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Piri F, Salmani ME, Sepehri H. Improvement of autistic-like behaviors in adult rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid through early suppression of orexin receptor. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:166-171. [PMID: 38222731 PMCID: PMC10783284 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disabling psychiatric disease characterized by impairments in communication and social skills. The pathophysiology of autism is complex and not fully known. Considering the incidence of sleep disorders in individuals with ASD and the important role of orexin in sleep, it is possible to hypothesize that an alteration of the orexinergic system could be implicated in the pathogenesis of autism symptoms. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of suvorexant [dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs)] on autism-like behavior in prenatally valproic acid (VPA)-exposed rats]. Methods Wistar female rats were administered VPA [600 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] or normal saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.; vehicle control) on gestational day 12.5. Thirty-two male offspring were divided into four groups: Control, VPA, Suvorexant+VPA, and VPA+Risperidone. The pups were given suvorexant [20 ml/kg, by mouth/orally (p.o.)] or risperidone (1 ml/kg, p.o.) daily from postnatal day (PND) (40-54). The offspring were tested for repetitive behaviors and cognitive ability with a Y-maze task on PND 55, and social interaction was assessed by play behavior in the open field on PND 56. And anxiety with using the three-chamber social assay on PND 56. Results In the Y-maze apparatus, spontaneous alteration significantly decreased in the prenatal VPA-treated rats compared to control rats showing autistic-like behavior, and 2-week suvorexant increased the alternation, indicating the beneficial effect of suvorexant. Prenatal treatment with VPA, impaired play behavior (sniffing, grooming, and darting), and increased anxiety-related behavior. Suvorexant treatment attenuated the problems in male offspring's social behavior. Conclusion Our results showed that suvorexant improved ASD-associated behaviors in the VPA-treated rats, and the orexinergic system may be associated with the pathogenesis of autism symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamid Sepehri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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2
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Muehlan C, Roch C, Vaillant C, Dingemanse J. The orexin story and orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13902. [PMID: 37086045 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is present in up to one third of the adult population worldwide, and it can present independently or with other medical conditions such as mental, metabolic, or cardiovascular diseases, which highlights the importance of treating this multifaceted disorder. Insomnia is associated with an abnormal state of hyperarousal (increased somatic, cognitive, and cortical activation) and orexin has been identified as a key promotor of arousal and vigilance. The current standards of care for the treatment of insomnia recommend non-pharmacological interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy) as first-line treatment and, if behavioural interventions are not effective or available, pharmacotherapy. In contrast to most sleep medications used for decades (benzodiazepines and 'Z-drugs'), the new orexin receptor antagonists do not modulate the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, the main inhibitory mechanism of the central nervous system. Instead, they temporarily block the orexin pathway, causing a different pattern of effects, e.g., less morning or next-day effects, motor dyscoordination, and cognitive impairment. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs are the basis of the different characteristics explained in the package inserts, including the recommended starting dose. Orexin receptor antagonists seem to be devoid of any dependence and tolerance-inducing effects, rendering them a viable option for longer-term treatment. Safety studies did not show exacerbation of existing respiratory problems, but more real-world safety and pharmacovigilance experience is needed. This review provides an overview of the orexin history, the mechanism of action, the relation to insomnia, and key features of available drugs mediating orexin signalling.
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Groenink L, Verdouw PM, Zhao Y, Ter Heegde F, Wever KE, Bijlsma EY. Pharmacological modulation of conditioned fear in the fear-potentiated startle test: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2361-2401. [PMID: 36651922 PMCID: PMC10593622 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Fear conditioning is an important aspect in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. The fear-potentiated startle test is based on classical fear conditioning and over the years, a broad range of drugs have been tested in this test. Synthesis of the available data may further our understanding of the neurotransmitter systems that are involved in the expression of conditioned fear. METHODS Following a comprehensive search in Medline and Embase, we included 68 research articles that reported on 103 drugs, covering 56 different drug classes. The systematic review was limited to studies using acute, systemic drug administration in naive animals. RESULTS Qualitative data synthesis showed that most clinically active anxiolytics, but not serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, reduced cued fear. Anxiogenic drugs increased fear potentiation in 35% of the experiments, reduced fear potentiation in 29% of the experiments, and were without effect in 29% of the experiments. Meta-analyses could be performed for five drug classes and showed that benzodiazepines, buspirone, 5-HT1A agonists, 5-HT1A antagonists, and mGluR2,3 agonists reduced cued conditioned fear. The non-cued baseline startle response, which may reflect contextual anxiety, was only significantly reduced by benzodiazepines and 5-HT1A antagonists. No associations were found between drug effects and methodological characteristics, except for strain. CONCLUSIONS The fear-potentiated startle test appears to have moderate to high predictive validity and may serve as a valuable tool for the development of novel anxiolytics. Given the limited available data, the generally low study quality and high heterogeneity additional studies are warranted to corroborate the findings of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - P Monika Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yulong Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freija Ter Heegde
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E Wever
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Heesbeen EJ, Bijlsma EY, Verdouw PM, van Lissa C, Hooijmans C, Groenink L. The effect of SSRIs on fear learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2335-2359. [PMID: 36847831 PMCID: PMC10593621 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered first-line medication for anxiety-like disorders such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Fear learning plays an important role in the development and treatment of these disorders. Yet, the effect of SSRIs on fear learning are not well known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review the effect of six clinically effective SSRIs on acquisition, expression, and extinction of cued and contextual conditioned fear. METHODS We searched the Medline and Embase databases, which yielded 128 articles that met the inclusion criteria and reported on 9 human and 275 animal experiments. RESULTS Meta-analysis showed that SSRIs significantly reduced contextual fear expression and facilitated extinction learning to cue. Bayesian-regularized meta-regression further suggested that chronic treatment exerts a stronger anxiolytic effect on cued fear expression than acute treatment. Type of SSRI, species, disease-induction model, and type of anxiety test used did not seem to moderate the effect of SSRIs. The number of studies was relatively small, the level of heterogeneity was high, and publication bias has likely occurred which may have resulted in an overestimation of the overall effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that the efficacy of SSRIs may be related to their effects on contextual fear expression and extinction to cue, rather than fear acquisition. However, these effects of SSRIs may be due to a more general inhibition of fear-related emotions. Therefore, additional meta-analyses on the effects of SSRIs on unconditioned fear responses may provide further insight into the actions of SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Heesbeen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Y Bijlsma
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P Monika Verdouw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Caspar van Lissa
- Department of Methodology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Hooijmans
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lucianne Groenink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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5
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Beckenstrom AC, Coloma PM, Dawson GR, Finlayson AK, Malik A, Post A, Steiner MA, Potenza MN. Use of experimental medicine approaches for the development of novel psychiatric treatments based on orexin receptor modulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105107. [PMID: 36828161 PMCID: PMC10165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, translation from animal models into clinical use remains a significant bottleneck. Preclinical studies have implicated the orexin neuropeptide system as a potential target for psychiatric disorders through its role in regulating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Clinical studies are investigating orexin modulation in addiction and mood disorders. Here we review performance-outcome measures (POMs) arising from experimental medicine research methods which may show promise as markers of efficacy of orexin receptor modulators in humans. POMs provide objective measures of brain function, complementing patient-reported or clinician-observed symptom evaluation, and aid the translation from preclinical to clinical research. Significant challenges include the development, validation, and operationalization of these measures. We suggest that collaborative networks comprising clinical practitioners, academics, individuals working in the pharmaceutical industry, drug regulators, patients, patient advocacy groups, and other relevant stakeholders may provide infrastructure to facilitate validation of experimental medicine approaches in translational research and in the implementation of these approaches in real-world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beckenstrom
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK.
