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Shube H, Karuppannan S, Haji M, Paneerselvam B, Kawo N, Mechal A, Fekadu A. Appraising groundwater quality and probabilistic human health risks from fluoride-enriched groundwater using the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) and GIS: a case study of adama town and its vicinities in the central main Ethiopian rift valley. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30272-30285. [PMID: 39315031 PMCID: PMC11418807 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02890b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This research's main objective is to identify the level of contamination in drinking water in Adama town and its environs by employing PIG, GIS and HHRA. The physical-chemical parameters of groundwater were determined, and the results were compared to regional and global drinking water quality guidelines. The pH of groundwater is alkaline, and the contents of Ca2+, Na+, HCO3 -, and F- in the majority of samples surpassed the permissible drinking limit. The hydrochemical facies were identified in the following order: Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Ca-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. Cation exchange and Rock-water interaction are the major dominant natural mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry. Using IDW interpolation methods with Arc GIS 10.8, spatial analysis of the physico-geochemical content of water divulged that TDS, pH, TH, EC, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3 -, F-, and SO4 2- all exhibit a positive trend in the direction of groundwater flow from the upland to the lowland (rift floor). As per PIG, the results show that 57%, 33%, 7% and 3% of the samples were found in the insignificant, low, moderate and high, correspondingly. The total hazard index (THI) is calculated from hazard quotients (HQIntake and HQDermal) results showing 83%, 73%, and 57% of the samples exceed the non-carcinogenic health threat of fluoride THI >1 in drinking water for children, women and men. Children are more susceptible to danger than either males or women, according to the THI data, based on body weights and consumption rates. Similarly, females are also more vulnerable to health risks than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Shube
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University Adama P.O. Box 1888 Ethiopia
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University Adama P.O. Box 1888 Ethiopia
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Muhammed Haji
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University Adama P.O. Box 1888 Ethiopia
| | - Balamurugan Paneerselvam
- Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Nafyad Kawo
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 244.1 Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege Street Lincoln NE 68583-0996 USA
| | - Abraham Mechal
- Geology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU) P.O. BOX 16417 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
- Mineral Exploration, Extraction, and Processing Center of Excellence, AASTU Ethiopia
| | - Ashu Fekadu
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University Adama P.O. Box 1888 Ethiopia
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Liu H, Zhang G, Guo H, Wang Z, Ge Q. Occurrences of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in the piedmont aquifers: hydrogeochemical characteristics and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:366. [PMID: 39162847 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater nitrate (NO3-) contamination is a global concern. The distribution patterns, enrichment mechanisms, and human health risks of NO3- contaminated groundwater were investigated using 144 groundwater samples collected from domestic and irrigation wells in the piedmonts of the North China Plain (Beijing and Shijiazhuang areas). The results showed that the groundwater was neutral to weakly alkaline, and 47% of the groundwater samples had NO3- concentrations exceeding 50 mg/L, a threshold proposed by world health organization to threaten infants up to 3 months. Groundwater NO3- concentrations were generally higher in the Beijing piedmont than in the Shijiazhuang piedmont and decreased with depth in both piedmonts. High-NO3- (> 50 mg/L) groundwater was distributed sporadically spatially and mainly was of Ca-Mg-HCO3 hydrochemical facies. Stable isotopes (D and 18O) compositions and NO3-/Cl- ratios indicated that NO3- accumulation in groundwater was primarily due to use of N-fertilizers under agricultural practices, and was associated with groundwater recharge sources such as septic tank leakage and re-infiltration of reclaimed irrigation water. Water quality evaluation showed that groundwater quality was highly dependent on NO3- concentration, with entropy-weighted water quality index values increasing linearly with increasing NO3- concentrations. The potential health risk of high-NO3- groundwater was the most serious for infants in both the piedmonts. Therefore, reducing NO3- input from sources and drinking water intake is recommended to minimize the human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution and School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanglu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution and School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution and School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution and School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, Jingkai District, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution and School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
