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Shokati T, Drake SH, Zhao W, Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Christians U. Structural Identification of Zotarolimus (ABT-578) Metabolites Generated by Human Liver Microsomes Using Ion-Trap and High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Combination with the Analysis of Fragmentation Patterns. Metabolites 2023; 13:1093. [PMID: 37887418 PMCID: PMC10608723 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zotarolimus (ABT-578) is a sirolimus derivative that, like sirolimus and everolimus, is an inhibitor of cell growth via inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Zotarolimus was developed for coating coronary stents to prevent smooth muscle cell proliferation and restenosis. Albeit zotarolimus-eluting cardiovascular devices have been on the market for years, details of zotarolimus drug metabolism in humans are still unknown. Hence, it was the goal of the present study to identify zotarolimus metabolites generated by incubation with human liver microsomes. Metabolite structures were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry, MS/ion-trap (MSn), and comparison of fragmentation patterns of the metabolites with those of zotarolimus and other known sirolimus derivatives. Kinetic parameters such as incubation time, human liver microsomal protein concentrations, and drug concentrations were optimized before scaling up the metabolism experiments. Human liver microsomes mainly hydroxylated and/or demethylated zotarolimus. The structures of the following metabolites were identified: O-demethylated metabolites: 39-O-desmethyl, 16-O-desmethyl, and 27-O-desmethyl zotarolimus; hydroxylated metabolites: hydroxy piperidine zotarolimus, 11-hydroxy, 12-hydroxy, 14-hydroxy, 23-hydroxy, 24-hydroxy, 25-hydroxy, 45/46-hydroxy, and 49-hydroxy zotarolimus; demethylated-hydroxylated metabolites: 16-O-desmethyl, 23/24-hydroxy; 39-O-desmethyl, 23/24-hydroxy; 39-O-desmethyl, 25-hydroxy zotarolimus; 39-O-desmethyl, 11-hydroxy zotarolimus; 39-O-desmethyl, hydroxy-piperidine zotarolimus; 27-O-desmethyl, 45/46-hydroxy zotarolimus; didemethylated metabolites: 16,39-O-didesmethyl zotarolimus; 16,27-O-didesmethyl zotarolimus; 27,39-O-didesmethyl zotarolimus; and dihydroxylated metabolites: 11,24-dihydroxy zotarolimus, 12,24-dihydroxy zotarolimus, and 11,47/48-dihydroxy zotarolimus. It is concluded that zotarolimus is extensively metabolized by human liver microsomes. Twenty-four of these metabolites could be structurally identified using a combination of ion-trap MSn and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bioscience 2, Suite 200, 12705 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045-7109, USA; (T.S.); (S.H.D.); (W.Z.); (J.K.); (J.K.)
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Langmaier J, Skopalová J, Cechová MZ, Kahánková T, Jerga R, Barták P, Samec Z, Navrátil T. Ion transfer voltammetric and LC/MS investigations of the oxidative degradation process of fentanyl and some of its structural analogs. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jung YH, Lee DC, Kim JO, Kim JH. Untargeted metabolomics-assisted comparative cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of fenbendazole in human and dog liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:986-996. [PMID: 36533905 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2160676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fenbendazole (FBZ), a benzimidazole carbamate anthelmintic, has attracted attention for its antitumor activity. This study examined the metabolic characteristics of FBZ in humans compared with those in dogs. The phase I metabolites were identified in liver microsomal incubates using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics approaches. Seven metabolites of FBZ were identified by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis based on the global ion variables of the FBZ incubation groups. The chemical structure of the FBZ metabolites was suggested by examining the MS/MS spectrum and isotope distribution pattern. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP2D6, and CYP2J2 were the major isozymes responsible for the FBZ metabolism. No differences in the types of metabolites produced by the two species were noted. Multivariate analysis of human and dog incubation groups showed that five metabolites were relatively abundant in humans and the other two were not. In summary, the phase I metabolic profile of FBZ and the comparative metabolism between humans and dogs were examined using an untargeted metabolomics approach. This study suggests a successful investigation of FBZ metabolism in humans for conducting safety assessments regarding drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Cheol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Wille SMR, Desharnais B, Pichini S, Trana AD, Busardò FP, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology: What Are the Specifics of Method Development, Validation and Quality Assurance for Comprehensive Screening Approaches? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1230-1244. [PMID: 35619258 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has increased over the past decade in clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for comprehensive screening approaches. Despite this, few guidelines of this field have specifically addressed HRMS issues concerning compound identification, validation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance. To fully implement this technique, certainly in an era in which the quality demands for laboratories are ever increasing due to various norms (e.g. the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 17025), these specific issues need to be addressed. This manuscript reviews 26 HRMS-based methods for qualitative systematic toxicological analysis (STA) published between 2011 and 2021. Key analytical data such as samples matrices, analytical platforms, numbers of analytes and employed mass spectral reference databases/libraries as well as the studied validation parameters are summarized and discussed. The article further includes a critical review of targeted and untargeted data acquisition approaches, available HRMS reference databases and libraries as well as current guidelines for HRMS data interpretation with a particular focus on identification criteria. Moreover, it provides an overview on current recommendations for the validation and determination measurement uncertainty of qualitative methods. Finally, the article aims to put forward suggestions for method development, compound identification, validation experiments to be performed, and adequate determination of measurement uncertainty for this type of wide-range qualitative HRMS-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Unit Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais St., Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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In silico, in vitro, and in vivo human metabolism of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and common "diuretic and masking agent" in doping. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1989-2001. [PMID: 35410394 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetazolamide (ACZ) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor prescribed for the treatment of various pathologies. It is also used in doping and is prohibited in and out of sportive competitions. ACZ was reported not to undergo metabolization. However, the detection of ACZ metabolites may be critical for documenting ACZ use. We aimed to further investigate ACZ metabolic fate in humans. ACZ putative metabolites were generated in silico to assist in metabolite identification. ACZ was incubated with primary human hepatocytes to identify in vitro metabolites (10 µmol/l ACZ and 106 cells/ml), and urine and plasma samples from patients receiving a single 5.0 mg/kg BW PO ACZ dose were analyzed to confirm the results in vivo. Analyses were performed with reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-HRMS/MS and HILIC-HRMS/MS, respectively). Data were screened with a software-assisted targeted/untargeted workflow. ACZ was quantified in urine samples with creatinine normalization. We identified two metabolites in hepatocyte incubations and three additional metabolites in urine and plasma. Major transformations included cysteine conjugation, glucuronidation, and N-acetylation. All metabolites were detected in plasma, 1.5 h after intake. Major metabolites were detected in urine from 0.25 to 24 h (last collection) after intake. As opposed to the literature, ACZ does undergo metabolization in humans. We propose ACZ, ACZ-Cys, and N-acetyl-ACZ in urine, and ACZ and N-acetyl-ACZ in plasma as specific biomarkers of ACZ intake in doping.
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Musiał J, Czarny J, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. Overview of analytical methods for determining novel psychoactive substances, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:239-258. [PMID: 36040410 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing in interest in psychoactive substances, particularly those available in e-commerce. These have led to an increase in the number of drug-related poisonings, deaths, and road accidents. Illegal drugs are available on an unprecedented scale and cause previously unknown adverse effects, which creates a challenge for analysts to find rapid methods for identifying these substances and taking appropriate action in the shortest possible time. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) can be lethal at very low concentrations, which give particularly serious cause for concern. These drugs are easily accessible and often regarded (or claimed) to be safe, which encourages many people, in particular young people, to try them. The widespread use of these substances is compounded by the awareness that they are difficult to detect with the existing rapid screening tests. Simple, fast, sensitive, and specific methods for determining the largest possible number of black-market psychoactive substances and their metabolites are therefore essential. Such methods will facilitate treatment and increase the effectiveness of measures aiming to reduce drug addiction. The objective of this review article was to critically compare the most commonly used analytical methods for determining NPS and their metabolites in biological material, with special emphasis on the sample preparation process, and to highlight the possibilities offered by the existing analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Musiał
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jakub Czarny
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Leogrande P, Jardines D, Martinez-Brito D, Domenici E, de la Torre X, Parr MK, Botrè F. Metabolomics workflow as a driven tool for rapid detection of metabolites in doping analysis. Development and validation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9217. [PMID: 34738273 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE This work demonstrates the high potential of combining high-resolution mass spectrometry with chemometric tools, using metabolomics as a guided tool for anti-doping analysis. The administration of 7-keto-DHEA was studied as a proof-of-concept of the effectiveness of the combination of knowledge-based and machine-learning approaches to differentiate the changes due to the athletic activities from those due to the recourse to doping substances and methods. METHODS Urine samples were collected from five healthy volunteers before and after an oral administration by identifying three time intervals. Raw data were acquired by injecting less than 1 μL of derivatized samples into a model 8890 gas chromatograph coupled to a model 7250 accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer (both from Agilent Technologies), by using a low-energy electron ionization source; the samples were then preprocessed to align peak retention times with the same accurate mass. The resulting data table was subjected to multivariate analysis. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed a high similarity between the samples belonging to the same collection interval and a clear separation between the different excretion intervals. The discrimination between blank and long excretion groups may suggest the presence of long excretion markers, which are particularly significant in anti-doping analysis. Furthermore, matching the most significant features with some of the metabolites reported in the literature data demonstrated the rationality of the proposed metabolomics-based approach. CONCLUSIONS The application of metabolomics tools as an investigation strategy could reduce the time and resources required to identify and characterize intake markers maximizing the information that can be extracted from the data and extending the research field by avoiding a priori bias. Therefore, metabolic fingerprinting of prohibited substance intakes could be an appropriate analytical approach to reduce the risk of false-positive/negative results, aiding in the interpretation of "abnormal" profiles and discrimination of pseudo-endogenous steroid intake in the anti-doping field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leogrande
