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Rasmusson K, Fagerlund F. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as contaminants in groundwater resources - A comprehensive review of subsurface transport processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142663. [PMID: 38908440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants in the environment. An increased awareness of adverse health effects related to PFAS has further led to stricter regulations for several of these substances in e.g. drinking water in many countries. Groundwater constitutes an important source of raw water for drinking water production. A thorough understanding of PFAS subsurface fate and transport mechanisms leading to contamination of groundwater resources is therefore essential for management of raw water resources. A review of scientific literature on the subject of processes affecting subsurface PFAS fate and transport was carried out. This article compiles the current knowledge of such processes, mainly focusing on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), in soil- and groundwater systems. Further, a compilation of data on transport parameters such as solubility and distribution coefficients, as well as, insight gained and conclusions drawn from the reviewed material are presented. As the use of certain fire-fighting foams has been identified as the major source of groundwater contamination in many countries, research related to this type of pollution source has been given extra focus. Uptake of PFAS in biota is outside the scope of this review. The review showed a large spread in the magnitude of distribution coefficients and solubility for individual PFAS. Also, it is clear that the influence of multiple factors makes site-specific evaluation of distribution coefficients valuable. This article aims at giving the reader a comprehensive overview of the subject, and providing a base for further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rasmusson
- Uppsala Water and Waste AB, Virdings allé 32B, SE-75450, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fritjof Fagerlund
- Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Fan Y, Yu R, Waterhouse GIN, Wang R, Sun Y, Xu Z. Development of a capillary electrophoresis method based on magnetic solid-phase extraction for simultaneous and sensitive detection of eight biogenic amines in foods. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3256-3264. [PMID: 38087413 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biogenic amines (BAs) in high concentrations are toxic and may cause a series of health symptoms. A sensitive measurement of BA levels is essential for human health. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged for the separation of eight BAs due to simple sample preparation and highly efficient separation. However, an important drawback for CE is low sensitivity. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has become a technique of interest owing to its brief operation and low solvent consumption. Hence, MSPE as a pretreatment has great potential to improve CE sensitivity for the analysis of BAs in complex food. RESULTS Results showed that the Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH possessed strong magnetism, good reusability, and high adsorptive ability toward eight biogenic amines based on the hydrogen bonding between the -COOH of Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH and -NH2 groups of BAs. Using it as an adsorbent, a magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis (MSPE-CE) method was developed to effectively extract and sensitively analyze eight BAs. Under optimal conditions, the MSPE-CE method has wide linearities (10.0-1000.0 μg L-1 ) and low limits of detection (1.0-6.1 μg L-1 ). The accuracy of the developed method yielded recovery values from 82.07% to 102.58%. Meanwhile, the BAs contents in two samples were analyzed using the MSPE-CE method, with the results consistent with those detected by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. CONCLUSION Given those advantages, the established MSPE-CE method promises the practical guidance of monitoring a variety of BAs and provides a foundation for the detection of other food hazards. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | - Runze Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | | | - Ruiqiang Wang
- Shandong Cayon Testing Co., Ltd, Jining, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
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Li L, Haak L, Guarin TC, Teel L, Sundaram V, Pagilla KR. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances removal in multi-barrier advanced water purification system for indirect potable reuse. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10990. [PMID: 38291828 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The study evaluated the removal efficacy of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) across various advanced water treatment (AWT) processes in a field-scale AWT train using secondary effluent samples from a full-scale water reclamation facility (WRF). Samples collected from April to October 2020 revealed PFCAs as the dominant PFAS compounds in the WRF secondary effluent, with PFPeA having the highest average concentration and PFSAs in notably lower amounts. Temporal fluctuations in total PFAS concentrations peaked in September 2020, which may reflect the seasonality in PFAS discharges related to applications like AFFFs and pesticides. In assessing AWT processes, coagulation-flocculation-clarification-filtration system showed no notable PFAS reduction, while ozonation resulted in elevated PFBS and PFBA concentrations. Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration effectively removed long-chain PFAS like PFOS and PFHxS but saw increased concentrations of short-chain PFAS post-treatment. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was the most effective treatment, reducing all PFSAs below the detection limits and significantly decreasing most PFCAs, though short-chain PFCAs persisted. UV treatment did not remove short-chain PFCAs such as PFBA, PFPeA, and PFHxA. The findings highlight the efficacy of AWT processes like GAC in PFAS reduction for potable reuse, but also underscore the challenge presented by short-chain PFAS, emphasizing the need for tailored treatment strategies. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Secondary effluents showed higher concentrations of PFCAs compared to PFSAs. Advanced water treatment effectively removes long-chain PFAS but not short-chain. Ozonation may contribute to formation of short-chain PFAS. BAC is less effective on short-chain PFAS, requiring further GAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Laura Haak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Tatiana C Guarin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- UNAB's Circular Bioeconomy Research Center, Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Lydia Teel
- Truckee Meadows Water Authority, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Krishna R Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Zango ZU, Ethiraj B, Al-Mubaddel FS, Alam MM, Lawal MA, Kadir HA, Khoo KS, Garba ZN, Usman F, Zango MU, Lim JW. An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116102. [PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Campos-Pereira H, Kleja DB, Ahrens L, Enell A, Kikuchi J, Pettersson M, Gustafsson JP. Effect of pH, surface charge and soil properties on the solid-solution partitioning of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a wide range of temperate soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138133. [PMID: 36791815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The pH-dependent soil-water partitioning of six perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) of environmental concern (PFOA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, PFOS and FOSA), was investigated for 11 temperate mineral soils and related to soil properties such as organic carbon content (0.2-3%), concentrations of Fe and Al (hydr)oxides, and texture. PFAS sorption was positively related to the perfluorocarbon chain length of the molecule, and inversely related to solution pH for all substances. The negative slope between log Kd and pH became steeper with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length of the PFAS (r2 = 0.75, p ≤ 0.05). Organic carbon (OC) alone was a poor predictor of the partitioning for all PFASs, except for FOSA (r2 = 0.71), and the OC-normalized PFAS partitioning, as derived from organic soil materials, underestimated PFAS sorption to the soils. Multiple linear regression suggested sorption contributions (p ≤ 0.05) from OC for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and FOSA, and Fe/Al (hydr)oxides for PFOS, FOSA, and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA). FOSA was the only substance under study for which there was a statistically significant correlation between its binding and soil texture (silt + clay). To predict PFAS sorption, the surface net charge of the soil organic matter fraction of all soils was calculated using the Stockholm Humic Model. When calibrated against charge-dependent PFAS sorption to a peat (Oe) material, the derived model significantly underestimated the measured Kd values for 10 out of 11 soils. To conclude, additional sorbents, possibly including silicate minerals, contribute to the binding of PFASs in soil. More research is needed to develop geochemical models that can accurately predict PFAS sorption in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Campos-Pereira