| | - Preciosa M Coloma
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Ailidh K Finlayson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Asad Malik
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Anke Post
- Corlieve Therapeutics, Swiss Innovation Park, Hegenheimermattweg 167A, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Room 726, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; The Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 100 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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6
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Ma C, Zhou N, Ma K, Niu J, Mi T, He Z, Wen Y, Liu C, He Z, Niu J. Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the ventrolateral preoptic area mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1122803. [PMID: 36998723 PMCID: PMC10043189 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1122803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionFear and sleep impairments common co-exist, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hypothalamic orexinergic neurons are involved in the regulation of sleep-wake and fear expression. The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) is an essential brain region to promote sleep, and orexinergic axonal fibers projecting to the VLPO are involved in the maintenance of sleep-wake. Neural pathways from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the VLPO might mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.MethodsTo verify above hypothesis, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) were recorded for analysis of sleep-wake states before and 24 h after conditioned fear training. The retrograde tracing technique and immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the projections from the hypothalamic orexin neurons to the VLPO and to observe their activation in mice with conditioned fear. Moreover, optogenetic activation or inhibition of hypothalamic orexin-VLPO pathways was performed to observe whether the sleep-wake can be regulated in mice with conditioned fear. Finally, orexin-A and orexin receptor antagonist was administered into the VLPO to certify the function of hypothalamic orexin-VLPO pathways on mediating sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.ResultsIt was found that there was a significant decrease in the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and a significant increase in the wakefulness time in mice with conditioned fear. The results of retrograde tracing technique and immunofluorescence staining showed that hypothalamic orexin neurons projected to the VLPO and observed the CTB labeled orexin neurons were significantly activated (c-Fos+) in the hypothalamus in mice with conditioned fear. Optogenetic activation of hypothalamic orexin to the VLPO neural pathways significantly decreased NREM and REM sleep time and increased wakefulness time in mice with conditioned fear. A significant decrease in NREM and REM sleep time and an increase in wakefulness time were observed after the injection of orexin-A into the VLPO, and the effects of orexin-A in the VLPO were blocked by a pre-administrated dual orexin antagonist (DORA).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the neural pathways from hypothalamic orexinergic neurons to the VLPO mediate sleep impairments induced by conditioned fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifen Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiandong Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ting Mi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhenquan He
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujun Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhongyi He
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongyi He,
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Jianguo Niu,
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7
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Ye H, Cao T, Shu Q, Chen Y, Lu Y, He Z, Li Z. Blockade of orexin receptor 1 attenuates morphine protracted abstinence-induced anxiety-like behaviors in male mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 151:106080. [PMID: 36931057 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
One negative emotional state from morphine protracted abstinence is anxiety which can drive craving and relapse risk in opioid addicts. Although the orexinergic system has been reported to be important in mediating emotion processing and addiction, the role of orexinergic system in anxiety from drug protracted abstinence remains elusive. In this study, by using behavioral test, western blot, electrophysiology and virus-mediated regulation of orexin receptor 1 (OX1R), we found that: (1) Intraperitoneal and intra-VTA administration of a selective OX1R antagonist SB334867 alleviated anxiety-like behaviors in open field test (OFT) but not in elevated plus maze test (EPM) in morphine protracted abstinent male mice. (2) OX1R expression in the VTA was upregulated by morphine withdrawal. (3) Virus-mediated knockdown of OX1R in the VTA prevented morphine abstinence-induced anxiety-like behaviors and virus-mediated overexpression of OX1R in the VTA was sufficient to produce anxiety-like behaviors in male mice. (4) The VTA neuronal activity was increased significantly induced by morphine protracted abstinence, which was mediated by OX1R. (5) OX1R was widely distributed in the neuronal soma and processes of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the VTA. The findings revealed that the OX1R mediates morphine abstinence-induced anxiety-like behaviors and the VTA plays a critical role in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Ye
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Tong Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Qigang Shu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yongli Lu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhi He
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
| | - Zicheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
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8
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Palagini L, Geoffroy PA, Balestrieri M, Miniati M, Biggio G, Liguori C, Menicucci D, Ferini-Strambi L, Nobili L, Riemann D, Gemignani A. Current models of insomnia disorder: a theoretical review on the potential role of the orexinergic pathway with implications for insomnia treatment. J Sleep Res 2023:e13825. [PMID: 36786121 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia disorder is considered as a stress-related disorder associated with hyperarousal, stress and emotion dysregulation and the instability of the 'flip-flop' switch system. The orexinergic system is well known for its key role in sleep and arousal processes but also in the allostatic system regulating stress and emotions and may thus be of major interest for insomnia and its treatment. Accordingly, we discuss the potential role of orexins on sleep processes, brain systems modulating stress and emotions with potential implications for insomnia pathophysiology. We reviewed available data on the effect of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) on sleep and brain systems modulating stress/emotions with implications for insomnia treatment. We present our findings as a narrative review. Few data in animals and humans have reported that disrupted sleep and insomnia may be related to the overactivation of orexinergic system, while some more consistent data in humans and animals reported the overactivation of orexins in response to acute stress and in stress-related disorders. Taken together these findings may let us hypothesise that an orexins overactivation may be associated with stress-related hyperarousal and the hyperactivation of arousal-promoting systems in insomnia. On the other hand, it is possible that by rebalancing orexins with DORAs we may regulate both sleep and allostatic systems, in turn, contributing to a 'switch off' of hyperarousal in insomnia. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to clarify the role of the orexin system in insomnia and to evaluate the effects of DORAs on sleep, stress and emotions regulating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et D'Addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris - Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana AUOP, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Biggio
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, National Research Council (C.N.R.), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Liguori
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Sleep Disorders Centre, RCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Kourosh-Arami M, Gholami M, Alavi-Kakhki SS, Komaki A. Neural correlates and potential targets for the contribution of orexin to addiction in cortical and subcortical areas. Neuropeptides 2022; 95:102259. [PMID: 35714437 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The orexin (hypocretin) is one of the hypothalamic neuropeptides that plays a critical role in some behaviors including feeding, sleep, arousal, reward processing, and drug addiction. This variety of functions can be described by a united function for orexins in translating states of heightened motivation, for example during physiological requirement states or following exposure to reward opportunities, into planned goal-directed behaviors. An addicted state is characterized by robust activation of orexin neurons from the environment, which triggers downstream circuits to facilitate behavior directed towards obtaining the drug. Two orexin receptors 1 (OX1R) and 2 (OX2R) are widely distributed in the brain. Here, we will introduce and describe the cortical and subcortical brain areas involved in addictive-like behaviors and the impact of orexin on addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Seyed Sajjad Alavi-Kakhki
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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10
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Demidova A, Kahl E, Fendt M. Orexin deficiency affects sensorimotor gating and its amphetamine-induced impairment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 116:110517. [PMID: 35101602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The orexin neuropeptides have an important role in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and foraging, as well as in reward processing and emotions. Furthermore, recent research implicates the orexin system in different behavioral endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric diseases such as social avoidance and cognitive flexibility. Utilizing orexin-deficient mice, the present study tested the hypothesis that orexin is involved in two further mouse behavioral endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders, i.e., sensorimotor gating and amphetamine sensitivity. The data revealed that orexin-deficient mice expressed a deficit in sensorimotor gating, measured by prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Amphetamine treatment impaired prepulse inhibition in wildtype and heterozygous orexin-deficient mice, but had no effects in homozygous orexin-deficient mice. Furthermore, locomotor activity and center time in the open field was not affected by orexin deficiency but was similarly increased or decreased, respectively, by amphetamine treatment in all genotypes. These data indicate that the orexin system modulates prepulse inhibition and is involved in mediating amphetamine's effect on prepulse inhibition. Future studies should investigate whether pharmacological manipulations of the orexin system can be used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases associated with deficits in sensorimotor gating, such as schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Demidova
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Psychology Master Program, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kahl
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Psychology Master Program, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
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11
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Kaplan GB, Lakis GA, Zhoba H. Sleep-Wake and Arousal Dysfunctions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:Role of Orexin Systems. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:106-122. [PMID: 35618150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal/startle, stress responses and insomnia. This review focuses on the importance of the orexin neural system as a novel mechanism related to the pathophysiology of PTSD. Orexinergic neurons originate in the lateral hypothalamus and project widely to key neurotransmitter system neurons, autonomic neurons, the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and fear-related neural circuits. After trauma or stress, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) transmits sensory information to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and in turn to the hypothalamus and other subcortical and brainstem regions to promote fear and threat. Orexin receptors have a prominent role in this circuit as fear conditioned orexin receptor knockout mice show decreased fear expression while dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) inhibit fear acquisition and expression. Orexin activation of an infralimbic-amygdala circuit impedes fear extinction while DORA treatments enhance it. Increased orexin signaling to the amygdalocortical- hippocampal circuit promotes avoidance behaviors. Orexin has an important role in activating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and the HPA axis stress responses. Blockade of orexin receptors reduces fear-conditioned startle responses. In PTSD models, individuals demonstrate sleep disturbances such as increased sleep latency and more transitions to wakefulness. Increased orexin activity impairs sleep by promoting wakefulness and reducing total sleep time while DORA treatments enhance sleep onset and maintenance. The orexinergic neural system provides important mechanisms for understanding multiple PTSD behaviors and provides new medication targets to treat this often persistent and debilitating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA.
