1
|
Maskrey BH, Dean K, Morrell N, Younger A, Turner AD, Katsiadaki I. Seasonal profile of common pharmaceuticals in edible bivalve molluscs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116128. [PMID: 38377862 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are recognised as environmental contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) due to their increasing presence in the aquatic environment, along with high bioactivity linked to their therapeutic use. Therefore, information on environmental levels is urgently required. This study examined the presence of a range of common pharmaceuticals in oysters and mussels intended for human consumption from England and Wales using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. A range of compounds were detected in bivalve tissue, with the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor antidepressant sertraline being most abundant, reaching a maximum concentration of 22.1 ng/g wet weight shellfish tissue. Levels of all pharmaceuticals showed seasonal and geographical patterns. A dietary risk assessment revealed that the levels of pharmaceuticals identified in bivalve molluscs represent a clear hazard, but not a risk for the consumer. This study highlights the requirement for further monitoring of the presence of pharmaceuticals and other CECs in bivalve molluscs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Younger
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dumas T, Gomez E, Boccard J, Ramirez G, Armengaud J, Escande A, Mathieu O, Fenet H, Courant F. Mixture effects of pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, diclofenac and venlafaxine on Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel probed by metabolomics and proteogenomics combined approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168015. [PMID: 37879482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to single molecules under laboratory conditions has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action (MeOAs) and effects of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) on non-target organisms. However, not taking the co-occurrence of contaminants in the environment and their possible interactions into account may lead to underestimation of their impacts. In this study, we combined untargeted metabolomics and proteogenomics approaches to assess the mixture effects of diclofenac, carbamazepine and venlafaxine on marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Our multi-omics approach and data fusion strategy highlighted how such xenobiotic cocktails induce important cellular changes that can be harmful to marine bivalves. This response is mainly characterized by energy metabolism disruption, fatty acid degradation, protein synthesis and degradation, and the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. The known MeOAs and molecular signatures of PhACs were taken into consideration to gain insight into the mixture effects, thereby revealing a potential additive effect. Multi-omics approaches on mussels as sentinels offer a comprehensive overview of molecular and cellular responses triggered by exposure to contaminant mixtures, even at environmental concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Dumas
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Ramirez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Aurélie Escande
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Mathieu
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castaño-Ortiz JM, Courant F, Gomez E, García-Pimentel MM, León VM, Campillo JA, Santos LHMLM, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Combined exposure of the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis to polyethylene microplastics and two pharmaceuticals (citalopram and bezafibrate): Bioaccumulation and metabolomic studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131904. [PMID: 37356174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and microplastics constitute potential hazards in aquatic systems, but their combined effects and underlying toxicity mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, a simultaneous characterization of bioaccumulation, associated metabolomic alterations and potential recovery mechanisms was performed. Specifically, a bioassay on Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) was carried out with polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPLs, 1 mg/L) and citalopram or bezafibrate (500 ng/L). Single and co-exposure scenarios lasted 21 days, followed by a 7-day depuration period to assess their potential recovery. PE-MPLs delayed the bioaccumulation of citalopram (lower mean at 10 d: 447 compared to 770 ng/g dw under single exposure), although reaching similar tissue concentrations after 21 d. A more limited accumulation of bezafibrate was observed overall, regardless of PE-MPLs co-exposure (<MQL-3.2 ng/g dw). Metabolic profiles showed a strong effect of pharmaceuticals, generally independent of PE-MPLs co-exposure. Alterations of the citrate cycle (bezafibrate exposure) and steroid and prostaglandin metabolism (citalopram and bezafibrate exposures) were highlighted. PE-MPLs alone also impacted metabolic pathways, such as neurotransmitters or purine metabolism. After depuration, relevant latent or long-lasting effects were demonstrated as, for instance, the effect of citalopram on neurotransmitters metabolism. Altogether, the observed molecular-level responses to pharmaceuticals and/or PE-MPLs may lead to a dysregulation of mussels' reproduction, energy metabolism, and/or immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Castaño-Ortiz
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - F Courant
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - E Gomez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - M M García-Pimentel
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - L H M L M Santos
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Madikizela LM, Ncube S. Health effects and risks associated with the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155780. [PMID: 35537516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are continuously invading the marine environment due to their input from the land such as their disposal into the drains and sewers which is mostly followed by their transfer into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Their incomplete removal in WWTPs introduces pharmaceuticals into oceans and surface water. To date, various pharmaceuticals and their metabolites have been detected in marine environment. Their occurrence in marine organisms raises concerns regarding toxic effects and development of drug resistant genes. Therefore, it is crucial to review the health effects and risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. This is an important study area which is related to the availability of seafood and its quality. Hence, this study provides a critical review of the information available in literature which relates to the occurrence and toxic effects of pharmaceuticals in marine organisms and seafood. This was initiated through conducting a literature search focussing on articles investigating the occurrence and effects of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine organisms and seafood. In general, most studies on the monitoring of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in marine environment are conducted in well developed countries such as Europe while research in developing countries is still limited. Pharmaceuticals present in freshwater are mostly found in seawater and marine organisms. Furthermore, the toxicity caused by different pharmaceutical mixtures was observed to be more severe than that of individual compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1710, South Africa.