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan B Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Kikuchi
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Thematic Studies, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Jon Petter Gustafsson
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7014, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Groffen T, Prinsen E, Devos Stoffels OA, Maas L, Vincke P, Lasters R, Eens M, Bervoets L. PFAS accumulation in several terrestrial plant and invertebrate species reveals species-specific differences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23820-23835. [PMID: 36331738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known persistence and bioaccumulation potential of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), much uncertainty exists regarding their bioavailability in the terrestrial environment. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of soil characteristics and PFAS concentrations on the adsorption of PFAS to soil and their influence on the PFAS bioavailability to terrestrial plants and invertebrates. PFAS concentrations and profile were compared among different invertebrate and plant species and differences between leaves and fruits/nuts of the plant species were assessed. Soil concentrations were primarily affected by organic carbon content. The PFAS accumulation in biota was, except for PFOA concentrations in nettles, unrelated to the soil concentrations, as well as to the soil characteristics. The PFAS profiles in soil and invertebrates were mainly dominated by PFOA and PFOS, whereas short-chained PFAS were more abundant in plant tissues. Our results show that different invertebrate taxa accumulate different PFAS, likely due to dietary differences. Both long-chained and, to lesser extent, short-chained PFAS were observed in herbivorous invertebrate taxa, whereas the carnivorous invertebrates only accumulated long-chained PFAS. Correlations were observed between PFOA concentrations in herbivorous invertebrates and in the leaves of some plant species, whereas such relationships were absent for the carnivorous spiders. It is essential to continuously monitor PFAS exposure in terrestrial organisms, taking into account differences in bioaccumulation, and subsequent potential toxicity, among taxa, in order to protect the terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ona-Abeni Devos Stoffels
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Layla Maas
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vincke
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robin Lasters
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Song XL, Lv H, Liao KC, Wang DD, Li GM, Wu YY, Chen QY, Chen Y. Application of magnetic carbon nanotube composite nanospheres in magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace perfluoroalkyl substances from environmental water samples. Talanta 2023; 253:123930. [PMID: 36113335 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer assembly technique was used to synthesize novel multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on magnetic carbon (Fe3O4@C) nanospheres, which were then used to extract six perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental real water samples using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The as-synthesized sorbent MWCNTs@Fe3O4@C was employed for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The as-prepared MWCNTs@Fe3O4@C was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The main extraction parameters were systematically optimized by Box-Behnken design. Under optimal conditions, excellent results were achieved. The synthesized sorbent showed wide linear ranges (0.1-1000 ng L-1), low detection limits (0.03-0.09 ng L-1) and good repeatability (3.80%-9.52%) for extracting and detecting six PFAS. The developed method was also applied to analyze six PFAS from environmental water samples. This study indicated that MWCNTs@Fe3O4@C composites are promising materials for the extraction and determination of PFAS from water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li Song
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Hui Lv
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Ke-Chao Liao
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Gui-Mei Li
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Yi-Yao Wu
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Qian-Yu Chen
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Shandong Police College, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Heffernan E, Wenger J, Towers S, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K. A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for the analysis of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PM 2.5 and its application for screening atmospheric particulates from Dublin and Enniscorthy, Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155496. [PMID: 35483471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method has been developed and validated for the determination of 16 polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) - negative electrospray ionisation high resolution mass spectrometry (-) ESI-HRMS. On-line SPE allows simultaneous sample clean-up from interfering matrices and lower limits of detection (LODs) by injecting a large volume of sample into the LC system without compromising chromatographic efficiency and resolution. The method provides LODs in the range 0.08-0.5 pg/mL of sample extract allowing detection of selected PFAS in aerosol particles at low fg/m3 level and showed good tolerance to the considered PM matrix. The validated method was applied for analysis of PFAS in ambient PM2.5 samples collected at two urban locations in Ireland, i.e., Enniscorthy and Dublin. Several PFAS were observed above the detection limit, including perfluorobutyrate (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (L-PFBS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), as well as fluorotelomer sulfonates: 4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS. The results indicate that some toxic PFAS, such as PFOS and PFOA, are still detected in the environment despite being phased out from production and subject to restricted use in the EU and USA for more than two decades. Observation of fluorotelomer sulfonates (4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS, which are used as alternatives for legacy PFOA and PFOS) in ambient PM2.5 samples raises a concern about their persistence in the atmosphere and impact on human health considering emerging evidence that they could have similar health endpoints as PFOA and PFOS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify PFAS in ambient PM2.5 at urban locations in Ireland and also the first study to detect 4:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates in atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Stig Hellebust
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eimear Heffernan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Wenger
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sam Towers
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ERL, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ERL, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
