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Tikkisetty K, Filewood T, Yan J, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Cody R, Shang D. Method development for forensic oil identification by direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 2023; 15:6040-6047. [PMID: 37916705 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The current well-established chromatography and mass spectrometry based oil spill identification procedures, such as those outlined by the European Committee for Standardization, are highly reliable as methods, highly defensible in the court of law, and widely applicable to the majority of oil spill situations. Nevertheless, the methodology is time consuming and labour intensive, which may not be ideal when dealing with an emergency oil spill situation. In this study, direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART/TOFMS) was used to successfully develop an efficient oil identification method. To confirm the accuracy of this method spilled oil samples were tested from five previous years of blind round robin testing organized by the oil spill identification network of experts (OSINET) under the Bonn Agreement. Heatmap inspection, principal component analysis and finally discriminant analysis of principal components were used to arrive at final predictions regarding the identities of the spilled oil samples. The results were compared with the results of previous gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) analyses of the same oils. While taking only about a tenth of the time, the DART/TOFMS analysis produced results similar to those of classical GC/FID and GC/MS/MS (EI+) procedures. The ability of DART/TOFMS to display this level of validity exemplifies its potential to be a new tool for supplementing classical analyses for oil spill forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaja Tikkisetty
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Taylor Filewood
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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McCallum P, Filewood T, Sawitsky J, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Chibwe L, Tikkisetty K, Shang D. Enhancement of oil forensic methodology through the addition of polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycle biomarkers for diagnostic ratios. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:416. [PMID: 36807828 PMCID: PMC9941221 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-10941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Current oil spill forensic identification of source oils relies upon hydrocarbon biomarkers resistant to weathering. This international technique was developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), under EN 15522-2 Oil Spill Identification guidelines. The number of biomarkers have expanded at pace with technological advances, while distinguishing new biomarkers becomes more challenging due to interference of isobaric compounds, matrix effects, and high cost of weathering experiments. Application of high-resolution mass spectrometry enabled exploration of potential polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycle (PANH) oil biomarkers. The instrumentation showed reduction in isobaric and matrix interferences, allowing for identification of low-level PANH and alkylated PANHs (APANHs). Weathered oil samples, obtained from a marine microcosm weathering experiment, enabled comparison with source oils to identify new, stable forensic biomarkers. This study highlighted eight new APANH diagnostic ratios that expanded the biomarker suite, increasing the confidence for identifying highly weathered oils back to their source oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige McCallum
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Taylor Filewood
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Julia Sawitsky
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Leah Chibwe
- Institute for Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, SK, Regina, Canada
| | - Krishnaja Tikkisetty
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, B.C, Canada.
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3
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Filewood T, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Ollinik JE, Cote C, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. Advancement in oil forensics through the addition of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles as biomarkers in diagnostic ratios. J Hazard Mater 2022; 435:129027. [PMID: 35525008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In current oil spill forensics, diagnostic ratios of hydrocarbon biomarker responses are commonly used to compare oil spill samples to source materials in order to determine the identity of the oil. This well recognized procedure was developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) with corresponding published EN 15522-2 Oil Spill Identification guidelines. However, it is further recognized that weathering can have a negative effect on some of the biomarkers used in the analysis, leading to decreased confidence in the result. In this study, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and their alkylated forms (APASHs) were assessed for their potential as additional biomarkers. With the aim of identifying stable PASHs and APASHs useful as weathered oil biomarkers, the superior specificity of gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry was exploited to determine chromatographic peak responses for sixteen petroleum oil samples. Extensive study, involving microcosm extreme weathering and spreadsheet development, led to the identification of 19 new diagnostic ratios based on newly discovered stable PASH and APASH biomarkers. Application of the extended diagnostic ratio suite showed high potential to improve the forensic attribution of post-spill weathered oil back to its original source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Filewood
