additional Professor (Neuroanaesthesiology) & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Shaista Jamil
- Assistant Professor (Anaesthesiology) & Critical Care, Sharda University School of Medical Sciences & Research, Greater Noida, UP India
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Satsangi S, Gupta N, Kodan P. Current and New Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment and Its Effects on the Liver. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:436-446. [PMID: 34221930 PMCID: PMC8237135 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corona virus disease (COVID)-19 is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (commonly referred to as SARS-CoV-2). In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Though the target organ for the virus is primarily the lungs, with the recent understanding of the pathobiology of this disease and the immune dysregulation associated with it, it is now clear that COVID-19 affects multiple organ systems. Several drugs and therapies have been tried or repurposed to combat the wrath posed by this disease. On October 22, 2020, the USA Food and Drug Administration approved remdesivir for use in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older). Several of the drugs being tried against COVID-19 have hepatotoxicity as their potential side effect. This review aims to provide the latest insights on various drugs being used in the treatment of COVID-19 and their effects on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Satsangi
- Department of Apollo comprehensive Liver Care, Apollo Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence to: Sandeep Satsangi, Consultant Hepatologist & Liver Transplant Physician, Department of Apollo comprehensive Liver Care, Apollo Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka 560076, India. Tel: +91-7899243962, E-mail:
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Parul Kodan
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Alam S, Kamal TB, Sarker MMR, Zhou JR, Rahman SMA, Mohamed IN. Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety of Repurposing Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Position Standing in 2021. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659577. [PMID: 34220503 PMCID: PMC8243370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, transmitted by SARS-CoV-2, is one of the most serious pandemic situations in the history of mankind, and has already infected a huge population across the globe. This horrendously contagious viral outbreak was first identified in China and within a very short time it affected the world's health, transport, economic, and academic sectors. Despite the recent approval of a few anti-COVID-19 vaccines, their unavailability and insufficiency along with the lack of other potential therapeutic options are continuing to worsen the situation, with valuable lives continuing to be lost. In this situation, researchers across the globe are focusing on repurposing prospective drugs and prophylaxis such as favipiravir, remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, lopinavir-ritonavir, azithromycin, doxycycline, ACEIs/ARBs, rivaroxaban, and protease inhibitors, which were preliminarily based on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and toxicological study reports followed by clinical applications. Based on available preliminary data derived from limited clinical trials, the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and USFDA also recommended a few drugs to be repurposed i.e., hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and favipiravir. However, World Health Organization later recommended against the use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Combining basic knowledge of viral pathogenesis and pharmacodynamics of drug molecules as well as in silico approaches, many drug candidates have been investigated in clinical trials, some of which have been proven to be partially effective against COVID-19, and many of the other drugs are currently under extensive screening. The repurposing of prospective drug candidates from different stages of evaluation can be a handy wellspring in COVID-19 management and treatment along with approved anti-COVID-19 vaccines. This review article combined the information from completed clinical trials, case series, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and retrospective studies to focus on the current status of repurposing drugs in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lenz KD, Klosterman KE, Mukundan H, Kubicek-Sutherland JZ. Macrolides: From Toxins to Therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:347. [PMID: 34065929 PMCID: PMC8150546 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a diverse class of hydrophobic compounds characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring and distinguished by variable side chains/groups. Some of the most well characterized macrolides are toxins produced by marine bacteria, sea sponges, and other species. Many marine macrolide toxins act as biomimetic molecules to natural actin-binding proteins, affecting actin polymerization, while other toxins act on different cytoskeletal components. The disruption of natural cytoskeletal processes affects cell motility and cytokinesis, and can result in cellular death. While many macrolides are toxic in nature, others have been shown to display therapeutic properties. Indeed, some of the most well known antibiotic compounds, including erythromycin, are macrolides. In addition to antibiotic properties, macrolides have been shown to display antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, and immunosuppressive actions. Here, we review each functional class of macrolides for their common structures, mechanisms of action, pharmacology, and human cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Z. Kubicek-Sutherland
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (K.D.L.); (K.E.K.); (H.M.)
