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Li X, Chen S, Zeng J, Cai R, Liang Y, Chen C, Chen B, Li C. Database-aided UHPLC-Q-orbitrap MS/MS strategy putatively identifies 52 compounds from Wushicha Granule to propose anti-counterfeiting quality-markers for pharmacopoeia. Chin Med 2023; 18:116. [PMID: 37689743 PMCID: PMC10492348 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wushicha Granule, an over-the-counter-drug (OTC) prescription, consists of 19 traditional Chinese herbals medicines (CHMs), such as Chaihu, Hongcha, Chuanxiong, Houpo, and Gancao. The five however have not been effectively characterized by the quality-markers (Q-markers) system in current Pharmacopoeia. The study therefore established a novel database-aided ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-orbitrap MS/MS) strategy. The strategy has putatively identified 52 compounds from Wushicha Granule, mainly including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloid, lignins, and lactones. Especially, saponin "glycyrrhetinic acid" in the Granule was specifically identified as 18β-configuration (rather than 18α-configuration). Meanwhile, two pairs of isomers were fully discriminated, including vitexin vs isovitexin and daidzein vs 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone. 8β-Glycyrrhetinic acid, together with saponin saikosaponin A, alkaloid caffeine, lactone S-senkyunolide A, and lignin magnolol, were further studied using quantum chemical calculation, UV-vis spectra, and anti-counterfeiting validation experiment. In the validation experiment, they have successfully recognized 6 counterfeit Wushicha Granules, by means of a LC-MS equipped extraction software. Based on these results, 8β-glycyrrhetinic acid is recommended to replace the old Q-marker "glycyrrhetinic acid"; while saikosaponin A, caffeine, S-senkyunolide A, and magnolol are recommended as new Q-markers. These recommendations can not only recognize the counterfeits regarding Chaihu, Hongcha, Chuanxiong, Houpo, and Gancao, but also prevent the possible safety-incident. All these will greatly improve the efficiency and specificity of current Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shaoman Chen
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyuan Zeng
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rongxin Cai
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yilan Liang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanbin Chen
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ban Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Chunhou Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Bruňáková K, Bálintová M, Petijová L, Čellárová E. Does phenotyping of Hypericum secondary metabolism reveal a tolerance to biotic/abiotic stressors? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042375. [PMID: 36531362 PMCID: PMC9748567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the changes in Hypericum secondary metabolism induced by biotic/abiotic stressors. It is known that the extreme environmental conditions activate signaling pathways leading to triggering of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems, which stimulate production of secondary metabolites with antioxidant and protective effects. Due to several groups of bioactive compounds including naphthodianthrones, acylphloroglucinols, flavonoids, and phenylpropanes, the world-wide Hypericum perforatum represents a high-value medicinal crop of Hypericum genus, which belongs to the most diverse genera within flowering plants. The summary of the up-to-date knowledge reveals a relationship between the level of defense-related phenolic compounds and interspecific differences in the stress tolerance. The chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids, namely the amentoflavone, quercetin or kaempferol glycosides have been reported as the most defense-related metabolites associated with plant tolerance against stressful environment including temperature, light, and drought, in association with the biotic stimuli resulting from plant-microbe interactions. As an example, the species-specific cold-induced phenolics profiles of 10 Hypericum representatives of different provenances cultured in vitro are illustrated in the case-study. Principal component analysis revealed a relationship between the level of defense-related phenolic compounds and interspecific differences in the stress tolerance indicating a link between the provenance of Hypericum species and inherent mechanisms of cold tolerance. The underlying metabolome alterations along with the changes in the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes, and non-enzymatic physiological markers are discussed. Given these data it can be anticipated that some Hypericum species native to divergent habitats, with interesting high-value secondary metabolite composition and predicted high tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses would attract the attention as valuable sources of bioactive compounds for many medicinal purposes.