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica E Ollinik
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Cote
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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4
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Filewood T, Kwok H, Brunswick P, Yan J, Ollinik JE, Cote C, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. A rapid gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocycles in spilled crude oils. Anal Methods 2022; 14:717-725. [PMID: 35107097 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spilled crude oil samples contain various toxic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and their related alkylated forms (APAHs and APASHs). In this study, a method was successfully developed employing a gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (GC-QToF) mass spectrometer to quantitatively analyze both PAHs/APAHs and PASHs/APASHs in these samples. With GC-QToF, the monoisotopic mass of the compounds is distinguished, allowing the PASHs/APASHs to be extracted separately from the PAHs/APAHs in crude oil. A gas chromatography triple quadrupole (GC-MS/MS) mass spectrometer was also used to confirm that a GC-QToF is the preferred instrument for analyzing these compounds. With the use of PASH/APASH standards to determine response correction factors (RCFs) in relation to PAH standards, the developed method is capable of analyzing PAHs, APAHs, PASHs, and APASHs in a single injection. The use of RCFs allowed for the development of a practical polycyclic aromatic carbon (PAC) method for analyzing a total of 77 compounds of the 2 groups in crude oil. This newly developed method was applied to spilled crude oils, demonstrating its potential in toxicological study as well as oil spill forensic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Filewood
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Honoria Kwok
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jessica E Ollinik
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Christopher Cote
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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5
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Brunswick P, Blajkevitch O, Chow L, MacInnis C, van Aggelen G, Kim M, Shang D. Trace analysis of resin acids in surface waters by direct injection liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462558. [PMID: 34597902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time of flight (QTOF) method has been developed for the determination of resin acid concentrations in aqueous pulp and paper effluent related samples. Calibration R2 of ≥0.995 for twelve resin acids, namely dehydroabietic, 8(14)-abietenic, dihydroisopimaric, levopimaric, neoabietic, pimaric, sandaracopimaric, abietic, isopimaric, palustric, chlorodehydroabietic, and dichlorodehydroabietic acids, was demonstrated in the range 1 µgL-1 to 40 µgL-1. An improved lower limit of quantitation was achieved without use of complex sample extraction and clean-up procedures undertaken by other published methods. Excellent precision and accuracy results were achieved for dehydroabietic, chlorodehydroabietic, dichlorodehydroabietic, isopimaric (integrated inclusive of all C20H30O2 resin acids), dihydroisopimaric and 8(14)-abietenic resin acids, with t-99 percentile detection limits spanning the range 0.05 to 0.07 µgL-1. While measurement for the C20H30O2 resin acids by isopimaric equivalence is considered semi-quantitative and could be an under estimate for the abietic acid component, the developed method demonstrated clear advantage over time consuming, hazardous, and unstable derivatization procedures used for gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The developed LC/QToF method was successfully transferred to an LC triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for routine high throughput trace level analysis. Real world samples, including sea water and estuary water, demonstrated excellent spike recoveries by this procedure, indicating that the method is well suited to the monitoring of industrially derived resin acids in environmental surface waters. While no interferences were observed during routine sample analysis using myristic-1-13C acid and palmitic-1-13C acid internal standards, these were later substituted by myristic-d27 and palmitic-d31 acid in order to improve method robustness for environmental samples where endogenous parent fatty acids could be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Oxana Blajkevitch
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liane Chow
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ceara MacInnis
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Ontario, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change, Canada North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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6
