1
|
Yang J, Sun W, Sun M, Cui Y, Wang L. Current Research Status of Azaspiracids. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38393050 PMCID: PMC10890026 DOI: 10.3390/md22020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. This paper aims to provide a systematic introduction to the discovery, distribution, pathogenic mechanism, in vivo biosynthesis, and in vitro artificial synthesis of AZA toxins. Additionally, it will summarize various detection methods employed over the past 20 years, along with their advantages and disadvantages. This effort will contribute to the future development of rapid detection technologies and the invention of detection devices for AZAs in marine environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lianghua Wang
- Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.Y.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barreiro-Crespo L, Fernández-Tejedor M, Diogène J, Rambla-Alegre M. The Temporal Distribution of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish in the Bays of Fangar and Alfacs, Northwestern Mediterranean Region. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:10. [PMID: 38251227 PMCID: PMC10819045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), and pinnatoxins (PnTXs) have been detected in shellfish from the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Spain. Several samples of bivalves were collected from Fangar Bay and Alfacs Bay in Catalonia over a period of over 7 years (from 2015 to 2021). Shellfish samples were analyzed for cyclic imines (CIs) on an LC1200 Agilent and 3200 QTrap triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. In shellfish, SPX-1 was detected in two cases (of 26.5 µg/kg and 34 µg/kg), and GYM-A was only detected in trace levels in thirteen samples. Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) was detected in 44.6% of the samples, with its concentrations ranging from 2 µg/kg to 38.4 µg/kg. Statistical analyses revealed that seawater temperature influenced the presence or absence of these toxins. PnTX-G showed an extremely significant presence/temperature relationship in both bays in comparison to SPX-1 and GYM-A. The prevalence of these toxins in different bivalve mollusks was evaluated. A seasonal pattern was observed, in which the maximum concentrations were found in the winter months for SPX-1 and GYM-A but in the summer months for PnTX-G. The obtained results indicate that it is unlikely that CIs in the studied area pose a potential health risk through the consumption of a seafood diet. However, further toxicological information about CIs is necessary in order to perform a conclusive risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Barreiro-Crespo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43002 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K. Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1834-1863. [PMID: 38059476 PMCID: PMC10731662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- University
Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
- University
Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University Institute of Science, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, AUUP, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Diptarka Dasgupta
- Material
Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Petra Urajová
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Sounak Ghosh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Roshani Singh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Gobardhan Sahoo
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang QF, Liang LJ, Sun JB, Zhou J. Application of a reversed-phase ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the extraction and preconcentration of domoic acid from urine samples. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10152. [PMID: 36033330 PMCID: PMC9404275 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient sample extraction and preconcentration method based on reversed-phase ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-IL-DLLME) had been developed and used to quantify the domoic acid in human urine samples. The analysis was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection. During the procedure, hydrophilic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C4mim] BF4 as dispersive solvent and NaOH solution was chosen as extraction solvent. Some important parameters in the method were investigated to get high enrichment factors. Under optimal conditions, the linearity of the method was in the range of 0.1–10 ng mL−1 and the correlation coefficient was above 0.9996. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the developed methods for intra-day (n = 5) and inter-day (n = 5) precision ranged from 1.9 to 3.9%. Meanwhile, limit of detection (LOD) was 0.03 ng mL−1(S/N = 3) and that of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1 ng mL−1(S/N = 10) with the enrichment factors (EF) being 230. Eventually, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Dominic acid in human urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao feng Wang
- Medical School, Xi’an Peihua University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710199, China
| | - Li Jun Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518116, China
| | - Jiang Bing Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518116, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518116, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Overview of Recent Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods for Natural Toxins Detection in Food Products. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050328. [PMID: 35622576 PMCID: PMC9143482 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural toxins include a wide range of toxic metabolites also occurring in food and products, thus representing a risk for consumer health. In the last few decades, several robust and sensitive analytical methods able to determine their occurrence in food have been developed. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry is the most powerful tool for the simultaneous detection of these toxins due to its advantages in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. A comprehensive review on the most relevant papers on methods based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the analysis of mycotoxins, alkaloids, marine toxins, glycoalkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides and furocoumarins in food is reported herein. Specifically, a literature search from 2011 to 2021 was carried out, selecting a total of 96 papers. Different approaches to sample preparation, chromatographic separation and detection mode are discussed. Particular attention is given to the analytical performance characteristics obtained in the validation process and the relevant application to real samples.