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Domenici
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs; ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon - Quartier Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wang L, Wen L, Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhou K, Mi K, Liu Z, Qu W, Huang L. Metabolite Identification and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Diaveridine in the Plasma of Pigs and Chickens Based on Radioactive Tracing Coupled With LC/MS-IT-TOF Assay. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:799773. [PMID: 35118152 PMCID: PMC8803906 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaveridine (DVD) is widely used for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and leucocytozoonosis infections in food-producing animals. To gain a better understanding of DVD metabolism and pharmacokinetics in healthy Landrace/Doric Cross castrated male pigs and both female and male Cobb 500 broiler chickens, a method involving radioactive tracing coupled with LC/MS-IT-TOF was developed for the identification and quantitation of DVD and its metabolites in pig and chicken plasma, and then was applied to investigate DVD pharmacokinetics. A simple MCX solid phase extraction procedure was adopted for sample preparation. After a single oral administration of 3H-DVD (10 mg/kg BW), three radioactive compounds (D0: DVD; D1: 3'-desmethyl-DVD; and D2: monoglucuronide of 3'-desmethyl-DVD) were identified in pig plasma, while only two radioactive compounds (D0 and D2) were identified in chicken plasma. In both species, the C max values for all detected compounds were reached at 2 h after dosing. The C max order was D2 (1.38 μg/ml) > D0 (0.49 μg/ml) > D1 (0.24 μg/ml) in pigs and D0 (1.55 μg/ml) > D2 (0.27 μg/ml) in chickens. The longer t 1/2 (elimination half-life) of D0 contributed to the slow elimination of DVD-related compounds. The t 1/2β of D0 in pigs (66.41 h) was significantly longer than that in chickens (48.30 h), but the t 1/2 of total DVD-related metabolites in pigs (42.86 h) was lower than that in chickens (56.11 h). These findings suggested that the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of DVD in pigs and chickens were significantly different, and that this would affect its effectiveness, toxicology, and food safety in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Lihua Wen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Ruan Q, Comstock K. A New Workflow for Drug Metabolite Profiling by Utilizing Advanced Tribrid Mass Spectrometry and Data-Processing Techniques. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2050-2061. [PMID: 33998806 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolite profiling utilizes liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to acquire ample information for metabolite identification and structural elucidation. However, there are still challenges in detecting and characterizing all potential metabolites that can be masked by a high biological background, especially the unknown and uncommon ones. In this work, a novel metabolite profiling workflow was established on a platform using a state-of-the-art tribrid high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) system. Primarily, an instrumental method was developed based on the novel design of the tribrid system that facilitates in-depth MSn scans with two fragmentation devices. Additionally, different advanced data acquisition techniques were assessed and compared, and automatic background exclusion and deep-scan approaches were adopted to promote assay efficiency and metabolite coverage. Finally, different data-analysis techniques were explored to fully extract metabolite data from the information-rich MS/MS data sets. Overall, a workflow combining tribrid mass spectrometry and advanced acquisition methodology has been developed for metabolite characterization in drug discovery and development. It maximizes the tribrid HRMS platform's utility and enhances the coverage, efficiency, quality, and speed of metabolite profiling assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ruan
- Non-clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, BMS, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kate Comstock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
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Xiong L, Guo Z, Wang H, Pei J, Wu X, Yan P, Guo X. The Study on Potential Biomarker in Rat After Withdrawal of Cimaterol Using Untargeted Metabonomics. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Development of radioactive tracing coupled with LC/MS-IT-TOF methodology for the discovery and identification of diaveridine metabolites in pigs. Food Chem 2021; 363:130200. [PMID: 34120054 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sensitive and reliable method by coupling radiotracing with LC/MS-IT-TOF to identify diaveridine metabolites. Tritium-labeled diaveridine was orally administered to pigs and their organs, blood, bile, and excreta were collected. Under optimized conditions, radioactive recovery was >90% and the highest numbers of metabolites were detected. MCX-based solid-phase extraction was conducted for urine, plasma, and bile purification. Methanol-chloroform 1:1 (v/v), methanol-chloroform 6:1 (v/v), methanol, methanol-chloroform 1:1 (v/v), and methanol were used as solvents to extract feces, liver, kidney, fat and muscle, respectively. The method validation confirmed satisfactory 3H-H exchange efficiency (<5%), chromatographic column efficiency (≥97.5%), LOQ (10.73 μg/kg), and analytical accuracy (97.6-107.8%) and precision (RSD < 5%). Moreover, novel in vivo metabolites were detected in the pigs, including D2 (3'-desmethyl-diaveridine monoglucuronide), D3 (diaveridine monoglucuronide). Hence, the analytical method developed herein lays an empirical foundation for further systematic studies of the diaveridine metabolism.