| | - Gabrielle A Lakis
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA; Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Hryhoriy Zhoba
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA
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12
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Soares VPMN, de Andrade TGCS, Canteras NS, Coimbra NC, Wotjak CT, Almada RC. Orexin 1 and 2 Receptors in the Prelimbic Cortex Modulate Threat Valuation. Neuroscience 2021; 468:158-167. [PMID: 34126185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish between threatening (repulsors), neutral and appetitive stimuli (attractors) stimuli is essential for survival. The orexinergic neurons of hypothalamus send projections to the limbic structures, such as different subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), suggesting that the orexinergic mechanism in the prelimbic cortex (PL) is involved in the processing of fear and anxiety. We investigated the role of orexin receptors type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R) in the PL in such processes upon confrontation with an erratically moving robo-beetle in mice. The selective blockade of OX1R and OX2R in the PL with SB 334867 (3, 30, 300 nM) and TCS OX2 29 (3, 30, 300 nM), respectively, did not affect general exploratory behavior or reactive fear such as avoidance, jumping or freezing, but significantly enhances tolerance and approach behavior at the highest dose of each antagonist tested (300 nM). We interpret these findings as evidence for an altered cognitive appraisal of the potential threatening stimulus. Consequently, the orexin system seems to bias the perception of stimuli towards danger or threat via OX1R and OX2R in the PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P M N Soares
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma G C S de Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Newton S Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute of the University of São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto C Coimbra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neuroscience Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Neuronal Plasticity Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Die Gesellschaft mit Beschränkter Haftung & Compagnie Kommanditgesellschaft, Biberach Riss, Germany
| | - Rafael C Almada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neuroscience Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Kirouac GJ. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus as an Integrating and Relay Node in the Brain Anxiety Network. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:627633. [PMID: 33732118 PMCID: PMC7959748 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.627633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain anxiety network is composed of a number of interconnected cortical regions that detect threats and execute appropriate defensive responses via projections to the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh), dorsolateral region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and lateral region of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is anatomically positioned to integrate threat- and arousal-related signals from cortex and hypothalamus and then relay these signals to neural circuits in the NAcSh, BSTDL, and CeL that mediate defensive responses. This review describes the anatomical connections of the PVT that support the view that the PVT may be a critical node in the brain anxiety network. Experimental findings are reviewed showing that the arousal peptides orexins (hypocretins) act at the PVT to promote avoidance of potential threats especially following exposure of rats to a single episode of footshocks. Recent anatomical and experimental findings are discussed which show that neurons in the PVT provide divergent projections to subcortical regions that mediate defensive behaviors and that the projection to the NAcSh is critical for the enhanced social avoidance displayed in rats exposed to footshocks. A theoretical model is proposed for how the PVT integrates cortical and hypothalamic signals to modulate the behavioral responses associated with anxiety and other challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J. Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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Moriya S, Takahashi H, Masukawa D, Yamada M, Ishigooka J, Nishimura K. Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) treatment affects the overall levels of Net/maoA mRNA expression in the hippocampus. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 145:198-201. [PMID: 33451754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexinergic system plays a significant role in regulating proper sleep/wake maintenance. Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) is widely prescribed for insomnia symptoms. The antagonist acts on orexin 1 and 2 receptors located in certain brain areas, including the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe. Nevertheless, its effects on monoamine-related gene expression remain unclear. Here, we measured the expression levels of monoamine-related genes in DORA-treated mice. DORA treatment significantly affected overall levels of noradrenalin transporter/monoamine oxidases A mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that DORA contributes to noradrenalin-related gene expression regulation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunpei Moriya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jun Ishigooka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; CNS Pharmacological Research Institute, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0051, Japan
| | - Katsuji Nishimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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15
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Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2693-2708. [PMID: 34415378 PMCID: PMC8455402 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent a novel type of sleep medication that provide an alternative to the traditionally used positive allosteric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators. Daridorexant is a new DORA that exhibited in phase 3 trials in insomnia not only a beneficial effect on sleep variables, measured objectively and assessed subjectively, but also an improvement in daytime functioning. Daridorexant was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at identifying an optimized sleep-promoting molecule with pharmacokinetic properties appropriate for covering the whole night while avoiding next-morning residual activity at efficacious doses. By specific binding to both orexin receptors, daridorexant inhibits the actions of the wake-promoting orexin (also called hypocretin) neuropeptides. This mechanism avoids a more widespread inhibition of neuronal pathways and associated side effects that are intrinsic to positive allosteric GABA-A receptor modulators. Here, we review the general pharmacology of daridorexant, based on nonclinical pharmacology studies of daridorexant, unpublished or already described, or based on work with other DORAs. Some unique features of daridorexant will be highlighted, such as the promotion of natural and surmountable sleep, the preservation of memory and cognition, the absence of tolerance development or risk of physical dependence, and how it can benefit daytime functioning.