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Berhanu KG, Lohani TK, Hatiye SD. Spatial and seasonal groundwater quality assessment for drinking suitability using index and machine learning approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30362. [PMID: 38742059 PMCID: PMC11089328 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial and seasonal evaluation and monitoring of groundwater (GW) quality is essential for the sustainable management of this priceless resource and the provision of safe drinking water. Nevertheless, GW quality appraisal was not given due attention in the current study area (flat terrain part of the Tana sub-basin). This study sought to assess the seasonal and regional physicochemical GW quality parameters for drinking appropriateness using the drinking water quality index (DWQI) and support vector machine (SVM). The main cations in both the dry and wet study seasons were, in decreasing order, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe2+, according to the results. Conversely, the main anions were HCO3-, CO32-, Cl- or NO3-, SO42- and PO43-, ordered from higher to lower. During the two research seasons, Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 were the predominant water types based on Piper diagram results. Reverse ion exchange and evaporation were the principal hydrogeochemical processes that control the hydrogeochemistry identified by Durov and Gibbs diagrams, respectively. Excellent GW quality class for drinking was demonstrated by the majority of geographical and seasonal DWQI readings over the two seasons. Nevertheless, during the rainy season, there was a noticeable decline in the GW quality condition around the northern shores of Lake Tana. Therefore, it is advised to implement comprehensive GW quality protection measures and improve system management to mitigate pollution to reduce health hazards in the examined region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibru Gedam Berhanu
- Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tarun Kumar Lohani
- Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Dagalo Hatiye
- Arba Minch Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Mahanta N, Goswami S. Groundwater vulnerability to fluoride pollution and health risk assessment in the western part of Odisha, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35878-35896. [PMID: 38743337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The fluoride dynamics of the Dharmagarh Block of Kalahandi District, Odisha, India, and associated health risk assessment have been studied. Complex data matrices were evaluated using groundwater quality index, fluoride pollution index, and principal component analysis to understand the geological evolution and identify potential sources for fluoride pollution. The study region comprises granite, granitic gneiss, and khondalite of hard and compact rock of Precambrian Eon, which supplies mostly the fluoride-bearing minerals. Altogether thirty-four (34) groundwater samples across the entire study area were collected and subjected to various physico-chemical analyses. The majority of the groundwater in the proposed region is hard to very hard type with Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 being the two dominant facies. Groundwater contains fluoride in concentrations ranging from 0.21 to 2.26 mg/L. The statistical analysis of the quality parameters reveals the moderate positive correlation of fluoride with sodium (0.392) and pH (0.313) and week positive correlation with EC, TDS, TH, TA, Mg2+, and HCO3-, which directly depicts the initiation of fluoride problem within the study area. Based on the water quality index, 23.53% samples are good, 73.53% are poor, and 2.94% are very poor in nature. With respect to fluoride pollution index, 5.88% samples show high pollution, 55.88% samples show medium pollution, and 38.24% of samples show low pollution index. Human health risk assessment has also been carried out using the hazard quotient of fluoride. Altogether 70.59% of samples show Total Hazard Index (THI) values < 1 suggesting low risk of cancer and within the permissible range, whereas 29.41% of samples show THI > 1 suggesting the non-carcinogenic risk of pollutants, which exceeds the allowable limit for all the classes of male, female and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Mahanta
- Department of Geology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India
| | - Shreerup Goswami
- Department of Geology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
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Aklilu T, Sahilu G, Ambelu A. Public health risks associated with drinking water consumption in the upper Awash River sub-basin, Ethiopia, sub-Saharan Africa. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24790. [PMID: 38314286 PMCID: PMC10837571 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Upper Awash sub-basin characterized by urban, industrial, agricultural and population growth, has impacted the quality of its water sources. This study focuses on the assessment of public health risks associated with drinking water sources in the sub-basin. In accordance with WHO guidelines, 120 water samples were collected from 60 water supply schemes in dry and wet seasons located in areas with low and high water pollution risk (WPR). Multi-meter, Photometer, Digital Arsenator, and Microbiological test kit measured the concentration of parameters. The assessment uses methods of hazard identification, exposure and dose-response analysis, and risk characterization, including Hazard Quotient (HQ), Cancer Risk (CR), Hazard Index (HI), and probability of infection. Monte Carlo simulation analyzes non-cancer risks from Nitrite, Nitrate, Chromium, Iron, Fluoride, and Arsenic, and CRs from Chromium and Arsenic, and infection risks from Escherichia coli (E.coli). As a result, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) of Nitrate was beyond unity (HQ > 1) in the dry season for all groups. HQ of Chromium was HQ > 1 for Women (1.1E+00) and Children (1.4E+00) in the wet season in the high WPR area. Chromium HQ > 1 for children (1.4E+00) in the wet season and Fluoride (HQ > 1) for Children (3.2E+00) in the dry season in the low WPR area. Arsenic CR was above 1 in 10,000 persons for children in the dry season, for all groups, and for women and children in the wet season in the high WPR areas. The CR of chromium ranged from 1 in 1000 persons, which is beyond the limit. Moreover, the Hazard Index (HI) was higher than the unity (HI > 1) for most cases. All E coli infection risks daily and annually exceeded the acceptable risks. Therefore, Public health concerns in the Sub-basin were quantified, and evidences were generated for risk management to undertake source protection through integrated watershed management and appropriate water treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfa Aklilu