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Chua CC, Brunswick P, Kwok H, Yan J, Cuthbertson D, van Aggelen G, Helbing CC, Shang D. Enhanced analysis of weathered crude oils by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry diagnostic ratios, and multivariate statistics. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Chua CC, Brunswick P, Kwok H, Yan J, Cuthbertson D, van Aggelen G, Shang D. Tiered approach to long-term weathered lubricating oil analysis: GC/FID, GC/MS diagnostic ratios, and multivariate statistics. Anal Methods 2020; 12:5236-5246. [PMID: 33084639 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequent small-scale environmental releases of lubricating (lube) oils have deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. In the event of a spill, oil fingerprinting is critical to source attribution, clean-up procedures, and liability assignment. Oil forensic investigations are particularly challenging when oils are weathered over an extended period of time, as a large number of biomarkers become lost and the chemical composition changes significantly from its source. This study simulated an environmental case in which long-term weathered lube oil "spill" samples were matched to unweathered suspect "source" oils. While traditional oil fingerprinting techniques including GC/FID and GC/MS diagnostic ratios were insufficient for reliably attributing the source, a comprehensive and systematically tiered approach proved successful. The proposed methodology featured three tiers: Tier 1 GC/FID, Tier 2 GC/MS diagnostic ratios, and Tier 3 multivariate statistics. This novel approach provided environmental chemists with a powerful tool for dealing with an otherwise extremely challenging lube oil forensic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Chua
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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8
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Brunswick P, MacInnis CY, Yan J, Buday C, Fieldhouse B, Brown CE, van Aggelen G, Shang D. Enhanced marine monitoring and toxicity study of oil spill dispersants including Corexit EC9500A in the presence of diluted bitumen. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:788-799. [PMID: 32223371 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1744399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Observations made for the analysis of the oil spill dispersant tracer dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) during LC50 toxicity testing, highlighted a stability issue for this tracer compound in seawater. A liquid chromatography high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QToF) was used to confirm monooctyl sulfosuccinate (MOSS) as the only significant DOSS breakdown product, and not the related isomer, 4-(2-ethylhexyl) 2-sulfobutanedioate. Combined analysis of DOSS and MOSS was shown to be applicable to monitoring of spill dispersants Corexit® EC9500A, Finasol OSR52, Slickgone NS, and Slickgone EW. The unassisted conversion of DOSS to MOSS occurred in all four oil spill dispersants solubilized in seawater, although differences were noted in the rate of MOSS formation. A marine microcosm study of Corexit EC9500A, the formulation most rapid to form MOSS, provided further evidence of the stoichiometric conversion of DOSS to MOSS under conditions relevant to real world dilbit spill. Results supported combined DOSS and MOSS analysis for the monitoring of spill dispersant in a marine environment, with a significant extension of sample collection time by 10 days or longer in cooler conditions. Implications of the unassisted formation of MOSS and combined DOSS:MOSS analysis are discussed in relation to improving dispersant LC50 toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ceara Y MacInnis
- Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Yan
- Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig Buday
- Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben Fieldhouse
- Emergencies Science & Technology Section, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl E Brown
- Emergencies Science & Technology Section, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Shang D, Brunswick P, Yan J, Bruno J, Duchesne I, Isabel N, VanAggelen G, Kim M, Evans PD. Chemotyping and identification of protected Dalbergiatimber using gas chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Brunswick P, Shang D, Frank RA, van Aggelen G, Kim M, Hewitt LM. Diagnostic Ratio Analysis: A New Concept for the Tracking of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Naphthenic Acids and Other Water-Soluble Organics in Surface Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:2228-2243. [PMID: 31968936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A diagnostic ratio forensics tool, similar to that recognized internationally for oil spill source identification, is proposed for use in conjunction with existing LC/QToF quantitative methodology for bitumen-derived water-soluble organics (WSOs). The concept recognizes that bitumen WSOs bear a chemical skeletal relationship to stearane and hopane oil biomarkers. The method uses response ratios for 50 selected WSOs compared between samples by their relative percent difference and adopted acceptance criteria. Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) samples from different locations within a single tailings pond were shown to match, while those from different industrial sites did not. Acid extractable organic samples collected over 3 weeks from the same location within a single tailings pond matched with each other; as did temporal OSPW samples a year apart. Blind quality assurance samples of OSPW diluted in surface waters were positively identified to their corresponding OSPW source. No interferences were observed from surface waters, and there was no match between bitumen-influenced groundwater and OSPW samples, as expected for different sources. Proof of concept for OSPW source identification using diagnostic ratios was demonstrated, with anticipated application in the tracking of OSPW plumes in surface receiving waters, together with the potential for confirmation of source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre , Environment and Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia V7H 1B1 , Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- Agilent Technologies, Inc. , Mississauga , Ontario L5N 5M4 , Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