Collapse
|
6
|
D’Amore T, Lo Magro S, Vita V, Di Taranto A. Optimization and Validation of a High Throughput UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Determination of the EU Regulated Lipophilic Marine Toxins and Occurrence in Fresh and Processed Shellfish. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:173. [PMID: 35323472 PMCID: PMC8953077 DOI: 10.3390/md20030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the name of lipophilic marine toxins, there are included more than 1000 toxic secondary metabolites, produced by phytoplankton, with the common chemical property of lipophilicity. Due to toxicological effects and geographical distribution, in European legislation relevant compounds are regulated, and their determination is accomplished with the reference liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In this study a modified ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EU-regulated lipophilic toxins. The method optimization included a refinement of SPE-C18 clean-up, in order to reduce matrix interferences. Improved LC conditions and upgraded chromatographic ammonia-based gradient ensured the best separation of all analytes and, in particular, of the two structural isomers (OA and DTX2). Also, different MS parameters were tested, and confirmation criteria finally established. The validation studies confirmed that all parameters were satisfactory. The requirements for precision (RSD% < 11.8% for each compound), trueness (recoveries from 73 to 101%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range 3−8 µg kg−1) were fulfilled. The matrix effect, ranging from −9 to 19%, allowed the use of a calibration curve in solvent (3−320 µg kg−1 in matrix) for quantification of real samples. Method relative uncertainty ranged from 12 to 20.3%. Additionally, a total of 1000 shellfish samples was analysed, providing a first preliminary surveillance study that may contribute to the knowledge of lipophilic marine toxins contamination. Increase in algae proliferation events and intoxication cases, EFSA suggestions for modification of maximum permitted levels and toxicity equivalency factors, and new studies of important toxic effects underline that implementation of reference methods still represents an important task for health and food safety laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa D’Amore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (S.L.M.); (V.V.); (A.D.T.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wright EJ, Beach DG, McCarron P. Non-target analysis and stability assessment of reference materials using liquid Chromatography‒High-Resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1201:339622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Mudge EM, Robertson A, Leynse AK, McCarron P, Miles CO. Selective extraction of gambierone and related metabolites in Gambierdiscus silvae using m-aminophenylboronic acid-agarose gel and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1188:123014. [PMID: 34856502 PMCID: PMC9175239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. are epi-benthic dinoflagellates that have been associated with ciguatera poisoning. These microalgae can have complex secondary metabolite profiles including ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, and gambierones, with varying compositions and toxicities across species and strains. Given this chemical diversity there is a need to develop selective and sensitive methods for secondary metabolite profiling. In this study, we used a cultured Caribbean strain of Gambierdiscus silvae to develop sample preparation and analysis strategies for characterizing vic-diol containing secondary metabolites. A pooled cellular extract was first screened by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for ciguatoxin-related compounds, which resulted in the confirmation of gambierone (1) and a novel isomer of 44-methylgambierone (3). Treatment of the extract with periodate confirmed that the gambierones each contained one reactive vic-diol, which was exploited for the development of a selective extraction procedure using m-aminophenylboronic acid gel and the non-aqueous binding solvent chloroform. Using this non-traditional boronate affinity procedure, LC-HRMS also revealed the presence of additional sulfated polycyclic ethers in the gambierone-containing vic-diol fraction, while pigments and other contaminants were removed. The developed tools could be applied to screen collections of Gambierdiscus and other benthic algae to provide additional chemical characterization of gambierone-related compounds. The selective extraction procedure may also prove useful as a step in the isolation of these sulfated polyethers for structural, toxicological and biotransformation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Alison Robertson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 5871 University Drive North, Mobile, AL 36688, United States; Marine Ecotoxicology, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, United States
| | - Alexander K Leynse
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 5871 University Drive North, Mobile, AL 36688, United States; Marine Ecotoxicology, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, United States
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Generic LC-HRMS Screening Method for Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Fish, Shellfish, Water, and Supplements. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110823. [PMID: 34822607 PMCID: PMC8619867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins occur in various marine and freshwater environments, and can accumulate in edible species such as fish, crabs, and shellfish. Human exposure to these toxins can take place, for instance, through consumption of contaminated species or supplements and through the ingestion of contaminated water. Symptoms of phycotoxin intoxication include paralysis, diarrhea, and amnesia. When the cause of an intoxication cannot directly be found, a screening method is required to identify the causative toxin. In this work, such a screening method was developed and validated for marine and freshwater phycotoxins in different matrices: fish, shellfish, water, and food supplements. Two LC methods were developed: one for hydrophilic and one for lipophilic phycotoxins. Sample extracts were measured in full scan mode with an Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer. Additionally, a database was created to process the data. The method was successfully validated for most matrices, and in addition, regulated lipophilic phycotoxins, domoic acid, and some paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins could be quantified in shellfish. The method showed limitations for hydrophilic phycotoxins in sea water and for lipophilic phycotoxins in food supplements. The developed method is a screening method; in order to confirm suspected compounds, comparison with a standard or an additional analysis such as NMR is required.
Collapse
|
10
|
Vaz R, Valpradinhos B, Frasco MF, Sales MGF. Emerging Optical Materials in Sensing and Discovery of Bioactive Compounds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5784. [PMID: 34502675 PMCID: PMC8434157 DOI: 10.3390/s21175784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensors are used in numerous applications and analytical fields. Advances in these sensor platforms offer high sensitivity, selectivity, miniaturization, and real-time analysis, among many other advantages. Research into bioactive natural products serves both to protect against potentially dangerous toxic compounds and to promote pharmacological innovation in drug discovery, as these compounds have unique chemical compositions that may be characterized by greater safety and efficacy. However, conventional methods for detecting these biomolecules have drawbacks, as they are time-consuming and expensive. As an alternative, optical biosensors offer a faster, simpler, and less expensive means of detecting various biomolecules of clinical interest. In this review, an overview of recent developments in optical biosensors for the detection and monitoring of aquatic biotoxins to prevent public health risks is first provided. In addition, the advantages and applicability of these biosensors in the field of drug discovery, including high-throughput screening, are discussed. The contribution of the investigated technological advances in the timely and sensitive detection of biotoxins while deciphering the pathways to discover bioactive compounds with great health-promoting prospects is envisaged to meet the increasing demands of healthcare systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vaz
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.V.); (M.G.F.S.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Beatriz Valpradinhos
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela F. Frasco
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.V.); (M.G.F.S.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Goreti F. Sales