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Sahilu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Environmental Health, Division of Water and Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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Diriba D, Karuppannan S, Takele T, Husein M. Delineation of groundwater potential zonation using geoinformatics and AHP techniques with remote sensing data. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25532. [PMID: 38371977 PMCID: PMC10873671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Among all other valuable natural resources, groundwater is crucial for global economic growth and food security. This study aimed to delineate groundwater potential zones (GWPZ) in the Gidabo watershed of the Main Ethiopian Rift. The demand for groundwater supplies for various applications has risen recently in the watershed due to rapid population upsurge. An integrated Geographical Information System, Remote Sensing, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been utilized. Eight groundwater regulating factors, including rainfall, elevation, drainage density, soil types, lineament density, slope, lithology, and land use/land cover, have been taken in the analysis. To assign suitable weights to each factor, AHP was employed, as each element contributes differently to groundwater occurrence. The weighted overlay analysis (WOA) technique was then used in the ArcGIS environment to integrate all thematic layers and generate a GWPZ map. The delineated GWPZ in the watershed was classified into five categories. The poor GWPZ covered 18.7 %, the low GWPZ covered 33.8 %, the moderate GWPZ covered 23.4 %, the high GWPZ covered 18.1 %, and the very high GWPZ covered 5.8 % of the area. Well and spring data were used to validate the model, and the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve method was applied. The results showed good accuracy of 76.8 %. The result of this research can be valuable for planning and managing groundwater resources in the Gidabo watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechasa Diriba
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box: 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, P.O. Box: 1888, Ethiopia
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tariku Takele
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box: 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Musa Husein
- Department of Geology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, P.O. Box: 419, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Ray P, Basak SK, Mohinuddin S, Roy MB, Roy PK. Evaluation of groundwater quality by adopting a multivariate statistical approach and indexing of water quality in Sagar Island, West Bengal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:166. [PMID: 38233539 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In the vicinity of the coast, predominantly groundwater is the sole reliable resource for potable purposes as the surface water sources are highly saline and unfit for human consumption. However, the groundwater in Sagar Island is highly vulnerable to saltwater intrusion. The majority of drinking water comes from government-owned hand pump-equipped tube wells. But during the summer season, many of these tube wells yield significantly less water. Hence, in the current scenario, water quality assessment has become important to the quantity available. Total of 31 samples of deep tube wells (groundwater) are collected at variegated locations during pre-monsoon season throughout Sagar, and then, the physical and chemical quality parameters of these water samples are analysed. Furthermore, a multivariate statistical technique is executed with the aid of the SPSS program. The hydro-chemical parameters that are taken into account for the quality analysis are pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, aluminium, arsenic, bi-carbonate, cadmium, iron, chloride, copper, chromium, cobalt, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, sulphate, zinc, and sodium. Then, the analysed data evaluates the water quality index (WQI). Five components are identified through the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, and 82.642% total variance is found. The outcomes of the quality assessment study illustrate that about 54.84% of collected samples come in the "excellent" water quality class when calculated by the "weighted arithmetic WQI method," and 90.32% of collected groundwater samples come in the "good" water quality class when computed using the "modified weighted arithmetic WQI method." This study helps for the interpretation of WQI to assess groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Ray
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Basak
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sk Mohinuddin
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar Roy
- School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Ahamad A, Janardhana Raju N, Madhav S, Ram P. Fluoride in groundwater of industrial town of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India: probable release mechanism and potential health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7957-7977. [PMID: 37515726 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
In the selected study region of Sonbhadra district, coal burning and mining activities are dominant. Previous studies reported F contamination in very few groundwater samples of this region. A detailed study is required to estimate the fluoride in groundwater of this area. Hence, a total of 128 groundwater samples were collected during post- and pre-monsoon seasons in the year 2017 to estimate the F-, its geochemistry, and health risk assessment from Renukoot and Anpara industrial clusters of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The pH of groundwater samples varied from slightly acidic to alkaline during both seasons. Almost all the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and major anions (HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, and F-) values in groundwater samples of both clusters were found within the permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO) and Beauro of Indian standards except F- in both seasons. The scatter plots of F- with Ca2+, Na+, HCO3-, and pH are used to explain the release mechanism of fluoride in groundwater. Saturation indices (SI) calcite versus SI fluorite and SI dolomite versus SI fluorite plots of both clusters used to check the involvement of these minerals in fluoride enrichment of aquifers. F- contamination in groundwater due to coal burning in coal mining and thermal power plant dominated region is discussed globally and locally both. The non-carcinogenic health risk due to consumption of fluoride-contaminated water is estimated by using target hazard quotient (THQ). THQ values of F- showed that children are at high risk than adults in both clusters of the study area during both seasons. Pictorial representation is used to show the dental fluorosis cases in children of the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ahamad
- Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - N Janardhana Raju
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sughosh Madhav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Prahlad Ram
- DST-SERB, Technology Bhawan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110030, India
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Kumar R, Kumari A, Kumar R, Sulaiman MA, Zafar MM, Singh A, Prabhakar R, Pippal PS. Assessing the geochemical processes controlling groundwater quality and their possible effect on human health in Patna, Bihar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107138-107157. [PMID: 36892700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This research was conducted in the urban area of Patna region, the capital and largest city of Bihar, which is part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvium plain. This study aims to identify the sources and processes controlling groundwater's hydrochemical evolution in the Patna region's urban area. In this research, we evaluated the interplay between several measures of groundwater quality, the various possible causes of groundwater pollution, and the resulting health risks. Twenty groundwater samples were taken from various locations and examined to determine the water quality. The average EC of the groundwater in the investigated area was 728 ± 331.84 µS/cm, with a range of around 300-1700 µS/cm. Positive loadings were seen for total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), and sulphate (SO42-) in principal component analysis (PCA), demonstrating that these variables accounted for 61.78% of the total variance. In the groundwater samples, the following main cations are the most prevalent such as Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while the dominant anions are HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-. The elevated HCO3- and Na+ ions indicate that carbonate mineral dissolution might affect the study area. The result demonstrated that 90% of samples fall into the Ca-Na-HCO3 type, remaining in the mixing zone. The presence of the NaHCO3 kind of water is suggestive of shallow meteoric water, which may have originated from the river Ganga that is located nearby. The results show that a multivariate statistical analysis and graphical plots successfully identify the parameters controlling groundwater quality. In accordance with guidelines for safe drinking water, the electrical conductivity and potassium ion concentrations in the groundwater samples are 5% higher than acceptable levels. People who take large amounts of salt replacements report feeling tight in the chest, vomiting, having diarrhoea, developing hyperkalaemia, having trouble breathing, and even experiencing heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, India.
| | - Anupma Kumari
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, India
| | | | | | - Atar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, India
| | - Ravi Prabhakar
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, India
| | - Prity Singh Pippal
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, India
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Panda B, Sundaray L, Mishra A, Palai S, Padhi SR, Patro S, Mohanty PK. Preliminary assessment of the water quality of Rushikulya estuary based on the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1169. [PMID: 37682420 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are among the most dynamic ecosystems in coastal regions and are facing serious threats due to increasing anthropogenic activities. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the water quality of the Rushikulya estuary by analyzing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria in both its water and sediment. Water and sediment samples were collected from five different stations at the mouth of the Rushikulya estuary during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. These samples were analyzed to assess the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and environmental parameters. The results revealed that bacterial abundance is significantly higher in the sediment than in the water, possibly due to a longer residence time of pathogenic bacteria in the sediment. Seasonal observations indicated an increase in pathogenic bacterial abundance during the monsoon season, suggesting an impact from monsoonal discharge. Escherichia coli-like organism, faecal coliforms, Shigella-like organisms, and Vibrio cholera-like organisms were the dominant pathogenic bacteria in both the water and sediment of the Rushikulya estuary. The higher abundance of these pathogens and the results of statistical analysis, which showed a strong correlation between Total Streptococci and BOD (r = 0.79), indicate the influence of human settlement and the mixing of untreated sewage in the Rushikulya estuary. The elevated levels of E. coli, faecal coliforms, and Shigella-like organisms in the Rushikulya estuary raise significant concerns that require immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhubaneswari Panda
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Lokeshwara Sundaray
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Ankita Mishra
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Subhadarshani Palai
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Sanjukta Rani Padhi
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
| | - Shesdev Patro
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India.