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Jariah A, Shiddiq M, Armynah B, Tahir D. Sensor Heavy Metal from Natural Resources for a Green Environment: A Review Relation Between Synthesis Method and Luminescence Properties of Carbon Dots. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1246-1258. [PMID: 35671060 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots are 10-nm nanomaterial classes as excellent candidates in various applications: physics, biology, chemistry, and food science due to high stable biocompatibility and high surface expansive. Carbon dots (CDs) produced from natural materials have received wide attention due to their unique benefits, easy availabilities, sufficient costs, and harmless to the ecosystem. The various properties of CDs can be obtained from various synthesis methods: hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and pyrolysis. The CDs have shown enormous potential in metal particle detection, colorimetric sensors, electrochemical sensors, and pesticide sensor. This review provides systematic information on a synthesis method based on natural resources and the application to the environmental sensors for supporting the clean environment. We hopefully this review, useful as a reference source in providing the guidance or roadmap of new researchers to develop new strategy in increasing luminescence properties CDs for multi detection of heavy metal in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Jariah
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhandis Shiddiq
- Research Centre for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Science, Pupiptek Banten, Indonesia
| | | | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Fabregat-Palau J, Vidal M, Rigol A. Modelling the sorption behaviour of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and perfluoroalkane sulfonates in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149343. [PMID: 34418616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple parametric model was developed to predict the sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils. Initially, sorption and desorption solid-liquid distribution coefficients (Kd and Kd,des respectively) of eight PFASs (five perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, PFCAs, and three perfluoroalkane sulfonates, PFSAs) in seven soils with organic carbon (OC) content ranging from 1.6 to 41% were quantified using batch experiments. The information obtained helped to fill the gaps in a literature-based database of Kd values of PFASs, which was lacking data on soils with high OC content. The overall dataset finally comprised 435 entries. Normalized sorption coefficients for the soil OC and mineral fraction contents (KOC and KMIN respectively) were deduced for each PFAS by correlating the corresponding Kd values obtained under a wide range of experimental conditions with the fraction of organic carbon (fOC) of the soils. Furthermore, the sorption mechanisms in each phase were shown to depend mainly on PFAS chain length. The dependence of KOC and KMIN values on PFAS chain length defined the basic equations to construct the model for predicting PFAS sorption, applicable to both PFCAs and PFSAs with chain lengths ranging from 3 to 11 fluorinated carbons. The validation of the proposed model confirmed its ability to predict the Kd of PFASs based only on the soil OC and silt+clay contents and PFAS chain length. Therefore, it can be used in the first stages of a risk assessment process aiming at estimating the potential mobility of PFASs in soils after a contamination event. SYNOPSIS: This study develops a new parametric model to predict the sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fabregat-Palau
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vidal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rigol
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Rovero M, Cutt D, Griffiths R, Filipowicz U, Mishkin K, White B, Goodrow S, Wilkin RT. Limitations of Current Approaches for Predicting Groundwater Vulnerability from PFAS Contamination in the Vadose Zone. GROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION 2021; 41:62-75. [PMID: 35087263 PMCID: PMC8788618 DOI: 10.1111/gwmr.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Published literature for reported sorption coefficients (Kd) of eight anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil was reviewed. Kd values spanned three to five log units indicating that no single value would be appropriate for use in estimating PFAS impacts to groundwater using existing soil-water partition equations. Regression analysis was used to determine if the soil or solution parameters might be used to predict Kd values. None of the 15 experimental parameters collected could individually explain variability in reported Kd values. Significant associations between Kd and soil calcium and sodium content were found for many of the selected PFAS, suggesting that soil cation content may be critical to PFAS sorption, as previously noted in sources like Higgins and Luthy (2006), while organic carbon content was significant only at elevated levels (>5%). Unexplained discrepancies between the results from studies where PFAS were introduced to soil and desorbed in the laboratory and those that used material from PFAS-impacted sites suggest that laboratory experiments may be overlooking some aspects critical to PFAS sorption. Future studies would benefit from the development and use of standardized analytical methods to improve data quality and the establishment of soil parameters appropriate for collection to produce more complete data sets for predictive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Rovero
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Groundwater Characterization and Remediation Division, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820
| | - Diana Cutt
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Technical Support Coordination Division, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007
| | - Rachel Griffiths
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007
| | - Urszula Filipowicz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2, 290 Broadway, New York, NY 10007
| | - Katherine Mishkin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Brad White
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Sandra Goodrow
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 428 East State Street, 1st Floor, Trenton, NJ 08625
| | - Richard T Wilkin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Groundwater Characterization and Remediation Division, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820
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12
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LC-HRMS screening of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in impregnated paper samples and contaminated soils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1217-1225. [PMID: 34240229 PMCID: PMC8724098 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations have been detected in agricultural soils in Southwest Germany. Discharges of PFAS-contaminated paper sludge and compost are suspected to be the cause of the contamination. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been detected also in groundwater, drinking water, and plants in this area. Recently, previously unknown compounds have been identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Major contaminants were polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (diPAPs) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol–based phosphate diester (diSAmPAP). In this study, HRMS screening for PFAS was applied to 14 soil samples from the contaminated area and 14 impregnated paper samples which were from a similar period than the contamination. The paper samples were characterized by diPAPs (from 4:2/6:2 to 12:2/12:2), fluorotelomer mercapto alkyl phosphates (FTMAPs; 6:2/6:2 to 10:2/10:2), and diSAmPAP. In soil samples, diPAPs and their transformation products (TPs) were the major contaminants, but also FTMAPs, diSAmPAP, and their TPs occurred. The distribution patterns of the carbon chain lengths of the precursor PFAS in soil samples were shown to resemble those in paper samples. This supports the hypothesis that paper sludge is a major source of contamination. The presence of major degradation products like PFCAs, FTSAs, or PFOS and their distribution of carbon chain lengths indicate the activity of biotic or abiotic degradation processes and selective leaching processes from the upper soil horizons.