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O Box 60, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramirez G, Gomez E, Dumas T, Rosain D, Mathieu O, Fenet H, Courant F. Early Biological Modulations Resulting from 1-Week Venlafaxine Exposure of Marine Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Determined by a Metabolomic Approach. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030197. [PMID: 35323640 PMCID: PMC8949932 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence of the presence of pharmaceuticals in natural waters and their accumulation in aquatic organisms. While their mode of action on non-target organisms is still not clearly understood, their effects warrant assessment. The present study assessed the metabolome of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to a 10 µg/L nominal concentration of the antidepressant venlafaxine (VLF) at 3 time-points (1, 3, and 7 days). Over the exposure period, we observed up- or down-modulations of 113 metabolites, belonging to several metabolisms, e.g., amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, etc.), purine and pyrimidine metabolisms (adenosine, cyclic AMP, thymidine, etc.), and several other metabolites involved in diverse functions. Serotonin showed the same time-course modulation pattern in both male and female mussels, which was consistent with its mode of action in humans, i.e., after a slight decrease on the first day of exposure, its levels increased at day 7 in exposed mussels. We found that the modulation pattern of impacted metabolites was not constant over time and it was gender-specific, as male and female mussels responded differently to VLF exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Ramirez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
| | - Elena Gomez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
| | - Thibaut Dumas
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
| | - David Rosain
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
| | - Olivier Mathieu
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
| | - Frédérique Courant
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; (G.R.); (E.G.); (T.D.); (D.R.); (O.M.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-411-759-414
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Świacka K, Maculewicz J, Kowalska D, Caban M, Smolarz K, Świeżak J. Presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in wild-living aquatic organisms - Current state of knowledge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127350. [PMID: 34607031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades an increasing number of studies has been published concerning contamination of aquatic ecosystems with pharmaceuticals. Yet, the distribution of these chemical compounds in aquatic environments raises many questions and uncertainties. Data on the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in the same water bodies varies significantly between different studies. Therefore, since early 1990 s, wild organisms have been used in research on environmental contamination with pharmaceuticals. Indeed, pharmaceutical levels measured in biological matrices may better reflect their overall presence in the aquatic environments as such levels include not only direct exposure of a given organisms to a specific pollutant but also processes such as bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In the present paper, data concerning occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota was reviewed. So far, pharmaceuticals have been studied mainly in fish and molluscs, with only a few papers available on crustaceans and macroalgae. The most commonly found pharmaceuticals both in freshwater and marine organisms are antibiotics, antidepressants and NSAIDS while there is no information about the presence of anticancer drugs in aquatic organisms. Furthermore, only single studies were conducted in Africa and Australia. Hence, systematization of up-to-date knowledge, the main aim of this review, is needed for further research targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Justyna Świeżak
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin H, Yang D, Wu P, Zhao M. Environmental occurrence and ecological risks of psychoactive substances. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106970. [PMID: 34753034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances are ubiquitous in the environment at low concentrations, and tobacco, cannabis, etc. are all widely-existing examples. Given their potent biological activity, psychoactive substances are suspected to be harmful to the environment, and reports of their ecological risks are gradually increasing. Since the 1990s, the investigations into psychoactive substances have made remarkable progress, yet some research fields still need to be modernised. For example, the unification of standardised analytical methods as well as the supplementation of occurrence literature. In addition, a relatively lagging risk evaluation system caused by a lack of toxicity data is particularly in need of improvement. The purpose of this article is to develop a review of current research on psychoactive substances, including analytical methods, distribution in environmental compartments, and ecological risk assessment, as well as to point out deficiencies and development prospects and to offer motivation for enhancing the research level in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maskrey BH, Dean K, Morrell N, Turner AD. A Simple and Rapid Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitation of Pharmaceuticals and Related Compounds in Mussels and Oysters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3263-3274. [PMID: 33760266 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and optimized for the quantitation of a range of pharmaceuticals, metabolites, and related bioactive compounds in the bivalve mollusc species mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Shellfish tissues were extracted using a simple solvent-based extraction method prior to concentration and purification by pass-through solid-phase extraction and quantified using stable isotope dilution MS/MS. The analytes covered a range of therapeutic classes including antidepressants, anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, and antiplatelets. Of the 34 compounds included in the present study initially, 28 compounds were found to demonstrate acceptable performance. Performance was assessed by examining extraction efficiencies, matrix effects, sensitivity, and within- and between-batch precision. The results show that as indicated by acceptable HorRat and accuracy values, the method is fit for purpose. Application of this method to environmental mussel and oyster samples revealed the presence of 12 compounds at quantifiable concentrations, with the antidepressant sertraline being present at the highest level, reaching a concentration of 6.12 ng/g in mussel tissue. © 2021 Crown copyright. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2021;40:3263-3274. © 2021 SETAC. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ariza-Castro N, Courant F, Dumas T, Marion B, Fenet H, Gomez E. Elucidating venlafaxine metabolism in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) through combined targeted and non-targeted approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146387. [PMID: 34030260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of aquatic organisms to antidepressants is currently well documented, while little information is available on how wild organisms cope with exposure to these pharmaceutical products. Studies on antidepressant metabolism in exposed organisms could generate information on their detoxification pathways and pharmacokinetics. The goal of this study was to enhance knowledge on the metabolism of venlafaxine (VEN)-an antidepressant frequently found in aquatic ecosystems-in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a bivalve that is present worldwide. An original tissue extraction technique based on the cationic properties of VEN was developed for further analysis of VEN and its metabolites using targeted and non-targeted approaches. This extraction method was assessed in terms of recovery and matrix effects for VEN metabolites. Commercial analytical standards were applied to characterize metabolites found in mussels exposed to 10 μg/L VEN for 3 and 7 days. Targeted and non-targeted approaches using liquid chromatography (LC) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were implemented to screen for expected metabolites based on the literature on aquatic species, and for metabolites not previously documented. Four venlafaxine metabolites were identified, namely N-desmethylvenlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine, which were clearly identified using analytical standards, and two other metabolites revealed by non-target analysis. According to the signal intensity, hydroxy-venlafaxine (OH-VEN) was the predominant metabolite detected in mussels exposed for 3 and 7 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ariza-Castro
- HydroSciences, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Escuela de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica.
| | - F Courant
- HydroSciences, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - T Dumas
- HydroSciences, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B Marion
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, ENSCM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - H Fenet
- HydroSciences, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Gomez
- HydroSciences, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Branchet P, Arpin-Pont L, Piram A, Boissery P, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Doumenq P. Pharmaceuticals in the marine environment: What are the present challenges in their monitoring? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142644. [PMID: 33077207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, there has been a growing interest in the research focused on the pharmaceutical residues in the environment. Those compounds have been recognized as a possible threat to aquatic ecosystems, due to their inherent biological activity and their "pseudo-persistence". Their presence has been relatively few investigated in the marine environment, though it is the last receiver of the continental contamination. Thus, pharmaceuticals monitoring data in marine waters are necessary to assess water quality and to allow enhancing future regulations and management decisions. A review of the current practices and challenges in monitoring strategies of pharmaceuticals in marine matrices (water, sediment and biota) is provided through the analysis of the available recent scientific literature. Key points are highlighted for the different steps of marine waters monitoring as features to consider for the targeted substance selection, the choice of the marine site configuration and sampling strategies to determine spatio-temporal trends of the contamination. Some marine environment specific features, such as the strong dilution occurring, the complex hydrodynamic and local logistical constraints are making this monitoring a very difficult and demanding task. Thus key knowledge gap priorities for future research are identified and discussed. Suitable passive samplers to monitor pharmaceutical seawater levels need further development and harmonization. Non-target analysis approaches would be promising to understand the fate of the targeted molecules and to enhance the list of substances to analyze. The implementation of integrated monitoring through long-term ecotoxicological tests on sensitive marine species at environmental levels would permit to better assess the ecological risk of these compounds for the marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Branchet
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France.
| | - Lauren Arpin-Pont
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - Anne Piram
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France.
