1
|
Combined In Silico, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Assessment of L-17, a Thiadiazine Derivative with Putative Neuro- and Cardioprotective and Antidepressant Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413626. [PMID: 34948423 PMCID: PMC8708481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression associated with poor general medical condition, such as post-stroke (PSD) or post-myocardial infarction (PMID) depression, is characterized by resistance to classical antidepressants. Special treatment strategies should thus be developed for these conditions. Our study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of 2-morpholino-5-phenyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, hydrobromide (L-17), a recently designed thiadiazine derivative with putative neuro- and cardioprotective and antidepressant-like effects, using combined in silico (for prediction of the molecular binding mechanisms), ex vivo (for assessment of the neural excitability using c-Fos immunocytochemistry), and in vivo (for direct examination of the neuronal excitability) methodological approaches. We found that the predicted binding affinities of L-17 to serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) and 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors are compatible with selective 5-HT serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antagonists of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. L-17 robustly increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the amygdala and decreased it in the hippocampus. L-17 dose-dependently inhibited 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus; this inhibition was partially reversed by the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100135. We suggest that L-17 is a potent 5-HT reuptake inhibitor and partial antagonist of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors; the effects of L-17 on amygdaloid and hippocampal excitability might be mediated via 5-HT, and putatively mediate the antidepressant-like effects of this drug. Since L-17 also possesses neuro- and cardioprotective properties, it can be beneficial in PSD and PMID. Combined in silico predictions with ex vivo neurochemical and in vivo electrophysiological assessments might be a useful strategy for early assessment of the efficacy and neural mechanism of action of novel CNS drugs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kiss A, Osacka J. The effect of amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole single administration on c-Fos expression in vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neuropeptides 2021; 87:102148. [PMID: 33887540 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics, including amisulpride (AMI), quetiapine (QUE), aripiprazole (ARI), and olanzapine (OLA), are used to treat mental illnesses associated with psychotic symptoms. The effect of these drugs on c-Fos expression in vasopressinergic (AVP) and oxytocinergic (OXY) neurons was studied in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats. The presence of c-Fos in AVP and OXY perikarya was investigated in seven PVN cells segregations: the anterior (Ant), dorsal cup (Dc), wing-shaped (Wi), periventricular zone (Pe), circle-shaped core (Co) and shell of core (Sh), and the posterior (pPVN) after an acute treatment with AMI-20 mg/kg, QUE-15 mg/kg, ARI-10 mg/kg, and OLA-5 mg/kg/bw in rats. Ninety min after treatments, the animals were sacrificed by transcardial perfusion with fixative and the PVN area sliced into 35 μm thick coronal sections for immunohistochemistry. The c-Fos was processed by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex intensified with nickel-enhanced 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Visualization of AVP- and OXY-synthesizing neurons was achieved by a fluorescent marker Alexa Flour 568. The c-Fos-AVP and c-Fos-OXY colocalizations were evaluated from c-Fos stained sections merged with AVP or OXY ones. AMI, QUE, ARI, and OLA, single administration distinctly increased the c-Fos expression in each of the PVN cells segregations. QUE induced the highest magnitude of activation of AVP and OXY neurons, while OLA and AMI had only moderate effects. Incontestable variabilities detected in c-Fos expression in PVN AVP and OXY neurons extend the knowledge of selected antipsychotics extra-striatal actions and may also be helpful in a presumption of their possible functional impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kiss
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Osacka
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen L, Li S, Zhou Y, Liu T, Cai A, Zhang Z, Xu F, Manyande A, Wang J, Peng M. Neuronal mechanisms of adenosine A 2A receptors in the loss of consciousness induced by propofol general anesthesia with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurochem 2020; 156:1020-1032. [PMID: 32785947 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is the most common intravenous anesthetic agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and has been used clinically for more than 30 years. However, the mechanism by which propofol induces loss of consciousness (LOC) remains largely unknown. The adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) has been extensively proven to have an effect on physiological sleep. It is, therefore, important to investigate the role of A2A R in the induction of LOC using propofol. In the present study, the administration of the highly selective A2A R agonist (CGS21680) and antagonist (SCH58261) was utilized to investigate the function of A2A R under general anesthesia induced by propofol by means of animal behavior studies, resting-state magnetic resonance imaging and c-Fos immunofluorescence staining approaches. Our results show that CGS21680 significantly prolonged the duration of LOC induced by propofol, increased the c-Fos expression in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and suppressed the functional connectivity of NAc-dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and NAc-cingulate cortex (CG). However, SCH58261 significantly shortened the duration of LOC induced by propofol, decreased the c-Fos expression in NAc, increased the c-Fos expression in DR, and elevated the functional connectivity of NAc-DR and NAc-CG. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the important roles played by A2A R in the LOC induced by propofol and suggest that the neural circuit between NAc-DR maybe controlled by A2A R in the mechanism of anesthesia induced by propofol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aoling Cai
- Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, UK
| | - Jie Wang
- Center of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pinna A, Costa G, Contu L, Morelli M. Fos expression induced by olanzapine and risperidone in the central extended amygdala. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172764. [PMID: 31678081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extended amygdala has been proposed to play an essential role in cognitive and affective processes and in neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present study, we examined the induction of Fos-like nuclei in the central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA), sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEA), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) of rodents to improve the knowledge regarding the pharmacological profile, therapeutic efficacy, and side-effects of olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug and risperidone, a mixed atypical/typical antipsychotic drug in the rat brain. In addition, we evaluated the induction of Fos-like-nuclei in areas connected with these structures such as prefrontal cortex (PFCx), and nucleus accumbens shell, and in other important areas including the lateral septum and caudate-putamen that are involved in the therapeutic efficacy or side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. Fos-like-immunoreactivity induced by olanzapine and risperidone was compared with that by the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and typical antipsychotic haloperidol. Regarding the extended amygdala, and similarly to clozapine, olanzapine (5-10 mg/kg) and, with a lower efficacy, risperidone (1-3 mg/kg), induced Fos-like-nuclei in CeA, IPAC, SLEA, and BSTL. Both these drugs increased the induction of Fos-like-nuclei in PFCx, nucleus accumbens shell, lateral septum, and caudate-putamen. On the contrary, the increase of Fos-like-nuclei in the extended amygdala by haloperidol was restricted to IPAC only. These findings, consistent with the important role of extended amygdala in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by affective disturbances, showed that olanzapine and risperidone, contrary to haloperidol, preferentially activated Fos-expression in these brain areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute - Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Liliana Contu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Micaela Morelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute - Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Blocco A, SP 8, Km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu D, Xiao R, Huang J, Cai Y, Bao X, Jing S, Du Z, Yang T, Fan X. Neonatal exposure to propofol affects interneuron development in the piriform cortex and causes neurobehavioral deficits in adult mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:657-670. [PMID: 30415279 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal studies have shown that early postnatal propofol administration is involved in neurobehavioral alterations in adults. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. METHODS We used c-Fos immunohistochemistry to identify activated neurons in brain regions of neonatal mice under propofol exposure and performed behavioral tests to observe the long-term consequences. RESULTS Exposure to propofol (30g or 60 mg/kg) on P7 produced significant c-Fos expression in the deep layers of the piriform cortex on P8. Double immunofluorescence of c-Fos with interneuron markers in the piriform cortex revealed that c-Fos was specifically induced in calbindin (CB)-positive interneurons. Repeated propofol exposure from P7 to P9 induced behavioral deficits in adult mice, such as olfactory function deficit in a buried food test, decreased sociability in a three-chambered choice task, and impaired recognitive ability of learning and memory in novel object recognition tests. However, locomotor activity in the open-field test was not generally affected. Propofol treatment also significantly decreased the number of CB-positive interneurons in the piriform cortex of mice on P21 and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CB-positive interneurons in the piriform cortex are vulnerable to propofol exposure during the neonatal period, and these neurons are involved in the damage effects of propofol on behavior changes. These data provide a new target of propofol neurotoxicity and may elucidate the mechanism of neurobehavioral deficits in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan No.4 Hospital, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430033, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiande Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trait anger modulates neural activity in the fronto-parietal attention network. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194444. [PMID: 29672547 PMCID: PMC5908080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anger is considered a unique high-arousal and approach-related negative emotion. The influence of individual differences in trait anger on the processing of visual stimuli is relevant to questions about emotional processing and remains to be explored. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we explored the neural responses to standardized images, selected based on valence and arousal ratings in a group of men with high trait anger compared to those with normative to low anger scores (controls). Results show increased activation in the left-lateralized ventral fronto-parietal attention network to unpleasant images by individuals with high trait anger. There was also a group by arousal interaction in the left thalamus/pulvinar such that individuals with high trait anger had increased pulvinar activation to the high-arousal (versus low arousal) unpleasant images as compared to controls. Thus, individual differences in trait anger in men are associated with brain regions subserving executive attentional and sensory integration during the processing of unpleasant emotional stimuli, particularly to high arousal images.
