1
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Hu S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Tong R. Dielectrophoretic separation and purification: From colloid and biological particles to droplets. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465155. [PMID: 39032216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
It is indispensable to realize the high level of purification and separation, so that objective particles, such as malignant cells, harmful bacteria, and special proteins or biological molecules, could satisfy the high precise measurement in the pharmaceutical analysis, clinical diagnosis, targeted therapy, and food defense. In addition, this could reveal the intrinsic nature and evolution mechanisms of individual biological variations. Consequently, many techniques related to optical tweezers, microfluidics, acoustophoresis, and electrokinetics can be broadly used to achieve micro- and nano-scale particle separations. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been used for various manipulation, concentration, transport, and separation processes of biological particles owing to its early development, mature theory, low cost, and high throughput. Although numerous reviews have discussed the biological applications of DEP techniques, comprehensive descriptions of micro- and nano-scale particle separations feature less frequently in the literature. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state of particle separation attention to relevant technological developments and innovation, including theoretical simulation, microchannel structure, electrode material, pattern and its layout. Moreover, a brief overview of separation applications using DEP in combination with other technologies is also provided. Finally, conclusions, future guidelines, and suggestions for potential promotion are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Yangcheng Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Ruijie Tong
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
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2
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Yao J, Zhao K, Lou J, Zhang K. Recent Advances in Dielectrophoretic Manipulation and Separation of Microparticles and Biological Cells. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:417. [PMID: 39329792 PMCID: PMC11429840 DOI: 10.3390/bios14090417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an advanced microfluidic manipulation technique that is based on the interaction of polarized particles with the spatial gradient of a non-uniform electric field to achieve non-contact and highly selective manipulation of particles. In recent years, DEP has made remarkable progress in the field of microfluidics, and it has gradually transitioned from laboratory-scale research to high-throughput manipulation in practical applications. This paper reviews the recent advances in dielectric manipulation and separation of microparticles and biological cells and discusses in detail the design of chip structures for the two main methods, direct current dielectrophoresis (DC-DEP) and alternating current dielectrophoresis (AC-DEP). The working principles, technical implementation details, and other improved designs of electrode-based and insulator-based chips are summarized. Functional customization of DEP systems with specific capabilities, including separation, capture, purification, aggregation, and assembly of particles and cells, is then performed. The aim of this paper is to provide new ideas for the design of novel DEP micro/nano platforms with the desired high throughput for further development in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhu Yao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jia Lou
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kaihuan Zhang
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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3
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Nonlinear Electrokinetic Methods of Particles and Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:243-264. [PMID: 38360552 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena offer label-free, portable, and robust approaches for particle and cell assessment, including selective enrichment, separation, sorting, and characterization. The field of electrokinetics has evolved substantially since the first separation reports by Arne Tiselius in the 1930s. The last century witnessed major advances in the understanding of the weak-field theory, which supported developments in the use of linear electrophoresis and its adoption as a routine analytical technique. More recently, an improved understanding of the strong-field theory enabled the development of nonlinear electrokinetic techniques such as electrorotation, dielectrophoresis, and nonlinear electrophoresis. This review discusses the operating principles and recent applications of these three nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena for the analysis and manipulation of particles and cells and provides an overview of some of the latest developments in the field of nonlinear electrokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA;
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4
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Kanemaki M, Shimizu HO, Inujima H, Miyake T, Shimizu K. Quantitative analyses of RBC movement in whole blood exposed to DC and ELF electric field. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:159-170. [PMID: 38081752 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
For the study of biological effects of direct current (DC) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields, we have quantitatively analyzed red blood cell (RBC) movement in whole blood. Considering the inhomogeneous distribution of electric fields in vivo, five different electric field distributions were generated under a microscope. For theoretical analyses, we assumed electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis as basic motive forces and obtained the spatial distribution of blood cell velocity. The RBC velocity was measured using video image analysis. The spatial dependence of the velocity showed good agreement with that predicted by theoretical analysis. This result suggests the validity of the theoretical model based on electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis for the study of ELF electric field exposure to inhomogeneous animal and human bodies. Next, using the same measurement system, we attempted to find the electric field strength at which these effects occur. The threshold values were found to be 0.40 and 1.6 kV/m, respectively, for DC and AC electric field exposures. Furthermore, we investigated the reproducibility of the field effects in more realistic conditions of human exposure. The RBCs in microchannels were exposed to the electric field generated in capacitive coupling using electrodes separated by an air gap. Even in the new condition, similar effects were observed, which also verified the validity of the analysis described above. These results will provide useful information for the safety assessment of field exposure and for the future biomedical applications of electric fields to manipulate RBCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kanemaki
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hisae O Shimizu
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inujima
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takeo Miyake
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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5