- BioMark@UC, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.V.); (M.G.F.S.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- BioMark@ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Acker E, Huysman S, De Rijcke M, Asselman J, De Schamphelaere KAC, Vanhaecke L, Janssen CR. Phycotoxin-Enriched Sea Spray Aerosols: Methods, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6184-6196. [PMID: 33843191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, few studies have examined the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) in human exposure to harmful and beneficial marine compounds. Two groups of phycotoxins (brevetoxins and ovatoxins) have been reported to induce respiratory syndromes during harmful algal blooms. The aerosolization and coastal air concentrations of other common marine phycotoxins have, however, never been examined. This study provides the first (experimental) evidence and characterization of the aerosolization of okadaic acid (OA), homoyessotoxin, and dinophysistoxin-1 using seawater spiked with toxic algae combined with the realistic SSA production in a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). The potential for aerosolization of these phycotoxins was highlighted by their 78- to 1769-fold enrichment in SSAs relative to the subsurface water. To obtain and support these results, we first developed an analytical method for the determination of phycotoxin concentrations in SSAs, which showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99), recovery (85.3-101.8%), and precision (RSDs ≤ 17.2%). We also investigated natural phycotoxin air concentrations by means of in situ SSA sampling with concurrent aerosolization experiments using natural seawater in the MART. This approach allowed us to indirectly quantify the (harmless) magnitude of OA concentrations (0.6-51 pg m-3) in Belgium's coastal air. Overall, this study provides new insights into the enriched aerosolization of marine compounds and proposes a framework to assess their airborne exposure and effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Van Acker
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steve Huysman
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Campus Merelbeke, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Campus Oostende, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Campus Merelbeke, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Lisburn Road 97, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Campus Oostende, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gavage M, Delahaut P, Gillard N. Suitability of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Routine Analysis of Small Molecules in Food, Feed and Water for Safety and Authenticity Purposes: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:601. [PMID: 33809149 PMCID: PMC7998992 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, food, feed and environmental analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry became increasingly popular. Recent accessibility and technological improvements of this system make it a potential tool for routine laboratory work. However, this kind of instrument is still often considered a research tool. The wide range of potential contaminants and residues that must be monitored, including pesticides, veterinary drugs and natural toxins, is steadily increasing. Thanks to full-scan analysis and the theoretically unlimited number of compounds that can be screened in a single analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry is particularly well-suited for food, feed and water analysis. This review aims, through a series of relevant selected studies and developed methods dedicated to the different classes of contaminants and residues, to demonstrate that high-resolution mass spectrometry can reach detection levels in compliance with current legislation and is a versatile and appropriate tool for routine testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900 Marloie, Belgium; (M.G.); (N.G.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wright EJ, McCarron P. A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 5: profiling by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2055-2069. [PMID: 33661347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A freeze-dried mussel tissue-certified reference material (CRM-FDMT1) was prepared containing the marine algal toxin classes azaspiracids, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, yessotoxins, pectenotoxins, cyclic imines, and domoic acid. Thus far, only a limited number of analogues in CRM-FDMT1 have been assigned certified values; however, the complete toxin profile is significantly more complex. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to profile CRM-FDMT1. Full-scan data was searched against a list of previously reported toxin analogues, and characteristic product ions extracted from all-ion-fragmentation data were used to guide the extent of toxin profiling. A series of targeted and untargeted acquisition MS/MS experiments were then used to collect spectra for analogues. A number of toxins previously reported in the literature but not readily available as standards were tentatively identified including dihydroxy and carboxyhydroxyyessotoxin, azaspiracids-33 and -39, sulfonated pectenotoxin analogues, spirolide variants, and fatty acid acyl esters of okadaic acid and pectenotoxins. Previously unreported toxins were also observed including compounds from the pectenotoxin, azaspiracid, yessotoxin, and spirolide classes. More than one hundred toxin analogues present in CRM-FDMT1 are summarized along with a demonstration of the major acyl ester conjugates of several toxins. Retention index values were assigned for all confirmed or tentatively identified analogues to help with qualitative identification of the broad range of lipophilic toxins present in the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donno D, Mellano MG, Gamba G, Riondato I, Beccaro GL. Analytical Strategies for Fingerprinting of Antioxidants, Nutritional Substances, and Bioactive Compounds in Foodstuffs Based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: An Overview. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121734. [PMID: 33255692 PMCID: PMC7760506 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
New technology development and globalisation have led to extreme changes in the agri-food sector in recent years that need an important food supply chain characterisation from plant materials to commercial productions. Many analytical strategies are commonly utilised in the agri-food industry, often using complementary technologies with different purposes. Chromatography on-line coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most selective and sensitive analytical methodologies. The purpose of this overview is to present the most recent MS-based techniques applied to food analysis. An entire section is dedicated to the recent applications of high-resolution MS. Covered topics include liquid (LC)– and gas chromatography (GC)–MS analysis of natural bioactive substances, including carbohydrates, flavonoids and related compounds, lipids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and other different molecules in foodstuffs from the perspectives of food composition, food authenticity and food adulteration. The results represent an important contribution to the utilisation of GC–MS and LC–MS in the field of natural bioactive compound identification and quantification.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu L, Chen J, He X, Hao S, Lian Z, Wang B. First determination of extracellular paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the culture medium of toxigenic dinoflagellates by HILIC-HRMS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111042. [PMID: 32738626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins have received considerable attention in recent years because of their adverse effects on marine breeding industries and human health. In this study, a reliable method for the analysis of extracellular PSP toxins in the culture medium of marine toxic dinoflagellates was developed for the first time using graphitized carbon black-solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of typical PSP toxins in algal culture medium ranged from 0.072 μg/L to 0.151 μg/L under optimal conditions. Satisfactory absolute recoveries (87.5%-102.4%), precision (relative standard deviation ≤ 7.6%), and linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9998) were also achieved. In addition, the proposed method was applied to screen and determine the extracellular PSP toxins of two typical toxigenic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamarense. The total concentrations of the extracellular PSP toxins in A. minutum and A. tamarense over the whole growth period were within 2.0-735.5 and 2.0-19.2 μg/L, respectively. The concentrations of extracellular PSP toxins varied remarkably in the different growth stages of A. minutum and A. tamarense, and the contents of some extracellular PSP toxins were substantially higher than those of intracellular PSP toxins. Therefore, the extracellular PSP toxins released by toxigenic red tide algae cannot be ignored, and their environmental fate, bioavailability, and potential harm to aquatic environment need to be investigated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shuang Hao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ziru Lian
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China.