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Characterization of phase I and phase II metabolites of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) bitter acids: In vitro and in vivo metabolic profiling by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114107. [PMID: 33984828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bitter acids are a class of prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives present in Humulus lupulus L., known for their multiple healthy properties, nevertheless, research regarding their metabolism and stability is lacking. This study was aimed to elucidate the metabolic stability of hop α- and β-acids and characterize I and II phase metabolites in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) method was developed and validated. Mice liver microsomes were used to assess metabolic stability; in vitro t1/2 and clearance values were calculated, showing a moderate metabolism for α-acids (avgt1/2: 120.01 min, avgCLint 11.96 μL/min/mg), while β-acids were metabolized faster (avgt1/2: 103.01 min, avgCLint: 13.83 μL/min/mg). I and II phase metabolites were characterized both in in vitro, and in vivo, in mouse plasma and urine after oral administration. A combined full scan/data dependent/precursor ion list-triggered neutral loss (FS/dd-MS2/PIL-tNL) strategy was used to detect unknown and expected metabolites. As a result, 33 compounds were detected, including novel metabolites, such as 9 potential oxidized metabolites of humulones (M6-M14), and 10 glucuronide conjugates of α-acids, comprising 7 glucuronide derivatives of oxidized phase I metabolites (M26-M32). The proposed method extends the current knowledge regarding metabolization of hop α- and β-acids and could be applied for the comprehension of the metabolic fate of this class of compounds in different species, as well as for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.
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Tipthara P, Kobylinski KC, Godejohann M, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Roth A, Adams JH, White NJ, Jittamala P, Day NPJ, Tarning J. Identification of the metabolites of ivermectin in humans. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00712. [PMID: 33497030 PMCID: PMC7836931 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration of ivermectin has been proposed as a possible malaria elimination tool. Ivermectin exhibits a mosquito-lethal effect well beyond its biological half-life, suggesting the presence of active slowly eliminated metabolites. Human liver microsomes, primary human hepatocytes, and whole blood from healthy volunteers given oral ivermectin were used to identify ivermectin metabolites by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of metabolites were determined by mass spectrometry and verified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Pure cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms were used to elucidate the metabolic pathways. Thirteen different metabolites (M1-M13) were identified after incubation of ivermectin with human liver microsomes. Three (M1, M3, and M6) were the major metabolites found in microsomes, hepatocytes, and blood from volunteers after oral ivermectin administration. The chemical structure, defined by LC-MS/MS and NMR, indicated that M1 is 3″-O-demethyl ivermectin, M3 is 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin, and M6 is 3″-O-demethyl, 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin. Metabolic pathway evaluations with characterized cytochrome P450 enzymes showed that M1, M3, and M6 were produced primarily by CYP3A4, and that M1 was also produced to a small extent by CYP3A5. Demethylated (M1) and hydroxylated (M3) ivermectin were the main human in vivo metabolites. Further studies are needed to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties and mosquito-lethal activity of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kevin C. Kobylinski
- Department of EntomologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | | | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical MedicineFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Alison Roth
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases ResearchCollege of Public HealthUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Department of Drug DiscoveryExperimental Therapeutics BranchWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases ResearchCollege of Public HealthUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Podjanee Jittamala
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Tropical HygieneFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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14
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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15
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Liu R, Liu Q, Li B, Liu L, Cheng D, Cai X, Liu W, Wang W. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, excretion, and metabolic analysis of Schisanlactone E, a bioactive ingredient from Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb) Craib, in rats by UHPLC–MS/MS and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 177:112875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Rankin NJ, Burgess K, Weidt S, Wannamethee G, Sattar N, Welsh P. High-throughput quantification of carboxymethyl lysine in serum and plasma using high-resolution accurate mass Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem 2019; 56:397-407. [PMID: 30832481 PMCID: PMC6498755 DOI: 10.1177/0004563219830432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxymethyl lysine is an advanced glycation end product of interest as a potential biomarker of cardiovascular and other diseases. Available methods involve ELISA, with potential interference, or isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), with low-throughput sample preparation. METHODS A high-throughput sample preparation method based on 96-well plates was developed. Protein-bound carboxymethyl lysine and lysine were quantified by IDMS using reversed phase chromatography coupled to a high-resolution accurate mass Orbitrap Exactive mass spectrometer. The carboxymethyl lysine concentration (normalized to lysine concentration) was measured in 1714 plasma samples from the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS). RESULTS For carboxymethyl lysine, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was estimated at 0.16 μM and the assay was linear between 0.25 and 10 μM. For lysine, the LLOQ was estimated at 3.79 mM, and the assay was linear between 2.5 and 100 mM. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 17.2% for carboxymethyl lysine, 9.3% for lysine and 10.5% for normalized carboxymethyl lysine. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was 18.1% for carboxymethyl lysine, 14.8 for lysine and 16.2% for normalized carboxymethyl lysine. The median and inter-quartile range of all study samples in each batch were monitored. A mean carboxymethyl lysine concentration of 2.7 μM (IQR 2.0-3.2 μM, range 0.2-17.4 μM) and a mean normalized carboxymethyl lysine concentration of 69 μM/M lysine (IQR 54-76 μM/M, range 19-453 μM/M) were measured in the BRHS. CONCLUSION This high-throughput sample preparation method makes it possible to analyse large cohorts required to determine the potential of carboxymethyl lysine as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J Rankin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karl Burgess
- Institute of Quantitive Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Goya Wannamethee
- Primary Care and Population Health, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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17
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Mass Spectrometry for Research and Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring or Clinical and Forensic Toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:389-393. [PMID: 29750739 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews current applications of various hyphenated low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical/forensic toxicology in both research and practice. They cover gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, or paper spray ionization coupled to quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight, or Orbitrap mass analyzers.
