1
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Downham RP, Gannon B, Lozano DCP, Jones HE, Vane CH, Barrow MP. Tracking the history of polycyclic aromatic compounds in London through a River Thames sediment core and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134605. [PMID: 38768537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heteroatom-containing analogues, constitute an important environmental contaminant class. For decades, limited numbers of priority PAHs have been routinely targeted in pollution investigations, however, there is growing awareness for the potential occurrence of thousands of PACs in the environment. In this study, untargeted Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was used for the molecular characterisation of PACs in a sediment core from Chiswick Ait, in the River Thames, London, UK. Using complex mixture analysis approaches, including aromaticity index calculations, the number of molecular PAC components was determined for eight core depths, extending back to the 1930s. A maximum of 1676 molecular compositions representing PACs was detected at the depth corresponding to the 1950s, and a decline in PAC numbers was observed up the core. A case linking the PACs to London's coal consumption history is presented, alongside other possible sources, with some data features indicating pyrogenic origins. The overall core profile trend in PAC components, including compounds with oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine atoms, is shown to broadly correspond to the 16 priority PAH concentration profile trend previously determined for this core. These findings have implications for other industry-impacted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P Downham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Benedict Gannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Hugh E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Facility, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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2
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Marvanová S, Pěnčíková K, Pálková L, Ciganek M, Petráš J, Lněničková A, Vondráček J, Machala M. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes: Their aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activities and environmental presence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162924. [PMID: 36933742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds (PASHs) belong among ubiquitous environmental pollutants; however, their toxic effects remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of dibenzothiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes, and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes, as well as their presence in two types of environmental matrices: river sediments collected from both rural and urban areas, and in airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) sampled in cities with different levels and sources of pollution. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were newly identified as efficient AhR agonists in both rat and human AhR-based reporter gene assays, with 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene being the most potent compound identified in both species. Benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene elicited AhR-mediated activity only in the rat liver cell model, while dibenzothiophene and 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were inactive in either cell type. Independently of their ability to activate the AhR, benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene, 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene inhibited gap junctional intercellular communication in a model of rat liver epithelial cells. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes were dominant PASHs present in both PM2.5 and sediment samples, with benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene being the most abundant one, followed by benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene. The levels of naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes were mostly low or below detection limit. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene were identified as the most significant contributors to the AhR-mediated activity in the environmental samples evaluated in this study. Both induced nuclear translocation of the AhR, and they induced CYP1A1 expression in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that their AhR-mediated activity may depend on the rate of their intracellular metabolism. In conclusion, some PASHs could be significant contributors to the overall AhR-mediated toxicity of complex environmental samples suggesting that more attention should be paid to the potential health impacts of this group of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Marvanová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lněničková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in ascidians (Phallusia nigra) using a green procedure. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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4
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Filewood T, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Ollinik JE, Cote C, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. Advancement in oil forensics through the addition of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles as biomarkers in diagnostic ratios. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129027. [PMID: 35525008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In current oil spill forensics, diagnostic ratios of hydrocarbon biomarker responses are commonly used to compare oil spill samples to source materials in order to determine the identity of the oil. This well recognized procedure was developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) with corresponding published EN 15522-2 Oil Spill Identification guidelines. However, it is further recognized that weathering can have a negative effect on some of the biomarkers used in the analysis, leading to decreased confidence in the result. In this study, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and their alkylated forms (APASHs) were assessed for their potential as additional biomarkers. With the aim of identifying stable PASHs and APASHs useful as weathered oil biomarkers, the superior specificity of gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry was exploited to determine chromatographic peak responses for sixteen petroleum oil samples. Extensive study, involving microcosm extreme weathering and spreadsheet development, led to the identification of 19 new diagnostic ratios based on newly discovered stable PASH and APASH biomarkers. Application of the extended diagnostic ratio suite showed high potential to improve the forensic attribution of post-spill weathered oil back to its original source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Filewood
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica E Ollinik