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16
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Yaeger JD, Krupp KT, Gale JJ, Summers CH. Counterbalanced microcircuits for Orx1 and Orx2 regulation of stress reactivity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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17
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Burdakov D, Peleg-Raibstein D. The hypothalamus as a primary coordinator of memory updating. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Mousavi Z, Kourosh-Arami M, Mohsenzadegan M, Komaki A. An immunohistochemical study of the effects of orexin receptor blockade on phospholipase C-β3 level in rat hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:191-196. [PMID: 32580652 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1778088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a neuropeptide that is produced in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and promotes widespread cortical activation. We investigated the effect of SB-334867, a selective orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) antagonist, on phospholipase C-β3 (PLCβ3) level using slices of rat hippocampus preparations and immunohistochemistry. We used three Wistar rats in each of three groups. The control group was untreated rats and SB vehicle and SB groups received SB vehicle and 10 mg/kg SB-334867 daily from postnatal day (PND) 12 to PND30, respectively. We found that the orexin receptor antagonist decreased the PLCβ3 level in the inner and outer blades of dentate gyrus (DG) compared to SB vehicle treated rats. Orexin may increase the PLCβ3 level in most regions of the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Lab Medical Sciences, Allied Medical College, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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19
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Abstract
Objectives: The relationships between orexins and stress-related conditions have been well documented in animal studies. However, human studies confirming this relationship are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between orexin-A and anxiety disorders in adolescents. Additionally, we aimed to examine the relationship between orexin-A and cortisol levels in those with anxiety disorders.Methods: A total of 56 medication-free adolescents diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, except for specific phobias, and 32 healthy controls were included in this study. Depression, state and trait anxiety levels of the participants were measured using self-report scales. Orexin-A and cortisol levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that serum orexin-A levels were significantly higher in the anxiety disorder group than in the control group while controlling for age, sex and depression levels. After controlling for age and sex, orexin-A levels were positively and negatively correlated to depression and cortisol levels, respectively. In addition, a positive correlation trend between trait anxiety and orexin-A was found.Conclusions: Orexin-A levels are higher in adolescents with anxiety disorder; however, depressive symptoms should be considered when investigating this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Faruk Akça
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Necati Uzun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr. Ali Kemal Belviranlı Children Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kılınç
- Department of Biochemistry, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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20
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Abounoori M, Maddah MM, Akbari E, Houshmand G, Ardeshiri MR. The Effect of Orexin Receptor Antagonism on Quinpirole-Induced Compulsive-Like Checking Behavior in Rats. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:18-26. [PMID: 32207079 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The orexinergic system supposedly plays a role in stress circuits for arousing behaviors during anxiety, suggesting that it may play a role also in neural circuits mediating the compulsive behavior characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study aims to investigate the roles of the orexinergic system in the development of OCD behaviors, using as preparation the induction of compulsive checking by chronic treatment with the D2/D3 agonist, quinpirole. Repeated injections of quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg, twice per week for a total of 10 injections) were used to induce compulsive checking. In separate groups of rats, OX1R (SB334867-A; 10 μg i.c.v) and OX2R (TCS-OX2-29; 10 μg i.c.v) receptor antagonists were co-administered together with quinpirole. Checking behavior in a large open field was measured after the first, fifth, and tenth injections of the drugs. SB334867-A attenuated checking behavior and the level of anxiety. TCS-OX2-29 administration ameliorated anxiety but did not block the development of compulsive checking. Orexin 1 receptors seem to play a more critical role than orexin 2 receptors in the induction of compulsive checking. Considering that the quinpirole sensitization model of OCD involves activation of dopamine systems and sensitization to quinpirole, it is suggested that neural interaction between orexigenic and dopamine systems may be important in the pathogenesis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abounoori
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moein Maddah
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Akbari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 481751665, Sari, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Houshmand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Motahareh Rouhi Ardeshiri
- Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 481751665, Sari, Iran.
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21
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Intra-accumbal orexin-1 receptor inhibition prevents the anxiolytic-like effect of ethanol and leads to increases in orexin-A content and receptor expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 185:172761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Malikowska-Racia N, Salat K. Recent advances in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of possible mechanisms underlying an effective pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:30-49. [PMID: 30742899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of neurobiology supported by clinical evidence gradually reveals the mystery of human brain functioning. So far, many psychiatric disorders have been described in great detail, although there are still plenty of cases that are misunderstood. These include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is a unique disease that combines a wide range of neurobiological changes, which involve disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis, hyperactivation of the amygdala complex, and attenuation of some hippocampal and cortical functions. Such multiplicity results in differential symptomatology, including elevated anxiety, nightmares, fear retrieval episodes that may trigger delusions and hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and many others that strongly interfere with the quality of the patient's life. Because of widespread neurological changes and the disease manifestation, the pharmacotherapy of PTSD remains unclear and requires a multidimensional approach and involvement of polypharmacotherapy. Hopefully, more and more neuroscientists and clinicians will study PTSD, which will provide us with new information that would possibly accelerate establishment of well-tolerated and effective pharmacotherapy. In this review, we have focused on neurobiological changes regarding PTSD, addressing the most disturbed brain structures and neurotransmissions, as well as discussing in detail the recently taken and novel therapeutic paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska-Racia
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kinga Salat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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23
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Summers CH, Yaeger JDW, Staton CD, Arendt DH, Summers TR. Orexin/hypocretin receptor modulation of anxiolytic and antidepressive responses during social stress and decision-making: Potential for therapy. Brain Res 2018; 1731:146085. [PMID: 30590027 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalmic orexin/hypocretin (Orx) neurons in the lateral and dorsomedial perifornical region (LH-DMH/PeF) innervate broadly throughout the brain, and receive similar inputs. This wide distribution, as well as two Orx peptides (OrxA and OrxB) and two Orx receptors (Orx1 and Orx2) allow for functionally related but distinctive behavioral outcomes, that include arousal, sleep-wake regulation, food seeking, metabolism, feeding, reward, addiction, and learning. These are all motivational functions, and tie the orexin systems to anxiety and depression as well. We present evidence, that for affective behavior, Orx1 and Orx2 receptors appear to have opposing functions. The majority of research on anxiety- and depression-related outcomes has focused on Orx1 receptors, which appear to have primarily anxiogenic and pro-depressive actions. Although there is significant research suggesting contrary findings, the primary potential for pharmacotherapies linked to the Orx1 receptor is via antagonists to block anxious and depressive behavior. Dual orexin receptor antagonists have been approved for treatment of sleep disorders, and are likely candidates for adaptation for affect disorder treatments. However, we present evidence here that demonstrates the Orx2 receptors are anxiolytic and antidepressive. Using a new experimental pre-clinical model of anxious and depressive behavior stimulated by social stress and decision-making that produces two stable behavioral phenotypes, Escape/Resilient and Stay/Susceptible, we tested the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of Orx2 agonist and antagonist drugs. Over ten behavioral measures, we have demonstrated that Orx2 agonists promote resilience, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressive behavior. In contrast, Orx2 antagonists or knockdown kindle anxious and pro-depressive behavior plus increase susceptibility. The results suggest that the Orx2 receptor may be a useful target for pharmacotherapies to treat anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff H Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD 57105 USA.