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18
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Wen Y, Amos RIJ, Talebi M, Szucs R, Dolan JW, Pohl CA, Haddad PR. Retention Index Prediction Using Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships for Improving Structure Identification in Nontargeted Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9434-9440. [PMID: 29952550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Structure identification in nontargeted metabolomics based on liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) remains a significant challenge. Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) modeling is a technique capable of accelerating the structure identification of metabolites by predicting their retention, allowing false positives to be eliminated during the interpretation of metabolomics data. In this work, 191 compounds were grouped according to molecular weight and a QSRR study was carried out on the 34 resulting groups to eliminate false positives. Partial least squares (PLS) regression combined with a Genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to construct the linear QSRR models based on a variety of VolSurf+ molecular descriptors. A novel dual-filtering approach, which combines Tanimoto similarity (TS) searching as the primary filter and retention index (RI) similarity clustering as the secondary filter, was utilized to select compounds in training sets to derive the QSRR models yielding R2 of 0.8512 and an average root mean square error in prediction (RMSEP) of 8.45%. With a retention index filter expressed as ±2 standard deviations (SD) of the error, representative compounds were predicted with >91% accuracy, and for 53% of the groups (18/34), at least one false positive compound could be eliminated. The proposed strategy can thus narrow down the number of false positives to be assessed in nontargeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wen
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , 7001 Tasmania , Australia
| | - Ruth I J Amos
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , 7001 Tasmania , Australia
| | - Mohammad Talebi
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , 7001 Tasmania , Australia
| | - Roman Szucs
- Pfizer Global Research and Development , Sandwich CT139NJ , U.K
| | - John W Dolan
- LC Resources , McMinnville , Oregon 97128 , United States
| | | | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Private Bag 75 , Hobart , 7001 Tasmania , Australia
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19
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Vidal A, Mengelers M, Yang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1127-1155. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vidal
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- Dept. of Food Safety; National Inst. of Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Inst. of Apicultural Research, Chinese Acad. of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center; Ministry of Agriculture Beijing 100093 People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
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20
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Discovery, identification and mitigation of isobaric sulfate metabolite interference to a phosphate prodrug in LC–MS/MS bioanalysis: Critical role of method development in ensuring assay quality. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:141-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Streit F, Binder L. Systematic forensic toxicological analysis by liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in serum and comparison to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Yang S, De Boevre M, Zhang H, De Ruyck K, Sun F, Zhang J, Jin Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Li Y, De Saeger S. Metabolism of T-2 Toxin in Farm Animals and Human In Vitro and in Chickens In Vivo Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Hybrid Mass Spectrometry Along with Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Technique. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7217-7227. [PMID: 28737905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
After being incubated with animal and human liver microsomes, metabolites of phase I and II were investigated. A comparison was performed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF). Consequently, a total of four phase I metabolites and three glucuronide binding metabolites of T-2 toxin were discovered. Although a significant metabolic difference was observed among six species, HT-2 toxin was the major product in all species. In addition, the in vivo metabolism of T-2 toxin after oral administration was also investigated in chickens, In total, 18 metabolites were detected, of which 13 were novel, to our knowledge, and reported for the first time. To elucidate the structures of these metabolites, besides accurate mass data from their MS and MS2 spectra, online hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique was also carried out. These new metabolites were regarded as 3'-hydroxy-T-2 3-sulfate, 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 3-sulfate, 4'-hydroxy-HT-2, 3',4'-dihydroxy-HT-2, 4'-carboxyl-T-2, 4'-carboxyl-HT-2, 4'-carboxyl-4'-hydroxy-T-2, and their isomers, implying that T-2 toxin was metabolized more extensively in animals than previously thought. Furthermore, 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, 4'-carboxyl-T-2, 3'-hydroxy-T-2, HT-2 toxin, and neosolaniol were identified to be the major metabolites of T-2 toxin in chickens. The present study expands existing knowledge about T-2 toxin metabolism, informing assessments of the impact T-2 toxin exposure and metabolism on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Feifei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University , Yantai, Shandong 264005, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Pandey R, Caflisch L, Lodi A, Brenner AJ, Tiziani S. Metabolomic signature of brain cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2355-2371. [PMID: 28618012 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery and adjuvant therapy, brain tumors represent one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in both adults and children. Gliomas constitute about 60% of all cerebral tumors, showing varying degrees of malignancy. They are difficult to treat due to dismal prognosis and limited therapeutics. Metabolomics is the untargeted and targeted analyses of endogenous and exogenous small molecules, which charact erizes the phenotype of an individual. This emerging "omics" science provides functional readouts of cellular activity that contribute greatly to the understanding of cancer biology including brain tumor biology. Metabolites are highly informative as a direct signature of biochemical activity; therefore, metabolite profiling has become a promising approach for clinical diagnostics and prognostics. The metabolic alterations are well-recognized as one of the key hallmarks in monitoring disease progression, therapy, and revealing new molecular targets for effective therapeutic intervention. Taking advantage of the latest high-throughput analytical technologies, that is, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), metabolomics is now a promising field for precision medicine and drug discovery. In the present report, we review the application of metabolomics and in vivo metabolic profiling in the context of adult gliomas and paediatric brain tumors. Analytical platforms such as high-resolution (HR) NMR, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and high- and low-resolution MS are discussed. Moreover, the relevance of metabolic studies in the development of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of gliomas are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Pandey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura Caflisch