| | - Pierre Boissery
- Agence de l'Eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse, 2, street Henri Barbusse, CS 90464, 13207 Marseille Cedex 01, France
| | - Pascal Wong-Wah-Chung
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - Pierre Doumenq
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Bâtiment Villemin BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mezzelani M, Fattorini D, Gorbi S, Nigro M, Regoli F. Human pharmaceuticals in marine mussels: Evidence of sneaky environmental hazard along Italian coasts. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105137. [PMID: 33010617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing interest for pharmaceuticals in the marine environment, their accumulation in wild organisms and consequent environmental hazards are still poorly known. The Mediterranean Sea is highly challenged by the density of coastal populations, large consumption of pharmaceuticals and their often limited removal by Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). In this respect, the present study aims to provide the first large-scale survey on the distribution of such contaminants of emerging concern in native mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis from Italian coasts. Organisms were collected from 14 sites representative of relatively unpolluted marine waters along the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea and analysed for 9 common pharmaceuticals including Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs: Diclofenac DIC, Ibuprofen IBU, Ketoprofen KET and Nimesulide NIM), the analgesic Acetaminophen AMP, the antiepileptic Carbamazepine CBZ, the antihypertensive Valsartan VAL, the anxiolytic Lormetazepam LOR and the antidepressant Paroxetine PAR. Results indicated the widespread occurrence of the majority of pharmaceuticals in mussel tissues: CBZ was measured in >90% of analysed samples, followed by VAL (>50%), PAR (>40%), and DIC (>30%), while only AMP and KET were never detected. Heterogeneous tissue concentrations ranged from a few units up to hundreds of ng/g (d.w.), while seasonal and interannual variability, investigated over 4 years, did not highlight any clear temporal trend. Limited differences obtained between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Sea, as well as coastal versus off-shore sampling sites, suggest that analysed levels of pharmaceuticals in mussels tissues should be considered as baseline concentrations for organisms collected in unpolluted areas of the Mediterranean. This study provided the first unambiguous evidence of the widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals in marine mussels from Italian coasts, giving novel insights on the potential ecotoxicological hazard from such compounds in marine species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rapid, Precise and Affordable Estimation of Venlafaxine and Its Metabolites in Highly Polluted Effluent Waters: Proof-of-Concept for Methodology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204793. [PMID: 33086601 PMCID: PMC7587575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the environment of industrialized countries is an emerging global concern. Potential contamination of the soil and water by such pharmacologically active substances poses serious ecotoxicological implications. Several studies assessing the long-term ecological risks of pharmaceutical contaminants mainly focus on the risk assessment of the parent drug, while the potential contributions of their metabolites is often neglected. Presence of selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine, an antidepressant drug, and its metabolites is a matter of serious concern for aquatic systems, since they are difficult to remove by traditional wastewater treatment processes. The concentration of VEN present in water is reportedly one of the highest among pharmaceuticals; however, the long-term effects of its metabolites have not yet been systematically studied. Given the consideration to complex and time-consuming effluent treatment, and realizing the importance of levels of venlafaxine and its metabolites, a simple and accurate analytical method for quick determination is needed. We designed a selective colorimetric method by using oxidative coupling of drug molecules with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) reagent, to quantify the presence of venlafaxine and its metabolites in aquatic samples, with special emphasis on effluent. The method was validated for selectivity, specificity and robustness as per the ICH Q2 guidelines to assess its suitability in pharmaceutical samples, as well. Highly sensitive and green economical analytical method was successfully established for estimation of venlafaxine and its metabolites in aquatic samples. The method was quick, as it involved minimum processing steps. The method was accurate and linear in the range of 0.5 to 80 ppm and could successfully detect lowest concentration of 1.3 ppm, thus qualifying its applicability for the desired purpose to check the presence of trace levels of VEN or its metabolites in aquatic samples or in pharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Santos LHMLM, Maulvault AL, Jaén-Gil A, Marques A, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Insights on the metabolization of the antidepressant venlafaxine by meagre (Argyrosomus regius) using a combined target and suspect screening approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140226. [PMID: 32575024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in fish exposed to contaminated water can be shaped by their capability to metabolize these xenobiotics, affecting their toxicity and animal welfare. In this study the in vivo metabolization of the antidepressant venlafaxine by the juvenile marine fish meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was evaluated using a combined target and suspect screening analytical approach. Thirteen venlafaxine metabolites were identified, namely N-desmethylvenlafaxine and N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, which were unequivocally identified using analytical standards, and 11 more tentatively identified by suspect screening analysis, including two Phase II metabolites formed by amino acid conjugation. All of them were detected in the liver, while in plasma and brain only 9 and 6 metabolites, respectively, were detected. Based on these findings, for the first time, a tentative metabolization pathway of venlafaxine by A. regius is proposed. Contrarily to what happen in humans, N-demethylation was identified as the main route of metabolization of venlafaxine by fish. Our findings highlight species-specificity in the metabolization of venlafaxine and allow a better understanding of venlafaxine's toxicokinetic in fish. These results emphasize the need to investigate the biotransformation of xenobiotics by non-target organisms to have an integrated overview of their environmental exposure and to improve future evaluations of environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia H M L M Santos
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-167 Algés, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-167 Algés, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruan Y, Lin H, Zhang X, Wu R, Zhang K, Leung KMY, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Enantiomer-specific bioaccumulation and distribution of chiral pharmaceuticals in a subtropical marine food web. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122589. [PMID: 32283383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern about the occurrence of chiral pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. However, trophic transfer of pharmaceutical enantiomers in marine organisms is still largely unknown. This study assessed the bioaccumulation and spatial distribution of four frequently detected pharmaceuticals - atenolol, metoprolol, venlafaxine, and chloramphenicol, in a subtropical marine food web in Hong Kong waters. Twenty-four species were analyzed, including mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes. Special focus was placed in the chirality of the four analytes comprising ten different stereoisomers. Results showed that mean concentrations of individual pharmaceuticals ranged from <0.03 to 5.88 ng/g wet weight, and invertebrates generally had higher concentrations than fishes. Organisms from Hong Kong western waters were likely more contaminated by the studied pharmaceuticals than those from southern and eastern waters. Trophic dilution was observed for atenolol and chloramphenicol, with trophic magnification factors of 0.164 and 0.517, respectively. R-(+)-atenolol, S-(-)-metoprolol, and R-(-)-venlafaxine were selectively accumulated in fishes, and stereoisomeric impurities of chloramphenicol, i.e., enantiomers apart from R,R-para-form, were widespread in the investigated species. Under the worst-case scenario, atenolol and metoprolol in collected fishes might exceed toxic threshold, while local adults were unlikely to experience health risks from pharmaceutical exposure via seafood consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James C W Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Posselt M, Mechelke J, Rutere C, Coll C, Jaeger A, Raza M, Meinikmann K, Krause S, Sobek A, Lewandowski J, Horn MA, Hollender J, Benskin JP. Bacterial Diversity Controls Transformation of Wastewater-Derived Organic Contaminants in River-Simulating Flumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5467-5479. [PMID: 32251587 PMCID: PMC7304871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyporheic zones are the water-saturated flow-through subsurfaces of rivers which are characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple physical, biological, and chemical processes. Two factors playing a role in the hyporheic attenuation of organic contaminants are sediment bedforms (a major driver of hyporheic exchange) and the composition of the sediment microbial community. How these factors act on the diverse range of organic contaminants