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Cote
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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5
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Machado ME, Nascimento MM, Bomfim Bahia PV, Martinez ST, Bittencourt de Andrade J. Analytical advances and challenges for the determination of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (NSO-HET) in sediment: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Filewood T, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Ollinik JE, Cote C, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. A rapid gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocycles in spilled crude oils. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:717-725. [PMID: 35107097 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spilled crude oil samples contain various toxic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and their related alkylated forms (APAHs and APASHs). In this study, a method was successfully developed employing a gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (GC-QToF) mass spectrometer to quantitatively analyze both PAHs/APAHs and PASHs/APASHs in these samples. With GC-QToF, the monoisotopic mass of the compounds is distinguished, allowing the PASHs/APASHs to be extracted separately from the PAHs/APAHs in crude oil. A gas chromatography triple quadrupole (GC-MS/MS) mass spectrometer was also used to confirm that a GC-QToF is the preferred instrument for analyzing these compounds. With the use of PASH/APASH standards to determine response correction factors (RCFs) in relation to PAH standards, the developed method is capable of analyzing PAHs, APAHs, PASHs, and APASHs in a single injection. The use of RCFs allowed for the development of a practical polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) method for analyzing a total of 77 compounds of the 2 groups in crude oil. This newly developed method was applied to spilled crude oils, demonstrating its potential in toxicological study as well as oil spill forensic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Filewood
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jessica E Ollinik
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Christopher Cote
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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7
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Singh R, Kumar R, Kaur M, Patil MT, Sahoo SC, Salunke DB. Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé
multicomponent reaction coupled with unconventional
Pictet–Spengler
cyclization for the synthesis of imidazo[4,5‐
b
]pyridine fused polycyclic heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Madhuri T. Patil
- Department of Chemistry Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women Chandigarh India
| | - Subash Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry Panjab University Chandigarh India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials Panjab University Chandigarh India
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8
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Zhang Y, Song Y, Chen YJ, Chen Y, Lu Y, Li R, Dong C, Hu D, Cai Z. Discovery of emerging sulfur-containing PAHs in PM 2.5: Contamination profiles and potential health risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125795. [PMID: 33836324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We reported the discovery and identification of emerging sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, namely polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs), in PM2.5 collected from two typical regions of China, Taiyuan and Guangzhou. Until now, there is no research on contamination status, sources and potential health risks of this unexpected group of organic contaminants in PM2.5. High atmospheric concentrations (ngm-3) and significant time-dependent variations were determined in PM2.5 of Taiyuan from 2017 to 2018. Coal combustion/secondary formation and traffic emission/secondary formation were apportioned as possible pollution sources for the PM2.5-bound PASHs in Taiyuan and Guangzhou, respectively. Dithiothreitol and cell viability assays were applied for evaluations of PASH-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity based on the determined real exposure levels for adults. The results illustrated that PASHs in PM2.5 possibly caused oxidative stress and inhibition of human bronchial epithelial cells in seriously polluted regions such as Taiyuan, suggesting that the pollutant-induced health concerns may need more investigations. This study provides new insights into PM2.5 pollution, and is beneficial for the development of effective contamination control strategies and reduction of risks on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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9
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Cargnin RS, Adolfo FR, Cícero do Nascimento P, Schmidt P, Brudi LC, Machado de Carvalho L, Bohrer do Nascimento D, Coutinho Cravo MC, Herrmann do Nascimento LA. Collection of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles from asphalt fumes and quantification by an HPLC-DAD method. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3307-3315. [PMID: 34235513 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic method is described for the separation and quantification of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) using liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (DAD). The PASHs that were investigated in this study were chosen based on their similarity in molecular weight, volatility and polarity of their PAH analogues. The chromatographic separation of the compounds was optimized, and their analytical characteristics were evaluated. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.05 for 2,3,4,7-tetramethylbenzothiophene to 2.16 μg L-1 for thieno[2,3-b]thiophene and from 0.16 for 2,3,4,7-tetramethylbenzothiophene to 6.53 μg L-1 for thieno[2,3-b]thiophene, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 84.9 for benzo[b]benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene to 110% for dinaphtho[2,1-b:1',2'-d]thiophene. Intermediate precisions and repeatabilities lie between 1.4 and 3.0%, and 0.3 and 1.7%, respectively. The chromatographic method was applied for determination of PASHs directly in asphalt fumes, which were obtained by heating asphalt samples in a homemade closed system. The mutual interference of PAH analogues was also discussed. The method was successfully used for PASH determination in asphalt samples obtained from three different oil refineries in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Secretti Cargnin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, C.P. 5051, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Franciele Rovasi Adolfo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, C.P. 5051, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrícia Schmidt
