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Russo A, Patanè GT, Putaggio S, Lombardo GE, Ficarra S, Barreca D, Giunta E, Tellone E, Laganà G. Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Chloroquine on Red Blood Cells Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6424. [PMID: 38928131 PMCID: PMC11203553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline derivative largely employed in the management of malaria. CQ treatment exploits the drug's ability to cross the erythrocyte membrane, inhibiting heme polymerase in malarial trophozoites. Accumulation of CQ prevents the conversion of heme to hemozoin, causing its toxic buildup, thus blocking the survival of Plasmodium parasites. Recently, it has been reported that CQ is able to exert antiviral properties, mainly against HIV and SARS-CoV-2. This renewed interest in CQ treatment has led to the development of new studies which aim to explore its side effects and long-term outcome. Our study focuses on the effects of CQ in non-parasitized red blood cells (RBCs), investigating hemoglobin (Hb) functionality, the anion exchanger 1 (AE1) or band 3 protein, caspase 3 and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) activity, intra and extracellular ATP levels, and the oxidative state of RBCs. Interestingly, CQ influences the functionality of both Hb and AE1, the main RBC proteins, affecting the properties of Hb oxygen affinity by shifting the conformational structure of the molecule towards the R state. The influence of CQ on AE1 flux leads to a rate variation of anion exchange, which begins at a concentration of 2.5 μM and reaches its maximum effect at 20 µM. Moreover, a significant decrease in intra and extracellular ATP levels was observed in RBCs pre-treated with 10 µM CQ vs. erythrocytes under normal conditions. This effect is related to the PTP-1B activity which is reduced in RBCs incubated with CQ. Despite these metabolic alterations to RBCs caused by exposure to CQ, no signs of variations in oxidative state or caspase 3 activation were recorded. Our results highlight the antithetical effects of CQ on the functionality and metabolism of RBCs, and encourage the development of new research to better understand the multiple potentiality of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.T.P.); (S.P.); (S.F.); (E.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Stefano Putaggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.T.P.); (S.P.); (S.F.); (E.T.); (G.L.)
| | | | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.T.P.); (S.P.); (S.F.); (E.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.T.P.); (S.P.); (S.F.); (E.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Elena Giunta
- Virology and Microbiology AOOR Papardo-Piemonte, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.T.P.); (S.P.); (S.F.); (E.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.T.P.); (S.P.); (S.F.); (E.T.); (G.L.)
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Implication of COVID-19 on Erythrocytes Functionality: Red Blood Cell Biochemical Implications and Morpho-Functional Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042171. [PMID: 35216286 PMCID: PMC8878454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several diseases (such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders) affect the morpho-functional aspects of red blood cells, sometimes altering their normal metabolism. In this review, the hematological changes are evaluated, with particular focus on the morphology and metabolic aspects of erythrocytes. Changes in the functionality of such cells may, in fact, help provide important information about disease severity and progression. The viral infection causes significant damage to the blood cells that are altered in size, rigidity, and distribution width. Lower levels of hemoglobin and anemia have been reported in several studies, and an alteration in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes has been shown to promote a dangerous state of oxidative stress in red blood cells. Patients with severe COVID-19 showed an increase in hematological changes, indicating a progressive worsening as COVID-19 severity progressed. Therefore, monitored hematological alterations in patients with COVID-19 may play an important role in the management of the disease and prevent the risk of a severe course of the disease. Finally, monitored changes in erythrocytes and blood, in general, may be one of the causes of the condition known as Long COVID.