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Deeds JR, Stutts WL, Celiz MD, MacLeod J, Hamilton AE, Lewis BJ, Miller DW, Kanwit K, Smith JL, Kulis DM, McCarron P, Rauschenberg CD, Burnell CA, Archer SD, Borchert J, Lankford SK. Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 Produced by Dinophysis norvegica in the Gulf of Maine, USA and Its Accumulation in Shellfish. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090533. [PMID: 32825482 PMCID: PMC7551465 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrodinophysistoxin-1 (dihydro-DTX1, (M-H)-m/z 819.5), described previously from a marine sponge but never identified as to its biological source or described in shellfish, was detected in multiple species of commercial shellfish collected from the central coast of the Gulf of Maine, USA in 2016 and in 2018 during blooms of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegica. Toxin screening by protein phosphatase inhibition (PPIA) first detected the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning-like bioactivity; however, confirmatory analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) failed to detect okadaic acid (OA, (M-H)-m/z 803.5), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1, (M-H)-m/z 817.5), or dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2, (M-H)-m/z 803.5) in samples collected during the bloom. Bioactivity-guided fractionation followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) tentatively identified dihydro-DTX1 in the PPIA active fraction. LC-MS/MS measurements showed an absence of OA, DTX1, and DTX2, but confirmed the presence of dihydro-DTX1 in shellfish during blooms of D. norvegica in both years, with results correlating well with PPIA testing. Two laboratory cultures of D. norvegica isolated from the 2018 bloom were found to produce dihydro-DTX1 as the sole DSP toxin, confirming the source of this compound in shellfish. Estimated concentrations of dihydro-DTX1 were >0.16 ppm in multiple shellfish species (max. 1.1 ppm) during the blooms in 2016 and 2018. Assuming an equivalent potency and molar response to DTX1, the authority initiated precautionary shellfish harvesting closures in both years. To date, no illnesses have been associated with the presence of dihydro-DTX1 in shellfish in the Gulf of Maine region and studies are underway to determine the potency of this new toxin relative to the currently regulated DSP toxins in order to develop appropriate management guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (W.L.S.); (M.D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(240)-402-1474
| | - Whitney L. Stutts
- Office of Regulatory Science, United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (W.L.S.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Mary Dawn Celiz
- Office of Regulatory Science, United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (W.L.S.); (M.D.C.)
| | - Jill MacLeod
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USA; (J.M.); (A.E.H.); (B.J.L.); (D.W.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Amy E. Hamilton
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USA; (J.M.); (A.E.H.); (B.J.L.); (D.W.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Bryant J. Lewis
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USA; (J.M.); (A.E.H.); (B.J.L.); (D.W.M.); (K.K.)
| | - David W. Miller
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USA; (J.M.); (A.E.H.); (B.J.L.); (D.W.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kohl Kanwit
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 05475, USA; (J.M.); (A.E.H.); (B.J.L.); (D.W.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Juliette L. Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA;
| | - David M. Kulis
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada;
| | - Carlton D. Rauschenberg
- Bigelow Analytical Services, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (C.D.R.); (C.A.B.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Craig A. Burnell
- Bigelow Analytical Services, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (C.D.R.); (C.A.B.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Stephen D. Archer
- Bigelow Analytical Services, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (C.D.R.); (C.A.B.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Jerry Borchert
- Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA 98504, USA;
| | - Shelley K. Lankford
- Washington State Department of Health Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qiu J, Wright EJ, Thomas K, Li A, McCarron P, Beach DG. Semiquantitation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Relative Molar Response Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060398. [PMID: 32560098 PMCID: PMC7354571 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a complex class of analogs of the potent neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX). Since calibration standards are not available for many PSTs, including C-11 hydroxyl analogs called M-toxins, accurate quantitation by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be challenging. In the absence of standards, PSTs are often semiquantitated using standards of a different analog (e.g., STX), an approach with a high degree of uncertainty due to the highly variable sensitivity between analytes in electrospray ionization. Here, relative molar response factors (RMRs) were investigated for a broad range of PSTs using common LC-MS approaches in order to improve the quantitation of PSTs for which standards are unavailable. First, several M-toxins (M1-M6, M9 and dcM6) were semipurified from shellfish using preparative gel filtration chromatography and quantitated using LC-charged aerosol detection (LC-CAD). The RMRs of PST certified reference materials (CRMs) and M-toxins were then determined using selective reaction monitoring LC-MS/MS and full scan LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS) methods in positive and negative electrospray ionization. In general, RMRs for PSTs with similar chemical structures were comparable, but varied significantly between subclasses, with M-toxins showing the lowest sensitivity. For example, STX showed a greater than 50-fold higher RMR than M4 and M6 by LC-HRMS. The MS instrument, scan mode and polarity also had significant impacts on RMRs and should be carefully considered when semiquantitating PSTs by LC-MS. As a demonstration of their utility, the RMRs determined were applied to the semiquantitation of PSTs in contaminated mussels, showing good agreement with results from calibration with CRMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (E.J.W.); (K.T.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-426-8274
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A Screening Tool for the Direct Analysis of Marine and Freshwater Phycotoxins in Organic SPATT Extracts from the Chesapeake Bay. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050322. [PMID: 32414148 PMCID: PMC7290987 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many detection methods for phycotoxins, bioactive compounds produced by harmful algae, focus on one compound or a class of related compounds. Multiple harmful algal species often co-occur in the environment, however, emphasizing the need to analyze for the presence of multiple groups of marine and freshwater phycotoxins in environmental samples, e.g., extracts from solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT). Two methods were developed to screen for 13 phycotoxins (microcystin-RR, -LR, -YR, azaspiracid-1, -2, karlotoxin 3, goniodomin A, brevetoxin-2, yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2, dinophysistoxin-1, -2, and okadaic acid) in organic SPATT extracts using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) equipped with a trapping dimension (trap) and at-column dilution (ACD). The performance of each compound under 36 combinations of chromatographic conditions was characterized, and two final methods, acidic and basic, were selected based on peak shapes, signal intensities, resolution, and the separation in time of positive and negative MS ionization modes. Injection volumes of up to 1 mL were possible through trap/ACD technology, resulting in limits of detection between 0.001 and 0.05 µg/L across the analytes. Benefits highlighted in this study, beyond the improved detection limits and co-detection of multiple toxin groups, include the ability to inject samples of 100% organic solvent, ensuring analyte stability and streamlining workflow through the elimination of laborious sample preparation steps.