| | - Jazmine D W Yaeger
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD 57105 USA
| | - Clarissa D Staton
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD 57105 USA
| | - David H Arendt
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA
| | - Tangi R Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069 USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD 57105 USA
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24
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Dustrude ET, Caliman IF, Bernabe CS, Fitz SD, Grafe LA, Bhatnagar S, Bonaventure P, Johnson PL, Molosh AI, Shekhar A. Orexin Depolarizes Central Amygdala Neurons via Orexin Receptor 1, Phospholipase C and Sodium-Calcium Exchanger and Modulates Conditioned Fear. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:934. [PMID: 30618563 PMCID: PMC6305451 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexins (OX), also known as hypocretins, are excitatory neuropeptides with well-described roles in regulation of wakefulness, arousal, energy homeostasis, and anxiety. An additional and recently recognized role of OX is modulation of fear responses. We studied the OX neurons of the perifornical hypothalamus (PeF) which send projections to the amygdala, a region critical in fear learning and fear expression. Within the amygdala, the highest density of OX-positive fibers was detected in the central nucleus (CeA). The specific mechanisms underlying OX neurotransmission within the CeA were explored utilizing rat brain slice electrophysiology, pharmacology, and chemogenetic stimulation. We show that OX induces postsynaptic depolarization of medial CeA neurons that is mediated by OX receptor 1 (OXR1) but not OX receptor 2 (OXR2). We further characterized the mechanism of CeA depolarization by OX as phospholipase C (PLC)- and sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX)- dependent. Selective chemogenetic stimulation of OX PeF fibers recapitulated OXR1 dependent depolarization of CeA neurons. We also observed that OXR1 activity modified presynaptic release of glutamate within the CeA. Finally, either systemic or intra-CeA perfusion of OXR1 antagonist reduced the expression of conditioned fear. Together, these data suggest the PeF-CeA orexinergic pathway can modulate conditioned fear through a signal transduction mechanism involving PLC and NCX activity and that selective OXR1 antagonism may be a putative treatment for fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Dustrude
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Izabela F Caliman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cristian S Bernabe
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Program in Medical Neuroscience, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Stephanie D Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Laura A Grafe
- Department Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Philip L Johnson
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrei I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Orexin as a modulator of fear-related behavior: Hypothalamic control of noradrenaline circuit. Brain Res 2018; 1731:146037. [PMID: 30481504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fear is an important physiological function for survival. It appears when animals or humans are confronted with an environmental threat. The amygdala has been shown to play a highly important role in emergence of fear. Hypothalamic orexin neurons are activated by fearful stimuli to evoke a 'defense reaction' with an increase in arousal level and sympathetic outflow to deal with the imminent danger. However, how this system contributes to the emergence of fear-related behavior is not well understood. Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus send excitatory innervations to noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (NALC) which express orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) and send projections to the lateral amygdala (LA). Inhibition of this di-synaptic orexin → NALC → LA pathway by pharmacological or opto/chemogenetic methods reduces cue-induced fear expression. Excitatory manipulation of this pathway induces freezing, a fear-related behavior that only occurs when the environment contains some elements suggestive of danger. Although, fear memory helps animals respond to a context or cue previously paired with an aversive stimulus, fear-related behavior is sometimes evoked even in a distinct context containing some similar elements, which is known as fear generalization. Our recent observation suggests that the orexin → NALC → LA pathway might contribute to this response. This review focuses on recent advances regarding the role of hypothalamic orexin neurons in behavioral fear expression. We also discuss the potential effectiveness of orexin receptor antagonists for treating excessive fear response or overgeneralization seen in anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Abstract
The neuropeptides orexins are important in regulating the neurobiological systems that respond to stressful stimuli. Furthermore, orexins are known to play a role many of the phenotypes associated with stress-related mental illness such as changes in cognition, sleep-wake states, and appetite. Interestingly, orexins are altered in stress-related psychiatric disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders. Thus, orexins may be a potential target for treatment of these disorders. In this review, we will focus on what is known about the role of orexins in acute and repeated stress, in stress-induced phenotypes relevant to psychiatric illness in preclinical models, and in stress-related psychiatric illness in humans. We will also briefly discuss how orexins may contribute to sex differences in the stress response and subsequent phenotypes relevant to mental health, as many stress-related psychiatric disorders are twice as prevalent in women.
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Sargin D. The role of the orexin system in stress response. Neuropharmacology 2018; 154:68-78. [PMID: 30266600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are neuropeptides that are exclusively produced by hypothalamic neurons, which project throughout the entire brain. Orexin, also known as hypocretins, were initially identified to play a fundamental role in food intake, arousal and the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Recent studies identified orexins to be critical for diverse physiological processes including motivation, reward, attention, emotional regulation, stress and anxiety. Here, I review recent findings that indicate orexin has an important role in acute and chronic stress. I also summarize the recent optogenetic and chemogenetic studies that have advanced our understanding of the orexin system. I will conclude by discussing clinical studies that implicate orexins in mental health disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Hypothalamic Control of Homeostasis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sargin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Abreu AR, Molosh AI, Johnson PL, Shekhar A. Role of medial hypothalamic orexin system in panic, phobia and hypertension. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145942. [PMID: 30205108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexin has been implicated in a number of physiological functions, including arousal, regulation of sleep, energy metabolism, appetitive behaviors, stress, anxiety, fear, panic, and cardiovascular control. In this review, we will highlight research focused on orexin system in the medial hypothalamic regions of perifornical (PeF) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and describe the role of this hypothalamic neuropeptide in the behavioral expression of panic and consequent fear and avoidance responses, as well as sympathetic regulation and possible development of chronic hypertension. We will also outline recent data highlighting the clinical potential of single and dual orexin receptor antagonists for neuropsychiatric conditions including panic, phobia, and cardiovascular conditions, such as in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R Abreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrei I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Grafe LA, Bhatnagar S. The contribution of orexins to sex differences in the stress response. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145893. [PMID: 30081036 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), however, the biological basis of these sex differences is not fully understood. Interestingly, orexins are known to be dysregulated in these disorders. This review first discusses the important role of orexins regulating the response to stress. Next, we review the evidence for sex differences in the orexin system, in which the majority of both preclinical and clinical studies have reported higher orexin system expression in females. Finally, we discuss the functional consequences of these sex differences in orexin expression. Most importantly, the preclinical literature reveals that higher orexin system activity in females contributes to exaggerated neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. In sum, the available data suggests that orexins may be important in the etiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders that present differently in men and women. Thus, targeting orexins could potentially ameliorate many phenotypes of stress-related illness in a sex-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Grafe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Sharko AC, Fadel JR, Kaigler KF, Wilson MA. Activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons is associated with individual differences in cued fear extinction. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:93-102. [PMID: 27746261 PMCID: PMC5391308 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie differential sensitivity to stress is critical for understanding the development and expression of stress-induced disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical studies have suggested that rodents display different phenotypes associated with extinction of Pavlovian conditioned fear responses, with some rodent populations being resistant to extinction. An emerging literature also suggests a role for orexins in the consolidation processes associated with fear learning and extinction. To examine the possibility that the orexin system might be involved in individual differences in fear extinction, we used a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm in outbred Long-Evans rats. Rats showed significant variability in the extinction of cue-conditioned freezing and extinction recall, and animals were divided into groups based on their extinction profiles based on a median split of percent freezing behavior during repeated exposure to the conditioned cue. Animals resistant to extinction (high freezers) showed more freezing during repeated cue presentations during the within trial and between trial extinction sessions compared with the group showing significant extinction (low freezers), although there were no differences between these groups in freezing upon return to the conditioned context or during the conditioning session. Following the extinction recall session, activation of orexin neurons was determined using dual label immunohistochemistry for cFos in orexin positive neurons in the hypothalamus. Individual differences in the extinction of cue conditioned fear were associated with differential activation of hypothalamic orexin neurons. Animals showing poor extinction of cue-induced freezing (high freezers) had significantly greater percentage of orexin neurons with Fos in the medial hypothalamus than animals displaying significant extinction and good extinction recall (low freezers). Further, the freezing during extinction learning was positively correlated with the percentage of activated orexin neurons in both the lateral and medial hypothalamic regions. No differences in the overall density of orexin neurons or Fos activation were seen between extinction phenotypes. Although correlative, our results support other studies implicating a role of the orexinergic system in regulating extinction of conditioned responses to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Sharko