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of olanzapine and betahistine co-treatment on serotonin transporter, 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptor binding density. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:62-8. [PMID: 23994047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine is widely used in treating multiple domains of schizophrenia symptoms but induces serious metabolic side-effects. Recent evidence has showed that co-treatment of betahistine (a histaminergic H1 receptor agonist and H3 receptor antagonist) is effective for preventing olanzapine-induced weight gain/obesity, however it is not clear whether this co-treatment affects on the primary therapeutic receptor binding sites of olanzapine such as serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2AR) and dopaminergic D2 receptors (D2R). Therefore, this study investigated the effects of this co-treatment on 5-HT2AR, 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) and D2R bindings in various brain regions involved in antipsychotic efficacy. Female Sprague Dawley rats were administered orally (t.i.d.) with either olanzapine (1mg/kg), betahistine (2.7 mg/kg), olanzapine plus betahistine (O+B), or vehicle (control) for 2 weeks. Quantitative autoradiography was used to detect the density of [(3)H]ketanserin, [(3)H]paroxetine and [(3)H]raclopride binding site to 5-HT2AR, 5-HTT and D2R. Compared to the controls, olanzapine significantly decreased [(3)H]ketanserin bindings to 5-HT2AR in the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens. Similar changes in 5-HT2AR bindings in these nuclei were also observed in the O+B co-treatment group. Olanzapine also significantly decreased [(3)H]paroxetine binding to 5-HTT in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, however, both olanzapine only and O+B co-treatment did not affect [(3)H]raclopride binding to D2R. The results confirmed the important role of 5-HT2AR in the efficacy of olanzapine, which is not influenced by the O+B co-treatment. Therefore, betahistine co-treatment would be an effective combination therapy to reduce olanzapine-induced weight gain side-effects without affecting olanzapine's actions on 5-HT2AR transmissions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rajkumar R, See LKY, Dawe GS. Acute antipsychotic treatments induce distinct c-Fos expression patterns in appetite-related neuronal structures of the rat brain. Brain Res 2013; 1508:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Excitation, inhibition, local oscillations, or large-scale loops: what causes the symptoms of schizophrenia? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 22:537-44. [PMID: 22079494 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
What causes the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia? The importance of circuits is underscored by the finding that no single gene contributes strongly to the disease. Thus, some circuit abnormality to which many proteins can contribute is the likely cause. There are several major hypotheses regarding the circuitry involved: first, a change in the balance of excitation/inhibition in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); second, abnormal EEG oscillations in the gamma range; third, an increase in theta/delta EEG power related to changes in the thalamus (particularly midline nuclei); fourth, hyperactivity in the hippocampus and consequent dopamine hyperfunction; and fifth, deficits in corollary discharge. Evidence for these hypotheses will be reviewed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Regulation of neuronal activation by Alpha2A adrenergic receptor agonist. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:226-39. [PMID: 21191826 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress factors induce neuronal activation in brain areas that are related to anxiety and fear. High doses of caffeine induce neuronal activation with Ca2+ influx followed by expression of the immediate early gene c-fos. In the present study, we investigated c-Fos protein expression in stress-responsive brain areas induced by caffeine, as well as the role of alpha2A receptor in the regulation of neuronal activation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that an acute effect of caffeine induced c-Fos protein expression in the hippocampus, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), the lateral septum, the basolateral and central amygdala, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the locus coeruleus, and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). However, c-Fos expression was attenuated after repeated treatment of caffeine, spaced 24 h apart, compared to a single acute effect. Alpha2A receptor activation with the agonist guanfacine attenuated the acute effect of caffeine in terms of c-Fos expression in neurons in the CA1-CA3 areas of hippocampus, the locus coeruleus and the LPBN as compared with effect of caffeine alone, whereas the number of c-Fos expressing neurons increased in the lateral septum, the dorsal BNST, the central amygdala, and the PVN, areas that are densely innervated by noradrenergic neurons. Guanfacine alone induced c-Fos protein expression in neurons in the central amygdala, the dorsal BNST, the PVN, the LPBN, and the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. Guanfacine alone also induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in neurons expressing c-Fos in the dorsal BNST, the central amygdala, and the LPBN. These results suggest that alpha2A receptor activation modulates synaptic transmission in neuronal circuits that are correlated with stress in vivo.