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Huang L, Nie L, Dai Z, Dong J, Jia X, Yang X, Yao L, Ma SC. The application of mass spectrometry imaging in traditional Chinese medicine: a review. Chin Med 2022; 17:35. [PMID: 35248086 PMCID: PMC8898510 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMass spectrometry imaging is a frontier technique which connects classical mass spectrometry with ion imaging. Various types of chemicals could be visualized in their native tissues using mass spectrometry imaging. Up to now, the most commonly applied mass spectrometry imaging techniques are matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. This review gives an introduction to the principles, development and applications of commonly applied mass spectrometry imaging techniques, and then illustrates the application of mass spectrometry imaging in the investigation of traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, mass spectrometry imaging has been adopted to explore the spatial distribution of endogenous metabolites in traditional Chinese medicine. Data collected from mass spectrometry imaging can be further utilized to search for marker components of traditional Chinese medicine, discover new compounds from traditional herbs, and differentiate between medicinal plants that are similar in botanical features. Moreover, mass spectrometry imaging also plays a role in revealing the pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Han YB, Bai W, Ding CX, Liang J, Wu SH, Tan RX. Intertwined Biosynthesis of Skyrin and Rugulosin A Underlies the Formation of Cage-Structured Bisanthraquinones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14218-14226. [PMID: 34432466 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skyrin and rugulosin A are bioactive bisanthraquinones found in many fungi, with the former suggested as a precursor of hypericin (a diversely bioactive phytochemical) and the latter characterized by its distinct cage-like structure. However, their biosynthetic pathways remain mysterious, although they have been characterized for over six decades. Here, we present the rug gene cluster that governs simultaneously the biosynthesis of skyrin and rugulosin A in Talaromyces sp. YE3016, a fungal endophyte residing in Aconitum carmichaeli. A combination of genome sequencing, gene inactivation, heterologous expression, and biotransformation tests allowed the identification of the gene function, biosynthetic precursor, and enzymatic sets involved in their molecular architecture constructions. In particular, skyrin was demonstrated to form from the 5,5'-dimerization of emodin radicals catalyzed by RugG, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase evidenced to be potentially applicable for the (chemo)enzymatic synthesis of dimeric polyphenols. The fungal aldo-keto reductase RugH was shown to be capable of hijacking the closest skyrin precursor (CSP) immediately after the emodin radical coupling, catalyzing the ketone reduction of CSP to inactivate its tautomerization into skyrin and thus allowing for the spontaneous intramolecular Michael addition to cyclize the ketone-reduced form of CSP into rugulosin A, a representative of diverse cage-structured bisanthraquinones. Collectively, the work updates our understanding of bisanthraquinone biosynthesis and paves the way for synthetic biology accesses to skyrin, rugulosin A, and their siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Bai
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Xia Ding
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Bruňáková K, Bálintová M, Henzelyová J, Kolarčik V, Kimáková A, Petijová L, Čellárová E. Phytochemical profiling of several Hypericum species identified using genetic markers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112742. [PMID: 33965834 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we performed phytochemical profiling of several under-exploited Hypericum representatives taxonomically belonging to the sections Ascyreia, Androsaemum, Inodora, Hypericum, Coridium, Myriandra, and Adenosepalum. The authenticity of the starting plant material was confirmed using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer as a molecular marker, DNA content and chromosome number. Phenolic constituents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to complement species-specific metabolic profiles. In several Hypericum representatives, the pharmacologically important compounds, including naphthodianthrones; phloroglucinol derivatives; chlorogenic acid; and some classes of flavonoids, particularly the flavonols rutin and hyperoside, flavanol catechin, and flavanones naringenin and naringin, were reported for the first time. Comparative multivariate analysis of chemometric data for seedlings cultured in vitro and acclimated to the outdoor conditions revealed a strong genetically predetermined interspecific variability in phenolic compound content. In addition to hypericins, which are the most abundant chemomarkers for the genus Hypericum, rarely employed phenolic metabolites, including phloroglucinol derivatives, chlorogenic acid, catechin, naringenin, naringin, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, were shown to be useful for discriminating between closely related species. Given the increasing interest in natural products of the genus Hypericum, knowledge of the spectrum of phenolic compounds in shoot cultures is a prerequisite for future biotechnological applications. In addition, phytochemical profiling should be considered as an additional part of the integrated plant authentication system, which predominantly relies upon genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Bruňáková
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslava Bálintová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Henzelyová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Kimáková
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia; Present Address: Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Linda Petijová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 04154, Košice, Slovakia.
