Simultaneous determination of DTPA, EDTA, and NTA by capillary electrophoresis after complexation with copper

Ion-pairing HPLC methods to determine EDTA and DTPA in small molecule and biological pharmaceutical formulations

Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV) methods were developed to determine two commonly used chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in Abilify® (a small molecule drug with aripiprazole as the active pharmaceutical ingredient) oral solution and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) in Yervoy® (a monoclonal antibody drug with ipilimumab as the active pharmaceutical ingredient) intravenous formulation. Since the analytes, EDTA and DTPA, do not contain chromophores, transition metal ions (Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺) which generate highly stable metallocomplexes with the chelating agents were added into the sample preparation to enhance UV detection. The use of metallocomplexes with ion-pairing chromatography provides the ability to achieve the desired sensitivity and selectivity in the development of the method. Specifically, the sample preparation involving metallocomplex formation allowed sensitive UV detection. Copper was utilized for the determination of EDTA and iron was utilized for the determination of DTPA. In the case of EDTA, a gradient mobile phase separated the components of the formulation from the analyte. In the method for DTPA, the active drug substance, ipilimumab, was eluted in the void. In addition, the optimization of the concentration of the ion-pairing reagent was discussed as a means of enhancing the retention of the aminopolycarboxylic acids (APCAs) including EDTA and DTPA and the specificity of the method. The analytical method development was designed based on the chromatographic properties of the analytes, the nature of the sample matrix and the intended purpose of the method. Validation data were presented for the two methods. Finally, both methods were successfully utilized in determining the fate of the chelates.

Simultaneous determination of EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical preparations using high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbic acid, and diclofenac sodium was developed and validated. Separation was achieved on a C(18) column (10 cm×4.6 mm) using gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution (0.01 M, pH=2.5, containing 0.8% tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydroxide). The detector wavelength was set at 254 nm. Under these conditions, separation of three compounds was achieved in less than 10 min. The effect of two metal salts and metal concentration on peak area of EDTA was investigated. The pH effect on retention of EDTA and sorbic acid was studied. The method showed linearity for EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac in the ranges of 2.5-100.0, 5.0-200.0, and 20.0-120.0 μg/mL, respectively. The within- and between-day relative standard deviations ranged from 0.52 to 1.94%, 0.50 to 1.34%, and 0.78 to 1.67% for EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac, respectively. The recovery of EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac from pharmaceutical preparation ranged from 96.0-102.0%, 99.7-101.5%, to 97.0-102.5%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about simultaneous determination of EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac.

Spectrophotometric determination of EDTA in aqueous solution through ferroin formation using sodium sulfite as the reducer

This paper presents a simple, easy and reliable method for determination of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in aqueous system. Using EDTA chelating with ferric irons, an excessive amount of Fe(3+) was added to EDTA solution, and Fe(3+) in excess was reduced by addition of a Na2SO3 solution, the outcome ferrous ions were then reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate (PTM) to form ferroin, a color developing reagent. The absorbance of the ferroin was determined using spectrophotometry, from which EDTA concentration was obtained. The method was tested for interferences and applied to determination of trace amount EDTA in its degradation by ozone oxidation, and the result compared with those from high-performance liquid chromatography. It was revealed that a low limit of 1.4μM for EDTA concentration detection was achieved with a high correlation coefficient of 0.999 combined with a low relative standard deviation of 0.6%. In contrast to all reported processes, where ferric ions in excess have to be separated from those chelated with EDTA prior to their reduction followed by interaction with PTM and spectrophotometric determination, the key merit of the present method is that EDTA concentration is determined without need of ferric separation, rendering the present process very easy. The method is also characterized by low cost, high precision and high reproducibility at the same time.

Rapid and sensitive determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in water samples by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A new method is presented for the quantitative determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) from aqueous samples without an enrichment step. It consist of the formation of the Fe(III) complexes of EDTA and DTPA, liquid-chromatography with a volatile ion-pairing agent and determination by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Limits of quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 and 0.6 microgL(-1) for EDTA and DTPA were obtained, allowing the direct injection of most aqueous environmental samples without any preceding enrichment. With a more recent mass spectrometer, the LOQ could be further decreased by almost one order of magnitude. Parallel analysis of real samples by a standardized method employing enrichment, derivatization and GC-MS analysis yielded comparable results. The method was applied to the determination of both complexing agents in several wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples, showing that EDTA is an omnipresent contaminant in partially closed water cycles.