encountered downstream from wastewater treatment plants is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated dissipation half-lives (DT50s) of 31 substances (mainly pharmaceuticals) under different combinations of bacterial diversity and bedform-induced hyporheic flow using 20 recirculating flumes in a central composite face factorial design. By combining small-volume pore water sampling, targeted analysis, and suspect screening, along with quantitative real-time PCR and time-resolved amplicon Illumina MiSeq sequencing, we determined a comprehensive set of DT50s, associated bacterial communities, and microbial transformation products. The resulting DT50s of parent compounds ranged from 0.5 (fluoxetine) to 306 days (carbamazepine), with 20 substances responding significantly to bacterial diversity and four to both diversity and hyporheic flow. Bacterial taxa that were associated with biodegradation included Acidobacteria (groups 6, 17, and 22), Actinobacteria (Nocardioides and Illumatobacter), Bacteroidetes (Terrimonas and Flavobacterium) and diverse Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae). Notable were the formation of valsartan acid from irbesartan and valsartan, the persistence of N-desmethylvenlafaxine across all treatments, and the identification of biuret as a novel transformation product of metformin. Twelve additional target transformation products were identified, which were persistent in either pore or surface water of at least one treatment, indicating their environmental relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Posselt
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mechelke
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 133, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrus Rutere
- Department
of Ecological Microbiology, University of
Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Claudia Coll
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 133, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anna Jaeger
- Department
Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater
Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Geography
Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad Raza
- Technical
University of Darmstadt, Institute of Applied
Geosciences, Darmstadt, Germany
- IWW
Water Centre, Mülheim an
der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Karin Meinikmann
- Department
Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater
Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Julius
Kühn-Institute, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Krause
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörg Lewandowski
- Department
Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater
Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Geography
Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus A. Horn
- Department
of Ecological Microbiology, University of
Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute
of Microbiology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, DE-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 133, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan P. Benskin
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm
University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martínez-Morcillo S, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Fernández-Rubio J, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Míguez-Santiyán MP, Valdes ME, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. Presence of pharmaceutical compounds, levels of biochemical biomarkers in seafood tissues and risk assessment for human health: Results from a case study in North-Western Spain. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:10-21. [PMID: 31706926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the presence of 27 pharmaceutically active compounds belonging to common therapeutic groups (cardiovascular, antiashmatic, psychoactive, diuretic, analgesic/anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic drugs) in the tissues of representative seafood species of bivalves, cephalopods, arthropods, and fish of high economic importance and consumption rates in North-Western Spain. Four pharmaceutical compounds, out of the 27 analyzed, were detected in the collected samples. The benzodiazepine citalopram was detected in the tissues of common octopus (14.1 ng g-1 dry weight) and pod razor (9.4 ng g-1 dw). The anxiolytic venlafaxine was detected in the tissues of common cockle (2.9 ng g-1 dw). The veterinary antiparasitic ronidazole was found in pod razor (2.3 ng g-1 dw) and, finally, the psychoactive compound alprazolam was also measured in common octopus (0.3 ng g-1 dw). Hazard quotients were calculated to assess the hazard posed by the consumption of the sampled seafoods. Octopus and pod razor tissues containing citalopram and alprazolam exceeded our chosen hazard limits (HQ > 0.1) for toddlers who are high consumers of seafood (HQ values between 0.18 and 0.27). A battery of biochemical biomarkers of effects (acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase; catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes activities and reduced/oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde levels) was applied to samples of the study species with the aim of characterizing their basal levels and evaluating their suitability as a tool in the monitoring chronic exposure to environmental contaminants such as those analyzed in this study. According to the measured biomarkers, pod razor and cockles have the potential to be good bioindicator species, based on the observed among-site differences detected on acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities; reduced/oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Gil
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER). Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Javier Fernández-Rubio
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER). Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nursery and Stomatology. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | | | - María Eugenia Valdes
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia en Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Juan Filloy s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER). Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nursery and Stomatology. Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
López-García E, Postigo C, López de Alda M. Psychoactive substances in mussels: Analysis and occurrence assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:985-992. [PMID: 31426246 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an analytical methodology based on a "Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 35 psychoactive substances in fresh mussel samples. The compounds investigated include illicit drugs, new psychoactive substances, commonly prescribed psychiatric pharmaceuticals, and caffeine. The methodology was validated in terms of recovery (relative recoveries 77-118%), repeatability (relative standard deviation values <20%), and sensitivity (limits of detection and quantification <2 ng/g fresh weight (f.w.) and <6.7 ng/g f.w., respectively, for most compounds). The method was applied to the analysis of 15 samples, covering both commercially available mussels purchased from local food markets and wild fresh mussels collected in the Northeast coast of Spain in the Mediterranean Sea. Only one sample corresponding to wild mussels was found to contain 2 of the target analytes, namely, sertraline (1.5 ng/g f.w.) and caffeine, (12.8 ng/g f.w.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM) Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM) Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry (ENFOCHEM) Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ojemaye CY, Petrik L. Occurrences, levels and risk assessment studies of emerging pollutants (pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkyl and endocrine disrupting compounds) in fish samples from Kalk Bay harbour, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:562-572. [PMID: 31181501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of 15 target chemical compounds (pharmaceuticals and personal care product, perfluoroalkyl compounds and industrial chemicals) were carried out to determine their concentrations in selected commercially exploited, wild caught small and medium sized pelagic fish species and their organs (Thyrsites atun (snoek), Sarda orientalis (bonito), Pachymetopon blochii (panga) and Pterogymnus laniarius (hottentot)) obtained from Kalk Bay harbour, Cape Town. Solid phase extraction (SPE) method based on Oasis HLB cartridges were used to concentrate and clean-up the samples. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these chemical compounds revealed the simultaneous presence of at least 12 compounds in different parts of the selected fish species in nanogram-per-gram dry weight (ng/g dw) concentrations. The results revealed that perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluoroheptanoic acid were the most predominant among the perfluorinated compounds and ranged between: (20.13-179.2 ng/g), (21.22-114.0 ng/g) and (40.06-138.3 ng/g). Also, diclofenac had the highest concentration in these edible fish species out of all the pharmaceuticals detected (range: 551.8-1812 ng/g). The risk assessment values were above 0.5 and 1.0 for acute and chronic risk respectively which shows that these chemicals have a high health risk to the pelagic fish, aquatic organisms and to humans who consume them. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a precautionary approach and the adequate regulation of the use and disposal of synthetic chemicals that persist in aquatic/marine environment in this province and other parts of South Africa, to prevent impacts on the sustainability of our marine environment, livelihood and lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Ojemaye