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11
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MacInnis CY, Brunswick P, Park GH, Buday C, Schroeder G, Fieldhouse B, Brown CE, van Aggelen G, Shang D. Acute toxicity of Corexit EC9500A and assessment of dioctyl sulfosuccinate as an indicator for monitoring four oil dispersants applied to diluted bitumen. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1309-1319. [PMID: 29322545 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated oil dispersant toxicity to fish species typical of the cooler regions of Canada, together with less well-documented issues pertaining to oil dispersant monitoring. The oil dispersant toxicity of Corexit EC9500A was assessed for the freshwater fish species rainbow trout and the seawater species coho, chinook, and chum, with a final median lethal concentration (LC50) acute lethality range between 35.3 and 59.8 mg/L. The LC50 range was calculated using confirmed 0-h dispersant concentrations that were justified by fish mortality within the first 24 h of exposure and by variability of the dispersant indicator dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) used to monitor concentrations at later time points. To investigate DOSS as an oil dispersant indicator in the environment, microcosm systems were prepared containing Corexit EC9500A, Finasol OSR52, Slickgone NS, and Slickgone EW dispersants together with diluted bitumen. The DOSS indicator recovery was found to be stable for up to 13 d at 5 °C, 8 d at 10 °C, but significantly less than 8 d at ≥15 °C. After 3 d at temperatures ≥15 °C, the DOSS indicator recovery became less accurate and was dependent on multiple environmental factors including temperature, microbial activity, and aeration, with potential for loss of solvents and stabilizers. A final assessment determined DOSS to be a discrepant indicator for long-term monitoring of oil dispersant in seawater. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1309-1319. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceara Y MacInnis
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grace H Park
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig Buday
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grant Schroeder
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben Fieldhouse
- Emergencies Science & Technology Section, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl E Brown
- Emergencies Science & Technology Section, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific & Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Science & Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Bartlett AJ, Frank RA, Gillis PL, Parrott JL, Marentette JR, Brown LR, Hooey T, Vanderveen R, McInnis R, Brunswick P, Shang D, Headley JV, Peru KM, Hewitt LM. Toxicity of naphthenic acids to invertebrates: Extracts from oil sands process-affected water versus commercial mixtures. Environ Pollut 2017; 227:271-279. [PMID: 28477551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has been primarily attributed to polar organic constituents, including naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). Our objective was to assess the toxicity of NAFCs derived from fresh and aged OSPW, as well as commercial naphthenic acid (NA) mixtures. Exposures were conducted with three aquatic species: Hyalella azteca (freshwater amphipod), Vibrio fischeri (marine bacterium, Microtox® assay), and Lampsilis cardium (freshwater mussel larvae (glochidia)). Commercial NAs were more toxic than NAFCs, with differences of up to 30-, 4-, and 120-fold for H. azteca, V. fischeri, and L. cardium, respectively, demonstrating that commercial NAs are not reliable surrogates for assessing the toxicity of NAFCs. Differences in toxicity between species were striking for both commercial NAs and NAFCs. Overall, V. fischeri was the least sensitive and H. azteca was the most sensitive organism. Responses of V. fischeri and H. azteca to NAFC exposures were consistent (< 2-fold difference) regardless of source and age of OSPW; however, effects on L. cardium ranged 17-fold between NAFCs. NAFCs derived from fresh OSPW sources were similarly or less toxic to those from aged OSPW. Our results support the need to better characterize the complex mixtures associated with bitumen-influenced waters, both chemically and toxicologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Patricia L Gillis
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Julie R Marentette
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lisa R Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tina Hooey
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ruth Vanderveen
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Rodney McInnis
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Vancouver V7H 1V2, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Dayue Shang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Vancouver V7H 1V2, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon S7N 3H5, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada.