Collapse
|
11
|
Scorza FA, Schmitt A, Cysneiros RM, Arida RM, Cavalheiro EA, Gattaz WF. Thalamic nuclear abnormalities as a contributory factor in sudden cardiac deaths among patients with schizophrenia. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010; 65:539-46. [PMID: 20535373 PMCID: PMC2882549 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have a two- to three-fold increased risk of premature death as compared to patients without this disease. It has been established that patients with schizophrenia are at a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Moreover, an important issue that has not yet been explored is a possible existence of a "cerebral" focus that could trigger sudden cardiac death in patients with schizophrenia. Along these lines, several structural and functional alterations in the thalamic complex are evident in patients with schizophrenia and have been correlated with the symptoms manifested by these patients. With regard to abnormalities on the cellular and molecular level, previous studies have shown that schizophrenic patients have fewer neuronal projections from the thalamus to the prefrontal cortex as well as a reduced number of neurons, a reduced volume of either the entire thalamus or its subnuclei, and abnormal glutamate signaling. According to the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, hypofunctional corticostriatal and striatothalamic projections are directly involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. Animal and post-mortem studies have provided a large amount of evidence that links the sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) that occurs in patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy to thalamic changes. Based on the results of these prior studies, it is clear that further research regarding the relationship between the thalamus and sudden cardiac death is of vital importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio A. Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - São Paulo/SP, Brasil
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen - Germany
| | - Roberta M. Cysneiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento do Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie - São Paulo/SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo M. Arida
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - São Paulo/SP, Brasil
| | - Esper A. Cavalheiro
- Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia (CIREP), Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brasil
| | - Wagner F. Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociência (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brasil.,
, Tel: 0049 551 39 10366
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kiss A, Bundzikova J, Pirnik Z, Mikkelsen JD. Different antipsychotics elicit different effects on magnocellular oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons as revealed by Fos immunohistochemistry. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:677-85. [PMID: 19774673 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute administration of antipsychotics elicits regionally distinct patterns of Fos expression in the rat brain. Stimulation of oxytocin (OXY) and vasopressin (AVP) release in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei indicates that antipsychotics may play a role in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral processes. This study was focused to reveal the responsiveness of hypothalamic OXY- and AVP- producing magnocellular neurons, in terms of quantitative and topographical distinctions, to antipsychotics displaying different pharmacological profiles. Naive male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with haloperidol (1 mg/kg), clozapine (30 mg/kg), olanzapine (30 mg/kg), risperidone (2mg/kg), and vehicle (5% chremophor) and were sacrificed 60 min later by a fixative. Fos, Fos/OXY, and Fos/AVP labelings were visualized by immunohistochemistry in the SON, 5 accessory (ACS) cell groups, and 4 distinct PVN subdivisions using a computerized light microscope. Most apparent activation of single Fos, Fos/OXY, and Fos/AVP cells was induced by clozapine and olanzapine; effects of risperidone and haloperidol were substantially lower; no colocalizations were revealed in naive or vehicle treated control rats. The data indicate the existence of a substantial diversity in the stimulatory effect of the selected antipsychotics on quantity of Fos, Fos/OXY, and Fos/AVP immunostainings with the preferential action of the atypicals clozapine over olanzapine and little effects of risperidone and haloperidol. Variabilities in Fos distribution in the PVN, SON, and ACS induced by antipsychotics may be helpful to understand more precisely the extent of their extra-forebrain actions with possible presumption of their functional impact and side effect consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kiss