- Environmental and Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Science Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Čelić M, Gros M, Farré M, Barceló D, Petrović M. Pharmaceuticals as chemical markers of wastewater contamination in the vulnerable area of the Ebro Delta (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:952-963. [PMID: 30380500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the occurrence and distribution of 81 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the vulnerable area of the Ebro Delta region (Catalonia, Spain), to assess the environmental impact of wastewater treatment plants discharge to coastal environments. The occurrence of PhACs was followed along the wastewater-recipient water-sediment chain until they reach estuaries and the Mediterranean Sea. Water and sediment samples were collected in an integrated way at different sampling points covering three different seasons in reaches of the Ebro River located upstream and downstream from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surrounding channels, estuaries, and the associated receiving seawater. 28 out of the 57 compounds detected in effluent wastewater were positively identified in estuary and seawaters, revealing that WWTP discharges are an important source of contamination in coastal environments and that PhACs are suitable markers of urban contamination in these areas. The substances with the highest frequency of detection belonged to the groups of analgesics/anti-inflammatories (acetaminophen, salicylic acid), antihypertensives (valsartan), psychiatric drugs (carbamazepine), and antibiotics (clarithromycin, trimethoprim). In general, a decrease in concentration was observed from inland sampling points towards the Mediterranean Sea, resulting from a dilution in the recipient marine water bodies. A reduced number of PhACs, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 12.5 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.) was detected in sediment samples, indicating that sorption is a minor natural attenuation pathway for these compounds. Finally, a prioritization strategy, based on the compounds concentration and frequency of detection in seawater, removal efficiency in WWTP, bioaccumulation potential, toxicity to marine organisms and persistency, was used to highlight the PhACs of major ecological concern and that could be used as relevant indicators of wastewater contamination in coastal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Čelić
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damia Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Company 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Álvarez-Muñoz D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Jacobs S, Serra-Compte A, Cáceres N, Sioen I, Verbeke W, Barbosa V, Ferrari F, Fernández-Tejedor M, Cunha S, Granby K, Robbens J, Kotterman M, Marques A, Barceló D. Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in raw and cooked seafood from European market: Concentrations and human exposure levels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:570-581. [PMID: 30172197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemicals of emerging concern that can accumulate in seafood sold in markets. These compounds may represent a risk to consumers through effects on the human reproductive system, metabolic disorders, pathogenesis of breast cancer or development of microbial resistance. Measuring their levels in highly consumed seafood is important to assess the potential risks to human health. Besides, the effect of cooking on contaminant levels is relevant to investigate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to study the presence and levels of PhACs and EDCs in commercially available seafood in the European Union market, to investigate the effect of cooking on contaminant levels, and to evaluate the dietary exposure of humans to these compounds through seafood consumption. A sampling survey of seafood from 11 European countries was undertaken. Twelve highly consumed seafood types were analysed raw and cooked with 3 analytical methods (65 samples, 195 analysis). PhACs were mostly not detectable or below quantification limits in seafood whereas EDCs were a recurrent group of contaminants quantified in the majority of the samples. Besides, cooking by steaming significantly increased their levels in seafood from 2 to 46-fold increase. Based on occurrence and levels, bisphenol A, methylparaben and triclosan were selected for performing a human exposure assessment and health risk characterisation through seafood consumption. The results indicate that the Spanish population has the highest exposure to the selected EDCs through seafood consumption, although the exposure via seafood remained below the current toxicological reference values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- Water Quality Area, Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silke Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Albert Serra-Compte
- Water Quality Area, Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cáceres
- Water Quality Area, Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vera Barbosa
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Sara Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kit Granby
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Food), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Michiel Kotterman
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Ijmuiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water Quality Area, Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maulvault AL, Santos LHMLM, Camacho C, Anacleto P, Barbosa V, Alves R, Pousão Ferreira P, Serra-Compte A, Barceló D, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Rosa R, Diniz M, Marques A. Antidepressants in a changing ocean: Venlafaxine uptake and elimination in juvenile fish (Argyrosomus regius) exposed to warming and acidification conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:286-297. [PMID: 29933165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antidepressants, such as venlafaxine (VFX), in marine ecosystems is increasing, thus, potentially posing ecological and human health risks. The inherent mechanisms of VFX uptake and elimination still require further understanding, particularly accounting for the impact of climate change-related stressors, such as warming and acidification. Hence, the present work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effects of increased seawater temperature (ΔT°C = +5 °C) and pCO2 levels (ΔpCO2 ∼1000 μatm, equivalent to ΔpH = -0.4 units) on the uptake and elimination of VFX in biological tissues (muscle, liver, brain) and plasma of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius) exposed to VFX through two different exposure pathways (via water, i.e. [VFX ] ∼20 μg L-1, and via feed, i.e. [VFX] ∼160 μg kg-1 dry weight, dw). Overall, results showed that VFX can be uptaken by fish through both water and diet. Fish liver exhibited the highest VFX concentration (126.7 ± 86.5 μg kg-1 and 6786.4 ± 1176.7 μg kg-1 via feed and water exposures, respectively), as well as the highest tissue:plasma concentration ratio, followed in this order by brain and muscle, regardless of exposure route. Both warming and acidification decreased VFX uptake in liver, although VFX uptake in brain was favoured under warming conditions. Conversely, VFX elimination in liver was impaired by both stressors, particularly when acting simultaneously. The distinct patterns of VFX uptake and elimination observed in the different scenarios calls for a better understanding of the effects of exposure route and abiotic conditions on emerging contaminants' toxicokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia H M L M Santos
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Carolina Camacho
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Vera Barbosa
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão Ferreira
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Albert Serra-Compte
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/ Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huerta B, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Lazorchak J, Barcelo D, Batt A, Wathen J, Stahl L. Presence of pharmaceuticals in fish collected from urban rivers in the U.S. EPA 2008-2009 National Rivers and Streams Assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:542-549. [PMID: 29635196 PMCID: PMC6097189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fish are good indicators of aquatic environment pollution because of their capability to uptake pollutants contained in water. Therefore, accumulation of pharmaceutical compounds in freshwater and marine fish and other aquatic organisms has been studied extensively in the last decade. In this context, the present study investigates the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wild fish from 25 polluted river sites in the USA, downstream from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Sample sites constitute a subset of urban rivers investigated in the U.S. EPA's 2008-2009 National Rivers and Streams Assessment. Thirteen pharmaceuticals (out of the twenty compounds analyzed) were quantified in fish fillets at concentrations commonly below 10ngg-1, in accordance with the findings from previous studies in the USA and Europe. The psychoactive drugs venlafaxine, carbamazepine and its metabolite 2-hydroxy carbamazepine were the most prevalent compounds (58%, 27% and 42%, respectively). This group of drugs is highly prescribed and rather resistant to degradation during conventional treatment in WWTPs as well as in natural aquatic environments. Salbutamol, a drug used to treat asthma, and the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide were also frequently detected (in >20% of the samples). Occurrence of six pharmaceutical families due to chronic exposure at environmental concentrations in water was detected in eight fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jim Lazorchak
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Batt
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - John Wathen
