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El-Shabasy RM, Farag MA. Dissecting dietary alkylresorcinols: a compile of their distribution, biosynthesis, extraction and functional properties. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:581-617. [PMID: 37156550 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2193860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are natural bioactive ingredients produced by: bacteria, fungi, sponges, and higher plants, possessing a lipophilic polyphenol structure with a myriad of biological properties. Focusing on the importance of ARs, several analogs can be extracted from different natural resources. Interestingly, the composition of ARs is usually reflective of their source, with structural differences to exist among ARs isolated from different natural sources. The identified compounds from marine are distinguished by sulfur atom and disulfide bond, while the alkyl chain of bacterial homologs are recognized for their saturated fatty acid chains. ARs occurrence in fungi is still poorly documented however most of the isolated fungal molecules are characterized by a sugar unit attached to their alkylated side chains. The biosynthetic pathway of ARs is postulated via a type III polyketide synthase in which the fatty-acyl chain is elongated and cyclized to generate ARs. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) has gained an increasing interest to mediate for ARs biological activities as discussed herein for the first time from their different resources. ARs extraction procedures showed much progress compared to classical methods compiling organic solvents with supercritical extraction appearing as a potential technique for producing highly purified food-grade of AR homologs. The current review also presents on the rapid qualitative and quantitative determination of ARs to increase accessibility for screening cereals as potential sources of these bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan M El-Shabasy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Hammerschick T, Vetter W. Profiling and Isolation of Ten Rare Branched-Chain Alkylresorcinols in Quinoa. Molecules 2023; 28:5220. [PMID: 37446882 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (∑ARs) are bioactive lipid compounds predominantly found in cereals. These amphiphilic compounds exist in a high structural diversity and can be divided into two main groups, i.e., 5-alkylresorcinols (ARs) and 2-methyl-5-alkylresorcinols (mARs). The pseudocereal quinoa has a very unique AR profile, consisting not only of straight-chain alkyl chains but also iso- and anteiso-branched isomers. Here, we describe a method for the isolation of such methyl-branched ARs and mARs from quinoa. The enrichment of the ∑AR fraction from the lipid extracts by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was followed by ∑AR profiling using countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and GC/MS analysis of CCC fractions. A total of 112 ∑ARs could be detected, 63 of which had not been previously described in quinoa. Due to this high number of ∑ARs, the direct isolation of individual ARs was not possible using conventional CCC. Instead, the more powerful heart-cut mode was applied to enrich the target compounds. A final purification step-the separation of CCC-co-eluting mARs from ARs -was performed via silver ion chromatography. Altogether, ten rare branched-chain ∑ARs (five iso-branched mARs and five anteiso-branched ARs, including mAR19:0-i and AR20:0-a) were isolated with purities up to 98% in the double-digit mg range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hammerschick
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Pedrazzani C, Vanara F, Bhandari DR, Bruni R, Spengler B, Blandino M, Righetti L. 5- n-Alkylresorcinol Profiles in Different Cultivars of Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Common Wheat, and Tritordeum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14092-14102. [PMID: 34793147 PMCID: PMC8640985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
5-n-Alkylresorcinols (AR) are bioactive compounds found in the edible parts of many cereals. Here, saturated and unsaturated homologues, including the oxidized forms 5-(2'-oxo) AR and their plant metabolites, were profiled by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility separation-high-resolution mass spectrometry in 18 cultivars of einkorn, emmer, spelt, common wheat, and tritordeum, cultivated in two consecutive years under uniform agronomic conditions. The average content of AR ranged between 672.5 ± 129.8 and 1408.9 ± 528.0 mg/kg, exceeding 2380 mg/kg in some samples and highlighting a superior content in tritordeum and in modern cultivars with respect to old wheat genotypes. By evaluating the effect of environmental and agronomic factors on the different variables, the harvest year resulted to be always significant, while location and variety influenced AR abundance only for some homologues. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of AR was investigated by mass spectrometry imaging using transversal cross sections of wheat kernels. Our results show that AR homologues are mainly localized in the testa and in the outer pericarp of wheat kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pedrazzani
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Francesca Vanara
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Dhaka Ram Bhandari
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus
Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus
Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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4
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Magnucka EG, Oksińska MP, Pietr SJ. Monitoring of changes in 5- n-alkylresorcinols during wheat seedling development. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:67-70. [PMID: 32915769 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For seven days of wheat growth, caryopsis remained the main source of 5-n-alkylresorcinols with C19 and/or C21 homolog as a main compound. Shoot contained small amount of these phenolic lipids; their average content was 3.23% of level obtained in the whole seedling. Moreover, 41.38% of resorcinolic lipids of seven-day-old shoot was accumulated in part of leaf covered by coleoptile. Interestingly, a removal of 1.07% of the primary pool of kernel alkylresorcinols by short-term washing (10 s) of wheat seed with acetone before planting decreased their level only in seed of seven-day old seedling. Compared to the respective controls, this treatment did not affect the amount of these lipids in the green part of seedling that proved that de novo synthesis of 5-n-alkylresorcinols takes place in shoots. The very similar homolog profiles of these lipids in four- and seven-day-old shoots turned out to be markedly less diversified than those found in respective seed samples. Compared to the mature wheat caryopsis, the rise in the content of very-long-chain homologs was observed only in the oldest shoot. Their increased accumulation was probably connected with formation of cuticular layer providing the defensive barrier against various phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta G Magnucka
