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Yen YT, Zhou SL, Huang DY, Tseng SH, Wang CF, Chyueh SC. 2-Methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone: A commercial photoinitiator being used as a new psychoactive substance. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 360:112074. [PMID: 38823217 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, which are novel psychoactive substances, have caused major social problems worldwide. A substance called 2-methyl-4'-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone (MMMP), which is employed as a commercial industrial photoinitiator for triggering polymerization, has a basic cathinone backbone; however, few reports regarding MMMP have been published. In the current study, three potential metabolites of MMMP-namely hydroxy-MMMP (HO-MMMP), HO-MMMP-sulfoxide (HO-MMMP-SO), and HO-MMMP-sulfone (HO-MMMP-SO2)-were successfully synthesized, and MMMP and these three potential metabolites were used as standards to establish an analytic method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of urine. This analytic method and related parameters-including dynamic range, limit of quantification, selectivity, precision, accuracy, carryover effect, matrix effect, interference, and dilution integrity-were optimized and validated. Forty urine samples from 1,691 individuals who abused drugs were determined to contain MMMP, HO-MMMP, HO-MMMP-SO, or HO-MMMP-SO2; the results of this study indicate that approximately 2.37 % of drug abusers in Taiwan consumed MMMP in 2023. These 40 urine samples were analyzed to investigate the metabolism of MMMP in humans. The results indicate that HO-MMMP-SO is the main metabolite in human urine. This study recommends HO-MMMP-SO with a concentration of 2 ng/mL as a target and cutoff value, respectively, for identifying individuals who have consumed MMMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Lin Zhou
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Ying Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Tseng
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
| | - San-Chong Chyueh
- Department of Forensic Science, Investigation Bureau, Ministry of Justice, Xindian Dist, New Taipei City 231209, Taiwan
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2
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Guo C, Yan H, Liu W, Xiang P, Di B, Shen M. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of 425 drugs and poisons in dried blood spots and application to forensic cases. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:241-248. [PMID: 36719526 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An analytical method using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established and validated for screening 425 drugs and poisons in dried blood spots (DBSs). METHODS Blood (20 μL) was spotted on Whatman FTA™ classic card to prepare DBS sample, then extracted with 150 μL methanol and analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a multiple reaction monitoring method. RESULTS The limit of detection of the compounds were 0.1-10 ng/mL. The values for recovery and matrix effect were 40.3-114.9% and 40.2-118.4%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to DBS samples from 105 humans suspected of drug poisoning, which was stored for 3-5 years at room temperature. Thirty-three kinds of drugs, including benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antipyretic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiepileptic drugs, new psychoactive drugs were confirmed in 102 cases, while no compound was detected in the other 3 cases. Estazolam, a benzodiazepine widely used in clinical practice as a sedative, hypnotic, and anti-anxiety drug, was the most frequently detected substance, occurring in 34.2% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Most drugs in DBS could still be detected after storage for 3-5 years, but ambroxol, zopiclone, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, and valproic acid were not detectable after 3-5 years of storage at room temperature. The components measured in DBS were consistent with those measured in whole blood at the collection time, thereby confirming that DBS samples have the advantage of stable storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China.
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3
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Feliu C, Konecki C, Cazaubon Y, Binet L, Vautier D, Fouley A, Gozalo C, Djerada Z. Development and Validation of a Non-Targeted Screening Method for Most Psychoactive, Analgesic, Anaesthetic, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Coagulant and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in Human Whole Blood and Plasma Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010076. [PMID: 36678573 PMCID: PMC9865759 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In toxicological laboratories, various screening methods can be used to identify compounds involved in intoxication. High-resolution mass spectrometry has been increasingly used in this context for the last years, because of its sensitivity and reliability. Here, we present the development and validation of a screening method that uses liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. (2) Methods: This method required only 100 µL of whole blood or plasma sample. Pretreatment consisted of a rapid and simple deproteinisation with methanol/acetonitrile and zinc sulphate. This new assay was validated according to international guidelines. (3) Results: To perform the method validation, 53 compounds were selected. The selection criteria were as follows: various chemical structures and therapeutic families (>15), large m/z distribution, positive or negative ionisation mode, and various elution times. The assays showed high selectivity and specificity, with optimal process efficiency. The identification limits, determined using predefined criteria, were established at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic concentrations. Applicability was evaluated using spiked plasma controls and external quality controls. (4) Conclusions: The new method was then successfully applied to routine clinical and forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Feliu
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.D.)