- Department of Hematology and Medical oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew J Brenner
- Department of Hematology and Medical oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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24
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Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of new psychoactive substances: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Helfer AG, Michely JA, Weber AA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry using Orbitrap technology for comprehensive screening to detect drugs and their metabolites in blood plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 965:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Baumann MH, Bukhari MO, Lehner KR, Anizan S, Rice KC, Concheiro M, Huestis MA. Neuropharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), Its Metabolites, and Related Analogs. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:93-117. [PMID: 27830575 PMCID: PMC5392131 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive component of so-called bath salts products that has caused serious medical consequences in humans. In this chapter, we review the neuropharmacology of MDPV and related analogs, and supplement the discussion with new results from our preclinical experiments. MDPV acts as a potent uptake inhibitor at plasma membrane transporters for dopamine (DAT) and norepinephrine (NET) in nervous tissue. The MDPV formulation in bath salts is a racemic mixture, and the S isomer is much more potent than the R isomer at blocking DAT and producing abuse-related effects. Elevations in brain extracellular dopamine produced by MDPV are likely to underlie its locomotor stimulant and addictive properties. MDPV displays rapid pharmacokinetics when injected into rats (0.5-2.0 mg/kg), with peak plasma concentrations achieved by 10-20 min and declining quickly thereafter. MDPV is metabolized to 3,4-dihydroxypyrovalerone (3,4-catechol-PV) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxypyrovalerone (4-OH-3-MeO-PV) in vivo, but motor activation produced by the drug is positively correlated with plasma concentrations of parent drug and not its metabolites. 3,4-Catechol-PV is a potent uptake blocker at DAT in vitro but has little activity after administration in vivo. 4-OH-3-MeO-PV is the main MDPV metabolite but is weak at DAT and NET. MDPV analogs, such as α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), display similar ability to inhibit DAT and increase extracellular dopamine concentrations. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that MDPV and its analogs represent a unique class of transporter inhibitors with a high propensity for abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mohammad O Bukhari
- Designer Drug Research Unit of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kurt R Lehner
- Designer Drug Research Unit of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastien Anizan
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marta Concheiro
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section of the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tyrkkö E, Andersson M, Kronstrand R. The Toxicology of New Psychoactive Substances: Synthetic Cathinones and Phenylethylamines. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:190-216. [PMID: 26587869 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are substitutes for classical drugs of abuse and there are now compounds available from all groups of classical drugs of abuse. During 2014, the number of synthetic cathinones increased dramatically and, together with phenylethylamines, they dominate the NPS markets in the European Union. In total, 31 cathinones and 9 phenylethylamines were encountered in 2014. The aim of this article was to summarize the existing knowledge about the basic pharmacology, metabolism, and human toxicology of relevant synthetic cathinones and phenylethylamines. Compared with existing reviews, we have also compiled the existing case reports from both fatal and nonfatal intoxications. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search using bibliographic databases PubMed and Web of Science, complemented with Google Scholar. The focus of the literature search was on original articles, case reports, and previously published review articles published in 2014 or earlier. RESULTS The rapid increase of NPSs is a growing concern and sets new challenges not only for societies in drug prevention and legislation but also in clinical and forensic toxicology. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the pharmacodynamic profile of cathinones is similar to that of other psychomotor stimulants. Metabolism studies show that cathinones and phenylethylamines are extensively metabolized; however, the parent compound is usually detectable in human urine. In vitro studies have shown that many cathinones and phenylethylamines are metabolized by CYP2D6 enzymes. This indicates that these drugs may have many possible drug-drug interactions and that genetic polymorphism may influence their toxicity. However, the clinical and toxicological relevance of CYP2D6 in adverse effects of cathinones and phenylethylamines is questionable, because these compounds are metabolized by other enzymes as well. The toxidromes commonly encountered after ingestion of cathinones and phenylethylamines are mainly of sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic character with a risk of excited delirium and life-threatening cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS The acute and chronic toxicity of many NPSs is unknown or very sparsely investigated. There is a need for evidence-based-treatment recommendations for acute intoxications and a demand for new strategies to analyze these compounds in clinical and forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Tyrkkö
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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Bidny S, Gago K, Chung P, Albertyn D, Pasin D. Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of Basic, Neutral and Acidic Drugs in Blood Using UPLC-QTOF-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:181-195. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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HRMS using a Q-Exactive series mass spectrometer for regulated quantitative bioanalysis: how, when, and why to implement. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1709-21. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution MS (HRMS) has seen an uptake in use for discovery qual/quan workflows, however, its utilization in late discovery/development has been slow. Past reports comparing HRMS to triple quadrupole (QQQ) instrumentation to date have indicated that HRMS instruments are capable of producing data acceptable for regulated bioanalysis, however lack the sensitivity required for sub ng/ml LLOQ assays. Recent advances in HRMS instrumentation have closed the sensitivity gap with QQQ and have even provided improved selectivity and sensitivity over QQQ SRM assays. Herein, the authors will describe how, when, and why HRMS (specifically Q-Exactive series mass spectrometers) should be considered for implementation in regulated quantitative bioanalysis assays.