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Rizzo P, Altschmied L, Ravindran BM, Rutten T, D’Auria JC. The Biochemical and Genetic Basis for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compounds in Hypericum Perforatum L., One of the Largest Medicinal Crops in Europe. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1210. [PMID: 33081197 PMCID: PMC7602838 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. commonly known as Saint John's Wort (SJW), is an important medicinal plant that has been used for more than 2000 years. Although H. perforatum produces several bioactive compounds, its importance is mainly linked to two molecules highly relevant for the pharmaceutical industry: the prenylated phloroglucinol hyperforin and the naphtodianthrone hypericin. The first functions as a natural antidepressant while the second is regarded as a powerful anticancer drug and as a useful compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. While the antidepressant activity of SJW extracts motivate a multi-billion dollar industry around the world, the scientific interest centers around the biosynthetic pathways of hyperforin and hypericin and their medical applications. Here, we focus on what is known about these processes and evaluate the possibilities of combining state of the art omics, genome editing, and synthetic biology to unlock applications that would be of great value for the pharmaceutical and medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John C. D’Auria
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (P.R.); (L.A.); (B.M.R.); (T.R.)
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MALDI-HRMS Imaging Maps the Localization of Skyrin, the Precursor of Hypericin, and Pathway Intermediates in Leaves of Hypericum Species. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173964. [PMID: 32878122 PMCID: PMC7504759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum and related species (Hypericaceae) are a reservoir of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites, including the well-known naphthodianthrone hypericin. However, the exact biosynthetic steps in the hypericin biosynthetic pathway, vis-à-vis the essential precursors and their localization in plants, remain unestablished. Recently, we proposed a novel biosynthetic pathway of hypericin, not through emodin and emodin anthrone, but skyrin. However, the localization of skyrin and its precursors in Hypericum plants, as well as the correlation between their spatial distribution with the hypericin pathway intermediates and the produced naphthodianthrones, are not known. Herein, we report the spatial distribution of skyrin and its precursors in leaves of five in vitro cultivated Hypericum plant species concomitant to hypericin, its analogs, as well as its previously proposed precursors emodin and emodin anthrone, using MALDI-HRMS imaging. Firstly, we employed HPLC-HRMS to confirm the presence of skyrin in all analyzed species, namely H. humifusum, H. bupleuroides, H. annulatum, H. tetrapterum, and H. rumeliacum. Thereafter, MALDI-HRMS imaging of the skyrin-containing leaves revealed a species-specific distribution and localization pattern of skyrin. Skyrin is localized in the dark glands in H. humifusum and H. tetrapterum leaves together with hypericin but remains scattered throughout the leaves in H. annulatum, H. bupleuroides, and H. rumeliacum. The distribution and localization of related compounds were also mapped and are discussed concomitant to the incidence of skyrin. Taken together, our study establishes and correlates for the first time, the high spatial distribution of skyrin and its precursors, as well as of hypericin, its analogs, and previously proposed precursors emodin and emodin anthrone in the leaves of Hypericum plants.