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Brunswick P, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, Kim M, van Aggelen G, Shang D. A traceable reference for direct comparative assessment of total naphthenic acid concentrations in commercial and acid extractable organic mixtures derived from oil sands process water. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2017; 52:274-280. [PMID: 27901640 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1253399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advantage of using naphthenic acid (NA) mixtures for the determination of total NA lies in their chemical characteristics and identification of retention times distinct from isobaric interferences. However, the differing homolog profiles and unknown chemical structures of NA mixtures do not allow them to be considered a traceable reference material. The current study provides a new tool for the comparative assessment of different NA mixtures by direct reference to a single, well-defined and traceable compound, decanoic-d19 acid. The method employed an established liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QToF) procedure that was applicable both to the classic O2 NA species dominating commercial mixtures and additionally to the O4 species known to be present in acid extractable organics (AEOs) derived from oil sands process water (OSPW). Four different commercial NA mixtures and one OSPW-derived AEOs mixture were comparatively assessed. Results showed significant difference among Merichem Technical, Aldrich, Acros, and Kodak commercial NA mixtures with respect to "equivalent to decanoic-d19 acid" concentration ratios to nominal. Furthermore, different lot numbers of single commercial NA mixtures were found to be inconsistent with respect to their homolog content by percent response. Differences in the observed homolog content varied significantly, particularly at the lower (n = 9-14) and higher (n = 20-23) carbon number ranges. Results highlighted the problem between using NA mixtures from different sources and different lot numbers but offered a solution to the problem from a concentration perspective. It is anticipated that this tool may be utilized in review of historical data in addition to future studies, such as the study of OSPW derived acid extractable organics (AEOs) and fractions employed during toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brunswick
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- b Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario , Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- b Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario , Canada
| | - Marcus Kim
- c Agilent Technologies Inc. , Ontario , Canada
| | - Graham van Aggelen
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- a Pacific and Yukon Laboratory for Environmental Testing , Science and Technology Branch, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment & Climate Change Canada , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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Marentette JR, Frank RA, Hewitt LM, Gillis PL, Bartlett AJ, Brunswick P, Shang D, Parrott JL. Sensitivity of walleye (Sander vitreus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) early-life stages to naphthenic acid fraction components extracted from fresh oil sands process-affected waters. Environ Pollut 2015; 207:59-67. [PMID: 26342575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional oil production in Alberta's oil sands generates oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), which contains toxic constituents such as naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). There have been few studies examining effects of NAFC exposure over long periods of early-life stage development in fish. Here we examined the effects of NAFCs extracted from OSPW to embryo-larval fathead minnow, exposed for 21 days. We compared the sensitivity of fathead minnow to walleye reared to 7 days post-hatch (18-20 days total). EC50s for hatch success, including deformities, and total survival were lower for walleye (10-11 mg/L) than fathead minnow (22-25 mg/L), with little post-hatch mortality observed in either species. NAFC exposure affected larval growth at concentrations below the EC50 in fathead minnow (total mass IC10 14-17 mg/L). These data contribute to an understanding of the developmental stages targeted by oil sands NAFCs, as well as their toxicity in a greater range of relevant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Marentette
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Patricia L Gillis
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada.
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Marentette JR, Frank RA, Bartlett AJ, Gillis PL, Hewitt LM, Peru KM, Headley JV, Brunswick P, Shang D, Parrott JL. Toxicity of naphthenic acid fraction components extracted from fresh and aged oil sands process-affected waters, and commercial naphthenic acid mixtures, to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos. Aquat Toxicol 2015; 164:108-117. [PMID: 25957715 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are constituents of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). These compounds can be both toxic and persistent and thus are a primary concern for the ultimate remediation of tailings ponds in northern Alberta's oil sands regions. Recent research has focused on the toxicity of NAs to the highly vulnerable early life-stages of fish. Here we examined fathead minnow embryonic survival, growth and deformities after exposure to extracted NA fraction components (NAFCs), from fresh and aged oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), as well as commercially available NA mixtures. Commercial NA mixtures were dominated by acyclic O2 species, while NAFCs from OSPW were dominated by bi- and tricyclic O2 species. Fathead minnow embryos less than 24h old were reared in tissue culture plates terminating at hatch. Both NAFC and commercial NA mixtures reduced hatch success, although NAFCs from OSPW were less toxic (EC50=5-12mg/L, nominal concentrations) than commercial NAs (2mg/L, nominal concentrations). The toxicities of NAFCs from aged and fresh OSPW were similar. Embryonic heart rates at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) declined with increasing NAFC exposure, paralleling patterns of hatch success and rates of cardiovascular abnormalities (e.g., pericardial edemas) at hatch. Finfold deformities increased in exposures to commercial NA mixtures, not NAFCs. Thus, commercial NA mixtures are not appropriate surrogates for NAFC toxicity. Further work clarifying the mechanisms of action of NAFCs in OSPW, as well as comparisons with additional aged sources of OSPW, is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Marentette
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Gillis
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Pamela Brunswick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
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Brunswick P, Shang D, van Aggelen G, Hindle R, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, Haberl M, Kim M. Trace analysis of total naphthenic acids in aqueous environmental matrices by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry direct injection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brunswick P, Manners DJ, Stark JR. THE DEVELOPMENT OF β-D-GLUCANASES DURING THE GERMINATION OF BARLEY AND THE EFFECT OF KILNING ON INDIVIDUAL ISOENZYMES†. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1987.tb04495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brunswick P, Mayaudon H, Albin V, Lair V, Ringuede A, Cassir M. Use of Ni electrodes chronoamperometry for improved diagnostics of diabetes and cardiac diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:4544-7. [PMID: 18003016 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Low DC active current through Nickel electrodes applied on skin in places like hands, forehead and feet provides a novel non invasive diagnostic tool using reverse iontophoresis. This work describes the electrochemistry reactions involved and some medical applications, such as diagnostics of neuropathy, diabetes and cardiac diseases. Finally we provide evidence for the utility of this method through large clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brunswick
- Research of Impeto medical 17 rue campagne, première 75014 Paris France.