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kris F Kaigler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Marlene A Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Bonaventure P, Dugovic C, Shireman B, Preville C, Yun S, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Wennerholm M, Lovenberg T, Carruthers N, Fitz SD, Shekhar A, Johnson PL. Evaluation of JNJ-54717793 a Novel Brain Penetrant Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonist in Two Rat Models of Panic Attack Provocation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28649201 PMCID: PMC5465257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neurons originating in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Recent studies support a role for the orexin system and in particular the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in coordinating an integrative stress response. However, no selective OX1R antagonist has been systematically tested in two preclinical models of using panicogenic stimuli that induce panic attack in the majority of people with panic disorder, namely an acute hypercapnia-panic provocation model and a model involving chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis in the perifornical hypothalamic area followed by intravenous sodium lactate infusion. Here we report on a novel brain penetrant, selective and high affinity OX1R antagonist JNJ-54717793 (1S,2R,4R)-7-([(3-fluoro-2-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)carbonyl]-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine). JNJ-54717793 is a high affinity/potent OX1R antagonist and has an excellent selectivity profile including 50 fold versus the OX2R. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that after oral administration JNJ-54717793 crossed the blood brain barrier and occupied OX1Rs in the rat brain. While JNJ-54717793 had minimal effect on spontaneous sleep in rats and in wild-type mice, its administration in OX2R knockout mice, selectively promoted rapid eye movement sleep, demonstrating target engagement and specific OX1R blockade. JNJ-54717793 attenuated CO2 and sodium lactate induced panic-like behaviors and cardiovascular responses without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity. These data confirm that selective OX1R antagonism may represent a novel approach of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brock Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Cathy Preville
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie D. Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
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Khalil R, Fendt M. Increased anxiety but normal fear and safety learning in orexin-deficient mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 320:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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James MH, Campbell EJ, Dayas CV. Role of the Orexin/Hypocretin System in Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:197-219. [PMID: 28083790 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (hypocretins) are critically involved in coordinating appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to aversive and threatening stimuli. Acute stressors engage orexin neurons via direct projections from stress-sensitive brain regions. Orexin neurons, in turn, facilitate adaptive behavior via reciprocal connections as well as via direct projections to the hypophysiotropic neurons that coordinate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. Consequently, hyperactivity of the orexin system is associated with increased motivated arousal and anxiety, and is emerging as a key feature of panic disorder. Accordingly, there has been significant interest in the therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents that antagonize orexin signaling at their receptors for the treatment of anxiety disorders. In contrast, disorders characterized by inappropriately low levels of motivated arousal, such as depression, generally appear to be associated with hypoactivity of the orexin system. This includes narcolepsy with cataplexy, a disorder characterized by the progressive loss of orexin neurons and increased rates of moderate/severe depression symptomology. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of both clinical and preclinical evidence highlighting the role of orexin signaling in stress reactivity, as well as how perturbations to this system can result in dysregulated behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 2337, Australia
| | - Erin J Campbell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Centre for Brain and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
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Wang H, Li S, Kirouac GJ. Role of the orexin (hypocretin) system in contextual fear conditioning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 316:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Concordance and incongruence in preclinical anxiety models: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:504-529. [PMID: 27328783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rodent defense behavior assays have been widely used as preclinical models of anxiety to study possibly therapeutic anxiety-reducing interventions. However, some proposed anxiety-modulating factors - genes, drugs and stressors - have had discordant effects across different studies. To reconcile the effect sizes of purported anxiety factors, we conducted systematic review and meta-analyses of the literature on ten anxiety-linked interventions, as examined in the elevated plus maze, open field and light-dark box assays. Diazepam, 5-HT1A receptor gene knockout and overexpression, SERT gene knockout and overexpression, pain, restraint, social isolation, corticotropin-releasing hormone and Crhr1 were selected for review. Eight interventions had statistically significant effects on rodent anxiety, while Htr1a overexpression and Crh knockout did not. Evidence for publication bias was found in the diazepam, Htt knockout, and social isolation literatures. The Htr1a and Crhr1 results indicate a disconnect between preclinical science and clinical research. Furthermore, the meta-analytic data confirmed that genetic SERT anxiety effects were paradoxical in the context of the clinical use of SERT inhibitors to reduce anxiety.
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Verma D, Hörmer B, Bellmann-Sickert K, Thieme V, Beck-Sickinger AG, Herzog H, Sperk G, Tasan RO. Pancreatic polypeptide and its central Y4 receptors are essential for cued fear extinction and permanent suppression of fear. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1925-38. [PMID: 26844810 PMCID: PMC4882497 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Avoiding danger and finding food are closely related behaviours that are essential for surviving in a natural environment. Growing evidence supports an important role of gut‐brain peptides in modulating energy homeostasis and emotional‐affective behaviour. For instance, postprandial release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) reduced food intake and altered stress‐induced motor activity and anxiety by activating central Y4 receptors. Experimental approach We characterized [K30(PEG2)]hPP2‐36 as long‐acting Y4 receptor agonist and injected it peripherally into wildtype and Y4 receptor knockout (Y4KO) C57Bl/6NCrl mice to investigate the role of Y4 receptors in fear conditioning. Extinction and relapse after extinction was measured by spontaneous recovery and renewal. Key results The Y4KO mice showed impaired cued and context fear extinction without affecting acquisition, consolidation or recall of fear. Correspondingly, peripheral injection of [K30(PEG2)]hPP2‐36 facilitated extinction learning upon fasting, an effect that was long‐lasting and generalized. Furthermore, peripherally applied [K30(PEG2)]hPP2‐36 before extinction inhibited the activation of orexin‐expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus in WT, but not in Y4KO mice. Conclusions and implications Our findings suggests suppression of excessive arousal as a possible mechanism for the extinction‐promoting effect of central Y4 receptors and provide strong evidence that fear extinction requires integration of vegetative stimuli with cortical and subcortical information, a process crucially depending on Y4 receptors. Importantly, in the lateral hypothalamus two peptide systems, PP and orexin, interact to generate an emotional response adapted to the current homeostatic state. Detailed investigations of feeding‐relevant genes may thus deliver multiple intervention points for treating anxiety‐related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Hörmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - V Thieme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - H Herzog
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 signaling mediates Pavlovian cue-food conditioning and extinction. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:27-36. [PMID: 26945612 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Learned food cues can drive feeding in the absence of hunger, and orexin/hypocretin signaling is necessary for this type of overeating. The current study examined whether orexin also mediates cue-food learning during the acquisition and extinction of these associations. In Experiment 1, rats underwent two sessions of Pavlovian appetitive conditioning, consisting of tone-food presentations. Prior to each session, rats received either the orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) or vehicle systemically. SB treatment did not affect conditioned responses during the first conditioning session, measured as food cup behavior during the tone and latency to approach the food cup after the tone onset, compared to the vehicle group. During the second conditioning session, SB treatment attenuated learning. All groups that received SB, prior to either the first or second conditioning session, displayed significantly less food cup behavior and had longer latencies to approach the food cup after tone onset compared to the vehicle group. These findings suggest orexin signaling at the 1 receptor mediates the consolidation and recall of cue-food acquisition. In Experiment 2, another group of rats underwent tone-food conditioning sessions (drug free), followed by two extinction sessions under either SB or vehicle treatment. Similar to Experiment 1, SB did not affect conditioned responses during the first session. During the second extinction session, the group that received SB prior to the first extinction session, but vehicle prior to the second, expressed conditioned food cup responses longer after tone offset, when the pellets were previously delivered during conditioning, and maintained shorter latencies to approach the food cup compared to the other groups. The persistence of these conditioned behaviors indicates impairment in extinction consolidation due to SB treatment during the first extinction session. Together, these results demonstrate an important role for orexin signaling during Pavlovian appetitive conditioning and extinction.