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Remigante A, Morabito R, Marino A. Band 3 protein function and oxidative stress in erythrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6225-6234. [PMID: 33559172 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Band 3 protein (B3p), anion transporter, allows the HCO3 - /Cl- exchange across plasma membrane and plays an important role for erythrocytes homeostasis. In addition, B3p is linked to proteins cytoskeleton, thus contributing to cell shape and deformability, essential to erythrocytes adjustment within narrowest capillaries. Taking into account that erythrocytes are a suitable cell model to investigate the response of the oxidative stress effects, B3p functions, and specifically anion exchange capability, determining the rate constant for SO4 2- uptake, has been considered. As, in the latter years, rising attention has been addressed to membrane transport system, and particularly to this protein, the present mini-review has been conceived to report the most recent knowledge about B3p, with specific regard to its functions in oxidative stress conditions, including oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Farsaci F, Tellone E, Russo A, Galtieri A, Ficarra S. Thermodynamic characterization of RBCs highlights correlations between different hemoglobin types and Band 3 interactions. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Teles M, Fierro-Castro C, Na-Phatthalung P, Tvarijonaviciute A, Soares AMVM, Tort L, Oliveira M. Evaluation of gemfibrozil effects on a marine fish (Sparus aurata) combining gene expression with conventional endocrine and biochemical endpoints. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:600-607. [PMID: 27474849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The information on the potential hazardous effects of gemfibrozil (GEM) on marine fish is extremely scarce. In the current study, molecular, endocrine and biochemical parameters were assessed in Sparus aurata after 96h waterborne exposure to a GEM concentration range. Hepatic mRNA levels of target genes known to be regulated via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (pparα) in mammals, such as apolipoprotein AI (apoa1) and lipoprotein (lpl) were significantly increased, without a concomitant activation of the ppar pathways. GEM (15μgL(-1)) induced an upregulation in mRNA levels of interleukin 1β (il1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (tnfα) and caspase 3 (casp3), suggesting an activation of proinflammatory processes in S. aurata liver. However, mRNA levels of genes related with the antioxidant defence system and cell-tissue repair were unaltered under the tested experimental conditions. Higher levels of GEM induced a cortisol rise, an indication that it is recognized as a stressor by S. aurata. Cortisol levels and the mRNA levels of il1β, tnfα and casp3 may be suggested as potential biomarkers of GEM effects in marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Na-Phatthalung
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Alterations in Red Blood Cell Functionality Induced by an Indole Scaffold Containing a Y-Iminodiketo Moiety: Potential Antiproliferative Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2104247. [PMID: 27651854 PMCID: PMC5019890 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently proposed a new erythrocyte-based model of study to predict the antiproliferative effects of selected heterocyclic scaffolds. Starting from the metabolic similarity between erythrocytes and cancer cells, we have demonstrated how the metabolic derangement induced by an indolone-based compound (DPIT) could be related to its antiproliferative effects. In order to prove the validity of our biochemical approach, in the present study the effects on erythrocyte functionality of its chemical precursor (PID), whose synthesis we reported, were investigated. The influence of the tested compound on band 3 protein (B3), oxidative state, ATP efflux, caspase 3, metabolism, intracellular pH, and Ca2+ homeostasis has been evaluated. PID crosses the membrane localizing into the cytosol, increases anion exchange, induces direct caspase activation, shifts the erythrocytes towards an oxidative state, and releases less ATP than in normal conditions. Analysis of phosphatidylserine externalization shows that PID slightly induces apoptosis. Our findings indicate that, due to its unique features, erythrocyte responses to exogenous molecular stimuli can be fruitfully correlated at structurally more complex cells, such as cancer cells. Overall, our work indicates that erythrocyte is a powerful study tool to elucidate the biochemical/biological effects of selected heterocycles opening considerable perspectives in the field of drug discovery.