- Agricultural Microbiology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka 53, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Małgorzata P Oksińska
- Agricultural Microbiology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka 53, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Pietr
- Agricultural Microbiology Lab, Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka 53, Wrocław, 50-375, Poland
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Martín-García B, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Marconi E, Verardo V. Distribution of free and bound phenolic compounds, and alkylresorcinols in wheat aleurone enriched fractions. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109816. [PMID: 33648163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several companies have focused their attention on the development of technologies able to enrich/isolate the wheat aleuronic layer because it is a source of bioactive compounds. In this work two different wheat bran fractions enriched in aleurone (AF1, 55-70% aleurone and AF2, 75-90% aleurone) were obtained by a dry fractionation based on air classification. Free and bound phenolic compounds, and alkylresorcinols were determined in the two fractions by HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS and GC-MS, respectively. To our knowledge, feruloyl di-hexoside was described for the first time in wheat aleurone and flavonoids were quantified for the first time in this fraction. The results have shown that the most concentrated free phenolic compounds were flavonoids, and AF1 was the fraction that presented the highest flavonoid content; whereas trans ferulic acid was the most abundant bound phenolic acid, which highest content was obtained in AF2. Besides, total content of ferulic acid monomers in AF2 was 33.63% higher than in AF1, whereas total content of ferulic acid dimers/trimers in AF1 was 33.9% higher than in AF2. The highest content of alkylresorcinols was obtained in AF1 and it was 10.30% higher than the obtained in AF2. Therefore, it can be stated that this green technology could be used to produce enriched aleurone fractions as source of phenolic and alkylresorcinol compounds. These fractions could be of great interest for the formulation of enriched foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avd. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Emanuele Marconi
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università del Molise, via De Sanctis s/n, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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6
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Rodríguez-Morató J, Jayawardene S, Huang NK, Dolnikowski GG, Galluccio J, Lichtenstein AH, Matthan NR. Simplified method for the measurement of plasma alkylresorcinols: Biomarkers of whole-grain intake. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8805. [PMID: 32297383 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Consumption of whole grains is negatively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk but quantification of whole-grain intake is challenging. Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are biomarkers of whole-grain intake. Current methods for AR quantification involve a time-consuming multi-step separation process that hampers applicability in large-scale studies. METHODS We developed a streamlined method to quantify ARs in human plasma based on protein precipitation and direct injection into an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operating in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization negative ion mode. RESULTS Separation of five major ARs was achieved, with linearity in the 5 to 550 nmol/L range and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 nmol/L and quantification (LOQ) of 5 nmol/L. The within-run and between-run precision and accuracy were below 15%, and recoveries above 90%. Once validated, the method was applied to measure concentrations of plasma ARs in subjects who participated in a randomized, crossover trial evaluating the effect of carbohydrate type on CVD risk factors. The unrefined carbohydrate diet with the highest fiber content resulted in the highest plasma AR concentration (93 ± 78 nmol/L), and was significantly different (p <0.01) from lower fiber diets (18 ± 26 nmol/L and 19 ± 26 nmol/L, simple and unrefined carbohydrate, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This method offers a simplified approach to measure concentrations of plasma ARs as an objective biomarker of whole-grain intake that can be applied to large-scale cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rodríguez-Morató
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr. Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Jayawardene
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Neil K Huang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Gregory G Dolnikowski
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Jean Galluccio
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Abstract
Cereal products are the most important dietary source for energy intake and several bioactive compounds with high concentrations in the bran and the germ. Different cereal products provide a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, namely, phenolic acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, alkylresorcinols, benzoxazines, phytosterols, and lignans. The bioactive substance alkylresorcinols (ARs) present in the whole cereal can inhibit enzyme activity, prevent bacterial or fungal infection, reduce cholesterol absorption, prevent cancer, and resist oxidation. In this paper, we discussed the biological activity of ARs in whole cereal products. Understanding the effects of processing on cereal phytochemicals will help us to develop improved processes for processing cereal foods with higher retention rates of bioactive compounds.