Collapse
|
19
|
Simultaneous determination of twelve paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs by UPLC-MS/MS and its applications to a food poisoning incident. Toxicon 2020; 174:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Chikwililwa C, McCarron P, Waniek JJ, Schulz-Bull DE. Phylogenetic analysis and yessotoxin profiles of Gonyaulax spinifera cultures from the Benguela Current upwelling system. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 85:101626. [PMID: 31810531 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Benguela Current in the Atlantic is one of the four major upwelling systems on the Eastern boundary of the world ocean. Thus the coastal regions off Namibia are prone to high primary productivity that can lead to Harmful Algae Blooms as this nutrient rich water reaches the euphotic zone. Yessotoxins (YTXs) produced by G. spinifera were detected in Namibian phytoplankton field samples in 2011. Isolation of G. spinifera cultures from this location in 2012 enabled molecular genetics work and further liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assessment of toxin profiles. The molecular work grouped the Benguela G. spinifera with other toxic G. spinifera strains originating from Italy and New Zealand. The main YTX analogs present in the Benguela G. spinifera are homo-YTX, YTX and a hydroxylated analogue. This work adds important knowledge on the occurrence of Harmful Algae Blooms in this region and is of relevance for safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chibo Chikwililwa
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, National Marine Information and Research Centre, Aquaculture Directorate, Strand Street, PO Box 912, Swakopmund, Namibia; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany; Microalgae and Seaweed Research and Development, Sam Nujoma Campus Henties Bay, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Ave, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Detlef E Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Turner AD, Hatfield RG, Maskrey BH, Algoet M, Lawrence JF. Evaluation of the new European Union reference method for paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish: A review of twelve years regulatory monitoring using pre-column oxidation LC-FLD. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
22
|
Determination of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Shellfish by Online Turbulent Flow Chromatography Coupled to Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Molognoni L, Dos Santos JN, Kleemann CR, Costa ACO, Hoff RB, Daguer H. Cost-Effective and High-Reliability Analytical Approach for Multitoxin Screening in Bivalve Mollusks by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2691-2699. [PMID: 30753780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast, less expensive, analytical approach with high metrologic reliability was developed to assist an official program for 21 marine biotoxins, monitoring in bivalve mollusks. The simultaneous analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins was achieved using a sample preparation protocol based on solid-liquid extraction and low-temperature cleanup, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acidified methanol/water (90:10), followed by low-temperature cleanup. Chromatographic separation was obtained using a cyano-bonded silica phase. The mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile, with both 0.1% formic acid and 2.5 mmol L-1 ammonium formate. Electrospray ionization was used in both negative and positive modes. The single-laboratory validation approach enabled method performance assessment, and the necessary data to design a model for result expression were yielded. With this purpose, a systematic study of errors and uncertainties was performed. This new analytical approach aimed to minimize the use of highly expensive analytical standards, promoting economic viability to be applied by high-throughput routine laboratories. After its implementation on the Brazilian official monitoring program, positive results near the regulatory limits were obtained, demonstrating the fit for purpose of the method as a surveillance tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Jacson Nascimento Dos Santos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A signal-on magnetic electrochemical immunosensor for ultra-sensitive detection of saxitoxin using palladium-doped graphitic carbon nitride-based non-competitive strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 128:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
25
|
Daguer H, Hoff RB, Molognoni L, Kleemann CR, Felizardo LV. Outbreaks, toxicology, and analytical methods of marine toxins in seafood. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
26
|
Gu H, Duan N, Xia Y, Hun X, Wang H, Wang Z. Magnetic Separation-Based Multiple SELEX for Effectively Selecting Aptamers against Saxitoxin, Domoic Acid, and Tetrodotoxin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9801-9809. [PMID: 30153406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel magnetic separation-based multiple systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was applied to select aptamers simultaneously against three kinds of marine biotoxins, including domoic acid (DA), saxitoxin (STX), and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) was prepared to adsorb unbound ssDNAs and simplify the separation step. In the multiple SELEX, after the initial twelve rounds of selection against mixed targets and the subsequent four respective rounds of selection against each single target, the three resulting ssDNA pools were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. Several aptamer candidates were selected and subjected to the binding affinity and specificity test. Finally, DA-06 ( Kd = 62.07 ± 19.97 nM), TTX-07 ( Kd = 44.12 ± 15.38 nM), and STX-41 ( Kd = 61.44 ± 23.18 nM) showed high affinity and good specificity for DA, TTX, and STX, respectively. They were also applied to detect and quantify DA, TTX, and STX successfully. The other two multitarget aptamers, DA-01 and TTX-27, were also obtained, which can bind with either DA or TTX. These aptamers provide alternative recognition molecules to antibodies for biosensor applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Chemical Biology and Materials Engineering , Suzhou University of Science and Technology , Suzhou 215009 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Nuo Duan
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xu Hun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Haitao Wang
- National National of Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- National National of Engineering Research Center of Seafood , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control of Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090375. [PMID: 30223487 PMCID: PMC6162736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
When considering the geographical expansion of marine toxins, the emergence of new toxins and the associated risk for human health, there is urgent need for versatile and efficient analytical methods that are able to detect a range, as wide as possible, of known or emerging toxins. Current detection methods for marine toxins rely on a priori defined target lists of toxins and are generally inappropriate for the detection and identification of emerging compounds. The authors describe the implementation of a recent approach for the non-targeted analysis of marine toxins in shellfish with a focus on a comprehensive workflow for the acquisition and treatment of the data generated after liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. First, the study was carried out in targeted mode to assess the performance of the method for known toxins with an extended range of polarities, including lipophilic toxins (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, cyclic imines, brevetoxins) and domoic acid. The targeted method, assessed for 14 toxins, shows good performance both in mussel and oyster extracts. The non-target potential of the method was then challenged via suspects and without a priori screening by blind analyzing mussel and oyster samples spiked with marine toxins. The data processing was optimized and successfully identified the toxins that were spiked in the blind samples.
Collapse
|
28
|
A single run UPLC-MS/MS method for detection of all EU-regulated marine toxins. Talanta 2018; 189:622-628. [PMID: 30086968 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-MS/MS method has been developed for identification and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic marine toxins. The method included the determination of 14 toxins of STX group, 15 lipophilic toxins, 15 toxins of the TTX group and DA. LODs and LOQs for STX group were significantly improved in comparison to the official validated methods and at the same level than other UPLC-MS/MS published methods. The same for lipophilic toxins, with better LODs and LOQs than the EU official method. LOD and LOQ for DA were higher than those obtained with the EU official method. While for TTXs LOD and LOQ were comparable to other validated methods. Validation studies demonstrated acceptable method performance characteristics for linearity, and repeatability between-batch and within-batch. The study demonstrated that the UPLC-MS/MS method provides an excellent tool to determinate hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins and therefore it could be appropriate for routine testing and interlaboratory validation.