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Manshadi MKD, Saadat M, Mohammadi M, Sanati Nezhad A. A Novel Electrokinetic-Based Technique for the Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2062. [PMID: 38004919 PMCID: PMC10672846 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The separation of rare cells from complex biofluids has attracted attention in biological research and clinical applications, especially for cancer detection and treatment. In particular, various technologies and methods have been developed for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood. Among them, the induced-charge electrokinetic (ICEK) flow method has shown its high efficacy for cell manipulation where micro-vortices (MVs), generated as a result of induced charges on a polarizable surface, can effectively manipulate particles and cells in complex fluids. While the majority of MVs have been induced by AC electric fields, these vortices have also been observed under a DC electric field generated around a polarizable hurdle. In the present numerical work, the capability of MVs for the manipulation of CTCs and their entrapment in the DC electric field is investigated. First, the numerical results are verified against the available data in the literature. Then, various hurdle geometries are employed to find the most effective geometry for MV-based particle entrapment. The effects of electric field strength (EFS), wall zeta potential magnitude, and the particles' diameter on the trapping efficacy are further investigated. The results demonstrated that the MVs generated around only the rectangular hurdle are capable of trapping particles as large as the size of CTCs. An EFS of about 75 V/cm was shown to be effective for the entrapment of above 90% of CTCs in the MVs. In addition, an EFS of 85 V/cm demonstrated a capability for isolating particles larger than 8 µm from a suspension of particles/cells 1-25 µm in diameter, useful for the enrichment of cancer cells and potentially for the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of drug effectiveness on circulating cancer cells in blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahsa Saadat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Pandey D, Mondal PK, Wongwises S. Dielectric polarization-mediated efficient solute mixing: Effect of the geometrical configuration of polarizing blocks. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1637-1644. [PMID: 37162479 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel technique, consistent with the induced charge electrokinetic (ICEK) phenomenon, for the efficient mixing of solute species at a microfluidic scale. A nonuniform bipolar electric double layer develops in the presence of an external electric field over a polarizable object is better known as the ICEK phenomenon. This ICEK is one of the most favorable techniques preferred for enhanced solute mixing in on-chip microfluidic platforms. In the purview of the ICEK phenomenon, instead of using perfectly conducting polarizable objects, for the first time in this study, we employ polarizable dielectric objects of different sizes and shapes for efficient mixing of solute species. We show that different types of vortices developed in the flow pathway adjacent to the polarizable dielectric blocks help in yielding efficient mixing in the proposed configuration. The novelty of our work is embellished in two different perspectives, that is, first, concentrating on the influences of the physical properties of the polarizable dielectric block on the underlying mixing, and, second, focusing on their sizes, shapes, and the arrangements in tuning the underlying mixing phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyel Pandey
- Microfluidics and Microscale Transport Processes Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
- Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Microfluidics and Microscale Transport Processes Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India
- Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Wongwises
- Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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7
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Zheng F, Wang J, Wang D, Yang Q. Clinical Application of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Gynecologic Malignancy Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071984. [PMID: 37046644 PMCID: PMC10093031 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are the key mediators of intercellular communication. They have the potential for clinical use as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers and have been explored as vectors for drug delivery. Identification of reliable and noninvasive biomarkers, such as sEVs, is important for early diagnosis and precise treatment of gynecologic diseases to improve patient prognosis. Previous reviews have summarized routine sEVs isolation and identification methods; however, novel and unconventional methods have not been comprehensively described. This review summarizes a convenient method of isolating sEVs from body fluids and liquid biopsy-related sEV markers for early, minimally invasive diagnosis of gynecologic diseases. In addition, the characteristics of sEVs as drug carriers and in precision treatment and drug resistance are introduced, providing a strong foundation for identifying novel and potential therapeutic targets for sEV therapy. We propose potential directions for further research on the applications of sEVs in the diagnosis and treatment of gynecologic diseases.
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Salimian Rizi F, Talebi S, Manshadi MKD, Mohammadi M. Separation of bacteria smaller than 4 µm from other blood components using insulator-based dielectrophoresis: numerical simulation approach. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:825-836. [PMID: 36787033 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a life-threatening infection that causes more than 80,000 deaths and more than 500,000 infections annually in North America. The rapid diagnosis of infection reduces BSI mortality. We proposed bacterial enrichment and separation approach in the current work that may reduce culturing time and accelerate the diagnosis of infection. Over the last two decades, multiple separation methods have been developed, and among these methods, insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is considered a powerful technique for separating biological particles. Bacterial separation in the blood is challenging due to the presence of other blood cells, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In the present study, a model is presented which is capable of blood cells separation and directing each cell to a specific outlet using continuous flows of particles with sizes larger than 8 µm, 8-4 µm, and smaller than 4 µm. Compared to other methods, such as filtration, the main advantage of this model is that particles larger than 8 µm are separated from the flow before other particles, which prevents the accumulation of particles in the channel. The outcomes of simulations demonstrated that the factors such as applied voltage and channel dimensions significantly affect the separation efficiency. If these values are properly selected (for example voltage of 70 V that was causing an electric field of 200 V/cm), the proposed model can completely (100%) separate particles larger than 8 µm and smaller than 4 µm (8-4 µm particles separation efficiency is 95%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahram Talebi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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9
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Grigorev GV, Lebedev AV, Wang X, Qian X, Maksimov GV, Lin L. Advances in Microfluidics for Single Red Blood Cell Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:117. [PMID: 36671952 PMCID: PMC9856164 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The utilizations of microfluidic chips for single RBC (red blood cell) studies have attracted great interests in recent years to filter, trap, analyze, and release single erythrocytes for various applications. Researchers in this field have highlighted the vast potential in developing micro devices for industrial and academia usages, including lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip systems. This article critically reviews the current state-of-the-art and recent advances of microfluidics for single RBC analyses, including integrated sensors and microfluidic platforms for microscopic/tomographic/spectroscopic single RBC analyses, trapping arrays (including bifurcating channels), dielectrophoretic and agglutination/aggregation studies, as well as clinical implications covering cancer, sepsis, prenatal, and Sickle Cell diseases. Microfluidics based RBC microarrays, sorting/counting and trapping techniques (including acoustic, dielectrophoretic, hydrodynamic, magnetic, and optical techniques) are also reviewed. Lastly, organs on chips, multi-organ chips, and drug discovery involving single RBC are described. The limitations and drawbacks of each technology are addressed and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii V. Grigorev
- Data Science and Information Technology Research Center, Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Information Technology, Cherepovets State University, 162600 Cherepovets, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Lebedev
- Machine Building Department, Bauman Moscow State University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - George V. Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Physical metallurgy Department, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education National Research Technological University “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liwei Lin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Rizi FS, Talebi S, Manshadi MKD, Mohammadi M. Combination of the insulator‐based dielectrophoresis and hydrodynamic methods for separating bacteria smaller than 3 μm in bloodstream infection: Numerical simulation approach. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Canada