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Effects of Ivermectin in Patients With COVID-19: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Ther 2021; 43:1007-1019. [PMID: 34052007 PMCID: PMC8101859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Given the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is a global urgency to discover an effective treatment for patients withthis disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the widely used antiparasitic drug ivermectin on outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Methods In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, patients with COVID-19 admitted to 2 referral tertiary hospitals in Mazandaran, Iran, were randomly divided into 2 groups: intervention and control. In addition to standard treatment for COVID-19, the intervention group received a single weight-based dose (0.2 mg/kg) of ivermectin; the control group received the standard of care. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data from participants were recorded at baseline. Patients were assessed daily for symptoms and disease progression. The primary clinical outcome measures were the durations of hospital stay, fever, dyspnea, and cough; and overall clinical improvement. Findings Sixty-nine patients were enrolled (mean [SD] ages: ivermectin, 47.63 [22.20] years; control, 45.18 [23.11] years; P = 0.65). Eighteen patients (51.4%) in the ivermectin group and 18 (52.9%) in control group were male (P = 0.90). The mean durations of dyspnea were 2.6 (0.4) days in the ivermectin group and 3.8 (0.4) days in the control group (P = 0.048). Also, persistent cough lasted for 3.1 (0.4) days in the ivermectin group compared to 4.8 (0.4) days in control group (PP = 0.019). The mean durations of hospital stay were 7.1 (0.5) days versus 8.4 (0.6) days in the ivermectin and control groups, respectively (P = 0.016). Also, the frequency of lymphopenia decreased to 14.3% in the ivermectin group and did not change in the control group (P = 0.007). Implications A single dose of ivermectin was well-tolerated in symptomatic patients with COVID-19, and important clinical features of COVID-19 were improved with ivermectin use, including dyspnea, cough, and lymphopenia. Further studies with larger sample sizes, different drug dosages, dosing intervals and durations, especially in different stages of the disease, may be useful in understanding the potential clinical benefits ivermectin. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20111224008507N3.
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Colebunders R. COVID-19: The African enigma. Colomb Med (Cali) 2021; 52:e7014816. [PMID: 34188330 PMCID: PMC8216052 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Choudhury A, Das NC, Patra R, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh P, Patra BC, Mukherjee S. Exploring the binding efficacy of ivermectin against the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: an in silico approach. Future Virol 2021. [PMCID: PMC7996102 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: COVID-19 is currently the biggest threat to mankind. Recently, ivermectin (a US FDA-approved antiparasitic drug) has been explored as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. Herein, we have studied the possible mechanism of action of ivermectin using in silico approaches. Materials & methods: Interaction of ivermectin against the key proteins involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis were investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Results: Ivermectin was found as a blocker of viral replicase, protease and human TMPRSS2, which could be the biophysical basis behind its antiviral efficiency. The antiviral action and ADMET profile of ivermectin was on par with the currently used anticorona drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. Conclusion: Our study enlightens the candidature of ivermectin as an effective drug for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhigyan Choudhury
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabarun C Das
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Pratik Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Bidhan C Patra
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol 713340, West Bengal, India
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Metabolism and interactions of Ivermectin with human cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, possible adverse and toxic effects. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1535-1546. [PMID: 33719007 PMCID: PMC7956433 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The review presents metabolic properties of Ivermectin (IVM) as substrate and inhibitor of human P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes and drug transporters. IVM is metabolized, both in vivo and in vitro, by C-hydroxylation and O-demethylation reactions catalyzed by P450 3A4 as the major enzyme, with a contribution of P450 3A5 and 2C9. In samples from both in vitro and in vivo metabolism, a number of metabolites were detected and as major identified metabolites were 3″-O-demethylated, C4-methyl hydroxylated, C25 isobutyl-/isopropyl-hydroxylated, and products of oxidation reactions. Ivermectin inhibited P450 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and CYP3A4 with IC50 values ranging from 5.3 μM to no inhibition suggesting that it is no or weak inhibitor of the enzymes. It is suggested that P-gp (MDR1) transporter participate in IVM efflux at low drug concentration with a slow transport rate. At the higher, micromolar concentration range, which saturates MDR1 (P-gp), MRP1, and to a lesser extent, MRP2 and MRP3 participate in IVM transport across physiological barriers. IVM exerts a potent inhibition of P-gp (ABCB1), MRP1 (ABCC1), MRP2 (ABCC2), and BCRP1 (ABCG2), and medium to weak inhibition of OATP1B1 (SLC21A6) and OATP1B3 (SLCOB3) transport activity. The metabolic and transport properties of IVM indicate that when IVM is co-administered with other drugs/chemicals that are potent inhibitors/inducers P4503A4 enzyme and of MDR1 (P-gp), BCRP or MRP transporters, or when polymorphisms of the drug transporters and P450 3A4 exist, drug–drug or drug–toxic chemical interactions might result in suboptimal response to the therapy or to toxic effects.