- U.S. EPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Leanne Stahl
- U.S. EPA Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20460, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mezzelani M, Gorbi S, Regoli F. Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environments: Evidence of emerged threat and future challenges for marine organisms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 140:41-60. [PMID: 29859717 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are nowadays recognized as a threat for aquatic ecosystems. The growing consumption of these compounds and the enhancement of human health in the past two decades have been paralleled by the continuous input of such biologically active molecules in natural environments. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as a major route for release of pharmaceuticals in aquatic bodies where concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L are ubiquitously detected. Since medicines principles are designed to be effective at very low concentrations, they have the potential to interfere with biochemical and physiological processes of aquatic species over their entire life cycle. Investigations on occurrence, bioaccumulation and effects in non target organisms are fragmentary, particularly for marine ecosystems, and related to only a limited number over the 4000 substances classified as pharmaceuticals: hence, there is a urgent need to prioritize the environmental sustainability of the most relevant compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize the main adverse effects documented for marine species exposed in both field and laboratory conditions to different classes of pharmaceuticals including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, psychiatric, cardiovascular, hypocholesterolaemic drugs, steroid hormones and antibiotics. Despite a great scientific advancement has been achieved, our knowledge is still limited on pharmaceuticals behavior in chemical mixtures, as well as their interactions with other environmental stressors. Complex ecotoxicological effects are increasingly documented and multidisciplinary, integrated approaches will be helpful to clarify the environmental hazard of these "emerged" pollutants in marine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Serra-Compte A, Maulvault AL, Camacho C, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Marques A. Effects of water warming and acidification on bioconcentration, metabolization and depuration of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:824-834. [PMID: 29462777 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Warming and acidification are expected impacts of climate change to the marine environment. Besides, organisms that live in coastal areas, such as bivalves, can also be exposed to anthropogenic pollutants like pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). In this study, the effects of warming and acidification on the bioconcentration, metabolization and depuration of five PhACs (sotalol, sulfamethoxazole, venlafaxine, carbamazepine and citalopram) and two EDCs (methylparaben and triclosan) were investigated in the mussel species (Mytilus galloprovincialis), under controlled conditions. Mussels were exposed to warming and acidification, as well as to the mixture of contaminants up to 15.7 μg L-1 during 20 days; followed by 20 days of depuration. All contaminants bioconcentrated in mussels with levels ranging from 1.8 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw) for methylparaben to 12889.4 μg kg-1 dw for citalopram. Warming increased the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of sulfamethoxazole and sotalol, whereas acidification increased the BCF of sulfamethoxazole, sotalol and methylparaben. In contrast, acidification decreased triclosan levels, while both stressors decreased venlafaxine and citalopram BCFs. Warming and acidification facilitated the elimination of some of the tested compounds (i.e. sotalol from 50% in control to 60% and 68% of elimination in acidification and warming respectively). However, acidification decreased mussels' capacity to metabolize contaminants (i.e. venlafaxine). This work provides a first insight in the understanding of aquatic organisms' response to emerging contaminants pollution under warming and acidification scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Serra-Compte
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Luisa Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Camacho
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- ICRA-Catalan Institute for Water Research, H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lentola A, David A, Abdul-Sada A, Tapparo A, Goulson D, Hill EM. Ornamental plants on sale to the public are a significant source of pesticide residues with implications for the health of pollinating insects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:297-304. [PMID: 28551560 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Garden centres frequently market nectar- and pollen-rich ornamental plants as "pollinator-friendly", however these plants are often treated with pesticides during their production. There is little information on the nature of pesticide residues present at the point of purchase and whether these plants may actually pose a threat to, rather than benefit, the health of pollinating insects. Using mass spectrometry analyses, this study screened leaves from 29 different 'bee-friendly' plants for 8 insecticides and 16 fungicides commonly used in ornamental production. Only two plants (a Narcissus and a Salvia variety) did not contain any pesticide and 23 plants contained more than one pesticide, with some species containing mixtures of 7 (Ageratum houstonianum) and 10 (Erica carnea) different agrochemicals. Neonicotinoid insecticides were detected in more than 70% of the analysed plants, and chlorpyrifos and pyrethroid insecticides were found in 10% and 7% of plants respectively. Boscalid, spiroxamine and DMI-fungicides were detected in 40% of plants. Pollen samples collected from 18 different plants contained a total of 13 different pesticides. Systemic compounds were detected in pollen samples at similar concentrations to those in leaves. However, some contact (chlorpyrifos) and localised penetrant pesticides (iprodione, pyroclastrobin and prochloraz) were also detected in pollen, likely arising from direct contamination during spraying. The neonicotinoids thiamethoxam, clothianidin and imidacloprid and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos were present in pollen at concentrations between 6.9 and 81 ng/g and at levels that overlap with those known to cause harm to bees. The net effect on pollinators of buying plants that are a rich source of forage for them but simultaneously risk exposing them to a cocktail of pesticides is not clear. Gardeners who wish to gain the benefits without the risks should seek uncontaminated plants by growing their own from seed, plant-swapping or by buying plants from an organic nursery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lentola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1 - 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - A David
- School of Life Sciences, Sussex University, Falmer BN1 9QG, UK
| | - A Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, Sussex University, Falmer BN1 9QG, UK
| | - A Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1 - 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - D Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, Sussex University, Falmer BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - E M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, Sussex University, Falmer BN1 9QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cunha SC, Pena A, Fernandes JO. Mussels as bioindicators of diclofenac contamination in coastal environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:354-360. [PMID: 28284552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has been confirmed as an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment. Toxicology studies have revealed that harmful effects may emerge from diclofenac presence not only for human health, but also for marine organisms, which implies its monitoring. To overcome the demanding challenges of diclofenac quantification in biotic aquatic species, a novel method for the determination of diclofenac in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis) and macroalgae (Laminaria digitata) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated according to the EC Decision 2002/657/EC. Additionally, a study was done about diclofenac contamination in mussels collected from 8 sites along the 1115 miles of coastline in Portugal in 2015. The results suggested that levels in mussels are closely related to the environmental contamination. Therefore, mussels can be a potential bioindicator of diclofenac contamination in the coastal environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Pena
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Group of Bromatology, Pharmacognosy and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St(a) Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Preliminary assessment on the bioaccessibility of contaminants of emerging concern in raw and cooked seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Determination of Fluazinam in Vegetables and Fruits Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
29
|
Fraser M, Fortier M, Roumier PH, Parent L, Brousseau P, Fournier M, Surette C, Vaillancourt C. Sex determination in blue mussels: Which method to choose? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 120:78-85. [PMID: 27448778 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexing methods of blue mussels are mostly based on the presence or absence of gametes, and do not take into account reproductive cycle stages. Exposure effects can be affected by the sex of mussels, thus the aim of this study is to determine an efficient sex determination protocol taking into account the reproductive cycle stage. Eight mussel sexing methods were compared. This study demonstrates that the first step in discerning sex in blue mussels should be assessing the reproductive stage, which can be done by mantle histology. During gametogenesis, histology allows the differentiation of males from females by the observation of gametes. However, when mussels are in sexual rest, the only method that should be used is the sex-specific gene method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fraser