| | - Celine Konecki
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Yoann Cazaubon
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM, Montpellier University, Department of Pharmacology, Montpellier University Hospital, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Binet
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Damien Vautier
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Aurélie Fouley
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Claire Gozalo
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Zoubir Djerada
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.D.)
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4
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dos Santos BP, Eller S, Borges GR, de Gouveia GC, Sebben VC, Arbo MD, de Oliveira TF. A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 57 pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in plasma, and its application to poisoning cases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Simultaneous Quantification of Opioids in Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer with Modified Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Technique. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196761. [PMID: 36235294 PMCID: PMC9570840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Common methodologies such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are applied for the extraction of opioids from biological specimens i.e., blood and urine. Techniques including LC-MS/LC-MSMS, GC-MS, etc. are used for qualitative or quantitative determination of opioids. The goal of the present work is to design a green, economic, rugged, and simple extraction technique for famous opioids in human blood and urine and their simultaneous quantification by GC-MS equipped with an inert plus electron impact (EI) ionization source at SIM mode to produce reproducible and efficient results. Morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, nalbuphine, tramadol and dextromethorphan were selected as target opioids. Anhydrous Epsom salt was applied for dSPE of opioids from blood and urine into acetonitrile extraction solvent with the addition of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6) and n-hexane was added to remove non-polar interfering species from samples. BSTFA was used as a derivatizing agent for GC-MS. Following method validation, the LOD/LLOQ and ULOQ were determined for morphine, codeine, nal-buphine, tramadol, and dextromethorphan at 10 ng/mL and 1500 ng/mL, respectively, while the LOD/LLOQ and ULOQ were determined for 6-acetylmorphine at 5 ng/mL and 150 ng/mL, respectively. This method was applied to real blood and urine samples of opioid abusers and the results were found to be reproducible with true quantification.
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6
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Application of SFC for the characterization of formulated drug products. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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7
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Rosano TG, Rumberger JM, Wood M. Matrix Normalization Techniques for Definitive Urine Drug Testing. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:901-912. [PMID: 34013336 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Analytical performance of stable isotope labeled internal standardization (SIL-IS) and threshold accurate calibration (TAC) methods of matrix normalization are compared for quantitation of 51 drugs and metabolites (analytes) in urine with analysis by UPLC-MS-MS. SIL-IS was performed with both analyte-specific (ASIL-IS) and shared (SSIL-IS) internal standards. Variance in inter-specimen matrix effect, without use of a matrix normalization method, was studied by UPLC-MS-MS (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) analysis of 338 urine donor samples and showed over 200% variation in ion response for some analytes. Matrix normalization methods were evaluated for precision, accuracy, calibration, multi-matrix recovery and positive casework quantitation. Acceptable calibration and quality control criteria were achieved for all methods when calibrators and controls were prepared from the same urine matrix pool. Quantitative accuracy, determined by addition of analytes to multi-donor urine pools at two concentration levels, resulted in acceptable percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) and bias for TAC and ASIL-IS methods. SSIL-IS method quantitations in analyte-supplemented donor pools revealed a %RSD ranging from 20-60% for more than 30% of the analytes and a method bias that ranged up to 87%, with a differential matrix effect on analyte and shared internal standard accounting for the imprecision and bias. Analyte quantitation in 162 authentic case samples showed close agreement for TAC and ASIL-IS methods, with greater variance in the SSIL-IS method. The study demonstrates effective matrix normalization by ASIL-IS and TAC methods and a matrix-caused bias in the SSIL-IS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Rosano
- National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, Albany NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - John M Rumberger
- National Toxicology Center, Center for Medical Science, Albany NY, USA
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8
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Self-assembled ruthenium decorated electrochemical platform for sensitive and selective determination of amisulpride in presence of co-administered drugs using safranin as a mediator. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Campêlo JDM, Rodrigues TB, Costa JL, Santos JM. Optimization of QuEChERS extraction for detection and quantification of 20 antidepressants in postmortem blood samples by LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 319:110660. [PMID: 33385954 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensively optimization of QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method using design of experiments (DOE) was conducted to evaluate the best conditions to obtain the most effective extraction. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed to identify and quantify the antidepressants, with electrospray ionization acquired in positive mode. The method was validated for all analytes; the calibration curves were linear from 10-1000ng/mL, with R2>0.98, and with LOD and LOQ defined as 10ng/mL. Method imprecision and bias were less than 14.3% and 18.9%, respectively. Neither carryover nor interferences were observed. Overall, the optimized method was applied in postmortem real sample analysis to quantify the antidepressants. This study showed a viable method that can be applied for routine forensic analysis, with a quick and easy sample preparation and a rapid total run time of 8min for each analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline de M Campêlo