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13
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Zhu X, Song X, Schwarzbauer J. First insights into the formation and long-term dynamic behaviors of nonextractable perfluorooctanesulfonate and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate residues in a silty clay soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143230. [PMID: 33158517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and toxic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment. They can incorporate into soil as nonextractable residues (NER) which are not detectable with conventional analytical protocols but are still possible to remobilize with changes of surrounding conditions, and thus will be bioavailable again. Therefore, there is a need to investigate thoroughly the long-term fate of NER-PFAS. In this study, a 240-day incubation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) in a silty clay topsoil was carried out. Solvent extraction, alkaline hydrolysis and sequential chemical degradation were applied on periodically sampled soil to obtain extractable, moderately bound and deeply bound PFAS, respectively. The results confirmed the formation of NER of both compounds but with different preferences of incorporating mechanisms. NER-PFOS was formed predominantly by covalent binding (via head group) and strong adsorption (via tail group). The formation of NER-F-53B was mainly driven by physical entrapment. Both bound compounds within the incubation period showed three-stage behaviors including an initial period with slight release followed by a (re) incorporating stage and a subsequent remobilizing stage. This work provides some first insights on the long-term dynamic behaviors of nonextractable PFAS and will be conducive to their risk assessment and remediation (e.g. estimating potential NER-PFAS level based on their free extractable level, and selecting remediation methods according to their prevailing binding mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhu
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr, 4-20, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China.
| | - Jan Schwarzbauer
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr, 4-20, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Bolan N, Sarkar B, Yan Y, Li Q, Wijesekara H, Kannan K, Tsang DCW, Schauerte M, Bosch J, Noll H, Ok YS, Scheckel K, Kumpiene J, Gobindlal K, Kah M, Sperry J, Kirkham MB, Wang H, Tsang YF, Hou D, Rinklebe J. Remediation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - To mobilize or to immobilize or to degrade? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123892. [PMID: 33113753 PMCID: PMC8025151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals, which are introduced to the environment through anthropogenic activities. Aqueous film forming foam used in firefighting, wastewater effluent, landfill leachate, and biosolids are major sources of PFAS input to soil and groundwater. Remediation of PFAS contaminated solid and aqueous media is challenging, which is attributed to the chemical and thermal stability of PFAS and the complexity of PFAS mixtures. In this review, remediation of PFAS contaminated soils through manipulation of their bioavailability and destruction is presented. While the mobilizing amendments (e.g., surfactants) enhance the mobility and bioavailability of PFAS, the immobilizing amendments (e.g., activated carbon) decrease their bioavailability and mobility. Mobilizing amendments can be applied to facilitate the removal of PFAS though soil washing, phytoremediation, and complete destruction through thermal and chemical redox reactions. Immobilizing amendments are likely to reduce the transfer of PFAS to food chain through plant and biota (e.g., earthworm) uptake, and leaching to potable water sources. Future studies should focus on quantifying the potential leaching of the mobilized PFAS in the absence of removal by plant and biota uptake or soil washing, and regular monitoring of the long-term stability of the immobilized PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthi Bolan
- The Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yubo Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Marina Schauerte
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Julian Bosch
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Noll
- INTRAPORE GmbH, Advanced In Situ Groundwater Remediation, Essen, Leipzig, Mailand, Katernberger Str. 107, 45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kirk Scheckel
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kapish Gobindlal
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Institute of Soil Engineering, Waste- and Water-Management, Faculty of Architecture und Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
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15
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Zango ZU, Jumbri K, Sambudi NS, Ramli A, Abu Bakar NHH, Saad B, Rozaini MNH, Isiyaka HA, Jagaba AH, Aldaghri O, Sulieman A. A Critical Review on Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites as Advanced Materials for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants from Wastewater. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2648. [PMID: 33182825 PMCID: PMC7698011 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-borne emerging pollutants are among the greatest concern of our modern society. Many of these pollutants are categorized as endocrine disruptors due to their environmental toxicities. They are harmful to humans, aquatic animals, and plants, to the larger extent, destroying the ecosystem. Thus, effective environmental remediations of these pollutants became necessary. Among the various remediation techniques, adsorption and photocatalytic degradation have been single out as the most promising. This review is devoted to the compilations and analysis of the role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites as potential materials for such applications. Emerging organic pollutants, like dyes, herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceutical products, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perfluorinated alkyl substances, have been extensively studied. Important parameters that affect these processes, such as surface area, bandgap, percentage removal, equilibrium time, adsorption capacity, and recyclability, are documented. Finally, we paint the current scenario and challenges that need to be addressed for MOFs and their composites to be exploited for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
- Chemistry Department, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina 2137, Nigeria
| | - Khairulazhar Jumbri
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Anita Ramli
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | | | - Bahruddin Saad
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Muhammad Nur’ Hafiz Rozaini
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (A.R.); (B.S.); (M.N.H.R.); (H.A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
- Civil Engineering Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria;
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Physics Department, College of Science, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abduaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
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16