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Flores Á, Saravia R, Maldonado R, Berrendero F. Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Trends Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dong X, Li Y, Kirouac GJ. Blocking of orexin receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus has no effect on the expression of conditioned fear in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:161. [PMID: 26136671 PMCID: PMC4468823 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) projects to the central nucleus of the amygdala and recent experimental evidence indicates a role for the PVT in conditioned fear. Furthermore, the PVT contains a high density of orexin receptors and fibers and acute injections of orexin antagonist into the PVT produce anxiolytic effects. The present study was done to determine if administration of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) in the region of the PVT interferes with the expression of conditioned fear in rats exposed to cued and contextual conditioning paradigms. Infusion of 0.5 μl of the DORA N-biphenyl-2-yl-1-[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2yl) sulfanyl] acetyl-L-prolinamide at a concentration of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 nmol had no effect on the freezing produced by exposing rats to an auditory cue or the context associated with foot shock. In contrast, the 1.0 and 10 nmol doses were anxiolytic in the social interaction test. The results of the present study do not support a role for orexin receptors in the PVT in the expression of learned fear. The finding that the 1.0 and 10 nmol doses of DORA in the PVT region were anxiolytic in the social interaction test is consistent with other studies indicating a role for orexins in the PVT in anxiety-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Dong
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Viviani D, Haegler P, Jenck F, Steiner MA. Orexin neuropeptides contribute to the development and persistence of generalized avoidance behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1383-93. [PMID: 25319964 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Avoidance of contexts directly associated with fearful experiences represents an adaptive behavioral survival strategy. Over-interpretation of contextual cues leading to generalized avoidance of situations that are only remotely similar to the original fear context represents a pathologic process that contributes to anxiety disorders. Orexin neuropeptides modulate anxiety-like behavioral and physiological responses. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper was to investigate the impact of pharmacological orexin receptor blockade on generalized avoidance behavior. METHODS Rats received a single electric foot-shock in the dark side of a two-compartment shuttle box followed by situational context reminders. After shock, rats were treated chronically (3 weeks) with the orexin receptor antagonist almorexant or with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline, used as positive anxiolytic control. In week 3, avoidance behavior was measured under conditions of high (dark-light (DL)-box) and low (elevated plus maze (EPM)) similarity to the original shock context. Avoidance behavior was re-assessed 5 and 17 weeks after treatment termination. RESULTS Avoidance in the DL box (contextual fear memory) remained unaffected by any treatment and lasted 20 weeks post-shock exposure. Avoidance in the EPM (neophobic fear generalization) was partially attenuated during treatment with almorexant and sertraline at week 3. Following 5 and 17 weeks of drug washout, avoidance in the EPM was significantly reduced in almorexant- but not in sertraline-treated rats. Almorexant also reduced persistent avoidance in the EPM upon treatment initiation 3 weeks after shock exposure. CONCLUSION Chronic orexin receptor blockade in rats reduces both the development and persistence of generalized avoidance in situations with low similarity to the initial shock context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Viviani
- Department of CNS-Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Bonaventure P, Yun S, Johnson PL, Shekhar A, Fitz SD, Shireman BT, Lebold TP, Nepomuceno D, Lord B, Wennerholm M, Shelton J, Carruthers N, Lovenberg T, Dugovic C. A selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates stress-induced hyperarousal without hypnotic effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:590-601. [PMID: 25583879 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins (OXs) are peptides produced by perifornical (PeF) and lateral hypothalamic neurons that exert a prominent role in arousal-related processes, including stress. A critical role for the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) in complex emotional behavior is emerging, such as overactivation of the OX1R pathway being associated with panic or anxiety states. Here we characterize a brain-penetrant, selective, and high-affinity OX1R antagonist, compound 56 [N-({3-[(3-ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-yl}methyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine]. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that, after subcutaneous administration, compound 56 crossed the blood-brain barrier and occupied OX1Rs in the rat brain at lower doses than standard OX1R antagonists GSK-1059865 [5-bromo-N-({1-[(3-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl}methyl)pyridin-2-amine], SB-334867 [1-(2-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5-naphthyridin-4-yl)urea], and SB-408124 [1-(6,8-difluoro-2-methylquinolin-4-yl)-3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]urea]. Although compound 56 did not alter spontaneous sleep in rats and in wild-type mice, its administration in orexin-2 receptor knockout mice selectively promoted rapid eye movement sleep, demonstrating target engagement and specific OX1R blockade. In a rat model of psychological stress induced by cage exchange, the OX1R antagonist prevented the prolongation of sleep onset without affecting sleep duration. In a rat model of panic vulnerability (involving disinhibition of the PeF OX region) to threatening internal state changes (i.e., intravenous sodium lactate infusion), compound 56 attenuated sodium lactate-induced panic-like behaviors and cardiovascular responses without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity. In conclusion, OX1R antagonism represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders associated with stress or hyperarousal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Stephanie D Fitz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Brock T Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Terry P Lebold
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Michelle Wennerholm
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Jonathan Shelton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Nicholas Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Timothy Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
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Williams JT, Gatfield J, Roch C, Treiber A, Jenck F, Bolli MH, Brotschi C, Sifferlen T, Heidmann B, Boss C. Discovery and optimisation of 1-acyl-2-benzylpyrrolidines as potent dual orexin receptor antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of our lead compound1into thein vivoactive, competitive, dual orexin receptor antagonist27, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | | | - Francois Jenck
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
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Baimel C, Bartlett SE, Chiou LC, Lawrence AJ, Muschamp JW, Patkar O, Tung LW, Borgland SL. Orexin/hypocretin role in reward: implications for opioid and other addictions. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:334-48. [PMID: 24641197 PMCID: PMC4292951 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Addiction is a devastating disorder that affects 15.3 million people worldwide. While prevalent, few effective treatments exist. Orexin receptors have been proposed as a potential target for anti-craving medications. Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are neuropeptides produced in neurons of the lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus and perifornical area, which project widely throughout the brain. The absence of orexins in rodents and humans leads to narcolepsy. However, orexins also have an established role in reward seeking. This review will discuss some of the original studies describing the roles of the orexins in reward seeking as well as specific works that were presented at the 2013 International Narcotics Research Conference. Orexin signalling can promote drug-induced plasticity of glutamatergic synapses onto dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a brain region implicated in motivated behaviour. Additional evidence suggests that orexin signalling can also promote drug seeking by initiating an endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic depression of GABAergic inputs to the VTA, and thereby disinhibiting dopaminergic neurons. Orexin neurons co-express the inhibitory opioid peptide dynorphin. It has been proposed that orexin in the VTA may not mediate reward per se, but rather occludes the 'anti-reward' effects of dynorphin. Finally, orexin signalling in the prefrontal cortex and the central amygdala is implicated in reinstatement of reward seeking. This review will highlight recent work describing the role of orexin signalling in cellular processes underlying addiction-related behaviours and propose novel hypotheses for the mechanisms by which orexin signalling may impart drug seeking. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Baimel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, Institute for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John W Muschamp
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Omkar Patkar
- Translational Research Institute, Institute for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Queensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Li-Wei Tung
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
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The hypocretin/orexin system mediates the extinction of fear memories. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2732-41. [PMID: 24930888 PMCID: PMC4200503 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are often associated with an inability to extinguish learned fear responses. The hypocretin/orexin system is involved in the regulation of emotional states and could also participate in the consolidation and extinction of aversive memories. Using hypocretin receptor-1 and hypocretin receptor-2 antagonists, hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2 peptides, and hypocretin receptor-1 knockout mice, we investigated the role of the hypocretin system in cue- and context-dependent fear conditioning and extinction. Hypocretins were crucial for the consolidation of fear conditioning, and this effect was mainly observed in memories with a high emotional component. Notably, after the acquisition of fear memory, hypocretin receptor-1 blockade facilitated fear extinction, whereas hypocretin-1 administration impaired this extinction process. The extinction-facilitating effects of the hypocretin receptor-1 antagonist SB334867 were associated with increased expression of cFos in the basolateral amygdala and the infralimbic cortex. Intra-amygdala, but neither intra-infralimbic prefrontal cortex nor intra-dorsohippocampal infusion of SB334867 enhanced fear extinction. These results reveal a key role for hypocretins in the extinction of aversive memories and suggest that hypocretin receptor-1 blockade could represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases associated with inappropriate retention of fear, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and phobias.