- Chemistry Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Taís B Rodrigues
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose L Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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10
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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11
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Effective extraction methodology for the isolation of antidepressants from human blood. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study is to choose the best methodology containing a high-efficiency extraction technique and an extraction agent for the isolation of antidepressants, such as citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine, from human blood samples. In this research, various extraction agents have been examined to achieve the highest efficiency of the conducted process. Moreover, the following most available extraction techniques have been investigated and compared: liquid–liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. The obtained extracts have been analysed with the application of the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The conducted research has confirmed that the microwave-assisted extraction with ethyl acetate—the average extraction efficiency is 77.4 ± 2.7%—onstitute the most promising extraction method and the agent. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the whole blood samples collected from patients treated with the analysed drugs. It should be emphasised that choice of extraction and solvent methods are the first steps to develop the methods allowing for determination of antidepressants in whole blood for toxicological and clinical purposes.
Graphic abstract
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12
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Halawa MI, Mostafa IM, Tolba MM, El-Shabrawy Y, Li BS. Development of Ru(bpy)32+-amisulpride electrogenerated chemiluminescence system for ultrasensitive and selective detection of amisulpride in pharmaceuticals and real plasma. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Method for the identification and quantification of sixty drugs and their metabolites in postmortem whole blood using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Simultaneous Analysis of Drugs in Forensic Cases by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Franco de Oliveira SCWSE, Zucoloto AD, de Oliveira CDR, Hernandez EMM, Fruchtengarten LVG, de Oliveira TF, Yonamine M. A fast and simple approach for the quantification of 40 illicit drugs, medicines, and pesticides in blood and urine samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:600-611. [PMID: 31066158 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast and simple approach to overcome challenges in emergency toxicological analysis, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been developed, for the detection of analytes in blood and urine samples from the following drug classes: analgesics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, drugs of abuse, and pesticides. These substances are relevant in the context of emergency toxicology in Brazil. The sample preparation procedure was relatively easy and fast to perform. The method was fully validated giving limits of in the range of 0.5 and 20 ng mL-1 for blood and urine samples. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy were considered adequate for all analytes once the relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) was lower than 20% for quality control (QC) low and lower than 15% for CQ medium and high. The developed method was successfully applied to 320 real samples collected at the Poison Control Center of São Paulo, and 89.1% have shown to be positive for some of the analytes. This confirms its applicability and importance to emergency toxicological analysis, and it could be very useful in both fields of clinical and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C W S E Franco de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre D Zucoloto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Poison Control Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tiago F de Oliveira
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Zubaidi FA, Choo YM, Tan GH, Hamid HA, Choy YK. A Novel Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique using Multi-Period-Multi-Experiment of MRM-EPI-MRM3 with Library Matching for Simultaneous Determination of Amphetamine Type Stimulants Related Drugs in Whole Blood, Urine and Dried Blood Stain (DBS)—Application to Forensic Toxicology Cases in Malaysia. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:528-535. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A novel mass spectrometry detection technique based on a multi-period and multi- experiment (MRM-EPI-MRM3) with library matching in a single run for fast and rapid screening and identification of amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) related drugs in whole blood, urine and dried blood stain was developed and validated. The ATS-related drugs analyzed in this study include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine), MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine) and phentermine. The relative standard deviation for inter and intraday was less than 15% while recoveries ranged from 80% to 120% for all three matrices, i.e., whole blood, urine and dried blood stain. All compounds gave library matching percentage of more than 85% based on the purity. This method was proven to be simple and robust, and provide high confident results complemented with library matching confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathiah A Zubaidi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guan-Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamimah Abd Hamid