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Screening of Eight Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, Domoic Acid, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C, Palytoxin and Okadaic Acid in Seawater. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
31
|
Zendong Z, Sibat M, Herrenknecht C, Hess P, McCarron P. Relative molar response of lipophilic marine algal toxins in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1453-1461. [PMID: 28582796 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accurate quantitative analysis of lipophilic toxins by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) requires calibration solution reference materials (RMs) for individual toxin analogs. Untargeted analysis is aimed at identifying a vast number of compounds and thus validation of fully quantitative untargeted methods is not feasible. However, a semi-quantitative approach allowing for profiling is still required and will be strengthened by knowledge of the relative molar response (RMR) of analogs in LC/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI). METHODS RMR factors were evaluated for toxins from the okadaic acid (OA/DTXs), yessotoxin (YTX), pectenotoxin (PTX), azaspiracid (AZA) and cyclic imine (CI) toxin groups, in both solvent standards and environmental sample extracts. Since compound ionization and fragmentation influences the MS response of toxins, RMRs were assessed under different chromatographic conditions (gradient, isocratic) and MS acquisition modes (SIM, SRM, All-ion, target MS/MS) on low- and high-resolution mass spectrometers. RESULTS In general, RMRs were not significantly impacted by chromatographic conditions (isocratic vs gradient), with the exception of DTX1. MS acquisition modes had a more significant impact, with PnTX-G and SPX differing notably. For a given toxin group, response factors were generally in the range of 0.5 to 2. The cyclic imines were an exception. CONCLUSIONS Differences in RMRs between toxins of a same chemical base structure were not significant enough to indicate major issues for non-targeted semi-quantitative analysis, where there is limited or no availability of standards for many compounds, and where high degrees of accuracy are not required. Differences in RMRs should be considered when developing methods that use a standard of a single analogue to quantitate other toxins from the same group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Beach DG. Differential Mobility Spectrometry for Improved Selectivity in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1518-1530. [PMID: 28374313 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans. PST quantitation by LC-MS is challenging because of their high polarity, lability as gas-phase ions, and large number of potentially interfering analogues. Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) has the potential to improve the performance of LC-MS methods for PSTs in terms of selectivity and limits of detection. This work describes a comprehensive investigation of the separation of 16 regulated PSTs by DMS and the development of highly selective LC-DMS-MS methods for PST quantitation. The effects of all DMS parameters on the separation of PSTs from one another were first investigated in detail. The labile nature of 11α-gonyautoxin epimers gave unique insight into fragmentation of labile analytes before, during, and after the DMS analyzer. Two sets of DMS parameters were identified that either optimized the resolution of PSTs from one another or transmitted them at a limited number of compensation voltage (CV) values corresponding to structural subclasses. These were used to develop multidimensional LC-DMS-MS/MS methods using existing HILIC-MS/MS parameters. In both cases, improved selectivity was observed when using DMS, and the quantitative capabilities of a rapid UPLC-DMS-MS/MS method were evaluated. Limits of detection of the developed method were similar to those without DMS, and differences were highly analyte-dependant. Analysis of shellfish matrix reference materials showed good agreement with established methods. The developed methods will be useful in cases where specific matrix interferences are encountered in the LC-MS/MS analysis of PSTs in complex biological samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Beach
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thomas KM, Beach DG, Reeves KL, Gibbs RS, Kerrin ES, McCarron P, Quilliam MA. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for quantitation of paralytic shellfish toxins: validation and application to reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5675-5687. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
34
|
Orellana G, Van Meulebroek L, De Rijcke M, Janssen CR, Vanhaecke L. High resolution mass spectrometry-based screening reveals lipophilic toxins in multiple trophic levels from the North Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 64:30-41. [PMID: 28427570 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic marine biotoxins, which are mainly produced by small dinoflagellates, are increasingly detected in coastal waters across the globe. As these producers are consumed by zooplankton and shellfish, the toxins are introduced, bioaccumulated and possibly biomagnified throughout marine food chains. Recent research has demonstrated that ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) is an excellent tool to detect marine toxins in algae and seafood. In this study, UHPLC-HRMS was used to screen lipophilic marine biotoxins in organisms from different trophic levels of the Belgian coastal zone ecosystem. A total of 20 tentatively identified lipophilic compounds was detected. Hereby, the trophic transfer of lipophilic marine biotoxins to the upper trophic level was considered to be rather limited. Furthermore, 36% of the compounds was clearly transferred between different organisms. A significant biotransformation of compounds from the okadaic acid and spirolide toxin groups was observed (64%), mainly in filter feeders. Through a multi-targeted approach, this study showed that marine organisms in the Belgian coastal zone are exposed to a multi-toxin mixture. Further research on both single compound and interactive toxic effects of the frequently detected lipophilic marine toxin ester metabolites throughout the food chain is therefore needed. As a future perspective, confirmatory identification of potential toxins by studying their fragmentation spectra (using new tools such as hybrid quadrupole Q-Exactive™ Orbitrap-MS) is designated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Orellana
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hu T, LeBlanc P, Burton IW, Walter JA, McCarron P, Melanson JE, Strangman WK, Wright JLC. Sulfated diesters of okadaic acid and DTX-1: Self-protective precursors of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 63:85-93. [PMID: 28366404 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many toxic secondary metabolites used for defense are also toxic to the producing organism. One important way to circumvent toxicity is to store the toxin as an inactive precursor. Several sulfated diesters of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin okadaic acid have been reported from cultures of various dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Prorocentrum. It has been proposed that these sulfated diesters are a means of toxin storage within the dinoflagellate cell, and that a putative enzyme mediated two-step hydrolysis of sulfated diesters such as DTX-4 and DTX-5 initially leads to the formation of diol esters and ultimately to the release of free okadaic acid. However, only one diol ester and no sulfated diesters of DTX-1, a closely related DSP toxin, have been isolated leading some to speculate that this toxin is not stored as a sulfated diester and is processed by some other means. DSP components in organic extracts of two large scale Prorocentrum lima laboratory cultures have been investigated. In addition to the usual suite of okadaic acid esters, as well as the free acids okadaic acid and DTX-1, a group of corresponding diol- and sulfated diesters of both okadaic acid and DTX-1 have now been isolated and structurally characterized, confirming that both okadaic acid and DTX-1 are initially formed in the dinoflagellate cell as the non-toxic sulfated diesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingmo Hu
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Patricia LeBlanc
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Ian W Burton
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - John A Walter
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Wendy K Strangman
- UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States
| | - Jeffrey L C Wright