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Ficarra S, Tellone E, Pirolli D, Russo A, Barreca D, Galtieri A, Giardina B, Gavezzotti P, Riva S, De Rosa MC. Insights into the properties of the two enantiomers of trans-δ-viniferin, a resveratrol derivative: antioxidant activity, biochemical and molecular modeling studies of its interactions with hemoglobin. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1276-86. [PMID: 26883599 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is widely known as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule. The present study first reports the effects of trans-δ-viniferin (TVN), a dimer of resveratrol, on human erythrocytes. The antioxidant activity of TVN was tested using in vitro model systems such as hydroxy radical scavenging, DPPH and lipid peroxidation. In addition we have examined the influence of the 15R,22R- and 15S,22S-enantiomers (abbreviated R,R-TVN, and S,S-TVN, respectively) on anion transport, ATP release, caspase 3 activation. Given that hemoglobin (Hb) redox reactions are the major source of RBC oxidative stress, we also explored the effects of TVN on hemoglobin function. TVN showed moderate antioxidant properties and good protective activity from hemoglobin oxidation. Potential binding sites of R,R-TVN and S,S-TVN with oxy- and deoxy-Hb were also investigated through an extensive in silico docking approach and molecular dynamics calculations. The whole molecular modeling studies indicate that binding of R,R-TVN and S,S-TVN to Hb lacks of specific ligand-target interactions. This is the first report on the biological activity of the individual enantiomers of a resveratrol-related dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Ficarra
- Dipartimento di Scienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche e ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Scala A, Ficarra S, Russo A, Barreca D, Giunta E, Galtieri A, Grassi G, Tellone E. A new erythrocyte-based biochemical approach to predict the antiproliferative effects of heterocyclic scaffolds: The case of indolone. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:73-9. [PMID: 25270672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indole core is a key structural feature of many natural products and biomolecules with broad spectrum chemotherapeutic properties. Some of us have recently synthesized a library of biologically promising indolone-based compounds. The present study focuses on the effects of one of them, namely DPIT, on human erythrocytes. METHODS We have examined the influence of DPIT on band 3 protein, intracellular ATP concentration and transport, caspase 3 activation, metabolic adaptation and membrane stability. RESULTS Our study elucidates that DPIT, intercalated into the phospholipid bilayer, decreases the anion transport, the intracellular ATP concentration and the cytosolic pH, inducing a direct activation of caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS Starting from the metabolic similarity between erythrocytes and cancer cells, we investigate how the metabolic derangements and membrane alterations induced by selected heterocycles could be related to the antiproliferative effects. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our work aims to propose a new model of study to predict the antiproliferative effects of heterocyclic scaffolds, pointing out that only one of the listed conditions would be unfavorable to the life cycle of neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Russo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Elena Giunta
- Virology and Microbiology AOOR Papardo-Piemonte, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Galtieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grassi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Tellone E, Ficarra S, Russo A, Bellocco E, Barreca D, Laganà G, Leuzzi U, Pirolli D, De Rosa MC, Giardina B, Galtieri A. Caffeine inhibits erythrocyte membrane derangement by antioxidant activity and by blocking caspase 3 activation. Biochimie 2011; 94:393-402. [PMID: 21856371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of caffeine on band 3 (the anion exchanger protein), haemoglobin function, caspase 3 activation and glucose-6-phosphate metabolism during the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle in human red blood cells. A particular attention has been given to the antioxidant activity by using in vitro antioxidant models. Caffeine crosses the erythrocyte membrane and interacts with the two extreme conformational states of haemoglobin (the T and the R-state within the framework of the simple two states allosteric model) with different binding affinities. By promoting the high affinity state (R-state), the caffeine-haemoglobin interaction does enhance the pentose phosphate pathway. This is of benefit for red blood cells since it leads to an increase of NADPH availability. Moreover, caffeine effect on band 3, mediated by haemoglobin, results in an extreme increase of the anion exchange, particularly in oxygenated erythrocytes. This enhances the transport of the endogenously produced CO(2) thereby avoiding the production of dangerous secondary radicals (carbonate and nitrogen dioxide) which are harmful to the cellular membrane. Furthermore caffeine destabilizes the haeme-protein interactions within the haemoglobin molecule and triggers the production of superoxide and met-haemoglobin. However this damaging effect is almost balanced by the surprising scavenger action of the alkaloid with respect to the hydroxyl radical. These experimental findings are supported by in silico docking and molecular dynamics studies and by what we may call the "caspase silence"; in fact, there is no evidence of any caspase 3 activity enhancement; this is likely due to the promotion of positive metabolic conditions which result in an increase of the cellular reducing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Tellone