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yap Ken Choy
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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17
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Zubaidi FA, Choo YM, Tan GH, Myron P, Cornelia CS. High-throughput flow injection analysis-MRM3 (FIA-MRM3) spectrometry for alternative fast screening of the isomeric methamphetamine and phentermine in blood for forensic toxicology cases in Malaysia. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319831368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fathiah A Zubaidi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guan-Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P Myron
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - CS Cornelia
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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Validation of a simple, fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressant drugs or their metabolites in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:243-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Determination of Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Levomepromazine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, and Sulpiride in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:5807218. [PMID: 30245722 PMCID: PMC6139205 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5807218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective In this study, turbo-ion spray as an interface of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was performed for sensitive and accurate quantification of chlorpromazine, haloperidol, levomepromazine, olanzapine, risperidone, and sulpiride in plasma samples. Methods Separation was performed by gradient reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a mobile phase containing ammonium formiate 2 mM, pH 2.7, and acetonitrile flowing through a Restek PFP Propyl C18 analytical column (50 mm×2.1 mm i.d.) with particle size of 5 µm, at a flow rate of 800 µL/min. Positive ion fragments were detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Sample preparation was achieved by solid phase extraction (SPE) (Oasis HLB). Results Mean extraction recoveries ranged from 82.75% to 100.96%. The standard calibration curves showed an excellent linearity, covering subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic ranges. Intraday and interday validation using quality control (QC) samples were performed. The inaccuracy and imprecision were below 12% at all concentration levels. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for all analytes were under therapeutic ranges for all tested analytes. Thus, the proposed method was sensitive enough for the detection and determination of subtherapeutic levels of these antipsychotics in plasma samples. No interference of endogenous or exogenous molecules was observed and no carryover effects were recorded. Conclusion According to the results, the proposed method is simple, specific, linear, accurate, and precise and can be applied for antipsychotic analysis in clinical routine. This method was applied for the determination of the tested antipsychotics in plasma samples taken from 71 individuals.
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Franco de Oliveira SCWSE, Zucoloto AD, de Oliveira CDR, Hernandez EMM, Fruchtengarten LVG, de Oliveira TF, Yonamine M. Development of a simple HPLC-DAD multi-analyte procedure and its application in cases evaluated by the Poison Control Center of São Paulo, Brazil. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4360. [PMID: 30109709 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a simple approach to overcome challenges in emergency toxicological analysis, using liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD). A rapid procedure has been developed, for the extraction and detection of 19 analytes from the following drug classes: analgesics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and drugs of abuse. These substances are relevant in the context of emergency toxicology in Brazil. The method has been validated according to international guidelines by establishing parameters such as lower limit of quantification, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The intra and inter-day precision values, at the lowest concentration levels, have always been less than 20% considering its relative standard deviation. As for accuracy values, these have also been satisfactory (above 81.3%). This method was successfully applied in 201 blood samples from patients with suspected poisoning of the Poison Control Center of São Paulo (PCC-SP), Brazil. Finally, the developed method has shown to be relevant for emergency toxicology due to its high sensitivity and it could be also very useful in both fields of clinical and forensic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre D Zucoloto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Poison Control Center of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tiago F de Oliveira
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Michely JA, Maurer HH. A multi-analyte approach to help in assessing the severity of acute poisonings - Development and validation of a fast LC-MS/MS quantification approach for 45 drugs and their relevant metabolites with one-point calibration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:164-176. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Saarland University; Homburg Germany
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22
