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Oh YS, Shin HS. Reliable biological indicator identification and evaluation of tobacco-derived nicotine using an ultra-sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1363-1374. [PMID: 38285226 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Several countries have exempted synthetic nicotine from existing regulatory frameworks, resulting in the widespread substitution of synthetic nicotine (SN) in almost all e-cigarette products available. However, it remains uncertain whether the purported synthetic nicotine is indeed genuine SN. There is a need to develop biological indicators and an analytical method that more clearly distinguishes between the two sources. Impurities in neat tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) were characterized and identified through non-targeted and targeted analysis. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) conditions were optimized for detecting biological indicators in e-cigarette products. Nine tobacco-related alkaloids were identified and selected as biological indicators for TDN. A liquid-liquid extraction and GC-MS/MS quantitative method were developed to detect nine biological indicators in e-cigarette products with the limit of quantification ranging from 0.2 to 4.2 µg L-1 using 0.5 mL of e-liquid. This method was applied to 50 e-cigarette brands purchased in the Korean market. The developed method was able to easily and accurately identify the origin of nicotine even using a small amount of e-liquid sample. It is expected that effective e-cigarette regulation will be possible if the nicotine biological indicator and high-sensitivity analysis method developed in this study are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Suk Oh
- International Advanced Analytical Institute, Goyang, 10594, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- International Advanced Analytical Institute, Goyang, 10594, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Strongin RM, Sharma E, Erythropel HC, El-Hellani A, Kassem NOF, Mikheev VB, Noël A, Peyton DH, Springer ML. Emerging ENDS products and challenges in tobacco control toxicity research. Tob Control 2023; 33:110-115. [PMID: 35715171 PMCID: PMC9758272 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2022-057268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continue to rapidly evolve. Current products pose unique challenges and opportunities for researchers and regulators. This commentary aims to highlight research gaps, particularly in toxicity research, and provide guidance on priority research questions for the tobacco regulatory community. Disposable flavoured ENDS have become the most popular device class among youth and may contain higher nicotine levels than JUUL devices. They also exhibit enhanced harmful and potentially harmful constituents production, contain elevated levels of synthetic coolants and pose environmental concerns. Synthetic nicotine and flavour capsules are innovations that have recently enabled the circumvention of Food and Drug Administration oversight. Coil-less ENDS offer the promise of delivering fewer toxicants due to the absence of heating coils, but initial studies show that these products exhibit similar toxicological profiles compared with JUULs. Each of these topic areas requires further research to understand and mitigate their impact on human health, especially their risks to young users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Sharma
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for Tobacco Research and the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nada O F Kassem
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vladimir B Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew L Springer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Salam S, El-Hajj Moussa F, El-Hage R, El-Hellani A, Aoun Saliba N. A Systematic Review of Analytical Methods for the Separation of Nicotine Enantiomers and Evaluation of Nicotine Sources. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:334-341. [PMID: 36897818 PMCID: PMC10031562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of synthetic nicotine by the tobacco industry, also promoted as tobacco-free nicotine, presented new challenges for analytical chemists working in tobacco regulatory science to develop and optimize new methods to assess new nicotine parameters, namely enantiomer ratio and source. We conducted a systematic literature review of the available analytical methods to detect the nicotine enantiomer ratio and the source of nicotine using PubMed and Web of Science databases. Methods to detect nicotine enantiomers included polarimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas and liquid chromatography. We also covered methods developed to detect the source of nicotine either indirectly via determining the nicotine enantiomer ratio or the detection of tobacco-specific impurities or directly using the isotope ratio enrichment analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (site-specific natural isotope fractionation and site-specific peak intensity ratio) or accelerated mass spectrometry. This review presents an accessible summary of all these analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Fatima El-Hajj Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
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4
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Lindberg S, Engqvist M, Mörén L, Åstot C, Norlin R. Source Attribution of the Chemical Warfare Agent Soman Using Position-Specific Isotope Analysis by 2H NMR Spectroscopy: From Precursor to Degradation Product. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12230-12236. [PMID: 34469120 PMCID: PMC8444188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Position-specific
isotope analysis (PSIA) by NMR spectroscopy is
a technique that provides quantitative isotopic values for every site—a
so-called isotopic fingerprint—of a compound of interest. The
isotopic fingerprint can be used to link samples with a common origin
or to attribute a synthetic chemical to its precursor source. Despite
PSIA by NMR being a powerful tool in chemical forensics, it has not
yet been applied on chemical warfare agents (CWAs). In this study,
different batches of the CWA Soman were synthesized from three distinctive
pinacolyl alcohols (PinOHs). Prior to NMR analysis, the Soman samples
were hydrolyzed to the less toxic pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP),
which is a common degradation product. The PinOHs and PMPs were applied
to PSIA by 2H NMR experiments to measure the isotopic distribution
of naturally abundant 2H within the pinacolyl moiety. By
normalizing the 2H NMR peak areas, we show that the different
PinOHs have unique intramolecular isotopic distributions. This normalization
method makes the study independent of references and sample concentration.
We also demonstrate, for the first time, that the isotopic fingerprint
retrieved from PSIA by NMR remains stable during the production and
degradation of the CWA. By comparing the intramolecular isotopic profiles
of the precursor PinOH with the degradation product PMP, it is possible
to attribute them to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lindberg
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Magnus Engqvist
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Lina Mörén
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
| | - Rikard Norlin
- Department of CBRN Defence & Security, The Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Cementvägen 20, Umeå SE-901 82, Sweden
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Sohrabi F, Asadishad T, Ghazimoradi MH, Mahinroosta T, Saeidifard S, Hamidi SM, Farivar S. Plasmophore Enhancement in Fibroblast Green Fluorescent Protein-Positive Cells Excited by Smoke. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12278-12289. [PMID: 32548411 PMCID: PMC7271360 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the large consumption of nicotine and its sedative/stimulant effect on different organs of the body, the detection of low concentration of this material and its subsequent effect on live animals plays a significant role. Optical detection techniques such as plasmonics are the pioneers in highly sensitive detection techniques. However, for investigating the nicotine/smoke effect on live cells, not only the interaction between cell nicotine should be optimized but also the plasmonic interface should show a high sensitivity to the reception of nicotine by the cell receptors. In this study, the sensitivity of the plasmonic detection system was greatly increased using the coupling of plasmon and fluorophore. This coupling could enhance the main plasmonic signal several orders of magnitude besides improving Δ and Ψ ellipsometry parameters. Benefiting from the green fluorescence proteins, the phase shift and the amplitude ratio between the reflections under s- and p-polarized light enhance considerably which verifies the coupling of the dipole of the fluorescence emitter and the plasmons of the metal nanostructure. For 1 s increase of the maintenance time, we encountered a considerable increase in the Δ values that were 0.15° for T e = 1 s and 0.24° for T e = 3 s. Benefiting from extracted ellipsometry parameters, this study could open new avenues toward studying the effect of various types of drugs and stimulants on biological samples using a novel plasmophore platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foozieh Sohrabi
- Magneto-plasmonic
Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Tannaz Asadishad
- Magneto-plasmonic
Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | | | - Tayebeh Mahinroosta
- Magneto-plasmonic
Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Sajede Saeidifard
- Magneto-plasmonic
Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi
- Magneto-plasmonic
Laboratory, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Shirin Farivar
- Life Science and Biotechnology Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
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