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30
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Maurer HH, Meyer MR. High-resolution mass spectrometry in toxicology: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2161-2172. [PMID: 27369376 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches using time-of-flight or Orbitrap techniques for research and application in various toxicology fields, particularly in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology published since 2013 and referenced in PubMed. In the introduction, an overview on applications of HRMS in various toxicology fields is given with reference to current review articles. Papers concerning HRMS in metabolism, screening, and quantification of pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, and toxins in human body samples are critically reviewed. Finally, a discussion on advantages as well as limitations and future perspectives of these methods is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Multiple stage MS in analysis of plasma, serum, urine and in vitro samples relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:457-81. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews MS approaches applied to metabolism studies, structure elucidation and qualitative or quantitative screening of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites. Applications in clinical and forensic toxicology were included using blood plasma or serum, urine, in vitro samples, liquids, solids or plant material. Techniques covered are liquid chromatography coupled to low-resolution and high-resolution multiple stage mass analyzers. Only PubMed listed studies published in English between January 2008 and January 2015 were considered. Approaches are discussed focusing on sample preparation and mass spectral settings. Comments on advantages and limitations of these techniques complete the review.
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Madji Hounoum B, Blasco H, Emond P, Mavel S. Liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry-based cell metabolomics: Experimental design, recommendations, and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cherta L, Portolés T, Pitarch E, Beltran J, López F, Calatayud C, Company B, Hernández F. Analytical strategy based on the combination of gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzers for non-target analysis in food packaging. Food Chem 2015; 188:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang S, De Boevre M, Zhang H, De Ruyck K, Sun F, Wang Z, Cao X, Shen J, De Saeger S, Zhang S. Unraveling the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of diacetoxyscirpenol in various animal species and human using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8571-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Helfer AG, Michely JA, Weber AA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Orbitrap technology for comprehensive metabolite-based liquid chromatographic–high resolution-tandem mass spectrometric urine drug screening – Exemplified for cardiovascular drugs. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:221-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Huang X, Guo C, Chen Z, Liu Y, He L, Zeng Z, Yan C, Pan G, Li S. Metabolism of nitazoxanide in rats, pigs, and chickens: Application of liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid linear ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1000:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pasin D, Bidny S, Fu S. Analysis of New Designer Drugs in Post-Mortem Blood Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:163-71. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wang J, Chow W, Chang J, Wong JW. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the analysis of 451 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: method development and validation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10375-10391. [PMID: 25265038 DOI: 10.1021/jf503778c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an application of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS) for the determination of 451 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Pesticides were extracted from samples using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure. UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS in full MS scan mode acquired full MS data for quantification, and UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap Full MS/dd-MS(2) (i.e., data-dependent scan mode) obtained product ion spectra for identification. UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS quantification was achieved using matrix-matched standard calibration curves along with the use of isotopically labeled standards or a chemical analogue as internal standards to achieve optimal method accuracy. The method performance characteristics include overall recovery, intermediate precision, and measurement uncertainty evaluated according to a nested experimental design. For the 10 matrices studied, 94.5% of the pesticides in fruits and 90.7% in vegetables had recoveries between 81 and 110%; 99.3% of the pesticides in fruits and 99.1% of the pesticides in vegetables had an intermediate precision of ≤20%; and 97.8% of the pesticides in fruits and 96.4% of the pesticides in vegetables showed measurement uncertainty of ≤50%. Overall, the UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap MS demonstrated acceptable performance for the quantification of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. The UHPLC/ESI Q-Orbitrap Full MS/dd-MS(2) along with library matching showed great potential for identification and is being investigated further for routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, 3650-36th Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L1, Canada
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40
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Current position of high-resolution MS for drug quantification in clinical & forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2275-84. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews high-resolution MS approaches published from January 2011 until March 2014 for the quantification of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites in biosamples using LC-MS with time-of-flight or Orbitrap™ mass analyzers. Corresponding approaches are discussed including sample preparation and mass spectral settings. The advantages and limitations of high-resolution MS for drug quantification, as well as the demand for a certain resolution or a specific mass accuracy are also explored.