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Moein MM, El Beqqali A, Abdel-Rehim M. Bioanalytical method development and validation: Critical concepts and strategies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Rosano TG, Ohouo PY, LeQue JJ, Freeto SM, Wood M. Definitive Drug and Metabolite Screening in Urine by UPLC–MS-MS Using a Novel Calibration Technique. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:628-638. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Roche L, Pinguet J, Herviou P, Libert F, Chenaf C, Eschalier A, Authier N, Richard D. Fully automated semi-quantitative toxicological screening in three biological matrices using turbulent flow chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:46-54. [PMID: 26812390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical and forensic toxicology, fast and specific methods are needed for the screening of different classes of drugs. A complete general unknown screening procedure was developed using turbulent flow chromatography with electrospray ionization and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. METHODS After protein precipitation, samples were injected directly into the turbulent flow chromatographic system and analyzed with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The Exactive® operated in positive and negative modes with alternated high collision dissociation in order to obtain characteristic fragments. We built a library containing 616 compounds by analyzing a reference standard for all the molecules. RESULTS Identification was based on retention time, accurate measured mass, isotopic pattern and presence of specific fragments. For each substance, we set a calibration range encompassing infra-therapeutic, therapeutic, supra-therapeutic and toxic concentrations in order to generate semi-quantitative result. For 65% of the components, the limit of detection was below 5 ng/mL. The validation process showed the approach to be selective, sensitive, accurate and precise. CONCLUSION The method has been accredited by COFRAC (French Accreditation Committee) according to the ISO 15189 standard. Applicability was successfully tested by analyzing authentic serum, urine and whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Roche
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Herviou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Libert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Chouki Chenaf
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Authier
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Addictovigilance Auvergne, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Inserm, UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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25
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Montenarh D, Hopf M, Maurer HH, Schmidt P, Ewald AH. Development and validation of a multi-analyte LC-MS/MS approach for quantification of neuroleptics in whole blood, plasma, and serum. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:1080-1089. [PMID: 26607679 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on a similar approach for quantification of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and z-drugs, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-analyte approach with simple liquid-liquid extraction was extended for fast target screening and quantification of neuroleptics in whole blood, plasma, and serum. As this method is part of a multi-analyte procedure for over 100 analytes from different drug classes and as the extracts were additionally used in the authors' laboratory for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, one universal stable-isotope-labelled internal standard (SIL-IS) was used to save time and resource. The method was validated with respect to international guidelines. For accuracy and precision, full calibration was performed with ranges from subtherapeutic to toxic concentrations. Selectivity problems could not be observed, but matrix effects ranged from 68 to 211% in all samples. For the low quality control (QC), recovery ranged from 32 to 112%, process efficiency from 31 to 165% and for the high QC recovery from 42 to 141%, process efficiency from 29 to 154%. In addition statistical data evaluation of the variances of the recovery, matrix effects, and process efficiency data between whole blood vs. plasma, whole blood vs. serum, and plasma vs. serum were done. The presented LC-MS/MS approach was applicable for selective detection of 33 neuroleptics as well as accurate and precise quantification of 25 neuroleptics in whole blood, 19 in plasma, and 17 in serum. More significant matrix effects (ME) for neuropletic drugs overall in plasma and serum as compared with whole blood were detected. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Montenarh
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Markus Hopf
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Andreas H Ewald
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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26
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Mut L, Grobosch T, Binscheck-Domaß T, Frenzel W. Toxicological screening of human plasma by on-line SPE-HPLC-DAD: identification and quantification of acidic and neutral drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:343-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mut
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Grobosch
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Torsten Binscheck-Domaß
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frenzel
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
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27
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Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Koenig M, Tingelhoff E, Staeheli SN, Roemmelt AT, Kraemer T. Comparison of conventional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry versus microflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry within the framework of full method validation for simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressants and neuroleptics in whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Bernard M, Akrout W, Van Buu CT, Metz C, Antignac M, Yagoubi N, Do B. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cardiovascular drugs applied to the detection of substandard and falsified drugs. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:562-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélisande Bernard
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
- Faculty of pharmacy; Paris Sud University, UA 401 Matériaux et Santé; Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Wiem Akrout
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Christelle Tran Van Buu
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Carole Metz
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Marie Antignac
- Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital-Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien HUEP; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Najet Yagoubi
- Faculty of pharmacy; Paris Sud University, UA 401 Matériaux et Santé; Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Bernard Do