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, C.P. 5051, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Callegaro Brudi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, C.P. 5051, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Scott DE, Schulze M, Stryker JM, Tykwinski RR. Deciphering structure and aggregation in asphaltenes: hypothesis-driven design and development of synthetic model compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9202-9239. [PMID: 34231589 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asphaltenes comprise the heaviest and least understood fraction of crude petroleum. The asphaltenes are a diverse and complex mixture of organic and organometallic molecules in which most of the molecular constituents are tightly aggregated into more complicated suprastructures. The bulk properties of asphaltenes arise from a broad range of polycyclic aromatics, heteroatoms, and polar functional groups. Despite much analytical effort, the precise molecular architectures of the material remain unresolved. To understand asphaltene characteristics and reactivity, the field has turned to synthetic model compounds that mirror asphaltene structure, aggregation behavior, and thermal chemistry, including the nucleation of coke. Historically, molecular asphaltene modeling was limited to commercial compounds, offering little illumination and few opportunities for hypothesis-driven research. More recently, however, rational molecular design and modern organic synthesis have started to impact this area. This review provides an overview of commercially available model compounds but is principally focused on the design and synthesis of structurally advanced and appropriately functionalized compounds to mimic the physical and chemical behavior of asphaltenes. Efforts to model asphaltene aggregation are briefly discussed, and a prognosis for the field is offered. A referenced tabulation of the synthetic compounds reported to date is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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11
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Galmiche M, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Environmental analysis of polar and non-polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in airborne particulate matter, settled dust and soot: Part II: Instrumental analysis and occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Yang C, Lambert P, Nguyen M, Yang Z, Hollebone BP, Fieldhouse B, Brown CE. Application of gas chromatography-high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in fingerprinting analysis of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461577. [PMID: 32980610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs), as a group of major sulfur-containing compounds, widely occur in crude oil and its refined products. Accurate analyses of these petrochemical components play an important role in monitoring oil quality, forensic source identification, and assessment of environmental impact of an oil spill. PASHs occur at relatively lower abundances in most crude oils and refined petroleum products than their corresponding aromatic hydrocarbons and are co-eluted together with some petroleum hydrocarbons in chromatographic analysis, resulting in high uncertainty for their quantitation. Capillary gas chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) provides high resolution and high mass accuracy, which facilitates discrimination of the delicate mass defects of isobaric compounds with the same nominal mass and external matrix material. In this work, GC-QTOF-MS was applied to analyze bicyclic to pentacyclic PASHs including benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, benzonaphthothiophenes, dinaphthothiophenes and their C1- to C4- alkylated homologues in a number of crude oils, refined petroleum products, and environmental samples. GC-QTOF-MS analysis substantially improved the identification confidence and reduced quantitation uncertainty of PASHs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by eliminating the interferences presented in nominal mass chromatograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Patrick Lambert
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Monica Nguyen
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce P Hollebone
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Fieldhouse
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carl E Brown
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Pulsed voltammetric/amperometric detection of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) at the gold disc electrode for studies in petroleum asphalts. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Freije-Carrelo L, García-Bellido J, Calderón-Celis F, Moldovan M, Encinar JR. GC-ICP-MS/MS Instrumental Setup for Total and Speciation Sulfur Analysis in Gasolines using Generic Standards. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7019-7024. [PMID: 31083916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of sulfur-containing petroleum derivatives is mainly limited by the large number of potential targets present and the matrix effects suffered due to the high-carbon-containing matrices. Herein we describe the instrumental modifications required in a commercial GC-ICP-MS/MS instrument, and their corresponding optimization, for turning it into a compound-independent quantitative technique for both total and speciation sulfur analysis in gasolines. Additionally, carbon-derived matrix effects were made negligible for direct and fast total S analysis, making the use of relatively complex isotope-dilution strategies not necessary anymore. An absolute detection limit of 0.3 pg of S was achieved, which is, to the best of our knowledge, more than 1 order of magnitude below the ones reported for other sulfur GC selective detectors. The precision was below 3% RSD. Total analysis was performed by flow-injection analysis through a transfer line and external calibration, whereas speciation analysis was carried out by chromatographic separation and internal standardization. In both cases, simple generic standards were used, which enabled us to get rid of specific S-containing standards, which were sometimes not available or unstable. The proposed method was successfully applied to total and speciation sulfur analysis of a commercial gasoline sample and validated with a certified-reference-material (ERM-EF213) gasoline. The approach has proved to be simple, fast, robust, and convenient for implementation in routine laboratories, as demonstrated by the successive analyses of 50 gasoline samples in 3 h without any instrumental drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Freije-Carrelo
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 Oviedo , Spain
| | - Javier García-Bellido
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 Oviedo , Spain
| | - Francisco Calderón-Celis
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 Oviedo , Spain
| | - Mariella Moldovan
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 Oviedo , Spain