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11
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Chavez‐Pineda OG, Rodriguez‐Moncayo R, Cedillo‐Alcantar DF, Guevara‐Pantoja PE, Amador‐Hernandez JU, Garcia‐Cordero JL. Microfluidic systems for the analysis of blood‐derived molecular biomarkers. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1667-1700. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana G. Chavez‐Pineda
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodriguez‐Moncayo
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Diana F. Cedillo‐Alcantar
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Pablo E. Guevara‐Pantoja
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Josue U. Amador‐Hernandez
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia‐Cordero
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (ITB) Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel Basel Switzerland
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12
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Single Red Blood Cell Hydrodynamic Traps via the Generative Design. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030367. [PMID: 35334659 PMCID: PMC8952688 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a generative design methodology for a micro hydrodynamic single-RBC (red blood cell) trap for applications in microfluidics-based single-cell analysis. One key challenge in single-cell microfluidic traps is to achieve desired through-slit flowrates to trap cells under implicit constraints. In this work, the cell-trapping design with validation from experimental data has been developed by the generative design methodology with an evolutionary algorithm. L-shaped trapping slits have been generated iteratively for the optimal geometries to trap living-cells suspended in flow channels. Without using the generative design, the slits have low flow velocities incapable of trapping single cells. After a search with 30,000 solutions, the optimized geometry was found to increase the through-slit velocities by 49%. Fabricated and experimentally tested prototypes have achieved 4 out of 4 trapping efficiency of RBCs. This evolutionary algorithm and trapping design can be applied to cells of various sizes.
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13
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Hang Y, Boryczka J, Wu N. Visible-light and near-infrared fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering point-of-care sensing and bio-imaging: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:329-375. [PMID: 34897302 PMCID: PMC9135580 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article deals with the concepts, principles and applications of visible-light and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in in vitro point-of-care testing (POCT) and in vivo bio-imaging. It has discussed how to utilize the biological transparency windows to improve the penetration depth and signal-to-noise ratio, and how to use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to amplify fluorescence and SERS signals. This article has highlighted some plasmonic fluorescence and SERS probes. It has also reviewed the design strategies of fluorescent and SERS sensors in the detection of metal ions, small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids. Particularly, it has provided perspectives on the integration of fluorescent and SERS sensors into microfluidic chips as lab-on-chips to realize point-of-care testing. It has also discussed the design of active microfluidic devices and non-paper- or paper-based lateral flow assays for in vitro diagnostics. In addition, this article has discussed the strategies to design in vivo NIR fluorescence and SERS bio-imaging platforms for monitoring physiological processes and disease progression in live cells and tissues. Moreover, it has highlighted the applications of POCT and bio-imaging in testing toxins, heavy metals, illicit drugs, cancers, traumatic brain injuries, and infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza, HIV and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Jennifer Boryczka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
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14
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Russo GI, Musso N, Romano A, Caruso G, Petralia S, Lanzanò L, Broggi G, Camarda M. The Role of Dielectrophoresis for Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:198. [PMID: 35008359 PMCID: PMC8750463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is emerging as a potential diagnostic tool for prostate cancer (PC) prognosis and diagnosis. Unfortunately, most circulating tumor cells (CTC) technologies, such as AdnaTest or Cellsearch®, critically rely on the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) marker, limiting the possibility of detecting cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and mesenchymal-like cells (EMT-CTCs) that are present during PC progression. In this context, dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an epCAM independent, label-free enrichment system that separates rare cells simply on the basis of their specific electrical properties. As compared to other technologies, DEP may represent a superior technique in terms of running costs, cell yield and specificity. However, because of its higher complexity, it still requires further technical as well as clinical development. DEP can be improved by the use of microfluid, nanostructured materials and fluoro-imaging to increase its potential applications. In the context of cancer, the usefulness of DEP lies in its capacity to detect CTCs in the bloodstream in their epithelial, mesenchymal, or epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype forms, which should be taken into account when choosing CTC enrichment and analysis methods for PC prognosis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- STLab s.r.l., Via Anapo 53, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Haematological Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Ettore Majorana”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Pathology Section, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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15
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. The latest advances on nonlinear insulator-based electrokinetic microsystems under direct current and low-frequency alternating current fields: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:885-905. [PMID: 34664103 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of the evolution of the field of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP); in particular, it focuses on insulator-based electrokinetic (iEK) systems stimulated with direct current and low-frequency(< 1 kHz) AC electric fields. The article covers the surge of iDEP as a research field where many different device designs were developed, from microchannels with arrays of insulating posts to devices with curved walls and nano- and micropipettes. All of these systems allowed for the manipulation and separation of a wide array of particles, ranging from macromolecules to microorganisms, including clinical and biomedical applications. Recent experimental reports, supported by important theoretical studies in the field of physics and colloids, brought attention to the effects of electrophoresis of the second kind in these systems. These recent findings suggest that DEP is not the main force behind particle trapping, as it was believed for the last two decades. This new research suggests that particle trapping, under DC and low-frequency AC potentials, mainly results from a balance between electroosmotic and electrophoretic effects (linear and nonlinear); although DEP is present in these systems, it is not a dominant force. Considering these recent studies, it is proposed to rename this field from DC-iDEP to DC-iEK (and low-frequency AC-iDEP to low-frequency AC-iEK). Whereas much research is still needed, this is an exciting time in the field of microscale EK systems, as these new findings seem to explain the challenges with modeling particle migration and trapping in iEK devices, and provide perhaps a better understanding of the mechanisms behind particle trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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Shirejini SZ, Inci F. The Yin and Yang of exosome isolation methods: conventional practice, microfluidics, and commercial kits. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107814. [PMID: 34389465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released from various cells, and they can be found in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose many diseases and to monitor therapy efficiency as they represent the status and origin of the cell, which they are released from. Considering that they co-exist in bodily fluids with other types of particles, their isolation still remains challenging since conventional separation methods are time-consuming, user-dependent, and result in low isolation yield. This review summarizes the conventional strategies and microfluidic-based methods for exosome isolation along with their strengths and limitations. Microfluidic devices emerge as a promising approach to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods due to their inherent characteristics, such as the need for minute sample volume and rapid operation, in order to isolate exosomes with a high yield and a high purity in a short amount of time, which make them unprecedented tools for molecular biology and clinical applications. This review elaborates on the existing microfluidic-based exosome isolation methods and denotes their benefits and drawbacks. Herein, we also introduce various commercially available platforms and kits for exosome isolation along with their working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedreza Zeibi Shirejini