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
- Faculty of pharmacy; Paris Sud University, UA 401 Matériaux et Santé; Châtenay-Malabry France
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Patteet L, Cappelle D, Maudens KE, Crunelle CL, Sabbe B, Neels H. Advances in detection of antipsychotics in biological matrices. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 441:11-22. [PMID: 25512162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measuring antipsychotic concentrations in human matrices is important for both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic toxicology. This review provides a critical overview of the analytical methods for detection and quantification of antipsychotics published in the last four years. Focus lies on advances in sample preparation, analytical techniques and alternative matrices. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used most often for quantification of antipsychotics. This sensitive technique makes it possible to determine low concentrations not only in serum, plasma or whole blood, but also in alternative matrices like oral fluid, dried blood spots, hair, nails and other body tissues. Current literature on analytical techniques for alternative matrices is still limited and often requires a more thorough validation including a comparison between conventional and alternative results to determine their actual value. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) makes it possible to quantify a high amount of compounds within a shorter run time. This technique is widely used for multi-analyte methods. Only recently, high-resolution mass spectrometry has gained importance when a combination of screening of (un)known metabolites, and quantification is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Patteet
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Delphine Cappelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof E Maudens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cleo L Crunelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for TDM and Toxicology, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekensstraat 267, B-2060 Antwerp, Belgium
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30
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Mut L, Grobosch T, Binscheck-Domaß T, Frenzel W. Toxicological screening of human plasma by on-line SPE-HPLC-DAD: identification and quantification of basic drugs and metabolites. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:935-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mut
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Grobosch
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Torsten Binscheck-Domaß
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frenzel
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
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31
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Viinamäki J, Ojanperä I. Photodiode array to charged aerosol detector response ratio enables comprehensive quantitative monitoring of basic drugs in blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 865:1-7. [PMID: 25732578 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative screening for a broad range of drugs in blood is regularly required to assess drug abuse and poisoning within analytical toxicology. Mass spectrometry-based procedures suffer from the large amount of work required to maintain quantitative calibration in extensive multi-compound methods. In this study, a quantitative drug screening method for blood samples was developed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with two consecutive detectors: a photodiode array detector and a corona charged aerosol detector (UHPLC-DAD-CAD). The 2.1 mm × 150 mm UHPLC column contained a high-strength silica C18 bonded phase material with a particle size of 1.8 μm, and the mobile phase consisted of methanol/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in gradient mode. Identification was based on retention time, UV spectrum and the response ratio from the two detectors. Using historic calibration over a one-month period, the median precision (RSD) of retention times was 0.04% and the median accuracy (bias) of quantification 6.75%. The median precision of the detector response ratio over two orders of magnitude was 12%. The applicable linear ranges were generally 0.05-5 mg L(-1). The method was validated for 161 compounds, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antihistamines, opioid analgesics, and adrenergic beta blocking drugs, among others. The main novelty of the method was the proven utility of the response ratio of DAD to CAD, which provided the additional identification efficiency required. Unlike with mass spectrometry, the high stability of identification and quantification allowed the use of facile historic calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Viinamäki
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Fast targeted analysis of 132 acidic and neutral drugs and poisons in whole blood using LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Biological sample preparation: attempts on productivity increasing in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1691-710. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important step of any biomedical analysis. Development and validation of fast, reproducible and reliable sample preparation methods would be very helpful in increasing productivity. Except for a few direct injection methods, almost all biological samples should at least be diluted before any analysis. Sometimes dilution is not possible because of the low concentration of the target analyte in the sample, and alternative pretreatments, such as filtration, precipitation and sample clean up using different extraction methods, are needed. This review focuses on the recent achievements in the pretreatment of biological samples and investigates them in six categories (i.e., dilution, filtration/dialysis, precipitation, extraction [solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction], novel techniques [turbulent flow chromatography, immunoaffinity method, electromembrane extraction] and combined methods). Each category will be discussed according to its productivity rate and suitability for routine analysis, and the discussed methods will be compared according to the mentioned indices.