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marlène Fortier
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | | | - Lise Parent
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Unité d'enseignement et de recherche science et technologie, Télé-université (TÉLUQ), Montreal, QC, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Pauline Brousseau
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Céline Surette
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de chimie et de biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bidel F, Di Poi C, Budzinski H, Pardon P, Callewaert W, Arini A, Basu N, Dickel L, Bellanger C, Jozet-Alves C. The antidepressant venlafaxine may act as a neurodevelopmental toxicant in cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ). Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:142-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
31
|
Moreno-González R, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Huerta B, Barceló D, León VM. Do pharmaceuticals bioaccumulate in marine molluscs and fish from a coastal lagoon? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:282-298. [PMID: 26775009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of 20 pharmaceuticals in cockle (Cerastodema glaucum), noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis), sea snail (Murex trunculus), golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and black goby (Gobius niger) was evaluated, considering their distribution throughout the Mar Menor lagoon and their variations in spring and autumn 2010. The analytical procedure was adapted for the different matrices as being sensitive and reproducible. Eighteen out of the 20 compounds analysed were found at low ngg(-1) in these species throughout the lagoon. Hydrochlorothiazide and carbamazepine were detected in all species considered. The bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals was heterogeneous in the lagoon, with a higher number of pharmaceuticals being detected in fish (18) than in wild molluscs (8), particularly in golden grey mullet muscle (16). В-blockers and psychiatric drugs were preferentially bioccumulated in fish and hydrochlorothiazide was also confirmed in caged clams. The higher detection frequency and concentrations found in golden grey mullet suggested that mugilids could be used as an indicator of contamination by pharmaceuticals in coastal areas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that shows data about hydrochlorothiazide, levamisole and codeine in wild marine biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - B Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H2O, Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Arpin-Pont L, Bueno MJM, Gomez E, Fenet H. Occurrence of PPCPs in the marine environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4978-91. [PMID: 25253059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been conducted on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the marine environment despite being increasingly impacted by these contaminants. This article reviews data on the occurrence of PPCPs in seawater, sediment, and organisms in the marine environment. Data pertaining to 196 pharmaceuticals and 37 personal care products reported from more than 50 marine sites are analyzed while taking sampling strategies and analytical methods into account. Particular attention is focused on the most frequently detected substances at highest concentrations. A snapshot of the most impacted marine sites is provided by comparing the highest concentrations reported for quantified substances. The present review reveals that: (i) PPCPs are widespread in seawater, particularly at sites impacted by anthropogenic activities, and (ii) the most frequently investigated and detected molecules in seawater and sediments are antibiotics, such as erythromycin. Moreover, this review points out other PPCPs of concern, such as ultraviolet filters, and underlines the scarcity of data on those substances despite recent evidence on their occurrence in marine organisms. The exposure of marine organisms in regard to these insufficient data is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arpin-Pont
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Elena Gomez
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Couperus NP, Pagsuyoin SA, Bragg LM, Servos MR. Occurrence, distribution, and sources of antimicrobials in a mixed-use watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1581-1591. [PMID: 26512947 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The release into the environment of antimicrobial compounds from both human and agricultural sources is a growing global concern. The Grand River watershed, the largest mixed-use watershed in southern Ontario, receives runoff from intensive animal production as well as municipal wastewater effluents from a rapidly increasing human population. A survey of surface waters and wastewater effluents was conducted across the watershed to assess the occurrence and distribution of several antimicrobials (i.e., trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, lincomycin, and monensin) and chemical indicators (i.e., ammonia, nitrate, ibuprofen, venlafaxine, atrazine) and to characterize exposure levels. The human antimicrobials trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were detected in the urban areas of the main channel at mean concentrations of 8 ± 7 ng/L and 31 ± 24 ng/L, respectively, but at much lower concentrations in the agricultural tributaries. In contrast, the veterinary antimicrobial sulfamethazine was detected at a mean concentration of 11 ± 9 ng/L in the main channel, and at a much higher concentration in the agricultural tributaries. Lincomycin was detected in only two river samples and not in the effluents while monensin was not detected in all samples. The herbicide atrazine was detected at very low concentrations in the surface waters of both the tributaries and the main channel. The concentrations of the antimicrobials and chemical indicators generally increased downstream of the confluences with agricultural tributaries and effluent outfalls. In the wastewater effluents, the concentrations of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, and venlafaxine decreased with increasing treatment levels (i.e., secondary to tertiary) as indicated by ammonia/nitrate concentrations. There was a strong correlation among trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and venlafaxine in the main channel and in the wastewater effluents. While the environmental concentrations of antimicrobials in the watershed are low relative to toxicity thresholds, their persistence in the environment may be an important consideration in defining strategies for future water management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael P Couperus
- University of Waterloo Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sheree A Pagsuyoin
- University of Massachusetts Lowell Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Leslie M Bragg
- University of Waterloo Biology Department, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- University of Waterloo Biology Department, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gaw S, Thomas KV, Hutchinson TH. Sources, impacts and trends of pharmaceuticals in the marine and coastal environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0572. [PMID: 25405962 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant investment in research to define exposures and potential hazards of pharmaceuticals in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. A substantial number of integrated environmental risk assessments have been developed in Europe, North America and many other regions for these situations. In contrast, comparatively few empirical studies have been conducted for human and veterinary pharmaceuticals that are likely to enter coastal and marine ecosystems. This is a critical knowledge gap given the significant increase in coastal human populations around the globe and the growth of coastal megacities, together with the increasing importance of coastal aquaculture around the world. There is increasing evidence that pharmaceuticals are present and are impacting on marine and coastal environments. This paper reviews the sources, impacts and concentrations of pharmaceuticals in marine and coastal environments to identify knowledge gaps and suggests focused case studies as a priority for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Gaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research [NIVA], Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Álvarez-Muñoz D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Maulvault AL, Tediosi A, Fernández-Tejedor M, Van den Heuvel F, Kotterman M, Marques A, Barceló D. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in macroalgaes, bivalves, and fish from coastal areas in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:56-64. [PMID: 26409498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and levels of PhACs, Endocrine Disrupting and related Compounds (EDCs) in seafood from potential contaminated areas in Europe has been studied. Macroalgae (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus spp., Chamalea gallina and Crassostrea gigas) and fish (Liza aurata and Platichthys flesus) from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Norway were analysed following 4 different analytical protocols depending on the organism and target group of contaminants. The results revealed the presence of 4 pharmaceutical compounds in macroalgae samples, 16 in bivalves and 10 in fish. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that PhACs have been detected in marine fish and in macroalgae. Besides, this is also the first time that dimetridazole, hydrochlorothiazide and tamsulosin have been detected in biota samples. The highest levels of PhACs corresponded to the psychiatric drug velanfaxine (up to 36.1 ng/g dry weight (dw)) and the antibiotic azithromycin (up to 13.3 ng/g dw) in bivalves from the Po delta (Italy). EDCs were not detected in macroalgae samples, however, the analysis revealed the presence of 10 EDCs in bivalves and 8 in fish. The highest levels corresponded to the organophosphorus flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) reaching up to 98.4 ng/g dw in mullet fish from the Tagus estuary. Bivalves, in particular mussels, have shown to be good bioindicator organisms for PhACs and fish for EDCs. Taking into consideration the concentrations and frequencies of detection of PhACs and EDCs in the seafood samples analysed, a list of candidates' compounds for priorization in future studies has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Álvarez-Muñoz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - A L Maulvault