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He X, He Y, Huang S, Fang Z, Liu J, Ma M, Chen B. Fluoro-functionalized paper-based solid-phase extraction for analysis of perfluorinated compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Yin Y, Zhao C, Zheng G, Li L, Liu S, Shan Q, Ma L, Zhu X. Development of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer beads using QuEChERS for simultaneous detection and quantification of 13 perfluorinated compounds in aquatic samples. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Bräunig J, Baduel C, Barnes CM, Mueller JF. Leaching and bioavailability of selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil contaminated by firefighting activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:471-479. [PMID: 30056234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historical usage of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) at firefighting training grounds (FTGs) is a potential source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to the surrounding environment. In this study the leaching of PFAAs from field contaminated soil and their uptake into biota was investigated. Soil was sampled from FTGs at two airports and the total as well as the leachable concentration of 12 PFAAs was determined. A greenhouse study was carried out to investigate the uptake of PFAAs from soils into earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and wheat grass (Elymus scaber). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were the most dominant PFAAs in all soils samples, with concentrations of PFOS reaching 13,400 ng/g. Leachable concentrations of PFOS and PFHxS reached up to 550 μg/L and 22 μg/L, respectively. In earthworms concentrations of PFOS reached 65,100 ng/g after a 28-day exposure period, while in wheat grass the highest concentration was measured for uptake of PFHxS (2,800 ng/g) after a 10-week growth-period. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for earthworms ranged from 0.1 for perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) to 23 for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) and initially showed a decreasing trend with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length, followed by an increase with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). In wheat grass the highest BAF was found for perfluorobutanoic acid (BAF = 70), while the lowest was observed for perfluorononanoic acid (BAF = 0.06). BAFs in wheat grass decreased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length for both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The results show that PFAAs readily leach from impacted soils and are bioaccumulated into earthworms and plants in an analyte dependent way. This shows considerable potential for PFAAs to move away from the original source either by leaching or uptake into ecological receptors, which may be a potential entry route into the terrestrial foodweb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Christine Baduel
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Craig M Barnes
- Airservices Australia, 25 Constitution Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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19
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Liu Y, Ma L, Yang Q, Li G, Zhang F. Occurrence and spatial distribution of perfluorinated compounds in groundwater receiving reclaimed water through river bank infiltration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1203-1211. [PMID: 30223336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater are of widespread concern due to their potential toxicity to human health and ecological systems. PFCs in rivers can infiltrate into groundwater through riverbank infiltration, potentially endangering the safety of drinking water and causing a deterioration in the groundwater environment. This study investigated the occurrence of PFCs in rivers and riverside groundwater from 2014 to 2017 in a city in north China. PFCs were detected in most of the groundwater samples, ranging from not detected to 64.8 ng L-1. The predominant PFCs in both river and groundwater samples were perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluorobutanoic acid. The PFC concentrations and major compounds were consistent in both the river and riverside groundwater samples at each site, suggesting that the adjacent river was the source of the PFCs in the riverside groundwater. The spatial distribution of the PFCs in the riverside groundwater was affected by the hydraulic connection between the groundwater and the river, the lithology of the aquifer and the properties of the compounds. The results indicated that PFCs were attenuated during riverbank infiltration and the ability of different riverbank lithologies to remove PFCs was in the order sandy clay > fine sand > sandy gravel. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations decreased sharply with increasing distances from river, whereas perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonate and perfluorobutanoic acid could by transported for greater distances in riverside groundwater. This study provides valuable information on PFCs in riverside groundwater affected by riverbank infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing 100195, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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20
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Wei C, Wang Q, Song X, Chen X, Fan R, Ding D, Liu Y. Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of PFASs and two PFOS alternatives in groundwater from non-industrial areas. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 152:141-150. [PMID: 29402442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been carried out for the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater from non-industrial areas, even though it has been proved that PFASs can transport for long distance. In this study, the concentration profiles and geographical distribution of 14 PFASs, including two alternatives of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) and potassium 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B), were analyzed in groundwater samples (n = 102) collected from water wells in non-industrial areas. The total concentrations of PFASs (Σ14PFASs) in groundwater samples ranged from 2.69 to 556 ng/L (mean 43.1 ng/L). The detection rates of shorter chain (C4-C9) PFASs were 62.75-100%, higher than those of long chain (> C10) PFASs with detection rates of less than 40%. The source identification using hierarchical cluster analysis and Spearman rank correlation analysis suggested that domestic sewage and atmospheric deposition may contribute significantly to the PFAS occurrence in groundwater in non-industrial areas, while the nearby industrial parks may contribute some, but not at a significant level. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment analysis shows that the health hazards associated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and PFOS, two of the main PFAS constituents in groundwater from non-industrial areas, were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those in a previous study, but were unlikely to cause long-term harm to the residents via the drinking water exposure pathway alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISSCAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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21
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Deng ZH, Cheng CG, Wang XL, Shi SH, Wang ML, Zhao RS. Preconcentration and Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Water Samples by Bamboo Charcoal-Based Solid-Phase Extraction Prior to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040902. [PMID: 29661989 PMCID: PMC6017341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, bamboo charcoal was used as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the enrichment of six perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in environmental water samples before liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The specific porous structure, high specific surface area, high porosity, and stability of bamboo charcoal were characterized. Several experimental parameters which considerably affect extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized in detail. The experimental data exhibited low limits of detection (LODs) (0.01–1.15 ng/L), wide linear range (2–3 orders of magnitude and R ≥ 0.993) within the concentration range of 0.1–1000 ng/L, and good repeatability (2.7–5.0%, n = 5 intraday and 4.8–8.3%, n = 5 interday) and reproducibility (5.3–8.0%, n = 3). Bamboo charcoal was successfully used for the enrichment and determination of PFAAs in real environmental water samples. The bamboo charcoal-based solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis possessed great potential in the determination of trace PFAA levels in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hui Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (C.-G.C.); (R.-S.Z.)
| | - Chuan-Ge Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (C.-G.C.); (R.-S.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (C.-G.C.); (R.-S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.-L.W.); (X.-L.W.)
| | - Shui-He Shi
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Dongming Environmental Protection Bureau, Dongming 274500, China;
| | - Ming-Lin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
- Correspondence: (M.-L.W.); (X.-L.W.)