- Organic and Biological Chemistry Department, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Ficarra S, Russo A, Stefanizzi F, Mileto M, Barreca D, Bellocco E, Laganà G, Leuzzi U, Giardina B, Galtieri A, Tellone E. Palytoxin Induces Functional Changes of Anion Transport in Red Blood Cells: Metabolic Impact. J Membr Biol 2011; 242:31-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-011-9374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marija M, Paško K, Jasna L, Marijan K, Marta K, Nada V, Vlasta B. The Influence of Gemfibrozil on Malondialdehyde Level and Paraoxonase 1 Activity in Wistar and Fisher Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:428-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Aging and death signalling in mature red cells: from basic science to transfusion practice. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2010; 8 Suppl 3:s39-47. [PMID: 20606748 DOI: 10.2450/2010.007s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Galtieri A, Tellone E, Ficarra S, Russo A, Bellocco E, Barreca D, Scatena R, Laganà G, Leuzzi U, Giardina B. Resveratrol treatment induces redox stress in red blood cells: a possible role of caspase 3 in metabolism and anion transport. Biol Chem 2010; 391:1057-65. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResveratrol, an important phytoalexine found in many plants, has been shown to be significantly effective in the treatment of several pathological conditions such as cancer, coronary heart disease and osteoarthritis. This study focuses on the effects of this drug on human red blood cells. In particular, we have examined the influence of resveratrol on Band 3, the anion exchanger protein, and hemoglobin as a function of the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle. Moreover, special attention has been given to the metabolic changes imposed by caspase 3 activation. Resveratrol has proved to lower superoxide production, thereby decreasing heme-iron oxidation and saving the reducing power required for met-hemoglobin reduction. Oxygen binding experiments showed that resveratrol interacts with hemoglobin, shifting the T→R conformational transition towards the higher-affinity R state. This might contribute to altering the metabolic balance of the cell through an intensification of the pentose phosphate pathway. Moreover, at high oxygenation levels of the erythrocytic hemoglobin, resveratrol induces a significant activation of caspase 3, the action of which on Band 3 has a strong impact on cellular metabolism and anion transport.
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Antonelou MH, Kriebardis AG, Stamoulis KE, Economou-Petersen E, Margaritis LH, Papassideri IS. Red blood cell aging markers during storage in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol. Transfusion 2009; 50:376-89. [PMID: 19874562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that red blood cell (RBC) senescence is accelerated under blood bank conditions, although neither protein profile of RBC aging nor the impact of additive solutions on it have been studied in detail. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBCs and vesicles derived from RBCs in both citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)-saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) and citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA) were evaluated for the expression of cell senescence markers (vesiculation, protein aggregation, degradation, activation, oxidation, and topology) through immunoblotting technique and immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy study. RESULTS A group of cellular stress proteins exhibited storage time- and storage medium-related changes in their membrane association and exocytosis. The extent, the rate, and the expression of protein oxidation, Fas oligomerization, caspase activation, and protein modifications in Band 3, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulin G were less conspicuous and/or exhibited significant time retardation under storage in CPD-SAGM, compared to the CPDA storage. There was evidence for the localization of activated caspases near to the membrane of both cells and vesicles. CONCLUSIONS We provide circumstantial evidence for a lower protein oxidative damage in CPD-SAGM-stored RBCs compared to the CPDA-stored cells. The different expression patterns of the senescence markers in the RBCs seem to be accordingly related to the oxidative stress management of the cells. We suggest that the storage of RBCs in CPD-SAGM might be more alike the in vivo RBC aging process, compared to storage in CPDA, since it is characterized by a slower stimulation of the recognition signaling pathways that are already known to trigger the erythrophagocytosis of senescent RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna H Antonelou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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Influences of Flavonoids on Erythrocyte Membrane and Metabolic Implication Through Anionic Exchange Modulation. J Membr Biol 2009; 230:163-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-009-9197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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