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Kyekyeku JO, Asare-Nkansah S, Bekoe SO, Sezgin S, Adosraku RK, Spiteller M. MALDI-HRMS imaging and HPLC-HRESI-MS n characterisation of kaurane diterpenes in the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:349-354. [PMID: 31875345 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kaurane diterpenes, notably xylopic acid, have demonstrated important biological activities including analgesia, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity. The fruits of Xylopia aethiopica have been reported to be a rich source of kaurane diterpenes. OBJECTIVE An analytical approach for detailed imaging and characterisation of selected kaurane diterpenes was developed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI-HRMS) imaging techniques and high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRESI-MSn ) studies, respectively. METHODS The images of the compounds were constructed based on selected ions from their HRESI-MS spectra. The matrix employed comprised a solution of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) in acetonitrile-water with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). HPLC-HRESI-MSn measurements were conducted on an LTQ-Orbitrap spectrometer equipped with a heated electrospray ionisation (HESI)-II source. RESULTS The analytical strategy adopted showed the spatial distribution of the compounds in the fruits of X. aethiopica based on the dominant ions at m/z 301.2163 [M + H - HOCOCH3 ]+ and m/z 399.1932 [M + K]+ for xylopic acid, m/z 317.2111 [M + H]+ and m/z 355.1670 [M + K]+ for 15-oxo-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and m/z 303.2319 [M + H]+ for ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid. The fragmentation patterns of the compounds were proposed based on the HRESI-MSn measurements. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the spatial variability, differential behaviours and specificity of the selected kaurane diterpenes in the fruit, seed and pericarp. The compounds under study were predominantly restricted to the pericarp of the fruit with trace amounts in the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Oppong Kyekyeku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Selahaddin Sezgin
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reimmel Kwame Adosraku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Dortmund, Germany
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Rizzo P, Altschmied L, Stark P, Rutten T, Gündel A, Scharfenberg S, Franke K, Bäumlein H, Wessjohann L, Koch M, Borisjuk L, Sharbel TF. Discovery of key regulators of dark gland development and hypericin biosynthesis in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2299-2312. [PMID: 31037808 PMCID: PMC6835128 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin is a molecule of high pharmaceutical importance that is synthesized and stored in dark glands (DGs) of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). Understanding which genes are involved in dark gland development and hypericin biosynthesis is important for the development of new Hypericum extracts that are highly demanded for medical applications. We identified two transcription factors whose expression is strictly synchronized with the differentiation of DGs. We correlated the content of hypericin, pseudohypericin, endocrocin, skyrin glycosides and several flavonoids with gene expression and DG development to obtain a revised model for hypericin biosynthesis. Here, we report for the first time genotypes which are polymorphic for the presence/total absence (G+/G-) of DGs in their placental tissues (PTs). DG development was characterized in PTs using several microscopy techniques. Fourier transform infrared microscopy was established as a novel method to precisely locate polyaromatic compounds, such as hypericin, in plant tissues. In addition, we obtained transcriptome and metabolome profiles of unprecedented resolution in Hypericum. This study addresses for the first time the development of dark glands and identifies genes that constitute strong building blocks for the further elucidation of hypericin synthesis, its manipulation in plants, its engineering in microbial systems and its applications in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Rizzo
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Pauline Stark
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB)Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - André Gündel
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | | | - Katrin Franke
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB)Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Helmut Bäumlein
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | | | - Marcus Koch
- Ruprecht Karls Universität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Timothy F. Sharbel
- Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenvorschung (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS)University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
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LIU F, ZHANG L, ZHANG ZX, ZHANG SC. Application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Imaging in Analysis of Medicinal Plants. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Doležal R, Houdková I, Kalász H, Andrýs R, Novák M, Maltsevskaya NV, Karásková N, Kolář K, Novotná E, Kuča K, Žďárová Karasová J. Determination of Hypericin in Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) Using Classical C18 and Pentafluorophenyl Stationary Phases: Contribution of Pi–Pi Interactions to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1571076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Doležal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Houdková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novák
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Natálie Karásková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kolář
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žďárová Karasová
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, University of Defense, Brno, Czech Republic
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Vigneshwari A, Rakk D, Németh A, Kocsubé S, Kiss N, Csupor D, Papp T, Škrbić B, Vágvölgyi C, Szekeres A. Host metabolite producing endophytic fungi isolated from Hypericum perforatum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217060. [PMID: 31112560 PMCID: PMC6529008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, endophytic fungi have been isolated from various parts of the medicinal herb Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort), which is known as a source of medically important metabolites. The isolated strains were cultured in liquid media and their ability to synthesize hypericin, the secondary metabolite of the host and its suspected precursor, emodin was tested analyzing the extracts of the fermentation broth and the mycelia. The HPLC-UV analysis of the chloroform/methanol extracts of the mycelia revealed that three isolates were able to produce emodin (SZMC 23771, 19.9 ng/mg; SZMC 23772, 20.8 ng/mg; SZMC 23769, 427.9 ng/mg) and one of them also could synthesize hypericin (SZMC 23769, 320.4 ng/mg). These results were also confirmed via UHPLC-HRMS technique both in full scan and MS/MS mode. The strains producing only emodin belong to the section Alternata of the genus Alternaria, while the isolate producing both metabolites was identified as Epicoccum nigrum. The mycelial extracts of E. nigrum and the Alternaria sp. SZMC 23772 showed higher inhibitory activities in the antimicrobial tests against the six selected bacteria compared to the hypericin and emodin standards in the applied concentration (100 μg/mL), while in case of the Alternaria sp. SZMC 23771 lower inhibition activities were observed on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptomyces albus than the pure compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Vigneshwari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Rakk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Németh