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Kaur H, Shekhar N, Sharma S, Sarma P, Prakash A, Medhi B. Ivermectin as a potential drug for treatment of COVID-19: an in-sync review with clinical and computational attributes. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:736-749. [PMID: 33389725 PMCID: PMC7778723 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 cases are on surge; however, there is no efficient treatment or vaccine that can be used for its management. Numerous clinical trials are being reviewed for use of different drugs, biologics, and vaccines in COVID-19. A much empirical approach will be to repurpose existing drugs for which pharmacokinetic and safety data are available, because this will facilitate the process of drug development. The article discusses the evidence available for the use of Ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug with antiviral properties, in COVID-19. METHODS A rational review of the drugs was carried out utilizing their clinically significant attributes. A more thorough understanding was met by virtual embodiment of the drug structure and realizable viral targets using artificial intelligence (AI)-based and molecular dynamics (MD)-simulation-based study. CONCLUSION Certain studies have highlighted the significance of ivermectin in COVID-19; however, it requires evidences from more Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and dose- response studies to support its use. In silico-based analysis of ivermectin's molecular interaction specificity using AI and classical mechanics simulation-based methods indicates positive interaction of ivermectin with viral protein targets, which is leading for SARS-CoV 2 N-protein NTD (nucleocapsid protein N-terminal domain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Reseasrch (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Nishant Shekhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Reseasrch (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Reseasrch (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Reseasrch (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Reseasrch (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Reseasrch (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Turkia M. The History of Methylprednisolone, Ascorbic Acid, Thiamine, and Heparin Protocol and I-MASK+ Ivermectin Protocol for COVID-19. Cureus 2020; 12:e12403. [PMID: 33532161 PMCID: PMC7845747 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An alliance of established experts on critical care, Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC), has published two protocols for treatment of COVID-19. The first one, methylprednisolone, ascorbic acid, thiamine, and heparin (MATH+), is intended for hospital and intensive care unit treatment of pulmonary phases of the disease. It is based on affordable, commonly available components: anti-inflammatory corticosteroids (methylprednisolone, "M"), high-dose vitamin C infusion (ascorbic acid, "A"), vitamin B1 (thiamine, "T"), anticoagulant heparin ("H"), antiparasitic agent ivermectin, and supplemental components ("+") including melatonin, vitamin D, elemental zinc, and magnesium. The MATH+ protocol has received scarce attention due to the World Health Organization (WHO) advising against the use of corticosteroids in the beginning of the pandemic. In addition, randomized controlled clinical trials were required as a condition for adoption of the protocol. As the hospital mortality rate of MATH+ treated patients was approximately a quarter of the rate of patients receiving a standard of care, the authors of the protocol considered performing such trials unethical. Other parties have later performed clinical trials with corticosteroids and anticoagulants, which has led to a more widespread adoption of these components. In October 2020, ivermectin was upgraded from an optional component to an essential component of the protocol. According to the authors, ivermectin is considered the first agent effective for both prophylaxis (prevention) of COVID-19 and for treatment of all phases of COVID-19 including outpatient treatment of the early symptomatic phase. Therefore, at the end of October 2020, a separate ivermectin-based I-MASK+ protocol for prophylaxis and early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 was published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Turkia
- Qualitative Research, Independent Researcher, Helsinki, FIN
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Segura-Aguilar J, Tizabi Y. Ivermectin as a potential therapeutic in COVID-19. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 4:160-161. [PMID: 33778414 PMCID: PMC7993655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Hossain MJ, Rahman SMA. Repurposing therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection: most promising and neoteric progress. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:1009-1027. [PMID: 33355520 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1864327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenic and highly transmissible etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a serious threat COVID-19 pandemic. WHO has declared the epidemic a public health emergency of international concern owing to its high contagiosity, mortality rate, and morbidity. Till now, there is no approved vaccine or drug to combat the COVID-19 and avert this global crisis. AREAS COVERED In this narrative review, we summarized the updated results (January to August 2020) of the most promising repurposing therapeutic candidates to treat the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The repurposed drugs classified under four headlines like antivirals, anti-parasitic, immune-modulating, and miscellaneous drugs were discussed with their in vitro efficacy to recent clinical advancements against COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Currently, palliative care, ranging from outpatient management to intensive care, including oxygen administration, ventilator support, intravenous fluids therapy, with some repurposed drugs, are the primary weapons to fight against COVID-19. Until a safe and effective vaccine is developed, an evidence-based drug repurposing strategy might be the wisest option to save people from this catastrophe. Several existing drugs are now under clinical trials, and some of them are approved in different places of the world for emergency use or as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 with standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - S M Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Arpornsuwan M, Arpornsuwan M. A Proposal of Early Diagnosis and Early Management in Dengue Infection and Possible COVID-19. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2020; 000:1-11. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Formiga FR, Leblanc R, de Souza Rebouças J, Farias LP, de Oliveira RN, Pena L. Ivermectin: an award-winning drug with expected antiviral activity against COVID-19. J Control Release 2020; 329:758-761. [PMID: 33038449 PMCID: PMC7539925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with demonstrated antiviral activity against a number of DNA and RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite this promise, the antiviral activity of ivermectin has not been consistently proven in vivo. While ivermectin's activity against SARS-CoV-2 is currently under investigation in patients, insufficient emphasis has been placed on formulation challenges. Here, we discuss challenges surrounding the use of ivermectin in the context of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and how novel formulations employing micro- and nanotechnologies may address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rocha Formiga
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Roger Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Leonardo Paiva Farias
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Bioactive Compounds Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH. From quarantine room: Physician perspective. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:5092-5102. [PMID: 33409170 PMCID: PMC7773063 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_896_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This write-up is a brief reflection of a rural doctor couple, Dr. Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar (HSB) and Dr. Pramodini Himmatrao Bawaskar (PHB), working in the remote area of Maharashtra state of India during COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, rural doctors are routinely exposed to symptomatic COVID-positive cases in the outpatient as well as indoor setting. The authors, both husband and wife, were in compulsory quarantine for twice at home and experienced social stigmas attached to a positive case. Here is a report the details of COVID-19 pattern and its management learned from the published scientific papers on COVID-19, and severe acute respiratory syndrome due to SARS-CoV-2 from December 2019 and their own experience in rural setting and the current literature shared in the form of personal narration. Apart from the personal experience of patients experience regarding quarantine period, COVID-19 is discussed in detail for the benefit of rural practitioners.
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Elkholy KO, Hegazy O, Erdinc B, Abowali H. Ivermectin: A Closer Look at a Potential Remedy. Cureus 2020; 12:e10378. [PMID: 33062500 PMCID: PMC7550029 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amid the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the search for effective treatment and vaccines has been exponentially on the rise. Finding effective treatment has been the core of attention of many scientific reports and antivirals are in the center of those treatments. Numerous antivirals are being studied for the management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir was the first drug to gain emergency FDA approval to be used in COVID-19. Similarly, favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug, is being studied as a potential agent against COVID-19. Contrastingly, hydroxychloroquine has been a controversial drug in the management of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the National Institute of Health (NIH), along with the World Health Organization (WHO), have discontinued clinical trials for hydroxychloroquine as the drug showed little or no survival benefit. Ivermectin, an antihelminthic drug, has shown antiviral properties previously. Additionally, it was described to be effective in vivo against the SARS-CoV-2. However, its survival benefit in patients with COVID-19 has not been documented. We herein propose the theory of inhaled ivermectin which can attain the desired lung concentration that will render it effective against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim O Elkholy
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Omar Hegazy
- Internal Medicine, Mercy Hospital, Chicago, USA
| | - Burak Erdinc
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Hesham Abowali
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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El-Saber Batiha G, Alqahtani A, Ilesanmi OB, Saati AA, El-Mleeh A, Hetta HF, Magdy Beshbishy A. Avermectin Derivatives, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic and Toxic Dosages, Mechanism of Action, and Their Biological Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080196. [PMID: 32824399 PMCID: PMC7464486 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avermectins are a group of drugs that occurs naturally as a product of fermenting Streptomyces avermitilis, an actinomycetes, isolated from the soil. Eight different structures, including ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, and selamectin, were isolated and divided into four major components (A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a) and four minor components (A1b, A2b, B1b, and B2b). Avermectins are generally used as a pesticide for the treatment of pests and parasitic worms as a result of their anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. Additionally, they possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antifungal, and are used for treatment of several metabolic disorders. Avermectin generally works by preventing the transmission of electrical impulse in the muscle and nerves of invertebrates, by amplifying the glutamate effects on the invertebrates-specific gated chloride channel. Avermectin has unwanted effects or reactions, especially when administered indiscriminately, which include respiratory failure, hypotension, and coma. The current review examines the mechanism of actions, biosynthesis, safety, pharmacokinetics, biological toxicity and activities of avermectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omotayo B. Ilesanmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke 561, Nigeria;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm 32511, Egypt;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: or (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.)
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