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Marghany F, Ayobahan SU, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Hollert H, Eilebrecht S. Transcriptomic and proteomic fingerprints induced by the fungicides difenoconazole and metalaxyl in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104348. [PMID: 38135202 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we applied OMICs analysis to identify substance-specific biomarker candidates, which may act as early indicators for specific ecotoxic modes of actions (MoA). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to two sublethal concentrations of difenoconazole and metalaxyl according to a modified protocol of the OECD test guideline No. 236. At the end of exposure, total RNA and protein were extracted, followed by transcriptomics and proteomics analysis. The analysis of significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) revealed a positive exposure-response correlation in all test concentrations for both fungicides. Similarly, also a positive correlation between the obtained transcriptome and proteome data was observed, highlighting the robustness of our approach. From the detected DEGs, candidate biomarkers specific for difenoconazole (apoa1b, gatm, mylpfb and acta1b) and metalaxyl (lgals2b, abat, fabp1b.1 and myh9a) were selected, and their biological functions were discussed to assess the predictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Marghany
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Steve U Ayobahan
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Wang J, Li S, Yang Y, Fan L, Qin W, Su L, Zhao Y, Li C. Photochemical behavior and photo-induced toxicity of chiral pesticides and their chiral monomers in aqueous environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:107996. [PMID: 37276764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical behaviors of chiral pollutants in aqueous solutions are rarely studied using chiral monomers, which may hamper their precise risk assessment and lead to suspicious conclusions. In this study, we systematically investigated the phototransformation behavior and toxicity evolution of two widely used chiral pesticides (triadimefon (TF) and triadimenol (TN)) at enantiomer and diastereomer levels, and proposed a calculation method of total photolysis rate constants of chiral mixture. Results show that TF and TN could be photodegraded faster in pure water than in natural waters, and the observed photolysis rate constants (kobs) of TN with two chiral centers exhibit enantioselectivity, i.e., kobs(TN-RS) = kobs(TN-SR) > kobs(TN-RR) = kobs(TN-SS). The photolysis of TF and TN mainly occurs through their excited singlet and triplet states, respectively. Their photodegradation pathways mainly include dechlorination and elimination of triazole ring. TF could also undergo ether bond cleavage. It is also found that, both TF and TN exhibit photo-induced toxicity to V. fischeri, due to the generation of more toxic products than parent compounds. Furthermore, TN exhibits enantioselective photo-induced toxicity after 240-min irradiation, which could be ascribed to the formation of chiral products. These results could benefit the understanding of enantioselective environmental behavior of chiral pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Shaochen Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Yandong Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Lingyun Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Weichao Qin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Limin Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China.
| | - Chao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China.
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Nataraj B, Hemalatha D, Malafaia G, Maharajan K, Ramesh M. "Fishcide" effect of the fungicide difenoconazole in freshwater fish (Labeo rohita): A multi-endpoint approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159425. [PMID: 36244480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is widely used to protect crops, fruits, and vegetables. However, this fungicide can enter aquatic environments and cause harmful effects to non-target organisms and induce little-known biological disorders. Thus, aiming to expand our knowledge about the ecotoxicity of difenoconazole on freshwater ichthyofauna, we aimed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of difenoconazole and evaluate its possible impacts from different toxicity biomarkers, using freshwater fish Labeo rohita as a model system. Using the probit analysis method, the 96 h LC50 value of difenoconazole in the fish was calculated as 4.5 mg L-1. Posteriorly, fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.45 mg L-1 1/10th and 0.9 mg L-1 1/5th LC50 value) for 21 days. A significant reduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity was noted in the gill, liver, and kidneys of fish compared to the control groups. The level of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity was higher in all vital tissues of difenoconazole-treated fish. Histological alterations in the gill include epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, hypertrophy, and epithelial necrosis. At the same time, the liver showed pyknotic nucleus, vacuolation, cellular edema and tubular necrosis, shrinkage of glomeruli, vacuolation, and pyknotic nuclei in the kidney. DNA damage was increased significantly with tail formation based on the concentration and time-dependent manner. Therefore, our study confirms that the exposure of L. rohita to difenoconazole induces negative biological consequences and sheds light on the danger of this fungicide for freshwater fish species. We believe that studies like ours can support actions and strategies for the remediation/mitigation of aquatic pollution by difenoconazole and for the conservation of freshwater ichthyofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641014, India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