| | - Pratap Kumar Mohanty
- Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, Bhanjabihar, Berhampur, Odisha, 760007, India
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Rani A, Parashar K, Meena R, Sharma SK, Tiwari KK, Ajaykumar V, Mondal NC. Hydrochemical characteristics and potential health risks of nitrate, fluoride, and uranium in Kota district, Rajasthan, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28071-1. [PMID: 37326727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the uranium, fluoride, and nitrate dispositions in groundwater as well as potential health risks in Kota district, Rajasthan, India. Total 198 groundwater samples were collected in both dry and wet periods and analyzed for physicochemical parameters along with U, F-, and NO3- using standard methods. Results indicate that the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, and F- exceed the WHO standard limits of drinking water in both periods. Uranium concentration is at the broader of drinking water permissible limit (30 μg/L) and found about 1.05 times more. Nitrate and fluoride concentrations ranged from 9.8 to 412.0 mg/L and 0.1 to 4.0 mg/L for the dry season, while in the wet period, they varied from 10.0 to 954.0 mg/L and 0.1 to 3.5 mg/L, respectively. Correlation studies show a significantly strong positive correlation between uranium and total alkalinity and carbonate. Natural background levels (NBLs) were explored to assess the source of groundwater pollution. It shows that the second inflection points of NBLs estimated for NO3-, F-, and U are about 168 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L, and 7.3 μg/L, respectively, during the experimental period. The USEPA technique was used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risks associated with consuming the NO3- and F--contaminated groundwater. The health risks in Kota district show that children are more at risk than adults. The risk assessment of uranium reveals that the excess cancer risk (ECR) and hazard quotient (HQ) are found to be below the standard limits, but a high concentration of uranium (31.6 μg/L) is observed at Amarpura village of Digod block. This study will provide a baseline of uranium, fluoride, and nitrate dispositions in groundwater for simulating mass transport model and safe use of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Rani
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Kiran Parashar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Ramet Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Sushil K Sharma
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, India
| | - Kamal K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Venkatarao Ajaykumar
- Earth Process Modeling Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nepal C Mondal
- Earth Process Modeling Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
- Electrical & Heliborne Geophysics Group, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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12
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Fentahun A, Mechal A, Karuppannan S. Hydrochemistry and quality appraisal of groundwater in Birr River Catchment, Central Blue Nile River Basin, using multivariate techniques and water quality indices. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:655. [PMID: 37165112 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the continuous population growth and the expansion of industry and agriculture in Ethiopia, groundwater demand has been increasing to supplement the erratic surface water. Therefore, the availability of sufficient and clean groundwater should be appraised and tracked regularly to secure its multi-purposes. This work aims to assess the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking, and irrigation uses and identifies the key factors controlling groundwater quality in the Birr River Catchment (BRC), Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. For this purpose, a total of 79 groundwater samples were assessed for physicochemical parameters. Major ion analysis, multivariate techniques (MCA, HCA, and PCA), and multi-hydrochemical indices were applied in the analysis of groundwater quality data. Hydrochemical analysis indicated that the principal cation and anion were Ca2+ and HCO3-, respectively. The spatial analysis of the major ions revealed a positive trend for Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42- along the groundwater flow path from the upland to the Birr river valley. Conversely, Ca2+ shows a deleterious tendency along the groundwater flow direction. The aquifer has three principal hydrochemical facies: Ca-HCO3, Ca/Mg-HCO3, and Na-HCO3. The water quality analysis indicates that with the exception of TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- in a few locations, most of the parameters analyzed are within the WHO allowable limits and are thus considered suitable for drinking water. The combined use of Gibbs and ionic ratio plots confirmed that silicate weathering was invariably prevailing in the region. The Chloro-Alkali Indices (CAIs) have indicated that cation exchange occurs in more than 85% of groundwater samples. However, there were indications of the influence of reverse ion exchange in the rest of the data. The MCA, PCA, and HCA disclosed that geo-genic sources accompanied by human activities mainly control the groundwater quality of the catchment. However, water quality assessment indices show that groundwater in the highest proportion of the catchment is suitable for human consumption and agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahunm Fentahun