| | - Jorge Ruiz Encinar
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , University of Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8 , 33006 Oviedo , Spain
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15
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Evaluation of aging processes of petroleum asphalt cements by solid state electrochemical monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Sar D, Kim B, Ostadhossein F, Misra SK, Pan D. Revisiting Polyarenes and Related Molecules: An Update of Synthetic Approaches and Structure-Activity-Mechanistic Correlation for Carcinogenesis. CHEM REC 2018; 18:619-658. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinabandhu Sar
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Biomedical Research Center, Office 3304; 3rd Floor, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 N. Busey Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute and Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 North Busey Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | | | - Fatemeh Ostadhossein
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Biomedical Research Center, Office 3304; 3rd Floor, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 N. Busey Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute and Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 North Busey Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Santosh K. Misra
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Biomedical Research Center, Office 3304; 3rd Floor, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 N. Busey Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute and Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 North Busey Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Biomedical Research Center, Office 3304; 3rd Floor, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 N. Busey Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute and Carle Foundation Hospital; 502 North Busey Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
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17
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Hijazi HY, Bottaro CS. Selective determination of semi-volatile thiophene compounds in water by molecularly imprinted polymer thin films with direct headspace gas chromatography sulfur chemiluminescence detection. Analyst 2018; 143:1117-1123. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer films are coupled with headspace gas chromatography sulfur chemiluminescence detection (HS-GC-SCD) for the determination of thiophenes in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y. Hijazi
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- St. John's
- Canada
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Manzano CA, Marvin C, Muir D, Harner T, Martin J, Zhang Y. Heterocyclic Aromatics in Petroleum Coke, Snow, Lake Sediments, and Air Samples from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5445-5453. [PMID: 28453248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic fractions of snow, lake sediment, and air samples collected during 2011-2014 in the Athabasca oil sands region were analyzed using two-dimensional gas chromatography following a nontargeted approach. Commonly monitored aromatics (parent and alkylated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes) were excluded from the analysis, focusing mainly on other heterocyclic aromatics. The unknowns detected were classified into isomeric groups and tentatively identified using mass spectral libraries. Relative concentrations of heterocyclic aromatics were estimated and were found to decrease with distance from a reference site near the center of the developments and with increasing depth of sediments. The same heterocyclic aromatics identified in snow, lake sediments, and air were observed in extracts of delayed petroleum coke, with similar distributions. This suggests that petroleum coke particles are a potential source of heterocyclic aromatics to the local environment, but other oil sands sources must also be considered. Although the signals of these heterocyclic aromatics diminished with distance, some were detected at large distances (>100 km) in snow and surface lake sediments, suggesting that the impact of industry can extend >50 km. The list of heterocyclic aromatics and the mass spectral library generated in this study can be used for future source apportionment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Manzano
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Separations in the Sample Preparation for Sulfur Compound Analysis. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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da Silveira GD, Faccin H, Claussen L, Goularte RB, Do Nascimento PC, Bohrer D, Cravo M, Leite LF, de Carvalho LM. A liquid chromatographyatmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of organosulfur compounds in petroleum asphalt cements. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Witter AE, Nguyen MH. Determination of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban stream sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:186-96. [PMID: 26646479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that PAH transformation products such as ketone or quinone-substituted PAHs (OPAHs) are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activators that elicit toxicological effects independent of those observed for PAHs. Here, we measured eight OPAHs, two sulfur-containing (SPAH), one oxygen-containing (DBF), and one nitrogen-containing (CARB) heterocyclic PAHs (i.e. ΣONS-PAHs = OPAH8 + SPAH + DBF + CARB) in 35 stream sediments collected from a small (∼1303 km(2)) urban watershed located in south-central Pennsylvania, USA. Combined ΣONS-PAH concentrations ranged from 59 to 1897 μg kg(-1) (mean = 568 μg kg(-1); median = 425 μg kg(-1)) and were 2.4 times higher in urban versus rural areas, suggesting that activities taking place on urban land serve as a source of ΣONS-PAHs to sediments. To evaluate urban land use metrics that might explain these data, Spearman rank correlation analyses was used to evaluate the degree of association between ΣONS-PAH concentrations and urban land-use/land-cover metrics along an urban-rural transect at two spatial scales (500-m and 1000-m upstream). Combined ΣONS-PAH concentrations showed highly significant (p < 0.0001) correlations with ΣPAH19, residential and commercial/industrial land use (RESCI), and combined state and local road miles (MILES), suggesting that ΣONS-PAHs originate from similar sources as PAHs. To evaluate OPAH sources, a subset of ΣONS-PAHs for which reference assemblages exist, an average OPAH fractional assemblage for urban sediments was derived using agglomerative hierarchal cluster (AHC) analysis, and compared to published OPAH source profiles. Urban sediments from the Condoguinet Creek (n = 21) showed highly significant correlations with urban particulate matter (X(2) = 0.05, r = 0.91, p = 0.0047), suggesting that urban particulate matter is an important OPAH source to sediments in this watershed. Results suggest the inclusion of ΣONS-PAH measurements adds value to traditional PAH analyses, and may help elucidate and refine pollutant source identification in urban watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Witter