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (C.-G.C.); (R.-S.Z.)
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22
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Inyang M, Dickenson ERV. The use of carbon adsorbents for the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from potable reuse systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:168-175. [PMID: 28586657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bench- and pilot-scale sorption tests were used to probe the performance of several biochars at removing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) from field waters, compared to granular activated carbon (GAC). Screening tests using organic matter-free water resulted in hardwood (HWC) (Kd = 41 L g-1) and pinewood (PWC) (Kd = 49 L g-1) biochars having the highest perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal performance that was comparable to bituminous coal GAC (Kd = 41 L g-1). PWC and HWC had a stronger affinity for PFOA sorbed in Lake Mead surface water (KF = 11 mg(1-n) Ln g-1) containing a lower (2 mg L-1) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration than in a tertiary-filtered wastewater (KF = 8 mg(1-n) Ln g-1) with DOC of 4.9 mg L-1. A pilot-scale study was performed using three parallel adsorbers (GAC, anthracite, and HWC biochar) treating the same tertiary-filtered wastewater. Compared to HWC, and anthracite, GAC was the most effective in mitigating perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPnA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PHxA), PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and DOC (45-67% removed at 4354 bed volumes) followed by HWC, and then anthracite. Based on bench- and pilot-scale results, shorter-chain PFAA [perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFPnA, or PFHxA] were more difficult to remove with both biochar and GAC than the longer-chain, PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandu Inyang
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA.
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA.
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23
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Miao Y, Guo X, Fan T, Yang C. Rates and equilibria of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) sorption on soils from different regions of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:102-108. [PMID: 28113113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding sorption of PFOA on soil particles is crucial to evaluate its environmental risk. Here, sorption of PFOA onto ten agricultural soils was examined. The influence of soil physico-chemical properties on PFOA sorption was investigated. The sorption rate of PFOA followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. Isotherm data of PFOA sorption was fitted with both Freundlich and linear models and the latter fitted better. The sorption-desorption of PFOA onto ten soil samples depended on soil organic carbon content and composition of soil minerals. The sorption and desorption isotherms of PFOA on ten soils were linear, except for the sorption of PFOA onto a few soils, which was described by the Freundlich equation with the parameter N >1. The main sorption mechanism of PFOA was hydrophobic interaction between the perfluorinated carbon chain and the organic matter of soil, as evidenced by the correlation between the solid-liquid distribution coefficient and the fraction of soil organic carbon. The sorption of PFOA in soils was highly irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miao
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tingyu Fan
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
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24
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Lee H, Mabury SA. Sorption of Perfluoroalkyl Phosphonates and Perfluoroalkyl Phosphinates in Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3197-3205. [PMID: 28222593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl phosphonates (PFPAs) and perfluoroalkyl phosphinates (PFPiAs) are recently discovered perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) that have been widely detected in house dust, aquatic biota, surface water, and wastewater environments. The sorption of C6, C8, and C10 monoalkylated PFPAs and C6/C6, C6/C8, and C8/C8 dialkylated PFPiAs was investigated in seven soils of varying geochemical parameters. Mean distribution coefficients, log Kd*, ranged from 0.2 to 2.1 for the PFPAs and PFPiAs and were generally observed to increase with perfluoroalkyl chain length. The log Kd* of PFPiAs calculated here (1.6-2.1) were similar to those previously measured for the longer-chain perfluorodecanesulfonate (1.9, PFDS) and perfluoroundecanoate (1.7, PFUnA) in sediments, but overall when compared as a class, were greater than those for the perfluoroalkanesulfonates (-0.8-1.9, PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (-0.4-1.7, PFCAs), and PFPAs (0.2-1.5). No single soil-specific parameter, such as pH and organic carbon content, was observed to control the sorption of PFPAs and PFPiAs, the lack of which may be attributed to competing interferences in the naturally heterogeneous soils. The PFPAs were observed to desorb to a greater extent and likely circulate as aqueous contaminants in the environment, while the more sorptive PFPiAs would be preferentially retained by environmental solid phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Lee
- Sciex , 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario, Canada , L4K 4 V8
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
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25
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Milinovic J, Lacorte S, Vidal M, Rigol A. Sorption behaviour of perfluoroalkyl substances in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:63-71. [PMID: 25531590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behaviour of three perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), was studied in six soils with contrasting characteristics, especially in the organic carbon content. Sorption isotherms were obtained by equilibrating the soil samples with 0.01 mol L(-1) CaCl2 solutions spiked with increasing concentrations of the target PFAS. The sorption reversibility of PFASs was also tested for some of the samples. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the target PFASs in the solutions. Both the Freundlich and linear models were appropriate to describe the sorption behaviour of PFASs in soils, and enabled us to derive solid-liquid distribution coefficients (Kd) for each compound in each soil. Kd values increased from 19 to 295 mL g(-1) for PFOS, from 2.2 to 38 mL g(-1) for PFOA and from 0.4 to 6.8 mL g(-1) for PFBS, and were positively correlated with the organic carbon content of the soil. KOC values obtained from the correlations were 710, 96 and 17 mL g(-1) for PFOS, PFOA and PFBS, respectively. Whereas Kd values decreased in the sequence PFOS>PFOA>PFBS, desorption yields were lower than 13% for PFOS, from 24 to 58% for PFOA, and from 32 to 60% for PFBS. This shows that the physicochemical characteristics of PFASs, basically their hydrophobicity, controlled their sorption behaviour in soils, with PFOS being the most irreversibly sorbed PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milinovic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rigol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Mazzoni M, Rusconi M, Valsecchi S, Martins CPB, Polesello S. An on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking and surface waters. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:942016. [PMID: 25834752 PMCID: PMC4365325 DOI: 10.1155/2015/942016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An UHPLC-MS/MS multiresidue method based on an on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of 9 perfluorinated carboxylates (from 4 to 12 carbon atoms) and 3 perfluorinated sulphonates (from 4 to 8 carbon atoms). This work proposes using an on-line solid phase extraction before chromatographic separation and analysis to replace traditional methods of off-line SPE before direct injection to LC-MS/MS. Manual sample preparation was reduced to sample centrifugation and acidification, thus eliminating several procedural errors and significantly reducing time-consuming and costs. Ionization suppression between target perfluorinated analytes and their coeluting SIL-IS were detected for homologues with a number of carbon atoms less than 9, but the quantitation was not affected. Total matrix effect corrected by SIL-IS, inclusive of extraction efficacy, and of ionization efficiency, ranged between -34 and +39%. The percentage of recoveries, between 76 and 134%, calculated in different matrices (tap water and rivers impacted by different pollutions) was generally satisfactory. LODs and LOQs of this on-line SPE method, which also incorporate recovery losses, ranged from 0.2 to 5.0 ng/L and from 1 to 20 ng/L, respectively. Validated on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS method has been applied in a wide survey for the determination of perfluoroalkyl acids in Italian surface and ground waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Mazzoni
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Marianna Rusconi
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Claudia P. B. Martins
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 16 avenue du Québec, Silic 765, Villebon-sur-Yvette, 91963 Courtaboeuf Cedex, France
| | - Stefano Polesello
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
- *Stefano Polesello:
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27
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Vierke L, Möller A, Klitzke S. Transport of perfluoroalkyl acids in a water-saturated sediment column investigated under near-natural conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:7-13. [PMID: 24333660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the transport of C4-10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and C4,6,8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) in a water-saturated sediment column representing a riverbank filtration scenario under near-natural conditions. Short-chain PFCAs and PFSAs with up to six C-atoms showed complete tracer-like breakthrough. Longer chain ones were retarded due to sorption to the sediment or due to other processes in the aqueous phase. The study reports the first column derived sediment-water partition coefficients ranging from 0.01 cm(3) g(-1) to 0.41 cm(3) g(-1) for C4,6 PFSAs and from 0.0 cm(3) g(-1) to 6.5 cm(3) g(-1) for C4,5,6,8,9 PFCAs. The results clearly indicate that short-chain PFCAs and PFSAs may pose a problem if contaminated surface waters are used for drinking water production via riverbank filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Vierke
- Federal Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany; Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Axel Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Sondra Klitzke
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Lee H, Tevlin AG, Mabury SA, Mabury SA. Fate of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters and their metabolites in biosolids-applied soil: biodegradation and plant uptake in greenhouse and field experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:340-9. [PMID: 24308318 DOI: 10.1021/es403949z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Significant contamination of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge implicates the practice of applying treated sludge or biosolids as a potential source of these chemicals onto agricultural farmlands. Recent efforts to characterize the sources of PFAAs in the environment have unveiled a number of fluorotelomer-based materials that are capable of degrading to the perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), such as the polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs), which have been detected in WWTP and paper fiber biosolids. Here, a greenhouse microcosm was used to investigate the fate of endogenous diPAPs and PFCAs present in WWTP and paper fiber biosolids upon amendment of these materials with soil that had been sown with Medicago truncatula plants. Biodegradation pathways and plant uptake were further elucidated in a separate greenhouse microcosm supplemented with high concentrations of 6:2 diPAP. Biosolid-amended soil exhibited increased concentrations of diPAPs (4-83 ng/g dry weight (dw)) and PFCAs (0.1-19 ng/g dw), as compared to control soils (nd-1.4 ng/g dw). Both plant uptake and biotransformation contributed to the observed decline in diPAP soil concentrations over time. Biotransformation was further evidenced by the degradation of 6:2 diPAP to its corresponding fluorotelomer intermediates and C4-C7 PFCAs. Substantial plant accumulation of endogenous PFCAs present in the biosolids (0.1-138 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and those produced from 6:2 diPAP degradation (100-58 000 ng/g ww) were observed within 1.5 months of application, with the congener profile dominated by the short-chain PFCAs (C4-C6). This pattern was corroborated by the inverse relationship observed between the plant-soil accumulation factor (PSAF, Cplant/Csoil) and carbon chain length (p < 0.05, r = 0.90-0.97). These results were complemented by a field study in which the fate of diPAPs and PFCAs was investigated upon application of compost and paper fiber biosolids to two farm fields. Together, these studies provide the first evidence of soil biodegradation of diPAPs and the subsequent uptake of these chemicals and their metabolites into plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 3H6
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29
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Yan Z, Cai Y, Zhu G, Yuan J, Tu L, Chen C, Yao S. Synthesis of 3-fluorobenzoyl chloride functionalized magnetic sorbent for highly efficient enrichment of perfluorinated compounds from river water samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Advantages of online SPE coupled with UPLC/MS/MS for determining the fate of pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1181-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Vierke L, Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Palm WU, Webster EM, Ellis DA, Ebinghaus R, Harner T. In situ air-water and particle-water partitioning of perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acids and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide at a wastewater treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:941-948. [PMID: 23561570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurements of air and water phases at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were used to investigate the partitioning behavior of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide (HFOSA) and their conjugate bases (PFC(-)s, PFS(-)s, and FOSA(-), respectively). Particle-dissolved (Rd) and air-water (QAW) concentration ratios were determined at different tanks of a WWTP. Sum of concentrations of C4-12,14 PFC(A)s, C4,6,8,10 PFS(A)s and (H)FOSA were as high as 50 pg m(-3) (atmospheric gas phase), 2300 ng L(-1) (aqueous dissolved phase) and 2500 ng L(-1) (aqueous particle phase). Particle-dissolved concentration ratios of total species, log Rd, ranged from -2.9 to 1.3 for PFS(A)s, from -1.9 to 1.1 for PFC(A)s and was 0.71 for (H)FOSA. These field-based values agree well with equilibrium partitioning data reported in the literature, suggesting that any in situ generation from precursors, if they are present in this system, occurs at a slower rate than the rate of approach to equilibrium. Acid QAW were also estimated. Good agreement between the QAW and the air-water equilibrium partition coefficient for C8PFCA suggests that the air above the WWTP tanks is at or near equilibrium with the water. Uncertainties in these QAW values are attributed mainly to variability in pKa values reported in the literature. The WWTP provides a unique environment for investigating environmental fate processes of the PFCAs and PFSAs under 'real' conditions in order to better understand and predict their fate in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Vierke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