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; UNC Wilmington Center for Marine Science, Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen J, Li X, Wang S, Chen F, Cao W, Sun C, Zheng L, Wang X. Screening of lipophilic marine toxins in marine aquaculture environment using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:32-40. [PMID: 27776236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an exact mass suspect screening approach to perform finding of multiple lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and marine sediment from marine aquaculture area using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). The method was validated and proven to be reliable for the screening of various LMTs. Then, the method was applied to screen LMTs in marine environmental samples collected from mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), etc were detected and tentatively identified. Positive detection results were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and contents of OA and PTX2 in seawater, SPM and marine sediment were also quantified. The mean concentration of OA ranged from 2.71 to 14.06 ng L-1 in seawater and from 0.78 to 3.34 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The mean concentration of PTX2 ranged from 0.86 to 7.90 ng L-1 in seawater, from 1.56 to 10.67 ng in SPM obtained from 1 L seawater sample and from 0.95 to 2.23 ng g-1 dry weight in marine sediment. The above results suggested that the proposed method was convenient and reliable for the screening of LMTs in different marine environmental samples. In addition, typical LMTs exist in different marine environmental media of the mariculture area of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Follow-up studies should focus on improving current understanding on the environmental behavior of these LMTs in the marine aquaculture environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoru Wang
- Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Josić D, Peršurić Ž, Rešetar D, Martinović T, Saftić L, Kraljević Pavelić S. Use of Foodomics for Control of Food Processing and Assessing of Food Safety. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 81:187-229. [PMID: 28317605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food chain, food safety, and food-processing sectors face new challenges due to globalization of food chain and changes in the modern consumer preferences. In addition, gradually increasing microbial resistance, changes in climate, and human errors in food handling remain a pending barrier for the efficient global food safety management. Consequently, a need for development, validation, and implementation of rapid, sensitive, and accurate methods for assessment of food safety often termed as foodomics methods is required. Even though, the growing role of these high-throughput foodomic methods based on genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques has yet to be completely acknowledged by the regulatory agencies and bodies. The sensitivity and accuracy of these methods are superior to previously used standard analytical procedures and new methods are suitable to address a number of novel requirements posed by the food production sector and global food market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Josić
- University of Rijeka, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ž Peršurić
- University of Rijeka, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - D Rešetar
- University of Rijeka, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - T Martinović
- University of Rijeka, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - L Saftić
- University of Rijeka, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Kraljević Pavelić
- University of Rijeka, Centre for High-Throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Experimental and computational studies on molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for gonyautoxins 2,3 from dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
39
|
Rasmussen SA, Andersen AJC, Andersen NG, Nielsen KF, Hansen PJ, Larsen TO. Chemical Diversity, Origin, and Analysis of Phycotoxins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:662-673. [PMID: 26901085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae, particularly those from the lineage Dinoflagellata, are very well-known for their ability to produce phycotoxins that may accumulate in the marine food chain and eventually cause poisoning in humans. This includes toxins accumulating in shellfish, such as saxitoxin, okadaic acid, yessotoxins, azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and pinnatoxins. Other toxins, such as ciguatoxins and maitotoxins, accumulate in fish, where, as is the case for the latter compounds, they can be metabolized to even more toxic metabolites. On the other hand, much less is known about the chemical nature of compounds that are toxic to fish, the so-called ichthyotoxins. Despite numerous reports of algal blooms causing massive fish kills worldwide, only a few types of compounds, such as the karlotoxins, have been proven to be true ichthyotoxins. This review will highlight marine microalgae as the source of some of the most complex natural compounds known to mankind, with chemical structures that show no resemblance to what has been characterized from plants, fungi, or bacteria. In addition, it will summarize algal species known to be related to fish-killing blooms, but from which ichthyotoxins are yet to be characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silas Anselm Rasmussen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Nikolaj Gedsted Andersen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University , Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University , Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen J, Gao L, Li Z, Wang S, Li J, Cao W, Sun C, Zheng L, Wang X. Simultaneous screening for lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in marine harmful algae using a serially coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation system with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 914:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
41
|
Harju K, Rapinoja ML, Avondet MA, Arnold W, Schär M, Burrell S, Luginbühl W, Vanninen P. Optimization of Sample Preparation for the Identification and Quantification of Saxitoxin in Proficiency Test Mussel Sample using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4868-80. [PMID: 26610567 PMCID: PMC4690103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) and some selected paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) analogues in mussel samples were identified and quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample extraction and purification methods of mussel sample were optimized for LC-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied to the analysis of the homogenized mussel samples in the proficiency test (PT) within the EQuATox project (Establishment of Quality Assurance for the Detection of Biological Toxins of Potential Bioterrorism Risk). Ten laboratories from eight countries participated in the STX PT. Identification of PSP toxins in naturally contaminated mussel samples was performed by comparison of product ion spectra and retention times with those of reference standards. The quantitative results were obtained with LC-MS/MS by spiking reference standards in toxic mussel extracts. The results were within the z-score of ±1 when compared to the results measured with the official AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) method 2005.06, pre-column oxidation high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Harju
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Marja-Leena Rapinoja
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Marc-André Avondet
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
| | - Werner Arnold
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Schär
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Burrell
- Marine Institute, Marine Environment and Food Safety Services, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00014, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stivala CE, Benoit E, Aráoz R, Servent D, Novikov A, Molgó J, Zakarian A. Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:411-35. [PMID: 25338021 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From a small group of exotic compounds isolated only two decades ago, Cyclic Imine (CI) toxins have become a major class of marine toxins with global distribution. Their distinct chemical structure, biological mechanism of action, and intricate chemistry ensures that CI toxins will continue to be the subject of fascinating fundamental studies in the broad fields of chemistry, chemical biology, and toxicology. The worldwide occurrence of potent CI toxins in marine environments, their accumulation in shellfish, and chemical stability are important considerations in assessing risk factors for human health. This review article aims to provide an account of chemistry, biology, and toxicology of CI toxins from their discovery to the present day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Stivala