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Development and validation of a liquid-chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry approach for quantification of nine cytochrome P450 (CYP) model substrate metabolites in an in vitro CYP inhibition cocktail. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4453-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Montenarh D, Hopf M, Warth S, Maurer HH, Schmidt P, Ewald AH. A simple extraction and LC-MS/MS approach for the screening and identification of over 100 analytes in eight different matrices. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:214-40. [PMID: 24753436 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-analyte approach using one single work-up approach in whole blood, plasma, serum, post-mortem blood, liver tissue, gastric content, hair, and urine was developed for fast target screening and reliable identification of 130 analytes often requested in clinical and forensic toxicology. Samples (500 μL each) of whole blood, plasma, serum, post-mortem blood, tissue (homogenized 1 + 4 with water), as well as 3 g of distilled gastric contents, 1 mL of urine, or 20 mg of pulverized hair were extracted at different pH values with an diethyl ether-ethyl acetate mixture (1:1). Separation and identification were performed using LC-QTRAP with electrospray ionization in positive mode. For identification 1 scheduled multi-reaction-mode (sMRM) method with 390 transitions was developed covering benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, antidepressants, neuroleptics, opioids, new synthetic drugs, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. For positive sMRM transitions with intensities exceeding 5000 cps, dependent scans (EPI scan collision energy, 35 eV, collision energy spread, 15 eV) were performed for library search using our in-house library. The method was developed with respect to selectivity, matrix effects, recovery, process efficiency, limit of detection, and applicability. The simple work-up procedure was suitable for all biosamples with exception of urine in respect to low concentrated analytes, which showed median recovery values of 59%. The method was selective for 130 analytes in all 8 biosamples. For 106 analytes, the limit of detection in whole blood, plasma, and serum was lower than the lowest therapeutic concentration listed in blood level lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Montenarh
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Remane D, Montenarh D, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Application of a UHPLC MS/MS–Based Multianalyte Approach for Screening and Validated Quantification of Drugs in Human Blood Plasma Often Requested in the Context of Brain Death Diagnosis. Ther Drug Monit 2014; 36:257-60. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182a94e91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gradinaru J, Vullioud A, Eap CB, Ansermot N. Quantification of typical antipsychotics in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Behavioral and neurochemical characterization of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) extract. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:13-25. [PMID: 23846544 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitragyna speciosa and its extracts are named kratom (dried leaves, extract). It contains several alkaloids and is used in traditional medicine to alleviate musculoskeletal pain, hypertension, coughing, diarrhea, and as an opiate substitute for addicts. Abuse and addiction to kratom is described, and kratom has attracted increasing interest in Western countries. Individual effects of kratom on opioidergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic receptors are known, but not all of the effects have been explained. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are needed. METHODS The effects of kratom extract on mice behavior were investigated following oral (po), intraperitoneal (ip), and intracerebroventricular (icv) application. Receptor-binding studies were performed. RESULTS In μ opioid receptor knockout mice (-/-) and wild type (+/+) animals, the extract reduced locomotor activity after ip and low po doses in +/+ animals, but not after icv administration. The ip effect was counteracted by 0.3 mg/kg of apomorphine sc, suggesting dopaminergic presynaptic activity. An analgesic effect was only found in -/- mice after icv application. Norbinaltorphimine abolished the analgesic effect, but not the inhibitory effect, on locomotor activity, indicating that the analgesic effect is mediated via κ opioid receptors. Oral doses, which did not diminish locomotor activity, impaired the acquisition of shuttle box avoidance learning. There was no effect on consolidation. Binding studies showed affinity of kratom to μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors and to dopamine D1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in drug-naïve mice demonstrate weak behavioral effects mediated via μ and κ opioid receptors.