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8
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Gunenc A, Kong L, Elias RJ, Ziegler GR. Inclusion complex formation between high amylose corn starch and alkylresorcinols from rye bran. Food Chem 2018; 259:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Patzke H, Schieber A. Growth-inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds applied in an emulsifiable concentrate - ferulic acid as a natural pesticide against Botrytis cinerea. Food Res Int 2018; 113:18-23. [PMID: 30195511 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are part of the protection system of plants against all kinds of pests and are therefore considered a natural alternative to conventional plant protection agents. Five phenolic compounds (phlorizin, resveratrol, ferulic acid, 5-n-alkylresorcinols, and quercetin) were used as active ingredients in the preparation of a bioactive emulsion and screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of four phytopathogenic fungi - Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Fusarium culmorum. By using design of experiments, several interactions between the phenols were determined, however, ferulic acid was identified as highly effective against the growth of Botrytis cinerea. The growth-inhibitory effect of this emulsion was enhanced by adapting the ferulic acid concentration (0.085%, m/v) with the help of response surface methodology. Subsequent tests confirmed the activity against the growth of nine fungicide-resistant Botrytis cinerea isolates and showed promising results against the infection of injured and contaminated grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Patzke
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, Römerstraße 164, D-53117 Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Patzke H, Zimdars S, Schulze-Kaysers N, Schieber A. Growth suppression of Fusarium culmorum , Fusarium poae and Fusarium graminearum by 5- n -alk(en)ylresorcinols from wheat and rye bran. Food Res Int 2017; 99:821-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Separation of alk(en)ylresorcinols from rye bran with saturated, monoenoic, dienoic, trienoic and hydroxylated monoenoic side chains using an octyl phase in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and their differentiation by tandem mass spectrometrie. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Koistinen VM, Hanhineva K. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of whole-grain phytochemicals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1688-1709. [PMID: 26167744 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1016477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Whole grains are a rich source of several classes of phytochemicals, such as alkylresorcinols, benzoxazinoids, flavonoids, lignans, and phytosterols. A high intake of whole grains has been linked to a reduced risk of some major noncommunicable diseases, and it has been postulated that a complex mixture of phytochemicals works in synergy to generate beneficial health effects. Mass spectrometry, especially when coupled with liquid chromatography, is a widely used method for the analysis of phytochemicals owing to its high sensitivity and dynamic range. In this review, the current knowledge of the mass spectral properties of the most important classes of phytochemicals found in cereals of common wheat, barley, oats, and rye is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Mikael Koistinen
- a Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- a Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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13
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Use of HPLC- and GC-QTOF to determine hydrophilic and lipophilic phenols in mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) and its by-products. Food Res Int 2017; 100:423-434. [PMID: 28964365 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mango industry processing generates high quantities of mango by-products such as peels and seeds (35%-60% of the fruit). Indeed, it is known that mango and its by-products contain different families of bioactive compounds that possess several health benefits. Thus, the aim of this study has been the determination of different families of phenolic derivatives (free and bound phenolic compounds and alk(en)ylresorcinols (ARs)) in mango edible part and its by-products (peel, seed and seed husk) from three different cultivars. This is the first study that evaluates the phenolic compounds and ARs in the four fractions of mango of three different cultivars. Special attention has been paid to the determination of anthocyanins and ARs, because these families of compounds had not been studied in depth in mango. In fact, petunidin rutinoside-(p-coumaric acid) gallate was found in mango pulp, peel, seed and seed husk of the three cultivars and, it had never been described in mango before. It is also important to highlight that this is the first time that the identification and quantification of ARs have been performed in mango seed and seed husk; besides, four and five out of eleven alk(en)ylresorcinols detected in peel and pulp, respectively, were identified for the first time in these mango fractions. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and FRAP assays. Seed free and bound phenolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant capacity.