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Boss C, Roch-Brisbare C, Steiner MA, Treiber A, Dietrich H, Jenck F, von Raumer M, Sifferlen T, Brotschi C, Heidmann B, Williams JT, Aissaoui H, Siegrist R, Gatfield J. Structure-Activity Relationship, Biological, and Pharmacological Characterization of the Proline Sulfonamide ACT-462206: a Potent, Brain-Penetrant Dual Orexin 1/Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonist. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2486-96. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Staples LG, Cornish JL. The orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 attenuates anxiety in rats exposed to cat odor but not the elevated plus maze: an investigation of Trial 1 and Trial 2 effects. Horm Behav 2014; 65:294-300. [PMID: 24397997 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides most well known for their roles in regulating feeding and sleeping behaviors. Recent findings suggest that orexin-A may also modulate anxiety, although how and when the orexin system is involved remains unclear. To address this, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 in two rodent models of anxiety: the cat odor avoidance model and the elevated plus maze. In both models we tested the effects of SB-334867 when anxiety is novel (Trial 1) and familiar (Trial 2). In the first experiment, Wistar rats were treated with vehicle or SB-334867 (5, 10 or 20mg/kg, i.p.) prior to their first or second exposure to cat odor. During Trial 1, rats treated with 10mg/kg of SB-334867 approached the cat odor stimulus more than vehicle-treated rats. During Trial 2 the effects were more marked, with 10mg/kg of SB-334867 increasing approach times, increasing the number of times rats exited the hide box to engage in exploratory behavior, and decreasing overall hide times. In addition, the 20mg/kg dose decreased general activity during Trial 2. In the second experiment, the effects of SB-334867 (10 and 20mg/kg) were tested in the elevated plus maze. There were no significant differences produced by drug treatment during either Trial 1 or Trial 2. Results suggest that SB-334867 decreases anxiety induced by some, but not all, stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Staples
- Department of Psychology C3A, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Woods IG, Schoppik D, Shi VJ, Zimmerman S, Coleman HA, Greenwood J, Soucy ER, Schier AF. Neuropeptidergic signaling partitions arousal behaviors in zebrafish. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3142-60. [PMID: 24573274 PMCID: PMC3935080 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3529-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals modulate their arousal state to ensure that their sensory responsiveness and locomotor activity match environmental demands. Neuropeptides can regulate arousal, but studies of their roles in vertebrates have been constrained by the vast array of neuropeptides and their pleiotropic effects. To overcome these limitations, we systematically dissected the neuropeptidergic modulation of arousal in larval zebrafish. We quantified spontaneous locomotor activity and responsiveness to sensory stimuli after genetically induced expression of seven evolutionarily conserved neuropeptides, including adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1b (adcyap1b), cocaine-related and amphetamine-related transcript (cart), cholecystokinin (cck), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), galanin, hypocretin, and nociceptin. Our study reveals that arousal behaviors are dissociable: neuropeptide expression uncoupled spontaneous activity from sensory responsiveness, and uncovered modality-specific effects upon sensory responsiveness. Principal components analysis and phenotypic clustering revealed both shared and divergent features of neuropeptidergic functions: hypocretin and cgrp stimulated spontaneous locomotor activity, whereas galanin and nociceptin attenuated these behaviors. In contrast, cart and adcyap1b enhanced sensory responsiveness yet had minimal impacts on spontaneous activity, and cck expression induced the opposite effects. Furthermore, hypocretin and nociceptin induced modality-specific differences in responsiveness to changes in illumination. Our study provides the first systematic and high-throughput analysis of neuropeptidergic modulation of arousal, demonstrates that arousal can be partitioned into independent behavioral components, and reveals novel and conserved functions of neuropeptides in regulating arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Woods
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York 14850, and
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and
| | | | | | | | - Haley A. Coleman
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York 14850, and
| | - Joel Greenwood
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Edward R. Soucy
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Alexander F. Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Yeoh JW, Campbell EJ, James MH, Graham BA, Dayas CV. Orexin antagonists for neuropsychiatric disease: progress and potential pitfalls. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:36. [PMID: 24616658 PMCID: PMC3934415 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight regulation of sleep/wake states is critical for mental and physiological wellbeing. For example, dysregulation of sleep/wake systems predisposes individuals to metabolic disorders such as obesity and psychiatric problems, including depression. Contributing to this understanding, the last decade has seen significant advances in our appreciation of the complex interactions between brain systems that control the transition between sleep and wake states. Pivotal to our increased understanding of this pathway was the description of a group of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) that express the neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin, Hcrt-1 and Hcrt-2). Orexin neurons were quickly placed at center stage with the demonstration that loss of normal orexin function is associated with the development of narcolepsy—a condition in which sufferers fail to maintain normal levels of daytime wakefulness. Since these initial seminal findings, much progress has been made in our understanding of the physiology and function of the orexin system. For example, the orexin system has been identified as a key modulator of autonomic and neuroendocrine function, arousal, reward and attention. Notably, studies in animals suggest that dysregulation of orexin function is associated with neuropsychiatric states such as addiction and mood disorders including depression and anxiety. This review discusses the progress associated with therapeutic attempts to restore orexin system function and treat neuropsychiatric conditions such as addiction, depression and anxiety. We also highlight potential pitfalls and challenges associated with targeting this system to treat these neuropsychiatric states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann Wei Yeoh
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin J Campbell
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan H James
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett A Graham
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- Neurobiology of Addiction Laboratory, The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Merlo Pich E, Melotto S. Orexin 1 receptor antagonists in compulsive behavior and anxiety: possible therapeutic use. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:26. [PMID: 24592206 PMCID: PMC3923148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after the discovery of hypocretin/orexin a large body of evidence has been collected supporting its critical role in the modulation of several regulatory physiological functions. While reduced levels of hypocretin/orexin were initially associated with narcolepsy, increased levels have been linked in recent years to pathological states of hypervigilance and, in particular, to insomnia. The filing to FDA of the dual-activity orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) suvorexant for the indication of insomnia further corroborates the robustness of such evidences. However, as excessive vigilance is also typical of anxiety and panic episodes, as well as of abstinence and craving in substance misuse disorders. In this review we briefly discuss the evidence supporting the development of hypocretin/orexin receptor 1 (OX1) antagonists for these indications. Experiments using the OX1 antagonist SB-334867 and mutant mice have involved the OX1 receptor in mediating the compulsive reinstatement of drug seeking for ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, cannabinoids and morphine. More recently, data have been generated with the novel selective OX1 antagonists GSK1059865 and ACT-335827 on behavioral and cardiovascular response to stressors and panic-inducing agents in animals. Concluding, while waiting for pharmacologic data to become available in humans, risks and benefits for the development of an OX1 receptor antagonist for Binge Eating and Anxiety Disorders are discussed.
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