- Botanical Garden, University of Szeged, Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Kiss
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Papp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences—University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Kimáková K, Kimáková A, Idkowiak J, Stobiecki M, Rodziewicz P, Marczak Ł, Čellárová E. Phenotyping the genus Hypericum by secondary metabolite profiling: emodin vs. skyrin, two possible key intermediates in hypericin biosynthesis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7689-7699. [PMID: 30291388 PMCID: PMC6244766 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of compounds that occur in the genus Hypericum are listed as effective drugs of natural origin. The main biological activities of several Hypericum representatives are due to the presence of naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols, and other diverse groups of secondary metabolites that synergistically contribute to their therapeutic effects. The regulation of biosynthesis of hypericin as the key bioactive naphthodianthrone remains uncertain. Here, we present liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based phenotyping of 17 Hypericum species, the results of which suggest an important role for skyrin and its derivatives in the polyketide pathway that leads to hypericin formation. Moreover, we report for the first time the presence of new metabolites in the genus Hypericum that are related to classes of anthraquinones, their derivatives, and phloroglucinols. As skyrin and other species of anthraquinones are rarely found in higher plants but frequently occur in fungal microorganisms, the obtained results suggest that further research on the synthesis pathways of hypericin and the role of anthraquinone derivatives in plant metabolism should be carried out. The fact that these compounds are commonly synthesized in endophytic fungi and perhaps there is some similarity in the metabolic pathways between these organisms should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Kimáková
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kimáková
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Idkowiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Rodziewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
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14
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Bridi H, Meirelles GDC, von Poser GL. Structural diversity and biological activities of phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:203-232. [PMID: 30153613 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants of the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) are used in folk medicine all over the world, H. perforatum being the most well-known species. Standardized extracts of this plant are commercially-available to treat mild to moderate depression cases. The present review summarizes the literature published up to 2016 concerning the phloroglucinol derivatives isolated from Hypericum species, together with their structural features and biological activities. These phytochemical studies led to the isolation of 101 prenylated phloroglucinols, chromanes and chromenes, 35 dimeric acylphloroglucinols, 235 polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, 25 simple benzophenones and 33 phloroglucinol-terpene adducts. These compounds show a diverse range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Bridi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre/RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | | | - Gilsane Lino von Poser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre/RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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Qin L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, He H, Han M, Li Y, Zeng M, Wang X. Recent advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) for in situ analysis of endogenous molecules in plants. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:351-364. [PMID: 29667236 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) as a label-free and powerful imaging technique enables in situ evaluation of a tissue metabolome and/or proteome, becoming increasingly popular in the detection of plant endogenous molecules. OBJECTIVE The characterisation of structure and spatial information of endogenous molecules in plants are both very important aspects to better understand the physiological mechanism of plant organism. METHODS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a commonly-used tissue imaging technique, which requires matrix to assist in situ detection of a variety of molecules on the surface of a tissue section. In previous studies, MALDI-MSI was mostly used for the detection of molecules from animal tissue sections, compared to plant samples due to cell structural limitations, such as plant cuticles, epicuticular waxes, and cell walls. Despite the enormous progress that has been made in tissue imaging, there is still a challenge for MALDI-MSI suitable for the imaging of endogenous compounds in plants. RESULTS This review summarises the recent advances in MALDI-MSI, focusing on the application of in situ detection of endogenous molecules in different plant organs, i.e. root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed. CONCLUSION Further improvements on instrumentation sensitivity, matrix selection, image processing and sample preparation will expand the application of MALDI-MSI in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huixin He
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Manman Han
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Li
- The Hospital of Minzu University of China, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
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Kimáková K, Petijová L, Bruňáková K, Čellárová E. Relation between hypericin content and morphometric leaf parameters in Hypericum spp.: A case of cubic degree polynomial function. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:94-99. [PMID: 29650162 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants often accumulate secondary metabolites in multicellular structures or in secretory reservoirs. Biotechnological production of such compounds by cell cultures lacking proper morphological structures is difficult, therefore possibilities for an efficient increase of their formation by organ cultures are being searched. The genus Hypericum comprises many species that store photoactive and phototoxic naphthodianthrones in the dark nodules on their above-ground parts. To date, the relation between the content of hypericins and their proto-forms accumulated in the nodules, and morphological characters of the plant parts containing these structures has not been sufficiently explained. The content of hypericins and leaf morphology characters were measured in 12 selected diploid seed-derived Hypericum species cultured in vitro. The leaf volume and the volume of the nodules per leaf were calculated. Based on these data, a cubic degree polynomial regression model with high reliability was constructed. The model enables an estimate of the biosynthetic capacity of the cultures, and may be useful in designing the experiments aimed at elicitation of these unique secondary metabolites in shoot cultures of Hypericum spp. An analogous model may be developed for interpretation of experimental results for other plant species which accumulate metabolites in specialized morphological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Kimáková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Linda Petijová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bruňáková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia.