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Brunswick P, Manners DJ, Stark JR. Degradation of isolated barley endosperm cell walls by purified endo-(1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-D-glucanases and malt extracts. J Cereal Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(88)80017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brunswick P, Cresswell CF. Nitrite uptake into intact pea chloroplasts : I. Kinetics and relationship with nitrite assimilation. Plant Physiol 1988; 86:378-83. [PMID: 16665916 PMCID: PMC1054492 DOI: 10.1104/pp.86.2.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of nitrite into intact pea chloroplasts was observed and its relationship with internal nitrite reduction was assessed. Net nitrite uptake exhibited saturation kinetics and an alkaline pH preference. This evidence questioned the accepted major role for neutral HNO(2) permeation and its reported influence on photosynthesis. The possible involvement of a nitrite permeation channel or transport protein is discussed. Net nitrite uptake curves were closely comparable with those for nitrite reduction within the chloroplast. Net nitrite uptake into chloroplasts was profoundly influenced by darkness, incubation temperature, and plant nitrate nutrition. Of several inorganic salts tested, sulfite was the only anion to exhibit a distinct inhibition of nitrite uptake. In contrast, nitrite uptake could be stimulated by the presence of certain cations, particularly at acidic pH values. It was concluded that nitrite uptake was closely related to stromal pH, internal nitrite accumulation, and nitrite reduction. The possible dependence of nitrite reduction on nitrite uptake rather than electron transport is discussed. External ATP and NAD(P)H did not significantly affect net nitrite uptake. This suggested that cytoplasmic ATP or reductant could not directly support nitrite uptake and, possibly, nitrite assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brunswick
- CSIR/University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Brunswick P, Cresswell CF. Nitrite Uptake into Intact Pea Chloroplasts : II. Influence of Electron Transport Regulators, Uncouplers, ATPase and Anion Uptake Inhibitors and Protein Binding Reagents. Plant Physiol 1988; 86:384-9. [PMID: 16665917 PMCID: PMC1054493 DOI: 10.1104/pp.86.2.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between net nitrite uptake and its reduction in intact pea chloroplasts was investigated employing electron transport regulators, uncouplers, and photophosphorylation inhibitors. Observations confirmed the dependence of nitrite uptake on stromal pH and nitrite reduction but also suggested a partial dependance upon PSI phosphorylation. It was also suggested that ammonia stimulates nitrogen assimilation in the dark by association with stromal protons. Inhibition of nitrite uptake by N-ethylmaleimide and dinitrofluorobenzene could not be completely attributed to their inhibition of carbon dioxide fixation. Other protein binding reagents which inhibited photosynthesis showed no effect on nitrite uptake, except for p-chlormercuribenzoate which stimulated nitrite uptake. The results with N-ethylmaleimide and dinitrofluorobenzene tended to support the proposed presence of a protein permeation channel for nitrite uptake in addition to HNO(2) penetration. On the basis of a lack of effect by known anion uptake inhibitors, it was concluded that the nitrite uptake mechanism was distinct from that of phosphate and chloride/sulfate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brunswick
- CSIR/University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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