- Geology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU), P.O. BOX 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Mechal
- Geology Department, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU), P.O. BOX 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Mineral Exploration, Extraction, and Processing Center of Excellence (MEEP), AASTU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU), Adama, Ethiopia
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13
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Iqbal J, Su C, Wang M, Abbas H, Baloch MYJ, Ghani J, Ullah Z, Huq ME. Groundwater fluoride and nitrate contamination and associated human health risk assessment in South Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61606-61625. [PMID: 36811779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of high fluoride (F-) and nitrate (NO3-) containing water may pose serious health hazards. One hundred sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from drinking wells in Khushab district, Punjab Province, Pakistan, to determine the causes of elevated F- and NO3- concentrations, and to estimate the human health risks posed by groundwater contamination. The results showed pH of the groundwater samples ranged from slightly neutral to alkaline, and Na+ and HCO3- ions dominated the groundwater. Piper diagram and bivariate plots indicated that the key factors regulating groundwater hydrochemistry were weathering of silicates, dissolution of evaporates, evaporation, cation exchange, and anthropogenic activities. The F- content of groundwater ranged from 0.06 to 7.9 mg/L, and 25.46% of groundwater samples contained high-level fluoride concentration (F- > 1.5 mg/L), which exceeds the (WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating the first and second addenda, WHO, Geneva, 2022) guidelines of drinking-water quality. Inverse geochemical modeling indicates that weathering and dissolution of fluoride-rich minerals were the primary causes of F- in groundwater. High F- can be attributed to low concentration of calcium-containing minerals along the flow path. The concentrations of NO3- in groundwater varied from 0.1 to 70 mg/L; some samples are slightly exceeding the (WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating the first and second addenda, WHO, Geneva, 2022) guidelines for drinking-water quality. Elevated NO3- content was attributed to the anthropogenic activities revealed by PCA analysis. The high levels of nitrates found in the study region are a result of various human-caused factors, including leaks from septic systems, the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers, and waste from households, farming operations, and livestock. The hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) of F- and NO3- showed high non-carcinogenic risk (> 1) via groundwater consumption, demonstrating a high potential risk to the local population. This study is significant because it is the most comprehensive examination of water quality, groundwater hydrogeochemistry, and health risk assessment in the Khushab district to date, and it will serve as a baseline for future studies. Some sustainable measures are urgent to reduce the F- and NO3- content in the groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chunli Su
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hasnain Abbas
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | | | - Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Zahid Ullah
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Md Enamul Huq
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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Biswas T, Pal SC, Saha A. Hydro-chemical assessment of coastal groundwater aquifers for human health risk from elevated arsenic and fluoride in West Bengal, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114440. [PMID: 36481559 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of groundwater in the coastal regions in terms of As, F-, and NO3- exposure is growing rapidly. Hence, the present study focused on assessing groundwater quality, ecological richness, and HR in the coastal districts of West Bengal by applying field-based CD, GWQI, ERI, and HRI techniques. After assessing the GW vulnerability, it is stated that approximately 40-50 % area of the two selected coastal district's GW is poor to very poor in quality, the ecology of GW is threatened, and human health is faced serious risk for both dry and wet season. The Wilcox and USSL diagram verified that nearly 50 % GW aquifers of coastal district of West Bengal are not fit for irrigation and drinking. The findings of this study will be beneficial to manage and control groundwater vulnerability in the coastal regions for water scientists, policy makers, and researchers as well in sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Biswas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104, India.