Determination of alternative and conventional chelating agents as copper(II) complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis--the first use of didecyldimethylammonium bromide as a flow reversal reagent

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for analyzing 11 chelating agents [beta-alaninediacetic acid (beta-ADA), trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (HEDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid (HEIDA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), methylglycinediacetic acid (MGDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 1,3-diaminopropane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (PDTA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA)] as negatively charged copper(II) complexes has been established. Both conventional and alternative chelating agents were included in this study, because they are used side by side in industrial applications. In this study, didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DMDDAB) was successfully used as a flow reversal reagent for the first time in an aqueous CZE method based on phosphate BGE with UV spectrophotometric detection. In addition this new flow modifier was compared to common TTAB. Method development was done using a fused silica capillary (61 cm x 50 microm i.d.). The optimized BGE was a 105 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer with TTAB or DMDDAB in the concentration 0.5 mmol L(-1) at pH 7.1. The measurements were done with -20 kV voltage using direct UV detection at 254 nm. In both CZE methods all 11 analyte zones were properly separated (resolutions > or =2.4), and the calibrations gave excellent correlation coefficients (> or =0.998; linear range tested 0.5-2.0 mmol L(-1)). The limits of detection were < or =34 and < or =49 micromol L(-1) with the method of DMDDAB and TTAB, respectively. A clear benefit of both methods was the short analysis time; all 11 complexes were detected in less than 6 and 5.5 min with the methods of TTAB and DMDDAB, respectively. The two methods were tested with dishwashing detergents and paper mill wastewater samples and proved to be suitable for practical use.

Separation of chelating agents as copper complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis using quaternary ammonium bromides as additives in N-methylformamide

This study presents the use of quaternary ammonium bromides as additives in N-methylformamide (NMF) for the separation and quantification of chelating agents as copper complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The new quaternary ammonium bromides were synthesized in our laboratory and used for the first time for CZE applications performed in NMF media. The methods were developed and optimized for determination of six chelating agents (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA)) as copper complexes. Among the tested electrolyte additives in NMF media (pH(app) 10.2) dimethyldioctylammonium bromide (DMDOAB), dimethyldinonylammonium bromide (DMDNAB) and dimethyldidecylammonium bromide (DMDDAB), at a concentration of 20 mmol L(-1) improved the separation of the copper complexes. The optimized methods require only 12 min for one analysis, and the detection limits for copper complexes of DMDNAB, the best-performing additive, were < or =24 micromol L(-1). Relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for migration times were < or =2.5, < or =2.1, < or =3.1% and for peak areas, < or =3.1, < or =3.0, < or =3.2% for DMDOAB, DMDNAB and DMDDAB used as additives, respectively. All three methods were successfully applied to the analysis of natural and wastewater samples. No matrix effects from these samples were observed. The interaction between quaternary ammonium bromides and copper complexes is discussed.

Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid and iminodisuccinic acid in cosmetic products by capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method are described for the simultaneous determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), S,S'-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and R,S-iminodisuccinic acid (IDS) complexing agents as their Fe(III) complexes in cosmetics like shower cream and foam bath. The non-biodegradable EDTA is used in combination with biodegradable analogues like EDDS and IDS in many commercial products. The HPLC method involves separation by reversed-phase ion pair chromatography on a C(18) column using methanol-formate buffer (20 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate, 15 mM sodium formate adjusted to pH 4.0 with formic acid) (10:90, v/v) as mobile solvent at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min(-1) at 24 degrees C using UV detection at 240 nm. The CE separation was performed in a fused silica capillary of 50 microm i.d. with the total length of 50 cm with a 10 mM MES and MOPSO (pH 5.5) at an applied voltage of -25 kV. The samples were introduced by applying a 50 mbar pressure for 2s. Absorbances at 215 and 225 nm were monitored for the detection of the complexes. The methodology performance of the two methods was evaluated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and reproducibility. The LOD values obtained from HPLC are low when compared with CE. The applicability of both the methods was demonstrated for the analysis of cosmetic products such as shower cream and foam bath. The results obtained by both CE and HPLC were found to be comparable and in good agreement.