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Choi KH, Rhim H. Inhibition of recombinant Ca(v)3.1 (alpha(1G)) T-type calcium channels by the antipsychotic drug clozapine. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 626:123-30. [PMID: 19782679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low voltage-activated T-type calcium channels are involved in the regulation of the neuronal excitability, and could be subject to many antipsychotic drugs. The effects of clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, on recombinant Ca(v)3.1 T-type calcium channels heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells were examined using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. At a standard holding potential of -100 mV, clozapine inhibited Ca(v)3.1 currents with an IC(50) value of 23.7+/-1.3 microM in a use-dependent manner. However, 10 microM clozapine inhibited more than 50% of the Ca(v)3.1 currents in recordings at a more physiologically relevant holding potential of -75 mV. Clozapine caused a significant hyperpolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation curve of the Ca(v)3.1 channels, which is presumably the main mechanism accounting for the inhibition of the Ca(v)3.1 currents. In addition, clozapine slowed Ca(v)3.1 deactivation and inactivation kinetics but not activation kinetics. Clozapine-induced changes in deactivation and inactivation rates of the Ca(v)3.1 channel gating would likely facilitate calcium influx via Ca(v)3.1 T-type calcium channels. Thus, clozapine may exert its therapeutic and/or side effects by altering cell's excitability and firing properties through actions on T-type calcium channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Hyun Choi
- Life Sciences Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Individual contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu) 2 and 3 to c-Fos expression pattern evoked by mGlu2/3 antagonism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201:1-13. [PMID: 18813914 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED OBJECTIVES AND MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aims of the present study were (1) to determine the neuronal activation pattern elicited by the group II mGlu antagonist LY341495 and (2) to evaluate the contribution of each group II mGlu subtype by using wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice lacking either mGlu2 or mGlu3. c-Fos expression was used as a marker of neuronal activation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In WT mice, LY341495 induced widespread c-Fos expression in 68 out of 92 brain areas, including limbic areas such as the amygdala, septum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. LY341495-induced c-Fos response was markedly decreased in the medial part of the central amygdala (CeM) and lateral septum (LS) in mGlu3-KO mice, as well as in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) in both KO strains. In the majority of investigated areas, LY341495-induced c-Fos expression was similar in KO and WT mice. Analysis of the cellular and subcellular distribution of mGlu2 and mGlu3 revealed a prevailing presence of mGlu3-immunoreactivity in the CeM in glial processes and in postsynapstic neuronal elements, whereas only rare presynaptic axon terminals were found immunoreactive for mGlu2. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data indicate that group II mGlu blockade increases neuronal activation in a variety of brain areas, including many stress- and anxiety-related areas. The activation of two key brain areas, the CeM and LS, is mediated via mGlu3, while activation in the LPB involves both subtypes. Moreover, in the majority of investigated areas, LY341495-mediated neuronal activation appears to require a complex cross talk between group II mGlu subtypes or the action of LY341495 on additional receptors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Byne W, Dracheva S, Chin B, Schmeidler JM, Davis KL, Haroutunian V. Schizophrenia and sex associated differences in the expression of neuronal and oligodendrocyte-specific genes in individual thalamic nuclei. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:118-28. [PMID: 18029146 PMCID: PMC2678297 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence based on the study of postmortem brain tissue suggests deficits in both neuronal and myelin systems in schizophrenia (SZ). To date, the majority of the biochemical and molecular biological studies have focused on the cerebral cortex. Most information traveling to or from the cortex is relayed or synaptically gated through the thalamus, and numerous studies suggest structural and functional abnormalities in interconnected regions of the thalamus and cortex in SZ. The present study extends our gene expression studies of neuronal and myelin systems to the thalamus. Quantitative PCR was employed to assess the expression of 10 genes in 5 divisions of the thalamus which were precisely harvested using Laser Capture Microdissection. The divisions studied were present on coronal sections at the level of the centromedian nucleus (CMN) taken from 14 schizophrenic and 16 normal control postmortem brains. The genes examined were specific for oligodendrocytes (MAG, CNP, MBP), neurons (ENO2), glutamatergic neurons (VGlut1, VGlut2, PV, CB) or GABAergic neurons (GAD65, GAD67). Expression levels for each of these markers were quantitated and compared between diagnoses, between sexes, and across nuclei. CB was much more highly expressed in the CMN in SZs compared to NCs. No other diagnosis related differences in gene expression were observed. The expression levels of CNP and MAG, but not MBP, were highly correlated with one another and both, but not MBP, were much more highly expressed in females than in males in all thalamic divisions examined. All markers were differentially expressed across nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Byne