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32
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Backe WJ, Day TC, Field JA. Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic fluorinated chemicals in aqueous film forming foam formulations and groundwater from U.S. military bases by nonaqueous large-volume injection HPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5226-34. [PMID: 23590254 DOI: 10.1021/es3034999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method was developed to quantify 26 newly-identified and 21 legacy (e.g. perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and fluorotelomer sulfonates) per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) formulations. Prior to analysis, AFFF formulations were diluted into methanol and PFAS in groundwater were micro liquid-liquid extracted. Methanolic dilutions of AFFF formulations and groundwater extracts were analyzed by large-volume injection (900 μL) high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal chromatography was performed using cation exchange (silica) and anion exchange (propylamine) guard columns connected in series to a reverse-phase (C18) analytical column. Method detection limits for PFAS in groundwater ranged from 0.71 ng/L to 67 ng/L, and whole-method accuracy ranged from 96% to 106% for analytes for which matched authentic analytical standards were available. For analytes without authentic analytical standards, whole-method accuracy ranged from 78 % to 144 %, and whole-method precision was less than 15 % relative standard deviation for all analytes. A demonstration of the method on groundwater samples from five military bases revealed eight of the 26 newly-identified PFAS present at concentrations up to 6900 ng/L. The newly-identified PFAS represent a minor fraction of the fluorinated chemicals in groundwater relative to legacy PFAS. The profiles of PFAS in groundwater differ from those found in fluorotelomer- and electrofluorination-based AFFF formulations, which potentially indicates environmental transformation of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- 153 Gilbert Hall, Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
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33
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Chen HY, Liao W, Wu BZ, Nian H, Chiu K, Yak HK. Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:179-184. [PMID: 22748389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO(3) as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO(2)) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO(3) and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO(2), under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan 320, Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Gellrich V, Stahl T, Knepper TP. Behavior of perfluorinated compounds in soils during leaching experiments. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1052-1056. [PMID: 22391048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) can be detected worldwide in both, soil and water. In order to study the leaching behavior of this heterogeneous group of compounds in soil, flow-through column experiments have been conducted. Ten perfluoro carboxylates and four perfluoro sulfonates ranging from C4 to C14 in chain length, and contaminated sewage sludge, have been used to spike a standard soil. The aqueous column effluent was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with direct injection. The observed percolation velocity seems to be strongly correlated with the length of the perfluorinated chain. Other factors that additionally contribute to the leaching behavior are the functional group of the PFC, the organic carbon content of the soil and the presence of other adsorbates. A mass balance calculation showed that perfluorobutanoic acid can adsorb strongly to the soil, when no PFC with longer carbon chain are present. Only about 60% of the added perfluorobutanoic acid could be detected in the percolate water. The missing amount started to elute again when longer chain PFC or stearate were added to the soil. Thus it would appear that larger and more lipophilic molecules can displace shorter PFC from their binding sites in the soil. The results of a monitoring study using 32 surface water samples and 150 groundwater samples confirm that the PFC with the highest concentrations in groundwater are the short chain PFC with less than 7 (fluorinated) carbon atoms. The dominating PFC in surface waters are perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gellrich
- University of Applied Sciences Fresenius, Limburger Strasse 2, Idstein, Germany.
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35
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Tools to discover anionic and nonionic polyfluorinated alkyl surfactants by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7094-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Xia W, Wan YJ, Wang X, Li YY, Yang WJ, Wang CX, Xu SQ. Sensitive bioassay for detection of PPARα potentially hazardous ligands with gold nanoparticle probe. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1148-1154. [PMID: 21726938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There are so many kinds of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) ligands with hazardous effect for human health in the environment, such as certain herbicides, plasticizers and drugs. Among these agonists, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) are mostly investigated due to their persistence and accumulation in environment and their potential toxicity via PPARα. This investigation aims at developing a bioassay method to detect PPARα ligands based on the ligand-receptor interaction on microplate. PPARα, which formed heterodimers with retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα), were activated by PPARα ligands to form ligands-PPARα-RXRα complexes. Then the complexes were transferred into a microplate and captured via monoclonal anti-PPARα antibody. The PPARα responsive elements (PPRE) modified-gold nanoparticle probes were captured by the ligand-PPARα-RXRα complexes immobilized on the microplate, and then could be quantified through measuring the optical density after silver enhancement. The results showed that PFOS was quantified with a linear range from 100 pM to 1 μM and the detection limit was 10 pM. In addition to PFOS, PFOA and MEHP were also quantified within a proper range through the proposed bioassay. This bioassay was compared with that of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for water spiked samples with a significant correlation (r = 0.9893). This study provides a high-throughput detection method for PPARα ligands in microplate with high sensitivity and wide linear range. It may serve as an assistant of LC-MS for prescreening of PPARα ligands like PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, PR China
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