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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17
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Kwizera EA, Sun M, White AM, Li J, He X. Methods of Generating Dielectrophoretic Force for Microfluidic Manipulation of Bioparticles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2043-2063. [PMID: 33871975 PMCID: PMC8205986 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of microscale bioparticles including living cells is of great significance to the broad bioengineering and biotechnology fields. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), which is defined as the interactions between dielectric particles and the electric field, is one of the most widely used techniques for the manipulation of bioparticles including cell separation, sorting, and trapping. Bioparticles experience a DEP force if they have a different polarization from the surrounding media in an electric field that is nonuniform in terms of the intensity and/or phase of the electric field. A comprehensive literature survey shows that the DEP-based microfluidic devices for manipulating bioparticles can be categorized according to the methods of creating the nonuniformity via patterned microchannels, electrodes, and media to generate the DEP force. These methods together with the theory of DEP force generation are described in this review, to provide a summary of the methods and materials that have been used to manipulate various bioparticles for various specific biological outcomes. Further developments of DEP-based technologies include identifying materials that better integrate with electrodes than current popular materials (silicone/glass) and improving the performance of DEP manipulation of bioparticles by combining it with other methods of handling bioparticles. Collectively, DEP-based microfluidic manipulation of bioparticles holds great potential for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyahb A. Kwizera
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mingrui Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alisa M. White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Perez‐Gonzalez VH. Particle trapping in electrically driven insulator-based microfluidics: Dielectrophoresis and induced-charge electrokinetics. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2445-2464. [PMID: 34081787 PMCID: PMC9291494 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrokinetically driven insulator‐based microfluidic devices represent an attractive option to manipulate particle suspensions. These devices can filtrate, concentrate, separate, or characterize micro and nanoparticles of interest. Two decades ago, inspired by electrode‐based dielectrophoresis, the concept of insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) was born. In these microfluidic devices, insulating structures (i.e., posts, membranes, obstacles, or constrictions) built within the channel are used to deform the spatial distribution of an externally generated electric field. As a result, particles suspended in solution experience dielectrophoresis (DEP). Since then, it has been assumed that DEP is responsible for particle trapping in these devices, regardless of the type of voltage being applied to generate the electric field—direct current (DC) or alternating current. Recent findings challenge this assumption by demonstrating particle trapping and even particle flow reversal in devices that prevent DEP from occurring (i.e., unobstructed long straight channels stimulated with a DC voltage and featuring a uniform electric field). The theory introduced to explain those unexpected observations was then applied to conventional “DC‐iDEP” devices, demonstrating better prediction accuracy than that achieved with the conventional DEP‐centered theory. This contribution summarizes contributions made during the last two decades, comparing both theories to explain particle trapping and highlighting challenges to address in the near future.
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Emerging technologies and commercial products in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113176. [PMID: 33845291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic and industrial groups worldwide have reported technological advances in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the potential translation of these emerging technologies for research and clinical settings remains unknown. This work overviews the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, followed by a survey on emerging exosome technologies, particularly microfluidic advances for the isolation and detection of exosomes in cancer research. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the technologies used for the isolation, detection and engineering of exosomes are evaluated to address their clinical challenges for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, commercial platforms for exosomal detection and analysis are introduced, and their performance and impact on cancer diagnosis and prognosis are assessed. Also, the risks associated with the further development of the next generation of exosome devices are discussed. The outcome of this work could facilitate recognizing deliverable Exo-devices and technologies with unprecedented functionality and predictable manufacturability for the next-generation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Karimi S, Mojaddam M, Majidi S, Mehrdel P, Farré-Lladós J, Casals-Terré J. Numerical and experimental analysis of a high-throughput blood plasma separator for point-of-care applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2867-2878. [PMID: 33686478 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood plasma separation from undiluted blood is an essential step in many diagnostic procedures. This study focuses on the numerical optimization of the microfluidic blood plasma separator (BPS) and experimental validation of the results to achieve portable blood plasma separation with high purity and reasonable yield. The proposed design has two parts: a microchannel for blood processing and a tank below the aforementioned main channel for plasma collection. The study uses 3D computational fluid dynamic analysis to investigate the optimal ratio of heights between the top microchannel and the tank and their geometry at various flow rates. Thereafter, the results are compared with the experimental findings of the fabricated devices. These results are contrasted with some recent reported works to verify the proposed device's contribution to the improvement in the quality and quantity of the extracted plasma. The optimized design is capable of achieving a 19% yield with purity of 77.1%, depending on the requirement of the point-of-care (POC) application. These amounts could be tuned, for instance to 100% pure plasma, but the yield would decrease to 9%. In this study, the candidate application is hemostasis; therefore, the BPS is integrated to a biomimetic surface for hemostasis evaluation near the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Karimi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Mojaddam
- Faculty of mechanical and energy engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 16765-1719, Iran
| | - Sahand Majidi
- Faculty of mechanical and energy engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 16765-1719, Iran
| | - Pouya Mehrdel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Farré-Lladós