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14
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Evaluation of cytotoxicity of 5-n-alkylresorcinol homologs and fraction on mouse fibroblast cell line L929. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Koistinen VM, Katina K, Nordlund E, Poutanen K, Hanhineva K. Changes in the phytochemical profile of rye bran induced by enzymatic bioprocessing and sourdough fermentation. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Geng P, Harnly JM, Chen P. Differentiation of bread made with whole grain and refined wheat (T. aestivum) flour using LC/MS-based chromatographic fingerprinting and chemometric approaches. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Patzke H, Schulze-Kaysers N, Schieber A. Separation and isolation of saturated and unsaturated 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols from rye bran. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Geng P, Harnly JM, Chen P. Differentiation of Whole Grain from Refined Wheat (T. aestivum) Flour Using Lipid Profile of Wheat Bran, Germ, and Endosperm with UHPLC-HRAM Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6189-6211. [PMID: 26083013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of wheat lipids from milling fractions of bran, germ, and endosperm was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution accurate-mass multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAM-MS(n)) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive and negative modes. About 155 lipid compounds, including free fatty acids (FA), oxylipins, alk(en)ylresorcinols (ARs), γ-oryzanol, sphingolipids, triglycerides (TGs), diglycerides (DGs), phospholipids, and galactolipids were characterized from the three milling fractions. Galactolipids and phospholipids were proposed to be potential discriminatory compounds for refined flour, whereas γ-oryzanols, ARs, TGs, and DGs could distinguish whole wheat flour from a refined one based on principal component analysis (PCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Geng
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - James M Harnly
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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19
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Use of air classification technology as green process to produce functional barley flours naturally enriched of alkylresorcinols, β-glucans and phenolic compounds. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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A method for the simultaneous extraction and quantitation of lipophilic antioxidants in Triticum sp. by HPLC-DAD/FLD-MSn. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Influence of cultivar, ripeness, blanching, drying, irradiation, and pectin recovery on alk(en)ylresorcinols in mango peels. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Impact of supercritical CO2 and traditional solvent extraction systems on the extractability of alkylresorcinols, phenolic profile and their antioxidant activity in wheat bran. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of alk(en)ylresorcinols using rapid ultrasound-assisted extraction of mango peels and rye grains. Food Chem 2014; 169:261-9. [PMID: 25236225 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive extraction of alk(en)ylresorcinols (ARs) from biological matrices is a prerequisite for economic screening of extensive plant collections including their rapid quantitation. For this purpose, an ultrasound-assisted extraction protocol was developed to facilitate the liberation of ARs from mango peels (Mangifera indica L.) and rye grains (Secale cereale L.). While maintaining or even improving the extraction efficiency of the analytes, the duration of analytical extraction was shortened from more than 1h to only 45s as compared to previous methods. In addition, sample weight and solvent use were significantly reduced. Besides the validation of the extraction procedure, validation parameters for the HPLC-DAD-MS(n) based characterisation and quantitation method are provided. In particular, fully satisfactory recovery rates and quantitation limits were achieved, and coefficients of variation (CV) for repeatability and reproducibility were ⩽8 and <5%, respectively. Moreover, a high compound stability was shown for all ARs during storage in methanolic solution at room temperature for 48h and at -80°C for up to 13months. The developed method was exemplified using two mango and three rye cultivars, and the results were compared to previously published data.