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Rubert J, León N, Sáez C, Martins CP, Godula M, Yusà V, Mañes J, Soriano JM, Soler C. Evaluation of mycotoxins and their metabolites in human breast milk using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 820:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marzinke MA, Breaud A, Parsons TL, Cohen MS, Piwowar-Manning E, Eshleman SH, Clarke W. The development and validation of a method using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the qualitative detection of antiretroviral agents in human blood. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:157-68. [PMID: 24661980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Non-adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens can compromise their clinical efficacy and lead to emergence of drug-resistant HIV. Clinical trials evaluating antiretroviral regimens for HIV treatment and prevention can also be compromised by poor adherence and non-disclosed off-study antiretroviral drug use. This report describes the development and validation of a high throughput, qualitative method for the identification of antiretroviral drugs using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the retrospective assessment of off-study antiretroviral drug use and the determination of potential antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-compliance. METHODS Serum standards were prepared that contained 15 antiretroviral drugs: 9 protease inhibitors (PIs), 4 nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 2 non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Analytical separation was achieved on a Hypersil Gold PFP (100×3mm) column and the eluent was analyzed using the Thermo Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Exactive-MS) operated in full scan mode. Limit of identification, signal intensity precision, retention time analysis, selectivity, and carryover studies were conducted. Concordance with liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) methods was evaluated using remnant plasma samples from a clinical trial. RESULTS The limit of identification ranged from 5 to 10ng/ml for 14 drugs (9 PIs, 1 NNRTI, 4 NRTIs) and was 150ng/ml for 1 NNRTI. Precision studies with high and low control mixtures revealed signal intensity coefficients of variation of 3.0-27.5%. The Exactive-MS method was selective for the compounds of interest. Overall, concordance ranged from 89.1% to 100% for the screening of antiretroviral drugs in clinical plasma specimens as compared to LC-MS/MS methods. CONCLUSION Using the Exactive-MS, we developed and validated a highly selective, robust method for the multiplexed detection of 15 antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Marzinke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Autumn Breaud
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teresa L Parsons
- Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Piwowar-Manning
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan H Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Tyrkkö E, Pelander A, Ketola RA, Ojanperä I. In silico and in vitro metabolism studies support identification of designer drugs in human urine by liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6697-709. [PMID: 23797910 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human phase I metabolism of four designer drugs, 2-desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP), 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC), α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), and methiopropamine (MPA), was studied using in silico and in vitro metabolite prediction. The metabolites were identified in drug abusers’ urine samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q-TOF/MS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of the in silico and in vitro methods to generate the main urinary metabolites found in vivo. Meteor 14.0.0 software (Lhasa Limited) was used for in silico metabolite prediction, and in vitro metabolites were produced in human liver microsomes (HLMs). 2-DPMP was metabolized by hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidation, resulting in six phase I metabolites. Six metabolites were identified for 3,4-DMMC formed via N-demethylation, reduction, hydroxylation, and oxidation reactions. α-PVP was found to undergo reduction, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidation reactions, as well as degradation of the pyrrolidine ring, and seven phase I metabolites were identified. For MPA, the nor-MPA metabolite was detected. Meteor software predicted the main human urinary phase I metabolites of 3,4-DMMC, α-PVP, and MPA and two of the four main metabolites of 2-DPMP. It assisted in the identification of the previously unreported metabolic reactions for α-PVP. Eight of the 12 most abundant in vivo phase I metabolites were detected in the in vitro HLM experiments. In vitro tests serve as material for exploitation of in silico data when an authentic urine sample is not available. In silico and in vitro designer drug metabolism studies with LC/Q-TOF/MS produced sufficient metabolic information to support identification of the parent compound in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Tyrkkö
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Goryński K, Bojko B, Nowaczyk A, Buciński A, Pawliszyn J, Kaliszan R. Quantitative structure-retention relationships models for prediction of high performance liquid chromatography retention time of small molecules: endogenous metabolites and banned compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 797:13-9. [PMID: 24050665 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) is a technique capable of improving the identification of analytes by predicting their retention time on a liquid chromatography column (LC) and/or their properties. This approach is particularly useful when LC is coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platform. The main aim of the present study was to develop and describe appropriate QSRR models that provide usable predictive capability, allowing false positive identification to be removed during the interpretation of metabolomics data, while additionally increasing confidence of experimental results in doping control area. For this purpose, a dataset consisting of 146 drugs, metabolites and banned compounds from World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lists, was used. A QSRR study was carried out separately on high quality retention data determined by reversed-phase (RP-LC-HRMS) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC-LC-HRMS) systems, employing a single protocol for each system. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to construct the linear QSRR models based on a variety of theoretical molecular descriptors. The regression equations included a set of three descriptors for each model: ALogP, BELe6, R2p and ALogP(2), FDI, BLTA96, were used in the analysis of reversed-phase and HILIC column models, respectively. Statistically significant QSRR models (squared correlation coefficient for model fitting, R(2)=0.95 for RP and R(2)=0.84 for HILIC) indicate a strong correlation between retention time and the molecular descriptors. An evaluation of the best correlation models, performed by validation of each model using three tests (leave-one-out, leave-many-out, external tests), demonstrated the reliability of the models. This paper provides a practical and effective method for analytical chemists working with LC/HRMS platforms to improve predictive confidence of studies that seek to identify small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Goryński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for metabolic footprinting of co-cultures of lactic and propionic acid bacteria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8151-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Monitoring Haloperidol Exposure in Body Fluids and Hair of Children by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:493-501. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182892d11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Structural characterization of electrochemically and in vitro biologically generated oxidation products of atorvastatin using UHPLC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7181-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Therapeutic drug monitoring for tomorrow. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69 Suppl 1:25-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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