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, PO Box 1773, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, PO Box 1773, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA
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Siemers AK, Mänz JS, Palm WU, Ruck WKL. Development and application of a simultaneous SPE-method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, heterocyclic PAHs (NSO-HET) and phenols in aqueous samples from German Rivers and the North Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 122:105-114. [PMID: 25482976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic PAHs (NSO-HETs), alkylated PAHs and phenols are known as the prevailing contaminants in groundwater at tar contaminated sites. Besides these local sources, the concentrations and the distribution in particular of NSO-HETs in environmental samples, such as rivers, have received notably less attention. To investigate their occurrence in river basins two sensitive analytical methods for the simultaneous extraction of 86 substances including NSO-HETs, classical EPA-PAHs, alkylated PAHs and phenols were developed: liquid-liquid extraction for the whole water phase and solid phase extraction for the dissolved water phase only. Solely GC-MS or additionally LC-MSMS for fractionated basic nitrogen heterocycles (N-HETs) were used for quantification. Limits of quantification were in the low ngL(-1) range. Concentrations were determined in 29 aqueous samples from 8 relatively large rivers located in Lower Saxony (Germany) and the North Sea. NSO-HETs had comparable or even higher sum concentrations than EPA-PAHs. N-HETs, especially acridine and quinolines with concentrations of up to 20ngL(-1) per substance, were predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Siemers
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Jan Sebastian Mänz
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Wolf-Ulrich Palm
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang K L Ruck
- Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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24
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Franchina FA, Machado ME, Tranchida PQ, Zini CA, Caramão EB, Mondello L. Determination of aromatic sulphur compounds in heavy gas oil by using (low-)flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Otto S, Streibel T, Erdmann S, Sklorz M, Schulz-Bull D, Zimmermann R. Application of pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron-ionization or resonance-enhanced-multi-photon ionization for characterization of crude oils. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 855:60-9. [PMID: 25542090 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical system for gas-chromatographic investigation of complex samples has been developed, that combines the advantages of several analytical principles to enhance the analytical information. Decomposition of high molecular weight structures is achieved by pyrolysis and a high separation capacity due to the chromatographic step provides both an universal as well as a selective and sensitive substance detection. The latter is achieved by simultaneously applying electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (EI-QMS) for structural elucidation and [1+1]-resonance-enhanced-multi-photon ionization (REMPI) combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToFMS). The system has been evaluated and tested with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standards. It was applied to crude oil samples for the first time. In such highly complex samples several thousands of compounds are present and the identification especially of low concentrated chemical species such as PAH or their polycyclic aromatic sulfur containing heterocyclic (PASH) derivatives is often difficult. Detection of unalkylated and alkylated PAH together with PASH is considerably enhanced by REMPI-ToFMS, at times revealing aromatic structures which are not observable by EI-QMS due to their low abundance. On the other hand, the databased structure proposals of the EI-QMS analysis are needed to confirm structural information and isomers distinction. The technique allows a complex structure analysis as well as selective assessment of aromatic substances in one measurement. Information about the content of sulfur containing compounds plays a significant role for the increase of efficiency in the processing of petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Otto
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Erdmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center of Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Antle P, Zeigler C, Robbat A. Retention behavior of alkylated polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles on immobilized ionic liquid stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:255-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hegazi AH, Fathalla EM, Andersson JT. Weathering trend characterization of medium-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic disulfur heterocycles by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:266-271. [PMID: 24997927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Different weathering factors act to change petroleum composition once it is spilled into the environment. n-Alkanes, biomarkers, low-molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocycles compositional changing in the environment have been extensively studied by different researchers and many parameters have been used for oil source identification and monitoring of weathering and biological degradation processes. In this work, we studied the fate of medium-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic disulfur heterocycles (PAS2Hs), up to ca. 900Da, of artificially weathered Flotta North Sea crude oil by ultra high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. It was found that PAS2Hs in studied crude oil having double bond equivalents (DBE) from 5 to 8 with a mass range from ca 316 to 582Da were less influenced even after six months artificial weathering experiment. However, compounds having DBEs 12, 11 and 10 were depleted after two, four and six months weathering, respectively. In addition, DBE 9 series was more susceptible to weathering than those of DBE 7 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman H Hegazi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Eiman M Fathalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan T Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Khedkar S, Shanker R. Degradation of dibenzothiophene and its metabolite 3-hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene by an environmental isolate. Biodegradation 2014; 25:643-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-014-9688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hourani N, Andersson JT, Möller I, Amad M, Witt M, Sarathy SM. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for complex thiophenic mixture analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2432-2438. [PMID: 24097400 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) are detrimental species for refining processes in petroleum industry. Current mass spectrometric methods that determine their composition are often preceded by derivatization and dopant addition approaches. Different ionization methods have different impact on the molecular assignment of complex PASHs. The analysis of such species under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is still considered limited due to uncontrolled ion generation with low- and high-mass PASHs. METHODS The ionization behavior of a model mixture of five selected PASH standards was investigated using an APCI source with nitrogen as the reagent gas. A complex thiophenic fraction was separated from a vacuum gas oil (VGO) and injected using the same method. The samples were analyzed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). RESULTS PASH model analytes were successfully ionized and mainly [M + H](+) ions were produced. The same ionization pattern was observed for the real thiophenic sample. It was found that S1 class species were the major sulfur-containing species found in the VGO sample. These species indicated the presence of alkylated benzothiophenic (BT), dibenzothiophenic (DBT) and benzonaphthothiophenic (BNT) series that were detected by APCI-FTICR MS. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an established APCI-FTICR MS method for the analysis of complex PASHs. PASHs were detected without using any derivatization and without fragmentation. The method can be used for the analysis of S-containing crude oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Hourani
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Comparison between pre-fractionation and fractionation process of heavy gas oil for determination of sulfur compounds using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1274:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muller H, Adam FM, Panda SK, Al-Jawad HH, Al-Hajji AA. Evaluation of quantitative sulfur speciation in gas oils by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: validation by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:806-815. [PMID: 22359090 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has been applied for the quantitative speciation of sulfur containing compounds in gas oil (GO). For this purpose, ionization and mass spectrometric parameters have been studied and optimized with a set of standard compounds and GO samples. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was used as the reference method. To allow a quantitative comparison between FT-ICR MS and GCxGC results for GO samples, FT-ICR MS parameters were optimized and data obtained by both techniques were standardized. Response factors were established for two ionization modes: atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) and electrospray after selective derivatization of sulfur compounds (MeESI). To test the validity of the developed MS methods, a third GO was analyzed and response factors were applied. Comparison with GCxGC results showed good agreement for sulfur families (deviation within 5% and 15% for MeESI and APPI data, respectively). Abundances of individual isomer groups match within 40% in most cases. These results principally demonstrate the suitability of FT-ICR MS for a quantitative analysis of sulfur compounds (by DBE and carbon number distribution pattern) in petroleum middle distillates. This approach has the potential to be extended to higher- and non-boiling petroleum fractions where quantitative speciation is presently not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Muller
- Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, P.O. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
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ZEIGLER CHRISTIAN, SCHANTZ MICHELE, WISE STEPHEN, ROBBAT ALBERT. Mass Spectra and Retention Indexes for Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles and Some Alkylated Analogs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.651679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zeigler C, Wilton N, Robbat A. Toward the Accurate Analysis of C1–C4 Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2245-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202845x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zeigler
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
| | - Nicholas Wilton
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
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NOLTE THIES, ANDERSSON JANT. Capillary Electrophoretic Methods for the Separation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2011.604664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Samokhvalov A. Heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions of sulfur aromatic compounds. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2870-85. [PMID: 21809426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur aromatic compounds, such as mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraalkyl-substituted thiophene, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, are the molecular components of many fossils (petroleum, oil shale, tar sands, bitumen). Structural units of natural, cross-linked heteroaromatic polymers present in brown coals, turf, and soil are similar to those of sulfur aromatic compounds. Many sulfur aromatic compounds are found in the streams of petroleum refining and upgrading (naphthas, gas oils) and in the consumer products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels, heating fuels). Besides fossils, the structural fragments of sulfur aromatic compounds are present in molecules of certain organic semiconductors, pesticides, small molecule drugs, and in certain biomolecules present in human body (pheomelanin pigments). Photocatalysis is the frontier area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions initiated by absorption of photons by photocatalysts, that is, upon electronic rather than thermal activation, under "green" ambient conditions. This review provides systematization and critical review of the fundamental chemical and physicochemical information on heterogeneous photocatalysis of sulfur aromatic compounds accumulated in the last 20-30 years. Specifically, the following topics are covered: physicochemical properties of sulfur aromatic compounds, major classes of heterogeneous photocatalysts, mechanisms and reactive intermediates of photocatalytic reactions of sulfur aromatic compounds, and the selectivity of these reactions. Quantum chemical calculations of properties and structures of sulfur aromatic compounds, their reactive intermediates, and the structure of adsorption complexes formed on the surface of the photocatalysts are also discussed.