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Andersson AA, Dimberg L, Åman P, Landberg R. Recent findings on certain bioactive components in whole grain wheat and rye. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rebolleda S, Beltrán S, Sanz MT, González-SanJosé ML. Supercritical fluid extraction of wheat bran oil: Study of extraction yield and oil quality. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rebolleda
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science; University of Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | - Sagrario Beltrán
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science; University of Burgos; Burgos Spain
| | - María Teresa Sanz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science; University of Burgos; Burgos Spain
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Tu J, Chen J, Zhu S, Zhang C, Chen H, Liu Y. Inhibition of wheat bran and it's active compoments on α-glucosidase in vitro. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:309-14. [PMID: 24124282 PMCID: PMC3793335 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.117826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wheat bran is a traditional Chinese medicine; however, it is mostly used as feedstuff in China. Wheat bran is widely accepted as an important ingredient in many low-glycemic index foods in modern western societies; however, its glycemic control mechanism is unknown. Objective: To determine potent α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds from wheat bran and to identify the inhibition on α-glucosidase. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of wheat bran was prepared to evaluate the inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, then fractionation of the extract was guided by in vitro enzyme-inhibition assay, and the potent α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry; finally the enzyme inhibition process was studied using the Michaelis-Menton and the Lineweaver-Burk equations. Results: Both baker's yeast and rat intestinal enzymes were mostly inhibited (87.9% and 66.8% inhibition, respectively) at concentration 0.6 mg/mL of the ethanolic extract of wheat bran. The petroleum ether fraction in the ethanolic extract of wheat bran showed significant activity against rat intestinal α-glucosidase, and revealed a dose-dependent effect. The inhibition was 76.57% at 0.3 mg/mL and 100% at 0.6 mg/mL. The active fraction 13 of petroleum ether fraction was identified as alkylresorcinols (ARs). ARs showed strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase and its IC50 value was found to be 37.58 μg/mL. The enzyme kinetic studies showed that, in the presence of ARs, the Michaelis-Menton constant (Km) remains constant whereas the maximal velocity (Vmax) decreases, revealing a non-competitive type of inhibition. Conclusion: The therapeutic potentiality of ARs in the management of the postprandial hyperglycemia will proliferate the utilization of wheat bran in controlling type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P. R. China ; Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, P. R. China
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Gunenc A, HadiNezhad M, Tamburic-Ilincic L, Mayer PM, Hosseinian F. Effects of region and cultivar on alkylresorcinols content and composition in wheat bran and their antioxidant activity. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Stability and antioxidant activity of alkyresorcinols in breads enriched with hard and soft wheat brans. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ross AB. Analysis of alkylresorcinols in cereal grains and products using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence, ultraviolet, and CoulArray electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8954-62. [PMID: 22880887 DOI: 10.1021/jf301332q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids, with homologues ranging from C17 to C25, found in high concentrations in whole grain wheat and rye, lower concentrations in barley, and negligible concentrations in refined wheat flour. The analysis of alkylresorcinols is of importance due to their potential as biomarkers of whole grain intake and emerging evidence for some biological effects. Present HPLC methods have insufficient resolution for accurately quantitating the mix of alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols found in rye. An ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography method was developed, and three detection methods (CoulArray (CAED), ultraviolet (UV), and fluorescence detection (FD)) were compared for cereal alkylresorcinol analysis. The lower limits of quantitation and detection were 50 and 20 pg injected, 5 pg and 2 pg injected, and 500 and 1250 pg injected for FD, CAED, and UV, respectively. FD and CAED provided similar results, with some bias for higher results with FD (<10% difference). UV detection generally resulted in overestimation of alkylresorcinol concentrations. The method was applied to cereal (15) and cereal product (90) samples mainly from the United States with results in the same range as previous methods. The improved resolution with this method allows facile analysis of alkylresorcinols from cereal products, including minor unsaturated homologues such as those found in rye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Ross
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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31
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Liu L, Winter KM, Stevenson L, Morris C, Leach DN. Wheat bran lipophilic compounds with in vitro anticancer effects. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Andersson U, Dey ES, Holm C, Degerman E. Rye bran alkylresorcinols suppress adipocyte lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S290-3. [PMID: 21887818 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effects of alkylresorcinols (ARs) isolated from rye bran on adipocyte lipolysis, hormone-sensitive lipase activity and phosphorylation and on phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates were studied. Preincubation with ARs for 18 h suppressed catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), a key lipase responsible for stimulated lipolysis, and phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates, were diminished after preincubation with ARs, whereas HSL protein expression was unaltered. ARs were also shown to inhibit HSL activity in an in vitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Landberg R, Sun Q, Rimm EB, Cassidy A, Scalbert A, Mantzoros CS, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Selected dietary flavonoids are associated with markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in U.S. women. J Nutr 2011; 141:618-25. [PMID: 21325476 PMCID: PMC3057665 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.133843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids show antiinflammatory effects in vitro and human intervention studies have suggested beneficial effects of flavonoid-rich foods on biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial function. In the present study, we assessed the relationship between flavonoid intake and biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in a cross-sectional study of participants from the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Intake of 6 flavonoid subclasses (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and polymeric flavonoids) was assessed using a FFQ administered in 1990. Also, the main food sources of these flavonoids were examined. Blood samples were collected in 1989-1990 and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-18, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (sTNF-R2), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin were measured in 1194-1598 women. The multivariate-adjusted geometric mean of plasma IL-8 were lower for women in the highest intake quintile of flavones, flavanones, and total flavonoids compared with those in the lowest quintiles by 9% (Q1: 264 ng/L, Q5: 241 ng/L; P-trend = 0.019), 11% (Q1: 273 ng/L, Q5: 244 ng/L; P-trend = 0.011), and 8% (Q1: 276 ng/L, Q5: 55 ng/L; P-trend = 0.034), respectively. The multivariate-adjusted geometric mean for women in the highest intake quintile of flavonol compared with those in the lowest quintile was 4% lower for sVCAM-1 (Q1: 578 μg/L, Q5: 557 μg/L; P-trend = 0.012). Among flavonoid-rich foods, higher intake of grapefruit was significantly associated with lower concentrations of CRP and sTNF-R2. In summary, higher intakes of selected flavonoid subclasses were associated with modestly lower concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers. In particular, flavonoids typically found in citrus fruits were modestly associated with lower plasma IL-18 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Landberg
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche de Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115,Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health, and Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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Ross AB, Redeuil K, Vigo M, Rezzi S, Nagy K. Quantification of alkylresorcinols in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:554-560. [PMID: 20112264 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (AR) are of interest as biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake in epidemiological studies and are currently mainly measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after labour-intensive sample preparation including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and chemical derivatization. This manuscript describes and validates an alternative approach based on normal-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of alkylresorcinols in human plasma. The method requires neither SPE nor chemical derivatization and has a shortened run time compared to GC/MS. Normal- and reversed-phase columns and various mobile phases were evaluated with and without previous SPE of the samples. Normal-phase chromatography allowed separation of AR from the interfering triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and sterols and enabled detection of AR even without SPE of the samples. The described method has instrumental lower limits of detection in the 25-75 pg range, and lower limits of quantification in the 75-250 pg range. Pooled human plasma and (2)H(4)-nonadecylresorcinol (internal standard) was applied to calibrate the method in the 20-12 000 nM range. The overall method showed intra-batch precision of 8.6% and an averaged accuracy of 100.2%. Applications for diverse human plasma samples are presented and are compared with the results determined by GC/MS. Based on the presented data; this method requiring less sample preparation is suggested for further evaluation as an alternative to GC/MS for analysis of biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Ross
- Metabonomics & Biomarkers Group, BioAnalytical Science Department, Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland
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Knödler M, Most M, Schieber A, Carle R. A novel approach to authenticity control of whole grain durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) flour and pasta, based on analysis of alkylresorcinol composition. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ross AB, Kochhar S. Rapid and sensitive analysis of alkylresorcinols from cereal grains and products using HPLC-Coularray-based electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5187-5193. [PMID: 19453171 DOI: 10.1021/jf900239t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (AR) present in the bran fraction of wheat, rye, and barley grains are of current interest as biomarkers of wholegrain cereal intake. This paper reports the development of a rapid quantitative HPLC method allowing sensitive analysis of AR in cereals in 14 min using coularray (CA) detection. The LOD was 1 ng injected and the LOQ 2.5 ng injected, whereas the intrarun and inter-run CVs were 0.8 and 6.4%, respectively. Analytical recovery determined by spiking ranged from 98 to 107% for AR homologues C15:0-C25:0. The method was used to analyze 79 flour and cereal products, with results in the same range as previous studies using GC analysis. Analysis of wholegrain white wheat were in the same range as other wheat varieties (420-556 microg/g). Use of the CA detector allowed detection of low concentrations of AR in white wheat flour (13-51 microg/g) that had not been reliably detected using previous methods. This method allows rapid throughput analysis of cereal samples, required for validation studies on the use of AR as biomarkers of wholegrain cereal intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Ross
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne 26, Swizterland.