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Mechanical Engineering Department, MicroTech Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale nonlinear electrokinetics for the analysis of cellular materials in clinical applications: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:104. [PMID: 33651196 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents a discussion of some of the latest advancements in the field of microscale electrokinetics for the analysis of cells and subcellular materials in clinical applications. The introduction presents an overview on the use of electric fields, i.e., electrokinetics, in microfluidics devices and discusses the potential of electrokinetic-based methods for the analysis of liquid biopsies in clinical and point-of-care applications. This is followed by four comprehensive sections that present some of the newest findings on the analysis of circulating tumor cells, blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), stem cells, and subcellular particles (extracellular vesicles and mitochondria). The valuable contributions discussed here (with 131 references) were mainly published during the last 3 to 4 years, providing the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art in the use of microscale electrokinetic methods in clinical analysis. Finally, the conclusions summarize the main advancements and discuss the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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22
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Ramirez-Murillo CJ, de Los Santos-Ramirez JM, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Toward low-voltage dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic systems: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:565-587. [PMID: 33166414 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoretically driven microfluidic devices have demonstrated great applicability in biomedical engineering, diagnostic medicine, and biological research. One of the potential fields of application for this technology is in point-of-care (POC) devices, ideally allowing for portable, fully integrated, easy to use, low-cost diagnostic platforms. Two main approaches exist to induce dielectrophoresis (DEP) on suspended particles, that is, electrode-based DEP and insulator-based DEP, each featuring different advantages and disadvantages. However, a shared concern lies in the input voltage used to generate the electric field necessary for DEP to take place. Therefore, input voltage can determine portability of a microfluidic device. This review outlines the recent advances in reducing stimulation voltage requirements in DEP-driven microfluidics.
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23
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Khater A, Abdelrehim O, Mohammadi M, Azarmanesh M, Janmaleki M, Salahandish R, Mohamad A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Picoliter agar droplet breakup in microfluidics meets microbiology application: numerical and experimental approaches. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2175-2187. [PMID: 32420570 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics has provided lab-on-a-chip platforms with the capability of bacteria encapsulation in biomaterials, controlled culture environments, and live monitoring of growth and proliferation. The droplets are mainly generated from biomaterials with temperature dependent gelation behavior which necessitates stable and size-controlled droplet formation within microfluidics. Here, the biomaterial is agar hydrogel with a non-Newtonian response at operating temperatures below 40 °C, the upper-temperature threshold for cells and pathogens. The size of the produced droplets and the formation regimes are examined when the agar is injected at a constant temperature of 37 °C with agar concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% and different flow rate ratios of the dispersed phase to the continuous phase (φ: 0.1 to 1). The numerical simulations show that φ and the capillary number (Ca) are the key parameters controlling the agar droplet size and formation regime, from dripping to jetting. Also, increasing the agar concentration produces smaller droplets. The simulation data were validated against experimental agar droplet generation and transport in microfluidics. This work helps to understand the physics of droplet generation in droplet microfluidic systems operating with non-Newtonian fluids. Pathogenic bacteria were successfully cultured and monitored in high resolution in agar droplets for further research in antibiotic susceptibility testing in bacteremia and urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Khater
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Khorshidian H, Mohammadi M, Sanati-Nezhad A, Hejazi SH. Functionalized multiscale visual models to unravel flow and transport physics in porous structures. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 175:115676. [PMID: 32193027 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fluid flow, species transport, and chemical reactions in geological formations are the chief mechanisms in engineering the exploitation of fossil fuels and geothermal energy, the geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the disposal of hazardous materials. Porous rock is characterized by a wide surface area, where the physicochemical fluid-solid interactions dominate the multiphase flow behavior. A variety of visual models with differences in dimensions, patterns, surface properties, and fabrication techniques have been widely utilized to simulate and directly visualize such interactions in porous media. This review discusses the six categories of visual models used in geological flow applications, including packed beds, Hele-Shaw cells, synthesized microchips (also known as microfluidic chips or micromodels), geomaterial-dominated microchips, three-dimensional (3D) microchips, and nanofluidics. For each category, critical technical points (such as surface chemistry and geometry) and practical applications are summarized. Finally, we discuss opportunities and provide a framework for the development of custom-built visual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Interfacial Flows and Porous Media Laboratory, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hossein Khorshidian
- Interfacial Flows and Porous Media Laboratory, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Interfacial Flows and Porous Media Laboratory, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Interfacial Flows and Porous Media Laboratory, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Hossein Hejazi
- Interfacial Flows and Porous Media Laboratory, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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25
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Chen J, Yang F, Li G. Separation of Macrophages Using a Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidic Device. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Electrochemical attack and corrosion of platinum electrodes in dielectrophoretic diagnostic devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3871-3880. [PMID: 32277243 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Though the advances in microelectronic device fabrication have realized new capabilities in integrated analytical and diagnostic platforms, there are still notable limitations in point-of-care sample preparation. AC electrokinetic devices, especially those leveraging dielectrophoresis (DEP), have shown potential to solve these limitations and allow for sample-to-answer in a single point-of-care device. However, when working directly with whole blood or other high conductance (~ 1 S/m) biological fluids, the aggressive electrochemical conditions created by the electrode can fundamentally limit the device operation. In this study, platinum wire-based electrode devices spanning circular polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) wells and a planar microarray device with sputtered platinum electrodes were tested in plasma and PBS buffers of differing concentration across a wide range of frequencies and electric field intensities (AC voltages) to determine their respective safe regions of operation and to gain an understanding about the failure mechanisms of this class of device. At frequencies of 10 kHz and below, the upper bound of operation is the degradation of electrodes due to electrochemical attack by chlorine overcoming the native platinum oxide passivation. At higher frequencies, 100 kHz and above, the dielectric loss and subsequent heating of the buffer will boil before the electrodes suffer observable damage, due to the slow irreversible reaction kinetics. Effective dielectrophoretic capture of small biological particles at these frequencies is limited, and heat/oxidative denaturation of target material are a major concern. A new class of smaller devices, ones capable of high throughput at voltages low enough to maintain the integrity of the platinum passivation layer, is needed to mitigate these fundamental limitations.