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY,Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY
| | - Stella Dracheva
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY,Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin Chin
- Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY
| | - James M. Schmeidler
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY
| | - Kenneth L. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY,Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Linden AM, Baez M, Bergeron M, Schoepp DD. Effects of mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor deletions on mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY354740)-induced brain c-Fos expression: Specific roles for mGlu2 in the amygdala and subcortical nuclei, and mGlu3 in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:213-28. [PMID: 16733060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
LY354740 is a potent and selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist with activity in models of psychiatric disorders (anxiety, psychosis), and early clinical studies in anxiety patients. However, the specific receptor subtypes and brain regions which mediate mGlu2/3 receptor agonist pharmacology/efficacy are not well understood. Here we investigate the effects of deleting mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptors on basal and LY354740-regulated c-Fos expression in mouse brain using mGlu2 or mGlu3 knockout mice. Consistent with our earlier findings, LY354740 administration (20 mg/kg, i.p.) to wild-type mice increased c-Fos expression in specific limbic (central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, midline thalamic nuclei) and non-limbic (thalamic dorsolateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, Edinger-Westphal) structures, while modestly suppressing hippocampal c-Fos expression. The LY354740-induced increases in c-Fos expression in all the above regions were abolished by mGlu2, but not mGlu3, receptor deletion. Interestingly, basal c-Fos expression was significantly increased in the hippocampus of mGlu3, but not mGlu2, receptor knockouts compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, this increase was not suppressed by LY354740, such that in the CA3 region LY354740 now increased c-Fos expression in the mGlu3 knockouts. These results demonstrate that the LY354740-induced increases of c-Fos expression in specific brain regions, including the central and extended amygdala are specifically linked to mGlu2 receptors, and LY354740 suppressions of neuronal activity in the hippocampus are linked to mGlu3 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anni-Maija Linden
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Central Nervous System Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, drop code 0510, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang XF, Deng C, Zavitsanou K. Neuropeptide Y mRNA expression levels following chronic olanzapine, clozapine and haloperidol administration in rats. Neuropeptides 2006; 40:213-9. [PMID: 16516965 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using quantitative in situ hybridization, this study examined regional changes in rat brain mRNA levels encoding neuropeptide Y (NPY) following olanzapine, clozapine and haloperidol administration (1.2, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, oral) for 36 days. The NPY mRNA expression levels and patterns were examined after the last drug administration at both time points enabling the measurement of immediate effect at 2h and the effects after 48 h of drug administration. It was found that all these drugs had an immediate effect on NPY mRNA expression, while virtually all these changes normalized 48 h after the drug treatments. A similarity in altered NPY mRNA expression patterns was seen between the olanzapine and clozapine groups; however, haloperidol was very different. Olanzapine and clozapine administration decreased NPY mRNA levels in the nucleus accumbens, striatum and anterior cingulate cortex (from -60% to -77%, p<0.05). Haloperidol decreased NPY mRNA expression in the amygdala and hippocampus (-69%, -64%, p<0.05). In the lateral septal nucleus, NPY mRNA levels significantly decreased in the olanzapine group (-66%, p<0.05), a trend toward a decrease was observed in the clozapine group, and no change was found in the haloperidol treated group. These results suggest that the different effects of atypical and typical antipsychotics on NPY systems may reflect the neural chemical mechanisms responsible for the differences between these drugs in their effects in treating positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The immediate decrease of NPY mRNA levels suggests an immediate reduction of NPY biosynthesis in response to these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X-F Huang