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Meyer MR, Caspar A, Brandt SD, Maurer HH. A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:225-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dias E, Hachey B, McNaughton C, Nian H, Yu C, Straka B, Brown NJ, Caprioli RM. An LC-MS assay for the screening of cardiovascular medications in human samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 937:44-53. [PMID: 24013190 PMCID: PMC3800555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs are the most commonly prescribed medications. Some prior assays successfully detect cardiovascular drugs among multiple classes using a single sample. Here, we develop an assay to detect a broad range of cardiovascular drug classes to include commonly used cardiovascular drugs and evaluate the assay's analytical and statistical properties in a clinical setting. We describe a protocol for drug detection that encompasses 34 commonly prescribed cardiovascular drugs or drug metabolites with a single LC-MS/MS method using 100μL of serum or plasma. Drug classes monitored by this assay include: anticoagulants, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, statins, and vasodilators, as well as digoxin, fenofibrate, and niacin. Analytical accuracy and precision for each drug were evaluated by repeating the assay on spiked samples at low, medium, and high concentrations. In 294 clinical samples obtained from hospitalized patients for whom medication administration was recorded, we evaluated the assay's statistical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. For the 34 drugs or drug metabolites, the assay was statistically sensitive (>0.90) for all drugs except captopril (0.25), isosorbide (0.81), and niacin (0.89). The assay was statistically specific for all drugs, with a minimum specificity of 0.94 (aspirin). To our knowledge, this method is the first method of simultaneous analysis of 34 cardiovascular drugs or drug metabolites from nine drug classes evaluated using clinical samples from hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Dias
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Hachey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Candace McNaughton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hui Nian
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Britt Straka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy J. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Amundsen I, Øiestad Å, Ekeberg D, Kristoffersen L. Quantitative determination of fifteen basic pharmaceuticals in ante- and post-mortem whole blood by high pH mobile phase reversed phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:112-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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What is the future of (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography coupled to low and high resolution mass spectrometry for toxicological drug screening? J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Proença P, Franco JM, Mustra C, Monteiro C, Costa J, Corte-Real F, Vieira DN. UPLC-MS/MS determination in blood of a mixed-drug fatal intoxication: A case report. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 227:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Strano Rossi S, Anzillotti L, Castrignanò E, Frison G, Zancanaro F, Chiarotti M. UHPLC-MS/MS and UHPLC-HRMS identification of zolpidem and zopiclone main urinary metabolites and method development for their toxicological determination. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:226-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Strano Rossi
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Luca Anzillotti
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Giampietro Frison
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Forensic Toxicology, Department of Prevention; Azienda ULSS 12 Veneziana; Mestre (Venezia) Italy
| | - Flavio Zancanaro
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Forensic Toxicology, Department of Prevention; Azienda ULSS 12 Veneziana; Mestre (Venezia) Italy
| | - Marcello Chiarotti
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide information for interpreting outcome results from monitoring of antipsychotics in biological samples. A brief overview of the working mechanisms, pharmacological effects, drug interactions, and analytical methods of classical and atypical antipsychotics is given. Nineteen antipsychotics were selected based on their importance in the worldwide market as follows: amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, bromperidol, clozapine, flupenthixol, haloperidol, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpiride, and zuclopenthixol. A straightforward relationship between administered dose, plasma or serum concentration, clinical outcome, or adverse effects is often lacking. Nowadays, focus lies on therapeutic drug monitoring and individualized therapy to find adequate treatment, to explain treatment failure or nonresponse, and to check patient compliance. However, extensive research in this field is still mandatory.
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Fast screening of 88 pharmaceutical drugs and metabolites in whole blood by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:863-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Verplaetse R, Cuypers E, Tytgat J. The evaluation of the applicability of a high pH mobile phase in ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in urine and blood. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nielsen MKK, Johansen SS. Simultaneous Determination of 25 Common Pharmaceuticals in Whole Blood Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:497-506. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Peters FT, Remane D. Aspects of matrix effects in applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to forensic and clinical toxicology—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2155-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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