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Chen Q, Cao Z, Yuan YJ. Study on non-bioparticles and Staphylococcus aureus by dielectrophoresis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2598-2614. [PMID: 35496126 PMCID: PMC9048846 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article demonstrated a chip device with alternating current (AC) dielectrophoresis (DEP) for separation of non-biological micro-particle and bacteria mixtures. The DEP separation was achieved by a pair of metal electrodes with the shape of radal-interdigital to generate a localized non-uniform AC electric field. The electric field and DEP force were firstly investigated by finite element methods (FEM). The mixed microparticles such as different scaled polystyrene (PS) beads, PS beads with inorganic micro-particles (e.g., ZnO and silica beads) and non-bioparticles with bacterial Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were successfully separated at DEP-on-a-chip by an AC electric field of 20 kHz, 10 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively. The results indicated that DEP trapping can be considered as a potential candidate method for investigating the separation of biological mixtures, and may well prove to have a great impact on in situ monitoring of environmental and/or biological samples by DEP-on-a-chip. This article demonstrated a chip device with alternating current (AC) dielectrophoresis (DEP) for separation of non-biological micro-particle and bacteria mixtures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Laboratory of Biosensing and MicroMechatronics
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhongqing Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yong J. Yuan
- Laboratory of Biosensing and MicroMechatronics
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu
- China
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28
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Crowther CV, Sanderlin V, Hayes MA, Gile GH. Effects of surface treatments on trapping with DC insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Analyst 2019; 144:7478-7488. [PMID: 31720589 PMCID: PMC6909249 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in measuring the biophysical properties of cells with electrokinetic approaches is the assignment of these biophysical properties to specific biological characteristics. Changes in the electrokinetic behavior of cells may come from mutations, altered gene expression levels, post-translation modifications, or environmental effects. Here we assess the electrokinetic behavior of chemically surface-modified bacterial cells in order to gain insight into the biophysical properties that are specifically affected by changes in surface chemistry. Using E. coli as a scaffold, an amine coupling reaction was used to covalently attach glycine, spermine, bovine serum albumin (protein), or 7-amino-4-methyl-3-coumarinylacetic acid (fluorescent dye) to the free carboxylic acid groups on the surface of the cells. These populations, along with unlabeled control cells, were subject to electrokinetic and dielectrophoretic measurements to quantify any changes in the biophysical properties upon alteration. The properties associated with each electrokinetic force are discussed relative to the specific reactant used. We conclude that relatively modest and superficial changes to cell surfaces can cause measurable changes in their biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Crowther
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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29
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Karimi S, Mehrdel P, Farré-Lladós J, Casals-Terré J. A passive portable microfluidic blood-plasma separator for simultaneous determination of direct and indirect ABO/Rh blood typing. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3249-3260. [PMID: 31478036 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The blood typing test is mandatory in any transfusion, organ transplant, and pregnancy situation. There is a lack of point-of-care (POC) blood typing that could perform both direct and indirect methods using a single droplet of whole blood. This study presents a new methodology combining a passive microfluidic blood-plasma separator (BPS) and a blood typing detector for the very first time, leading to a stand-alone microchip which is capable of determining the blood group from both direct and indirect methods simultaneously. The proposed design separates blood cells from plasma by applying hydrodynamic forces imposed on them, which overcomes the clogging issue and consequently maximizes the volume of the extracted plasma. An axial migration effect across the main channel is responsible for collecting the plasma in plasma collector channels. The BPS novel design approached 12% yield of plasma with 100% purity in approximately 10 minutes. The portable BPS was designed and fabricated to perform ABO/Rh blood tests based on the detection of agglutination in both antigens of RBCs (direct) and antibodies of plasma (indirect). The differences between agglutinated and non-agglutinated samples were distinguishable by the naked eye and also validated by particle analysis of microscopic pictures. The results of this passive BPS in ABO/Rh blood grouping verified the quality and quantity of the extracted plasma in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Karimi
- Mechanical Engineering Department - MicroTech Lab., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 7-11 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pouya Mehrdel
- Mechanical Engineering Department - MicroTech Lab., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 7-11 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Farré-Lladós
- Mechanical Engineering Department - MicroTech Lab., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 7-11 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Mechanical Engineering Department - MicroTech Lab., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 7-11 08222, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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DEP-on-a-Chip: Dielectrophoresis Applied to Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060423. [PMID: 31238556 PMCID: PMC6630590 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric particles in a non-uniform electric field are subject to a force caused by a phenomenon called dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP is a commonly used technique in microfluidics for particle or cell separation. In comparison with other separation methods, DEP has the unique advantage of being label-free, fast, and accurate. It has been widely applied in microfluidics for bio-molecular diagnostics and medical and polymer research. This review introduces the basic theory of DEP, its advantages compared with other separation methods, and its applications in recent years, in particular, focusing on the different electrode types integrated into microfluidic chips, fabrication techniques, and operation principles.