- Neurobiology Research Centre for Metabolic and Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, Northfield Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma J, Ye N, Cohen BM. Expression of noradrenergic alpha1, serotoninergic 5HT2a and dopaminergic D2 receptors on neurons activated by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:647-57. [PMID: 16487641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic agents produce activation of a subset of largely dynorphinergic/GABAergic neurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens (AcbShB), central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) and midline thalamic central medial nucleus (CM) in rats. It is not known why these particular neurons respond to antipsychotic drugs. The present study tested the hypothesis that activated neurons bear subtypes of monoamine receptors to which antipsychotic drug are known to bind, including dopaminergic D2, serotoninergic 5HT2a and noradrenergic alpha1 receptors. Rats were treated with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol or the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Double immunofluorescence labeling was performed with antibodies directed against (1) the expression of Fos proteins, indicating drug-induced cell activation, and (2) each of the monoamine receptor proteins noted. All three receptors examined were expressed in haloperidol- and clozapine-activated neurons in AcbSh. Furthermore, noradrenergic alpha1 receptors were extensively expressed in activated neurons in CeA and CM, as well. The results suggest that bearing monoamine receptors with high binding affinity for typical and/or atypical antipsychotic drugs might be a key feature of neurons which respond to these drugs. In AcbSh, activated neurons appeared to bear each receptor and, therefore, it is possible that not only the individual but also the combined effect of antipsychotic drugs at multiple receptors may explain why they directly activate certain cells and not others. Also, bearing noradrenergic alpha1 receptor neurons was a shared feature of all activated cells in each location tested, suggesting inhibition of noradrenergic alpha1 receptors may contribute to antipsychotic drug action at these sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Ma
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Born C, Seemüller F, Grunze H. Quetiapine: an approach for the treatment of bipolar disorders. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.1.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quetiapine is one of the atypical antipsychotics that are formally approved by the US FDA for use in bipolar disorders. In recent Phase III clinical studies, it has provided satisfactory efficacy in the treatment of mania. In ongoing Phase III trials, its efficacy in depression is being investigated. Current data also support its efficacy in special conditions of bipolar disorders, such as rapid cycling and mixed states, the treatment of children and subjects suffering from comorbidities, which is a condition often seen in bipolar patients, and the reason for the combination of several agents. Quetiapine is well tolerated widely and provides minimal interaction with other treatments.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma J, Ye N, Cohen BM. Typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs target dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa and neurotensin-containing neurons, but not GABAergic interneurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens of ventral striatum. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1469-80. [PMID: 16781818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific neurons in the brain are the primary targets of the action of antipsychotic drugs. Identification and characterization of the nature of these neurons are important for understanding how antipsychotic drugs produce their effects. In previous studies GABAergic/dynorphinergic neurons were identified as a principal cell target of antipsychotic drugs in the shell of nucleus accumbens. In the present study, we further characterized which subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in this area respond after acute administration of antipsychotic drugs. Rats were treated with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, or the prototype atypical antipsychotic clozapine and killed two hours after treatment. In appropriate sections of brain, double immunofluorescence labeling was performed with antibodies directed against markers specific to candidate cell types and Fos-like proteins (a marker to identify drug-induced cell activation). We reported here that haloperidol- and clozapine-activated neurons showed the following features: 1) approximately 54-57% of them express dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (a marker for GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons), 2) they appear rarely to be GABAergic interneurons, marked by the calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin, calretinin or calbindin-D28K, 3) about 84-86% of them express the neuropeptide neurotensin (a neurotransmitter most often associated with projection neurons in the site tested). The results suggest that most of the antipsychotic drug-activated neurons in the shell of nucleus accumbens are likely to be neurotensin containing projection neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dazzan P, Morgan KD, Orr K, Hutchinson G, Chitnis X, Suckling J, Fearon P, McGuire PK, Mallett RM, Jones PB, Leff J, Murray RM. Different effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on grey matter in first episode psychosis: the AESOP study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:765-74. [PMID: 15702141 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Typical antipsychotic