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Global approach for the selection of high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography experimental conditions and quantitative analysis in regards to sulfur-containing compounds in heavy petroleum cuts. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:534-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractSulphur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to identify sulphur compounds in PM10 samples collected simultaneously at two sites with different environmental situations in the province of Trieste (NE of Italy), during summer and winter seasons respectively. The first site is an industrial site located near a steel mill plant and the second is a coastal site. The sulphur speciation at the industrial site has shown the presence of the following sulphur compounds in both seasons: organic compounds (thiophenes or Polycyclic Aromatic Sulphur Heterocycles — PAHs) and sulphates while in the winter season sulphites were also present. In the coastal site organic compounds (thiophenes or PASHs) and sulphate were found during winter season, moreover bisulphates were found during summer season. Relative percentages of the different sulphur compounds have shown that sulphate is the most abundant form of sulphur in the industrial site samples during both seasons and in the coastal site sample collected during the winter season (> 98%); in the coastal site sample collected during the summer season the relative percentages of bisulphate and sulphate were around 40% and 60% respectively.
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38
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Nolte T, Andersson JT. Capillary electrophoretic separation of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aranda E, Kinne M, Kluge M, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M. Conversion of dibenzothiophene by the mushrooms Agrocybe aegerita and Coprinellus radians and their extracellular peroxygenases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 82:1057-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Herrera LC, Ramaley L, Grossert JS. Fragmentation pathways of some benzothiophene radical cations formed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:571-9. [PMID: 19177505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur-containing compounds (PASHs) are commonly found in fossil fuels and are of considerable importance in environmental studies. This work presents detailed studies on the fragmentation patterns of radical cations formed from four representative PASHs, benzo[b]thiophene, dibenzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, using tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS). Understanding these fragmentation patterns can be a useful aid in the analysis of PASHs employing APCI or electron ionization (EI-MS/MS), either alone or in conjunction with liquid or gas chromatography.
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41
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Swartz CD, King LC, Nesnow S, Umbach DM, Kumar S, DeMarini DM. Mutagenicity, stable DNA adducts, and abasic sites induced in Salmonella by phenanthro[3,4-b]- and phenanthro[4,3-b]thiophenes, sulfur analogs of benzo[c]phenanthrene. Mutat Res 2009; 661:47-56. [PMID: 19041882 PMCID: PMC2819846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (thia-PAHs or thiaarenes) are common constituents of air pollution and cigarette smoke, but only a few have been studied for health effects. We evaluated the mutagenicity in Salmonella TA98, TA100, and TA104 of two sulfur-containing derivatives of benzo[c]phenanthrene, phenanthro[3,4-b]thiophene (P[3,4-b]T), and phenanthro[4,3-b]thiophene (P[4,3-b]T) as well as their dihydrodiol and sulfone derivatives. In addition, we assessed levels of stable DNA adducts (by (32)P-postlabeling) as well as abasic sites (by an aldehydic-site assay) produced by six of these compounds in TA100. P[3,4-b]T and its 6,7- and 8,9-diols, P[3,4-b]T sulfone, P[4,3-b]T, and its 8,9-diol were mutagenic in TA100. P[3,4-b]T sulfone, the most potent mutagen, was approximately twice as potent as benzo[a]pyrene in both TA98 and TA100. Benzo-ring dihydrodiols were much more potent than K-region dihydrodiols, which had little or no mutagenic activity in any strain. P[3,4-b]T sulfone produced abasic sites and not stable DNA adducts; the other five compounds examined, B[c]P, B[c]P 3,4-diol, P[3,4-b]T, P[3,4-b]T 8,9-diol, and P[4,3-b]T 8,9-diol, produced only stable DNA adducts. P[3,4-b]T sulfone was the only compound that produced significant levels of frameshift mutagenicity and induced mutations primarily at GC sites. In contrast, B[c]P, its 3,4-diol, and the 8,9 diols of the phenanthrothiophenes induced mutations primarily at AT sites. P[3,4-b]T was not mutagenic in TA104, whereas P[3,4-b]T sulfone was. The two isomeric forms (P[3,4-b]T and P[4,3-b]T) are apparently activated differently, with the latter, but not the former, involving a diol pathway. This study is the first illustrating the potential importance of abasic sites in the mutagenicity of thia-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol D. Swartz
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Leon C. King
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Stephen Nesnow
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - David M. Umbach