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zendong Z, McCarron P, Herrenknecht C, Sibat M, Amzil Z, Cole RB, Hess P. High resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis and untargeted screening of algal toxins in mussels and passive samplers. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:10-21. [PMID: 26363951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of marine algal toxins has traditionally focussed on shellfish monitoring while, over the last decade, passive sampling has been introduced as a complementary tool for exploratory studies. Since 2011, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been adopted as the EU reference method (No. 15/2011) for detection and quantitation of lipophilic toxins. Traditional LC-MS approaches have been based on low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS), however, advances in instrument platforms have led to a heightened interest in the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for toxin detection. This work describes the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling as a progressive approach to marine algal toxin surveys. Experiments focused on comparison of LRMS and HRMS for determination of a broad range of toxins in shellfish and passive samplers. Matrix effects are an important issue to address in LC-MS; therefore, this phenomenon was evaluated for mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and passive samplers using LRMS (triple quadrupole) and HRMS (quadrupole time-of-flight and Orbitrap) instruments. Matrix-matched calibration solutions containing okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, pectenotoxin, azaspiracids, yessotoxins, domoic acid, pinnatoxins, gymnodimine A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C were prepared. Similar matrix effects were observed on all instruments types. Most notably, there was ion enhancement for pectenotoxins, okadaic acid/dinophysistoxins on one hand, and ion suppression for yessotoxins on the other. Interestingly, the ion selected for quantitation of PTX2 also influenced the magnitude of matrix effects, with the sodium adduct typically exhibiting less susceptibility to matrix effects than the ammonium adduct. As expected, mussel as a biological matrix, quantitatively produced significantly more matrix effects than passive sampler extracts, irrespective of toxin. Sample dilution was demonstrated as an effective measure to reduce matrix effects for all compounds, and was found to be particularly useful for the non-targeted approach. Limits of detection and method accuracy were comparable between the systems tested, demonstrating the applicability of HRMS as an effective tool for screening and quantitative analysis. HRMS offers the advantage of untargeted analysis, meaning that datasets can be retrospectively analyzed. HRMS (full scan) chromatograms of passive samplers yielded significantly less complex data sets than mussels, and were thus more easily screened for unknowns. Consequently, we recommend the use of HRMS in combination with passive sampling for studies investigating emerging or hitherto uncharacterized toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zendong
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Pearse McCarron
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z 1, Canada
| | - Christine Herrenknecht
- LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Senyuva HZ, Gökmen V, Sarikaya EA. Future perspectives in Orbitrap™-high-resolution mass spectrometry in food analysis: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1568-606. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1057240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
45
|
Flores C, Caixach J. An integrated strategy for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins and related peptides in natural blooms by liquid chromatography-electrospray-high resolution mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry using both positive and negative ionization modes. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1407:76-89. [PMID: 26141269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An integrated high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) strategy has been developed for rapid and accurate determination of free and cell-bound microcystins (MCs) and related peptides in water blooms. The natural samples (water and algae) were filtered for independent analysis of aqueous and sestonic fractions. These fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and ESI-Orbitrap-HCD-MS. MALDI, ESI and the study of fragmentation sequences have been provided crucial structural information. The potential of combined positive and negative ionization modes, full scan and fragmentation acquisition modes (TOF/TOF and HCD) by HRMS and high resolution and accurate mass was investigated in order to allow unequivocal determination of MCs. Besides, a reliable quantitation has been possible by HRMS. This composition helped to decrease the probability of false positives and negatives, as alternative to commonly used LC-ESI-MS/MS methods. The analysis was non-target, therefore covered the possibility to analyze all MC analogs concurrently without any pre-selection of target MC. Furthermore, archived data was subjected to retrospective "post-targeted" analysis and a screening of other potential toxins and related peptides as anabaenopeptins in the samples was done. Finally, the MS protocol and identification tools suggested were applied to the analysis of characteristic water blooms from Spanish reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rúbies A, Muñoz E, Gibert D, Cortés-Francisco N, Granados M, Caixach J, Centrich F. New method for the analysis of lipophilic marine biotoxins in fresh and canned bivalves by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry: A quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, safe approach. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1386:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
47
|
Analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins using high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2473-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Eliuk S, Makarov A. Evolution of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:61-80. [PMID: 26161972 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the evolution of Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) from its birth in the late 1990s to its current role as one of the most prominent techniques for MS. The Orbitrap mass analyzer is the first high-performance mass analyzer that employs trapping of ions in electrostatic fields. Tight integration with the ion injection process enables the high-resolution, mass accuracy, and sensitivity that have become essential for addressing analytical needs in numerous areas of research, as well as in routine analysis. We examine three major families of instruments (related to the LTQ Orbitrap, Q Exactive, and Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometers) in the context of their historical development over the past ten eventful years. We discuss as well future trends and perspectives of Orbitrap MS. We illustrate the compelling potential of Orbitrap-based mass spectrometers as (ultra) high-resolution platforms, not only for high-end proteomic applications, but also for routine targeted analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Eliuk
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 97232;
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kaufmann A. Combining UHPLC and high-resolution MS: A viable approach for the analysis of complex samples? Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
50
|
Nicolas J, Hendriksen PJM, van Kleef RGDM, de Groot A, Bovee TFH, Rietjens IMCM, Westerink RHS. Detection of marine neurotoxins in food safety testing using a multielectrode array. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2369-78. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nicolas
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
- RIKILT; Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Regina G. D. M. van Kleef
- Neurotoxicology Research Group; Division of Toxicology; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aart de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group; Division of Toxicology; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group; Division of Toxicology; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|