drugs act on the dopaminergic system, blocking the dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors. Atypical antipsychotics have lower affinity and occupancy for the dopaminergic receptors, and a high degree of occupancy of the serotoninergic receptors 5-HT2A. Whether these different pharmacological actions produce different effects on brain structure remains unclear. We explored the effects of different types of antipsychotic treatment on brain structure in an epidemiologically based, nonrandomized sample of patients at the first psychotic episode. Subjects were recruited as part of a large epidemiological study (AESOP: aetiology and ethnicity in schizophrenia and other psychoses). We evaluated 22 drug-free patients, 32 on treatment with typical antipsychotics and 30 with atypical antipsychotics. We used high-resolution MRI and voxel-based methods of image analysis. The MRI analysis suggested that both typical and atypical antipsychotics are associated with brain changes. However, typicals seem to affect more extensively the basal ganglia (enlargement of the putamen) and cortical areas (reductions of lobulus paracentralis, anterior cingulate gyrus, superior and medial frontal gyri, superior and middle temporal gyri, insula, and precuneus), while atypical antipsychotics seem particularly associated with enlargement of the thalami. These changes are likely to reflect the effect of antipsychotics on the brain, as there were no differences in duration of illness, total symptoms scores, and length of treatment among the groups. In conclusion, we would like to suggest that even after short-term treatment, typical and atypical antipsychotics may affect brain structure differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dazzan
- Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sundquist SJ, Nisenbaum LK. Fast Fos: rapid protocols for single- and double-labeling c-Fos immunohistochemistry in fresh frozen brain sections. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 141:9-20. [PMID: 15585284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical localization of c-Fos immunoreactivity has been used successfully for over a decade to visualize patterns of neuronal activity in the brain and spinal cord. These experiments are extremely useful in identifying physiological or pharmacological activation of specific populations of neurons. Unfortunately, conventional c-Fos immunohistochemical protocols are very time and resource intensive. We have adapted and optimized established c-Fos immunohistochemistry (IHC) methodologies for use with fresh frozen brain tissue mounted directly onto slides. The resultant rapid protocols, which we refer to as "Fast Fos", include applications for single- and double-labeling, utilizing either enzyme-substrate or fluorescent detection systems. These protocols provide increased assay throughput and reproducibility, which can be further enhanced by use of an automated slide stainer. Taken as a whole, the c-Fos IHC protocols described in this report provide a flexible system for the identification of neuronal activation that substantially reduces time and resource expenditure while increasing quality and reproducibility of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Sundquist
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0438, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wager CG, Coull BA, Lange N. Modelling spatial intensity for replicated inhomogeneous point patterns in brain imaging. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 2004. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1369-7412.2003.05285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Ma J, Ye N, Lange N, Cohen BM. Dynorphinergic GABA neurons are a target of both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in the nucleus accumbens shell, central amygdaloid nucleus and thalamic central medial nucleus. Neuroscience 2004; 121:991-8. [PMID: 14580949 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Administration of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs leads to activation of cells in the nucleus accumbens shell, central amygdaloid nucleus, and midline thalamic central medial nucleus, implicating important shared effects of these drugs. However, the exact cell types responding to antipsychotic drugs in the nucleus accumbens shell, central amygdaloid nucleus, and midline thalamic central medial nucleus are unclear. We report here that, in a rat model, the results of studies using double immunofluorescence labeling with antibodies directed against markers specific to candidate cell types suggest that the cells responding to haloperidol and clozapine in all three sites are: 1) neurons, rather than astrocytes; 2) inhibitory GABA neurons, but not acetylcholinergic neurons; and 3) dynorphin-containing GABA neurons, but not M-enkephalin-containing GABA neurons. The present study provides pharmacological evidence, at the cellular level in vivo, that the shared effects of antipsychotic drugs, whether typical and atypical, is activation of dynorphinergic GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens shell, central amygdaloid nucleus, and midline thalamic central medial nucleus. Alternative ways to modulate dynorphinergic GABA neuronal activity or its target receptors might present an important new avenue for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|