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17
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Nigutová K, Kusari S, Sezgin S, Petijová L, Henzelyová J, Bálintová M, Spiteller M, Čellárová E. Chemometric evaluation of hypericin and related phytochemicals in 17 in vitro cultured Hypericum species, hairy root cultures and hairy root-derived transgenic plants. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 71:46-57. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to ascertain the presence and correlations among eight important secondary metabolites viz. hypericin, pseudohypericin, emodin, hyperforin, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin and quercitrin in different organs of 17 in vitro cultured Hypericum species, along with H. tomentosum and H. tetrapterum hairy root cultures, and hairy root-derived transgenic plants of H. tomentosum.
Methods
Samples were extracted and analysed by LC-MS. The LC-MS data were subjected to chemometric evaluations for metabolite profiling and correlating the phytochemical compositions in different samples.
Key findings
Hypericin, pseudohypericin and their proposed precursor emodin were detected in various levels in the leaves of eight Hypericum species. The highest content of hypericins and emodin was found in H. tetrapterum, which contains the studied secondary metabolites in all plant organs. A significant positive correlation between hypericins and emodin was observed both by principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS), indicating the role of emodin as a possible precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of hypericins. Flavonoids were found in all tested plant organs except roots of H. pulchrum. The hairy roots lacked hypericin, pseudohypericin, emodin, hyperforin and rutin. However, the hairy root-derived transgenic plants showed a significant increase in flavonoids.
Conclusions
This study broadens knowledge about the phytochemical composition of selected in vitro cultured Hypericum species, compared to that of hairy root cultures and hairy root-derived transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Nigutová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Selahaddin Sezgin
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Linda Petijová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Henzelyová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Bálintová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
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18
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Biotechnological production of hyperforin for pharmaceutical formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 126:10-26. [PMID: 28377273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforin is a major active constituent of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). It has amazing pharmacological activities, such as antidepressant properties, but it is labile and difficult to synthesize. Its sensitivity and lipophilicity are challenges for processing and formulation. Its chemical complexity provokes approaches of biotechnological production and modification. Dedifferentiated H. perforatum cell cultures lack appropriate storage sites and hence appreciable hyperforin levels. Shoot cultures are capable of forming hyperforin but less suitable for biomass up-scaling in bioreactors. Roots commonly lack hyperforin but a recently established adventitious root line has been demonstrated to produce hyperforin and derivatives at promising levels. The roots also contained lupulones, the typical constituents of hop (Humulus lupulus). Although shear-sensitive, these root cultures provide a potential production platform for both individual compounds and extracts with novel combinations of constituents and pharmacological activities. Besides in vitro cultivation techniques, the reconstruction of hyperforin biosynthesis in microorganisms is a promising alternative for biotechnological production. The biosynthetic pathway is under study, with omics-technologies being increasingly implemented. These biotechnological approaches may not only yield hyperforin at reasonable productivity but also allow for modifications of its chemical structure and pharmacological profile.