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Comparison of GC and colorimetry for the determination of alkylresorcinol homologues in cereal grains and products. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nagy K, Ross AB, Fay LB, Bourgeois A, Kussmann M. Gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of alkylresorcinols in red blood cells. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:4098-4104. [PMID: 19025885 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte alkylresorcinols (5-alkyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzenes) are potential biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake. However, their high-throughput quantitative analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is hindered by the time-consuming sample preparation and, more importantly, by interfering compounds that still remain after sample cleanup. In the present work we describe a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) method for the rapid and reliable quantification of alkylresorcinols in erythrocyte samples. The performance of the GC/MS/MS method is compared with that of GC/MS. The main characteristics of the method are: lower limits of detection: 2-10 microg/L standard solution; lower limits of quantification: 6-30 microg/L standard solution; linearity coefficients: 0.9611-0.9888; linear ranges: 2-20 microg/L in erythrocytes; and intra-day precisions (n = 6): 4-13% at endogenous analyte levels in non-spiked erythrocytes. Tandem mass spectrometry showed greatly improved selectivity over single-stage mass spectrometry in the case of erythrocyte samples, eliminating all interferences detectable in single-stage MS and enabling simple peak integration for quantification. Moreover, increased selectivity resulted in GC separation speeded up by a factor of two, allowing the duplicate analysis of over 40 samples per day. This GC/MS/MS method is suggested as an improved alternative to GC/MS for the quantification of alkylresorcinols in erythrocytes for assessing wholegrain wheat and rye intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- BioAnalytical Science Department, Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:568-575. [PMID: 18988322 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Kulawinek M, Jaromin A, Kozubek A, Zarnowski R. Alkylresorcinols in selected Polish rye and wheat cereals and whole-grain cereal products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7236-7242. [PMID: 18666777 DOI: 10.1021/jf801707g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The alkylresorcinol content and homologue composition in selected Polish rye and wheat cultivars and selected whole-grain cereal products were determined in this study. Cereal grains and whole-grain cereal products were extracted with acetone, whereas bread types were extracted with hot 1-propanol. The average alkylresorcinol content in tested rye (approximately 1100 mg/kg DM) and wheat (approximately 800 mg/kg DM) grains harvested in Poland was within the range previously reported in Swedish and Finnish samples. The total alkylresorcinol content in tested cereal products available on the Polish market varied from very low levels in barley grain-based foods up to 3000 mg/kg DM in wheat bran. The total alkylresorcinol content in 14 bread samples extracted with hot 1-propanol varied from approximately 100 mg/kg DM in whole bread made with honey up to approximately 650 mg/kg DM in whole-rye bread. Calculated ratios of C17:0 to C21:0 homologues, a useful parameter previously used to distinguish between rye and wheat cereals and their derived products, was about 1.2-1.4 in rye products, about 0.2 in wheat products, and varied between 0.2 and 0.6 in cereal-derived products containing a mixture of whole rye and/or wheat. The data set obtained were subsequently compared using cluster and principal component analysis, which allowed the tested cereal products to be classified into two major groups consisting of whole-rye or whole-wheat products, respectively. On the basis of that approach, mixed cereal products containing rye and wheat bran or whole rye and wheat flour were grouped between those two well-defined clusters. Our work not only provides a detailed examination of alkylresorcinols in selected Polish rye and wheat cultivars and selected whole-grain cereal products, but also demonstrates that this type of analysis accompanied by the use of proper statistical algorithms offers an objective way to evaluate the quality of whole-grain rye and/or wheat and their derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Kulawinek
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
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