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31
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Xuan X. Recent advances in direct current electrokinetic manipulation of particles for microfluidic applications. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2484-2513. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC USA
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32
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Dynamics of temperature-actuated droplets within microfluidics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3832. [PMID: 30846713 PMCID: PMC6405956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the thermal behavior of dispersed droplets within microfluidic channels is crucial for different applications in lab-on-a-chip. In this paper, the physics of droplets volume during their transport over a heater is studied experimentally and numerically. The response of droplets to external heating is examined at temperature ranges of 25–90 °C and at different flow rates of the dispersed phase respect to the continuous flow. The results present a reliable prediction of the droplet volume and stability when heating is applied to the droplets at the downstream channel in a quite far distance from the droplets’ ejection orifice. Increasing the ratio of flow rate resulted in larger droplets; for instance, the flow ratio of 0.25 produced drops with 40% larger diameter than the flow rate of 0.1. For every 10 °C increase in temperature of the droplets, the droplet diameter increased by about 5.7% and 4.2% for pure oil and oil with a surfactant, respectively. Also, the droplets showed a degree of instability during their transport over the heater at higher temperatures. Adding SPAN 20 surfactant improved the stability of the droplets at temperatures higher than 60 °C. The experimentally validated numerical model helped for systemic analysis of the influence of key temperature-dependence parameters (e.g. surface tension, density and viscosity of both phases) on controlling the volume and stability of droplets. Our findings supported to develop highly functional systems with a predetermined droplets performance under high temperatures up to 90 °C. This report provides a preliminary basis for enhancing the performance of droplet microfluidic systems for digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), continuous flow digital loop-mediated isothermal PCR (LAMP), and droplet-based antibiotic susceptibility testing.
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33
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A Microfluidic Device for Simultaneous Extraction of Plasma, Red Blood Cells, and On-Chip White Blood Cell Trapping. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15345. [PMID: 30337656 PMCID: PMC6194116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports a microfluidic device for whole blood processing. The device uses the bifurcation law, cross-flow method, and hydrodynamic flow for simultaneous extraction of plasma, red blood cells, and on-chip white blood cell trapping. The results demonstrate successful plasma and red blood cell collection with a minimum dilution factor (0.76x) and low haemolysis effect. The extracted red blood cells can also be applied for blood type tests. Moreover, the device can trap up to ~1,800 white blood cells in 20 minutes. The three components can be collected simultaneously using only 6 μL of whole blood without any sample preparation processes. Based on these features, the microfluidic device enables low-cost, rapid, and efficient whole blood processing functionality that could potentially be applied for blood analysis in resource-limited environments or point-of-care settings.
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34
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Chiriacò MS, Bianco M, Nigro A, Primiceri E, Ferrara F, Romano A, Quattrini A, Furlan R, Arima V, Maruccio G. Lab-on-Chip for Exosomes and Microvesicles Detection and Characterization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3175. [PMID: 30241303 PMCID: PMC6210978 DOI: 10.3390/s18103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in extracellular vesicles and in particular microvesicles and exosomes, which are constitutively produced by cells, is on the rise for their huge potential as biomarkers in a high number of disorders and pathologies as they are considered as carriers of information among cells, as well as being responsible for the spreading of diseases. Current methods of analysis of microvesicles and exosomes do not fulfill the requirements for their in-depth investigation and the complete exploitation of their diagnostic and prognostic value. Lab-on-chip methods have the potential and capabilities to bridge this gap and the technology is mature enough to provide all the necessary steps for a completely automated analysis of extracellular vesicles in body fluids. In this paper we provide an overview of the biological role of extracellular vesicles, standard biochemical methods of analysis and their limits, and a survey of lab-on-chip methods that are able to meet the needs of a deeper exploitation of these biological entities to drive their use in common clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Bianco
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Ferrara
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- STMicroelectronics, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Arima
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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35
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Khetani S, Mohammadi M, Nezhad AS. Filter-based isolation, enrichment, and characterization of circulating tumor cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2504-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Khetani
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory; University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
- Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory; University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
- Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory; University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
- Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary; Calgary Canada
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36
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Cui X, Fan Y, Xue Y, Miao H, Li G. Extraction of Cell-Free Whole Blood Plasma Using a Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidic Device. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800181. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
- Department of Pediatrics; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 China
| | - Xi Cui
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yutong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ying Xue
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Haipeng Miao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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37
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Perez-Gonzalez VH, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Cardenas-Benitez B, Martinez-Chapa SO, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Simple Approach to Reducing Particle Trapping Voltage in Insulator-Based Dielectrophoretic Systems. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto C. Gallo-Villanueva
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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38
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Berzina B, Anand RK. An Electrokinetic Separation Route to Source Dialysate from Excess Fluid in Blood. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3720-3726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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39
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Sonker M, Parker EK, Nielsen AV, Sahore V, Woolley AT. Electrokinetically operated microfluidic devices for integrated immunoaffinity monolith extraction and electrophoretic separation of preterm birth biomarkers. Analyst 2017; 143:224-231. [PMID: 29136068 PMCID: PMC5734996 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are often present in complex biological fluids like blood, requiring multiple, slow sample preparation steps that pose limitations in simplifying analysis. Here we report integrated immunoaffinity extraction and separation devices for analysis of preterm birth biomarkers in a human blood serum matrix. A reactive polymer monolith was used for immobilization of antibodies for selective extraction of target preterm birth biomarkers. Microfluidic immunoaffinity extraction protocols were optimized and then integrated with microchip electrophoresis for separation. Using these integrated devices, a ∼30 min analysis was carried out on low nanomolar concentrations of two preterm birth biomarkers spiked in a human serum matrix. This work is a promising step towards the development of an automated, integrated platform for determination of preterm birth risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Sonker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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40
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Recent advances in microfluidic sample preparation and separation techniques for molecular biomarker analysis: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 986:1-11. [PMID: 28870312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a vibrant and expanding field that has the potential for solving many analytical challenges. Microfluidics show promise to provide rapid, inexpensive, efficient, and portable diagnostic solutions that can be used in resource-limited settings. Researchers have recently reported various microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis applications. Sample preparation processes like purification, preconcentration and labeling have been characterized on-chip. Additionally, improvements in microfluidic separation techniques have been reported for molecular biomarkers. This review critically evaluates microfluidic sample preparation platforms and separation methods for biomarker analysis reported in the last two years. Key advances in device operation and ability to process different sample matrices in a variety of device materials are highlighted. Finally, current needs and potential future directions for microfluidic device development to realize its full diagnostic potential are discussed.