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Celeiro M, Facorro R, Dagnac T, Vilar VJP, Llompart M. Photodegradation of multiclass fungicides in the aquatic environment and determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19181-19193. [PMID: 28664491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation behaviour for nine widespread fungicides (benalaxyl, cyprodinil, dimethomorph, fenhexamide, iprovalicarb, kresoxim-methyl, metalaxyl, myclobutanil and tebuconazole) was evaluated in different types of water. Two different systems, direct UV photolysis and UVC/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP), were applied for the photodegradation tests. For the monitoring of the target compound degradation, a method based on direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Several fungicide photodegradation by-products were tentatively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as well. For the photolysis studies, the efficiency of different types of radiation, UVC (λ = 254 nm) and UVA (λ = 365 nm), was compared. UVC photolysis provided the highest removal with a complete degradation for fenhexamide and kresoxim-methyl, and percentages between 48 and 78% for the other compounds, excluding iprovalicarb and myclobutanil with removals <35%, after 30 min of irradiation. Besides, the photodegradation tests were performed with different initial concentrations of fungicides, and the efficiency of two photoreactor systems was compared. In all cases, the kinetics followed pseudo-first order, and the half-life times could also be calculated. The addition of H2O2 under UVC light allowed an improvement of the reaction kinetics, especially for the most recalcitrant fungicides, obtaining in all cases removals higher than 82% in less than 6 min. Finally, in order to evaluate the suitability of the proposed systems, both UVC photolysis and UVC/H2O2 system were tested in different real water matrices (wastewater, tap water, swimming pool water and river water), showing that the UVC/H2O2 system had the highest removal efficiency in less than 6 min, for all water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeiro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rocio Facorro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (INGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (INGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LRSE-LCM), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ferri P, Ramil M, Rodríguez I, Bergamasco R, Vieira AMS, Cela R. Assessment of quinoxyfen phototransformation pathways by liquid chromatography coupled to accurate mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2981-2991. [PMID: 28210755 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxyfen has been recently identified as a priority hazardous substance in the field of the European water policy. In this work, its fate in aqueous samples and solid supports under UV and solar radiation is investigated. Diverse degradation experiments were carried out, at lab scale, using spiked aliquots of different aqueous matrices (ultrapure, treated wastewater and river water) irradiated at different wavelengths (λ = 254 nm, λ = 365 nm and solar light). Half-lives of quinoxyfen (2-26 min) depended on the wavelength and the intensity of radiation whilst the nature of the aqueous matrix did not play an important role in degradation kinetics. Moreover, experiments under solar radiation of doped silicone tubes were performed to simulate degradation when quinoxyfen is adsorbed on plant leaves or soil. As the compound is not completely mineralized, the identification of quinoxyfen transformation products (TPs) was performed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) injection of different irradiated time aliquots. The full-fragment ion spectra, at different collision energies, allowed the elucidation of the chemical structure of TPs formed by hydroxylation, cyclization or cleavage reactions. Five out of seven identified TPs have not been reported previously. The ecotoxicity simulation by software (TEST and ECOSAR) for TPs revealed that some of them could cause harmful effects to organisms such as Daphnia magna or Fathead minnow in a similar extent to the precursor; moreover, the time course profiles of major TPs (TP1 and TP2) revealed a much higher resistance to further photodegradation than quinoxyfen. Graphical abstract Quinoxyfen phototransformation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.,Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - María Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Rosângela Bergamasco
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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Zhang L, Dong X, Wang C, Zuo Z, Chen M. Bioaccumulation and the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 genes in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to difenoconazole. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 52:98-104. [PMID: 28254063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effects of difenoconazole (DFZ), a triazole fungicide, on the hepatic biotransformation system and its bioaccumulation in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Fish were exposed to DFZ (1, 10, 100, 1000ng/L) for 180days. The results showed that: (1) The mRNA levels of hepatic CYP1A1, CYP1B, CYP1C1, CYP27B and CYP3A40 were up-regulated, but those of CYP3A38 and CYP27A1 were down-regulated. (2) The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver were increased in the DFZ-treated groups, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was increased in the 100 and 1000ng/L groups. (3) DFZ was accumulated in the muscle and the biological concentration factors in the 10, 100, and 1000ng/L groups were respectively 149, 81 and 25. These results suggested that long-term exposure to DFZ at low concentrations would result in a bioaccumulation of this compound and disturb the biotransformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiaocui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Rivera-Becerril F, van Tuinen D, Chatagnier O, Rouard N, Béguet J, Kuszala C, Soulas G, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Martin-Laurent F. Impact of a pesticide cocktail (fenhexamid, folpel, deltamethrin) on the abundance of Glomeromycota in two agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:84-93. [PMID: 27817923 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination of the environment can result from agricultural practices. Persistence of pesticide residues is a threat to the soil biota including plant roots and beneficial microorganisms, which support an important number of soil ecosystem services. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are key symbiotic microorganisms contributing to plant nutrition. In the present study, we assessed whether AMF could indicate eventual side effects of pesticides when directly applied to field soils. We evaluated the ecotoxicological impact of a cocktail of three commonly used agricultural pesticides (fenhexamid, folpel, deltamethrin) on the abundance and composition of the AMF community in vineyard (Montagne de Saint-Emilion) and arable (Martincourt) soils subjected to different agricultural practices. The dissipation of applied pesticides was monitored by multiresidual analyses to determine the scenario of exposure of the AMF community. Diversity analysis before application of the pesticide cocktail showed that the AMF communities of vineyard soils, subjected to mechanical weeding or grass cover, and of the arable soil subjected to intensive agriculture, were dominated by Glomerales. Ribotypes specific to each soil and to each agricultural practice in the same soil were found, with the highest abundance and diversity of AMF being observed in the vineyard soil with a grass-cover. The abundance of the global AMF community (Glomeromycota) and of three taxa of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum/C. claroideum) was evaluated after pesticide application. The abundance of Glomeromycota decreased in both soils after pesticide application while the abundance of Claroideoglomus and F. mosseae decreased only in the arable soil. These results show that higher doses of pesticide exposure did not affect the global abundance, but altered the composition, of the AMF community. Resilience of the AMF community composition was observed only in the vineyard soil, where F. mosseae was the most tolerant taxon to pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Rivera-Becerril
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Departamento El Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Odile Chatagnier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Rouard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jérémie Béguet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Kuszala
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Guy Soulas
- INRA/Université de Bordeaux 2, UMR Œnologie, Villenave Dornon, France
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Comprehensive evaluation of the photo-transformation routes of trans-resveratrol. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:129-39. [PMID: 26253832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) combined with accurate mass spectrometry (MS), based on the use of a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (TOF) MS system, is employed to systematically investigate the photo-transformation routes of trans-resveratrol. Experiments were performed in quartz tubes, containing ethanolic solutions (12% v/v) of the precursor compound, exposed to different ultraviolet (UV) sources and to solar light. Time-courses of trans-resveratrol and transformation products (TPs) were investigated by direct injection of different reaction times aliquots in the LC-QTOF-MS system. Structural elucidation of detected TPs was derived from interpretation of their accurate product ion scan spectra. Trans-resveratrol labelled with (13)C6 in the mono-hydroxylated ring was also employed to further confirm the exact positions of some substituents in the generated TPs. In addition to the well-known trans-/cis-isomerization process, three different main reactions pathways were noticed under all the investigated conditions: (1) water addition to the exocycle double bond followed by oxidation to a ketone and cleavage of the molecule, (2) intramolecular cyclization to render a trihydroxylated phenanthrene, and (3) oxidation of the phenanthrene-like derivative to generate an orto-diquinone. Both, the trihydroxylated phenanthrene and the orto-diquinone underwent further aromatic hydroxylation reactions. The above transformation routes were also noticed for cis-resveratrol and the two analogue phytoalexins piceid and piceatannol. In addition to above transformation pathways, under solar light exposure, resveratrol underwent a molecular re-arrangement rendering the so-called resveratrone, whose structure consists of two fused aromatic rings bonded to a linear chain containing a carbonyl group conjugated with a double bond.
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Casado J, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Identification of antimycotic drugs transformation products upon UV exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 289:72-82. [PMID: 25710817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of three imidazolic, environmental persistent antimycotic drugs (clotrimazole, CTZ; ketoconazole, KTZ; and miconazole, MCZ) upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is discussed. First, precursor compounds were immobilized in a silicone support which was further exposed to UV light at two different wavelengths: 254 and 365 nm. After solvent desorption, degradation kinetics of the precursor pharmaceuticals, identification of the arising transformation products (TPs) and evaluation of their time-course were investigated by liquid chromatography (LC) with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The three antimycotics displayed similar stabilities when exposed to 254 nm light; however, CTZ was significantly more stable than MCZ and KTZ when irradiated with the 365 nm lamp. TPs identified in silicone supports resulted from de-chlorination, cleavage, intra-molecular cyclization and hydroxylation reactions. Many of these species were also detected when exposing other solid matrices, such as sand and agricultural soil, previously spiked with target compounds, to UV light. The 50% estimated lethal concentration, calculated using the 48-h Daphnia magna test, for the two main TPs of CTZ and MCZ, at both wavelengths, were lower than those corresponding to the precursor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Isaac Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - María Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Proficiency test on the determination of pesticide residues in grapes with multi-residue methods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1395:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Casado J, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Selective determination of antimycotic drugs in environmental water samples by mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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