Improving sensitivity in simultaneous determination of copper carboxylates by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

A new method of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with UV spectrophotometric detection was developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of seven carboxylates (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N',N'-triacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 1,3-diaminopropane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (PDTA) and triethylenetetraaminehexaacetic acid (TTHA)) as copper complexes. The method development was carried out by using a fused silica capillary. Background electrolyte (BGE) was optimized and the best separation achieved by using 30mmolL(-1) potassium bromide in N-methylformamide (NMF) at apparent pH (pH(app)) 10.2. A voltage of +30kV and direct UV detection at 280nm were used in all measurements. Large-volume sample stacking using the electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) was tested in addition to basic capillary electrophoresis (CE) and observed to improve the separation of the analyte zones in the capillary. All the peaks in the electropherograms were properly separated, the calibration plots gave excellent correlation coefficients (R(2)>or=0.994) and all seven copper carboxylate complexes were detected in less than 20min using both the basic measurements and the large-volume sample stacking method. The new NACE method was tested with lake water and proved to be reliable.

A new ionic liquid dimethyldinonylammonium bromide as a flow modifier for the simultaneous determination of eight carboxylates by capillary electrophoresis

Two new methods of capillary zone electrophoresis based on aqueous phosphate running buffers with UV spectrophotometric detection were developed and optimized for the determination of eight carboxylates as copper complexes. Metalcomplexes are negatively charged, so measurements were made as anion analyses with flow reversal in the capillary. Two flow modifiers were used: a common tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and a new ionic liquid dimethyldinonylammonium bromide (DMDNAB). The methods were compared to each other. Better separation was achieved with DMDNAB as the flow modifier. Method development was done using a fused silica capillary (61 cm x 50 microm i.d.). Optimization was done using 95 mmol L(-1) phosphate buffer with TTAB or DMDNAB in the concentration 0.5 mmol L(-1) at pH 7.1. A -20 kV voltage and direct UV detection at 254 nm was used in measurements. In both CE methods all the peaks in the electropherograms were properly separated, the calibration plots gave good correlation coefficients and all eight carboxylates were detected in less than 7.5 min. The two methods were tested with natural water samples and a paper mill sample, and proved to be feasible.

Simultaneous determination of DTPA, EDTA, and NTA by UV–visible spectrometry and HPLC

In this study, UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for simultaneous analysis of chelating agents diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as their metal chelates in dishwashing detergents, natural waters, and pulp mill water. The total amounts of the chelating agents in dishwashing detergents were verified by potentiometric titration with Fe(III) solution. Nickel(II) chelates were determined by UV-Vis and iron(III)chelates by HPLC and titration. Recoveries of DTPA, EDTA, and NTA from a standard mixture of analytes by UV-Vis were 107+/-7, 101+/-12 and 94+/-13%, respectively, and the recovery of the total amount of complexing agents was 99+/-4%. The limits of detection for DTPA, EDTA, and NTA were 667, 324, and 739 micromol L(-1), respectively. In HPLC measurements the optimized mobile phase contained 0.03 mol L(-1) sodium acetate, 0.002 mol L(-1) tetrabutylammonium bromide, and 5% methanol at pH 3.15 and the detection was by UV-Vis detection at 254 nm. All three complexing agents could be separated from each other in a simultaneous analysis in less than 5 min. The limits of detection were 0.34, 0.27, and 0.62 micromol L(-1) for DTPA, EDTA, and NTA, respectively. The total amounts of the analytes measured in the dishwashing detergents by the three techniques were found to be highly comparable (ANOVA: F=0.04, P=0.96). R(2) values were 0.99 for EDTA, 0.99 for NTA, and 0.99 for all the results when UV-Vis and HPLC determinations were compared using regression lines. The UV-Vis and HPLC methods were proved to be viable also for analyses of natural and pulp mill waters. The absence of matrix interferences was verified by the standard addition technique.