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41
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Tripathi D, Yadav A, Bég OA. Electro-kinetically driven peristaltic transport of viscoelastic physiological fluids through a finite length capillary: Mathematical modeling. Math Biosci 2017; 283:155-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Transverse magnetic field driven modification in unsteady peristaltic transport with electrical double layer effects. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Mielczarek WS, Obaje EA, Bachmann TT, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M. Microfluidic blood plasma separation for medical diagnostics: is it worth it? LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3441-8. [PMID: 27502438 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00833j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating biomarkers are on the verge of becoming powerful diagnostic tools for various human diseases. However, the complex sample composition makes it difficult to detect biomarkers directly from blood at the bench or at the point-of-care. Blood cells are often a source of variability of the biomarker signal. While the interference of hemoglobin is a long known source of variability, the release of nucleic acids and other cellular components from hemocytes is a new concern for measurement and detection of circulating extracellular markers. Research into miniaturised blood plasma separation has been thriving in the last 10 years (2006-2016). Most point-of-care systems need microscale blood plasma separation, but developed solutions differ in complexity and sample volume range. But could blood plasma separation be avoided completely? This focused review weights the advantages and limits of miniaturised blood plasma separation and highlights the most interesting advances in direct capture as well as smart blood plasma separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Mielczarek
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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44
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A new approach to design an efficient micropost array for enhanced direct-current insulator-based dielectrophoretic trapping. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5285-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Md Ali MA, Ostrikov K(K, Khalid FA, Majlis BY, Kayani AA. Active bioparticle manipulation in microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The motion of bioparticles in a microfluidic environment can be actively controlled using several tuneable mechanisms, including hydrodynamic, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, magnetophoresis, acoustophoresis, thermophoresis and optical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- CSIRO-QUT Joint Sustainable Processes and Devices Laboratory
| | - Fararishah Abdul Khalid
- Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
- Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Y. Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin A. Kayani
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- Bangi
- Malaysia
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology
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46
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Xiang N, Ni Z. High-throughput blood cell focusing and plasma isolation using spiral inertial microfluidic devices. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Szydzik C, Khoshmanesh K, Mitchell A, Karnutsch C. Microfluidic platform for separation and extraction of plasma from whole blood using dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:064120. [PMID: 26759637 PMCID: PMC4698116 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic based blood plasma extraction is a fundamental necessity that will facilitate many future lab-on-a-chip based point-of-care diagnostic systems. However, current approaches for providing this analyte are hampered by the requirement to provide external pumping or dilution of blood, which result in low effective yield, lower concentration of target constituents, and complicated functionality. This paper presents a capillary-driven, dielectrophoresis-enabled microfluidic system capable of separating and extracting cell-free plasma from small amounts of whole human blood. This process takes place directly on-chip, and without the requirement of dilution, thus eliminating the prerequisite of pre-processed blood samples and external liquid handling systems. The microfluidic chip takes advantage of a capillary pump for driving whole blood through the main channel and a cross flow filtration system for extracting plasma from whole blood. This filter is actively unblocked through negative dielectrophoresis forces, dramatically enhancing the volume of extracted plasma. Experiments using whole human blood yield volumes of around 180 nl of cell-free, undiluted plasma. We believe that implementation of various integrated biosensing techniques into this plasma extraction system could enable multiplexed detection of various biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christian Karnutsch
- Institute for Optofluidics and Nanophotonics (IONAS), University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe , 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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48
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Mohammadi M, Madadi H, Casals-Terré J. Microfluidic point-of-care blood panel based on a novel technique: Reversible electroosmotic flow. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054106. [PMID: 26396660 PMCID: PMC4567574 DOI: 10.1063/1.4930865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of diseases and conditions are monitored or diagnosed from blood plasma, but the ability to analyze a whole blood sample with the requirements for a point-of-care device, such as robustness, user-friendliness, and simple handling, remains unmet. Microfluidics technology offers the possibility not only to work fresh thumb-pricked whole blood but also to maximize the amount of the obtained plasma from the initial sample and therefore the possibility to implement multiple tests in a single cartridge. The microfluidic design presented in this paper is a combination of cross-flow filtration with a reversible electroosmotic flow that prevents clogging at the filter entrance and maximizes the amount of separated plasma. The main advantage of this design is its efficiency, since from a small amount of sample (a single droplet [Formula: see text]10 μl) almost 10% of this (approx 1 μl) is extracted and collected with high purity (more than 99%) in a reasonable time (5-8 min). To validate the quality and quantity of the separated plasma and to show its potential as a clinical tool, the microfluidic chip has been combined with lateral flow immunochromatography technology to perform a qualitative detection of the thyroid-stimulating hormone and a blood panel for measuring cardiac Troponin and Creatine Kinase MB. The results from the microfluidic system are comparable to previous commercial lateral flow assays that required more sample for implementing fewer tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia , Terrassa 0822, Spain
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