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, IPMA, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Tediosi
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 16, 29027 Gariga di Podenzano (PC), Italy
| | - M Fernández-Tejedor
- Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona 43540, Spain
| | - F Van den Heuvel
- Hortimare Projects & Consultancy B.V., E. De Boer, vab Rijkpark 20, 1705 LN, Heerhugowaard, Netherlands
| | - M Kotterman
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research center, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, IPMA, I.P., Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Boillot C, Martinez Bueno MJ, Munaron D, Le Dreau M, Mathieu O, David A, Fenet H, Casellas C, Gomez E. In vivo exposure of marine mussels to carbamazepine and 10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine: Bioconcentration and metabolization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:564-570. [PMID: 26102056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are exposed to pharmaceuticals present in natural waters, but few data are available on the accumulation of these substances in such organisms. The present study evaluated the in vivo bioconcentration of two anticonvulsants--carbamazepine (CBZ) and 10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (10 OH)--in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to nominal 10 μg L(-1) concentrations for one week. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were 3.9 and 4.5 L kg(-1) dry weight (dw) for CBZ and 10 OH, respectively. CBZ accumulation reached an average tissue concentration of 29.3 ± 4.8 ng g(-1) dw, and 10 OH accumulated up to 40.9 ± 4.6 ng g(-1) dw in tissues within one week, showing first-order kinetics. BCF obtained with linear QSAR models correctly estimated the CBZ bioconcentration and overestimated the 10 OH bioconcentration to some extent. The detection of two metabolites (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and acridine) among the five sought suggested an active metabolism for CBZ. In contrast, none of the 10 OH metabolites were detected in mussels exposed to 10 OH. CBZ showed higher accumulation in the digestive gland, where some relevant metabolites were detected, than in other studied tissues. The implication of those findings on field biomonitoring is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Boillot
- UMR Hydrosciences, Université Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - O Mathieu
- UMR Hydrosciences, Université Montpellier, France; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - A David
- UMR Hydrosciences, Université Montpellier, France
| | - H Fenet
- UMR Hydrosciences, Université Montpellier, France
| | - C Casellas
- UMR Hydrosciences, Université Montpellier, France
| | - E Gomez
- UMR Hydrosciences, Université Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Franzellitti S, Buratti S, Du B, Haddad SP, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW, Fabbri E. A multibiomarker approach to explore interactive effects of propranolol and fluoxetine in marine mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:60-69. [PMID: 26017112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A multi-biomarker approach, including several lysosomal parameters, activity and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, and DNA damage, was employed to investigate the nominal effects of 0.3 ng/L fluoxetine (FX) and 0.3 ng/L propranolol (PROP) alone or in combination (0.3 ng/L FX + 0.3 ng/L PROP) on Mediterranean mussels after a 7 day treatment. FX co-exposure appears to facilitate PROP bioaccumulation because PROP only accumulated in digestive gland of FX + PROP treated mussels. Lysosomal parameters were significantly impaired by FX + PROP treatment, while no clear antioxidant responses at the catalytic and transcriptional levels were observed. Biomarker responses led to a "medium stress level" diagnosis in FX + PROP treated mussels, according to the Expert System, whereas 0.3 ng/L PROP or FX alone did not induce consistent stress conditions. These findings suggest vulnerability of coastal marine mussels to FX and PROP contamination at environmentally relevant levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Sara Buratti
- University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Elena Fabbri
- University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sensitive determination of mixtures of neonicotinoid and fungicide residues in pollen and single bumblebees using a scaled down QuEChERS method for exposure assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8151-62. [PMID: 26329280 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To accurately estimate exposure of bees to pesticides, analytical methods are needed to enable quantification of nanogram/gram (ng/g) levels of contaminants in small samples of pollen or the individual insects. A modified QuEChERS extraction method coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis was tested to quantify residues of 19 commonly used neonicotinoids and fungicides and the synergist, piperonyl butoxide, in 100 mg samples of pollen and in samples of individual bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Final recoveries ranged from 71 to 102 % for most compounds with a repeatability of below 20 % for both pollen and bumblebee extracts spiked at 5 and 40 ng/g. The method enables the detection of all compounds at sub-ng/g levels in both matrices and the method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.01 to 0.84 ng/g in pollen and 0.01 to 0.96 ng/g in individual bumblebees. Using this method, mixtures of neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiacloprid) and fungicides (carbendazim, spiroxamine, boscalid, tebuconazole, prochloraz, metconazole, fluoxastrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin) were detected in pollens of field bean, strawberry and raspberry at concentrations ranging from <MDL to 67 ng/g for neonicotinoids and from <MDL to 14 ng/g for fungicides. In bumblebees, the insecticides thiamethoxam and thiacloprid were present at concentrations >MDL, and in some bees, the fungicides carbendazim, boscalid, tebuconazole, flusilazole and metconazole were present at concentrations between 0.80 to 30 ng/g. This new method allows the analysis of mixtures of neonicotinoids and fungicides at trace levels in small quantities of pollen and individual bumblebees and thus will facilitate exposure assessment studies.
Collapse
|
39
|
Transformation products of emerging contaminants in the environment and high-resolution mass spectrometry: a new horizon. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6257-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
40
|
Direct injection of tissue extracts in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern in mollusks. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5553-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
41
|
Multi-residue method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in bivalves. Talanta 2015; 136:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
42
|
Minguez L, Ballandonne C, Rakotomalala C, Dubreule C, Kientz-Bouchart V, Halm-Lemeille MP. Transgenerational effects of two antidepressants (sertraline and venlafaxine) on Daphnia magna life history traits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1148-55. [PMID: 25506746 DOI: 10.1021/es504808g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The low levels of antidepressants detected in surface waters currently raise concern about their potential long-term risks to nontarget aquatic organisms. We investigated the transgenerational effects of sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on the life traits of Daphnia magna over two generations under environmentally realistic concentrations. We also studied the reversibility of the effect using recovery experiments. We assessed daphnid survival, growth, and reproduction over 21 days and evidenced detectable effects of the antidepressants. Sertraline increased the F0-daphnid fecundity whereas it decreased the offspring number of F1-daphnids. Transfer to clean medium caused negative effects on the offspring of daphnids exposed to 0.3 μg L(–1), but improved the fecundity of offspring of daphnids exposed to 100 μg L(–1). Venlafaxine exposure decreased the offspring number of F0-daphnids and resulted in drug tolerance in the F1 generation. Sertraline, unlike venlafaxine, may turn out to be a true environmental threat due to its accumulation in algae and the physiological weakness observed over generations. These effects across generations point out to the need to perform multigeneration tests to assess the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals in nontarget organisms.
Collapse
|