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory, Great Lakes Center, State University of New York College at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 919 541 1510; fax: +1 919 541 0694. (D.M. DeMarini)
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42
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Gai Z, Yu B, Wang X, Deng Z, Xu P. Microbial transformation of benzothiophenes, with carbazole as the auxiliary substrate, by Sphingomonas sp. strain XLDN2-5. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:3804-3812. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/023176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Gai
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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43
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Schlanges I, Meyer D, Palm WU, Ruck W. IDENTIFICATION, QUANTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAC-METABOLITES, HETEROCYCLIC PAC AND SUBSTITUTED PAC IN GROUNDWATER SAMPLES OF TAR-CONTAMINATED SITES FROM GERMANY. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630802377807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Sofowote UM, McCarry BE, Marvin CH. Source apportionment of PAH in Hamilton Harbour suspended sediments: comparison of two factor analysis methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6007-6014. [PMID: 18767658 DOI: 10.1021/es800219z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A total of 26 suspended sediment samples collected over a 5-year period in Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada and surrounding creeks were analyzed for a suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocycles. Hamilton Harbour sediments contain relatively high levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heavy metals due to emissions from industrial and mobile sources. Two receptor modeling methods using factor analyses were compared to determine the profiles and relative contributions of pollution sources to the harbor; these methods are principal component analyses (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Both methods identified four factors and gave excellent correlation coefficients between predicted and measured levels of 25 aromatic compounds; both methods predicted similar contributions from coal tar/coal combustion sources to the harbor (19 and 26%, respectively). One PCA factor was identified as contributions from vehicular emissions (61%); PMF was able to differentiate vehicular emissions into two factors, one attributed to gasoline emissions sources (28%) and the other to diesel emissions sources (24%). Overall, PMF afforded better source identification than PCA with MLR. This work constitutes one of the few examples of the application of PMF to the source apportionment of sediments; the addition of sulfur heterocycles to the analyte list greatly aided in the source identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwayemi M Sofowote
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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45
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Heilmann J, Heumann KG. Development of a Species-Unspecific Isotope Dilution GC−ICPMS Method for Possible Routine Quantification of Sulfur Species in Petroleum Products. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1952-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Heilmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus G. Heumann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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46
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Heilmann J, Heumann KG. Development of a species-specific isotope dilution GC-ICP-MS method for the determination of thiophene derivates in petroleum products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:643-53. [PMID: 17874080 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A species-specific isotope dilution technique for accurate determination of sulfur species in low- and high-boiling petroleum products was developed by coupling capillary gas chromatography with quadrupole ICP-MS (GC-ICP-IDMS). For the isotope dilution step 34S-labeled thiophene, dibenzothiophene, and mixed dibenzothiophene/4-methyldibenzothiophene spike compounds were synthesized on the milligram scale from elemental 34S-enriched sulfur. Thiophene was determined in gasoline, 'sulfur-free' gasoline, and naphtha. By analyzing reference material NIST SRM 2296, the accuracy of species-specific GC-ICP-IDMS was demonstrated by an excellent agreement with the certified value. The detection limit is always limited by the background noise of the isotope chromatograms and was determined for thiophene to be 7 pg absolute, which corresponds to 7 ng sulfur/g sample under the experimental conditions used. Dibenzothiophene and 4-methyldibenzothiophene were determined in different high-boiling petroleum products like gas oil, diesel fuel, and heating oil. In this case a large concentration range from about < 0.04 to more than 2,000 microg g(-1) was covered for both sulfur species. By parallel GC-ICP-MS and GC-EI-MS experiments (EI-MS electron impact ionization mass spectrometry) the substantial influence of co-eluting hydrocarbons on the ICP-MS sulfur signal was demonstrated, which can significantly affect results obtained by external calibration but not those by the isotope dilution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Heilmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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