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Kucharíková A, Kusari S, Sezgin S, Spiteller M, Čellárová E. Occurrence and Distribution of Phytochemicals in the Leaves of 17 In vitro Cultured Hypericum spp. Adapted to Outdoor Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1616. [PMID: 27833633 PMCID: PMC5081374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of plants belonging to the genus Hypericum have been investigated so far owing to the biological efficacies of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites produced by several Hypericum species. However, there is currently a dearth of information about the localization (accumulation) of these compounds in the plants in situ. In particular, the biosynthetic and ecological consequence of acclimatization of in vitro cultured Hypericum spp. to outdoor conditions is not fully known. Herein, we report an application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI-HRMS) to reveal the distribution of major naphthodianthrones hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin, and their proposed precursor emodin as well as emodin anthrone, along with the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin, the flavonoids quercetin, quercitrin, rutin and hyperoside (and/or isoquercitrin), and chlorogenic acid in Hypericum leaves. Plants encompassing seventeen Hypericum species classified into eleven sections, which were first cultured in vitro and later acclimatized to outdoor conditions, were studied. We focused both on the secretory (dark and translucent glands, other types of glands, and glandular-like structures) as well as the non-secretory leaf tissues. We comparatively analyzed and interpreted the occurrence and accumulation of our target compounds in different leaf tissues of the seventeen species to get an intra-sectional as well as inter-sectional perspective. The naphthodianthrones, along with emodin, were present in all species containing the dark glands. In selected species, hypericin and pseudohypericin accumulated not only in the dark glands, but also in translucent glands and non-secretory leaf tissues. Although hyperforin was localized mainly in translucent glands, it was present sporadically in the dark glands in selected species. The flavonoids quercetin, quercitrin, and hyperoside (and/or isoquercitrin) were distributed throughout the leaves. Rutin was present only within sections Hypericum, Adenosepalum, Ascyreia, and Psorophytum. Our study provides insights into the prospects and challenges of using in vitro cultured Hypericum plants, further adapted to field conditions, for commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kucharíková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in KošiceKošice, Slovakia
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of DortmundDortmund, Germany
| | - Selahaddin Sezgin
- Institute of Environmental Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of DortmundDortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of DortmundDortmund, Germany
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in KošiceKošice, Slovakia
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Soták M, Czeranková O, Klein D, Jurčacková Z, Li L, Čellárová E. Comparative Transcriptome Reconstruction of Four Hypericum Species Focused on Hypericin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1039. [PMID: 27468294 PMCID: PMC4942478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing technology rapidly developed research applications in the field of plant functional genomics. Several Hypericum spp. with an aim to generate and enhance gene annotations especially for genes coding the enzymes supposedly included in biosynthesis of valuable bioactive compounds were analyzed. The first de novo transcriptome profiling of Hypericum annulatum Moris, H. tomentosum L., H. kalmianum L., and H. androsaemum L. leaves cultivated in vitro was accomplished. All four species with only limited genomic information were selected on the basis of differences in ability to synthesize hypericins and presence of dark nodules accumulating these metabolites with purpose to enrich genomic background of Hypericum spp. H. annulatum was chosen because of high number of the dark nodules and high content of hypericin. H. tomentosum leaves are typical for the presence of only 1-2 dark nodules localized in the apical part. Both H. kalmianum and H. androsaemum lack hypericin and have no dark nodules. Four separated datasets of the pair-end reads were gathered and used for de novo assembly by Trinity program. Assembled transcriptomes were annotated to the public databases Swiss-Prot and non-redundant protein database (NCBI-nr). Gene ontology analysis was performed. Differences of expression levels in the marginal tissues with dark nodules and inner part of leaves lacking these nodules indicate a potential genetic background for hypericin formation as the presumed site of hypericin biosynthesis is in the cells adjacent to these structures. Altogether 165 contigs in H. annulatum and 100 contigs in H. tomentosum were detected as significantly differentially expressed (P < 0.05) and upregulated in the leaf rim tissues containing the dark nodules. The new sequences homologous to octaketide synthase and enzymes catalyzing phenolic oxidative coupling reactions indispensable for hypericin biosynthesis were discovered. The presented transcriptomic sequence data will improve current knowledge about the selected Hypericum spp. with proposed relation to hypericin biosynthesis and will provide a useful resource of genomic information for consequential studies in the field of functional genomics, proteomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Soták
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Odeta Czeranková
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Klein
- Institute of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Jurčacková
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
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Ghaste M, Mistrik R, Shulaev V. Applications of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) and Orbitrap Based High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060816. [PMID: 27231903 PMCID: PMC4926350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, along with other "omics" approaches, is rapidly becoming one of the major approaches aimed at understanding the organization and dynamics of metabolic networks. Mass spectrometry is often a technique of choice for metabolomics studies due to its high sensitivity, reproducibility and wide dynamic range. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a widely practiced technique in analytical and bioanalytical sciences. It offers exceptionally high resolution and the highest degree of structural confirmation. Many metabolomics studies have been conducted using HRMS over the past decade. In this review, we will explore the latest developments in Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and Orbitrap based metabolomics technology, its advantages and drawbacks for using in metabolomics and lipidomics studies, and development of novel approaches for processing HRMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Ghaste
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | | | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Jendželovská Z, Jendželovský R, Kuchárová B, Fedoročko P. Hypericin in the Light and in the Dark: Two Sides of the Same Coin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:560. [PMID: 27200034 PMCID: PMC4859072 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin (4,5,7,4',5',7'-hexahydroxy-2,2'-dimethylnaphtodianthrone) is a naturally occurring chromophore found in some species of the genus Hypericum, especially Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort), and in some basidiomycetes (Dermocybe spp.) or endophytic fungi (Thielavia subthermophila). In recent decades, hypericin has been intensively studied for its broad pharmacological spectrum. Among its antidepressant and light-dependent antiviral actions, hypericin is a powerful natural photosensitizer that is applicable in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various oncological diseases. As the accumulation of hypericin is significantly higher in neoplastic tissue than in normal tissue, it can be used in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) as an effective fluorescence marker for tumor detection and visualization. In addition, light-activated hypericin acts as a strong pro-oxidant agent with antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties, since it effectively induces the apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy of cancer cells. Moreover, a strong affinity of hypericin for necrotic tissue was discovered. Thus, hypericin and its radiolabeled derivatives have been recently investigated as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive targeting of tissue necrosis in numerous disorders, including solid tumors. On the other hand, several light-independent actions of hypericin have also been described, even though its effects in the dark have not been studied as intensively as those of photoactivated hypericin. Various experimental studies have revealed no cytotoxicity of hypericin in the dark; however, it can serve as a potential antimetastatic and antiangiogenic agent. On the contrary, hypericin can induce the expression of some ABC transporters, which are often associated with the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. Moreover, the hypericin-mediated attenuation of the cytotoxicity of some chemotherapeutics was revealed. Therefore, hypericin might represent another St. John's wort metabolite that is potentially responsible for negative herb-drug interactions. The main aim of this review is to summarize the benefits of photoactivated and non-activated hypericin, mainly in preclinical and clinical applications, and to uncover the "dark side" of this secondary metabolite, focusing on MDR mechanisms.
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Kucharíková A, Kimáková K, Janfelt C, Čellárová E. Interspecific variation in localization of hypericins and phloroglucinols in the genus Hypericum as revealed by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 157:2-12. [PMID: 26822391 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants of the genus Hypericum are widely known for their therapeutic properties. The most biologically active compounds of this genus are naphtodianthrones and phloroglucinols. Indirect desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging allows visualization and localization of secondary metabolites in different plant tissues. This study is focused on localization of major secondary compounds in the leaves of 17 different in vitro cultured Hypericum species classified in 11 sections. Generally, all identified naphtodianthrones, protohypericin, hypericin, protopseudohypericin and pseudohypericin were co-localized in the dark glands of eight hypericin producing species at the site of their accumulation. The known phloroglucinols, hyperforin, adhyperforin, hyperfirin and some new phloroglucinols with m/z [M - H](-) 495 and 569 were localized in the translucent and pale cavities within the leaf in the majority of studied species. The comparison of different Hypericum species revealed an interspecific variation in the distribution of the dark and translucent glands corresponding with the localization of hypericins and phloroglucinols. Moreover, similarities in the localization and composition of the phloroglucinols were observed in the species belonging to the same section. Adding to various quantitative studies focused on the detection of secondary metabolites, this work using indirect DESI-MSI offers additional valuable information about localization of the above-mentioned compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kucharíková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Kimáková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Čellárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 041 54, Košice, Slovakia
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