| | - Asish Saha
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104, India
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15
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Sunkari ED, Abangba T, Ewusi A, Tetteh SEK, Ofosu E. Hydrogeochemical evolution and assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Gushegu Municipality and some parts of East Mamprusi District, Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:165. [PMID: 36445497 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Gushegu Municipality and the East Mamprusi District in Ghana are dominated by the Oti/Pendjari Group within the Voltaian Supergroup. The major rock types found in the area are quartzites, siltstones, conglomerates, and shales with minor occurrences of tillites, silexites, limestones, and barite-rich dolomites. The inhabitants of the area are mainly peasant farmers, and their activities might be influencing the groundwater chemistry, but little is known about the quality of the groundwater. Therefore, this study evaluated the suitability of groundwater resources in the Gushegu Municipality, and some parts of the East Mamprusi District in Ghana for domestic and irrigation uses, employing hydrogeochemical graphing, geochemical modelling, multivariate statistical analysis, and computation of water quality indices. Sodium (Na+), with concentrations ranging from 4.93 to 323 mg/L and a mean of 169 mg/L, is found to be the major cation in the groundwater, while bicarbonate (HCO3-), with concentrations ranging from 19.9 to 685 mg/L and a mean of 397 mg/L, is the major anion in the area. The dominant hydrochemical facies is the Na-HCO3 type, accounting for about 72.7% of the study area's groundwater and is influenced by silicate weathering, carbonate mineral dissolution, and ion exchange reactions. Other factors accounting for this dominance may be anthropogenic activities, including the dissolution and leaching of fertilizers from farmlands. Overall, this study reveals that the groundwater in the area is suitable for drinking based on the WQI classification. There are localized contaminations with respect to B and F-, making the water in those areas unsuitable for drinking. Also, the groundwater in the area is unsuitable for irrigation purposes due to the high Na% values (43 to 99% with a mean of 86%), magnesium hazard values (1 to 312 with a mean of 88), and sodium adsorption ratio (0.57 to 42.4 with a mean of 12.7). All these indices exceed their respective standards for irrigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana.
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Main Campus, Niğde, 51240, Turkey.
| | - Timothy Abangba
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Anthony Ewusi
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Samuel Edem Kodzo Tetteh
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana
| | - Enoch Ofosu
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, SES 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Krishan G, Bhagwat A, Sejwal P, Yadav BK, Kansal ML, Bradley A, Singh S, Kumar M, Sharma LM, Muste M. Assessment of groundwater salinity using principal component analysis (PCA): a case study from Mewat (Nuh), Haryana, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:37. [PMID: 36301359 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to investigate the processes controlling groundwater salinity in the Mewat (Nuh) district, Haryana, India. Twenty groundwater samples were collected from salinity-affected areas in the March-April months of years 2018 and 2019 and were analyzed for chemical variables pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, [Formula: see text], Cl-, SO42-, [Formula: see text], TDS, and total hardness. Three principal components were selected based on the eigen value, which explains 79.58% and 85.08% of the total variation in the years 2018 and 2019, respectively. The first principal component (PC-1) is identified with salinity, the second principal component (PC-2) with alkalinity, and the third principal component (PC-3) described the pollution. When the yearly comparison was made, the samples collected in 2019 were found to have an increased salinity compared to 2018, which shows an increased vulnerability to the aquifer of Mewat on account of the decline in rainfall recharge. It was also evident that declining recharge also triggered the recharge from other sources; thus, the impact of pollution is more pronounced in 2019 compared to 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krishan
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - A Bhagwat
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P Sejwal
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B K Yadav
- Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M L Kansal
- Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A Bradley
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - S Singh
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Kumar
- National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L M Sharma
- Sehgal Foundation, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - M Muste
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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17
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Khan R, Saxena A. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Gomti-Ganga Alluvial Plain, associated human health risks assessment and potential remediation using novel-nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:19. [PMID: 36279024 PMCID: PMC9589610 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The health risks associated with consumption of water from river Gomti polluted with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including As, Fe, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Hg were investigated at the initiation of unlocking of COVID-19 lockdown and compared with pre-COVID-19 lockdown status. In the current investigation, the total hazard index (THI) values exceeded the acceptable limit of "unity" at all sampling stations. The use of river water for drinking and domestic purposes by millions of people with high THI values has emerged as a matter of huge concern. The individual hazard quotients associated with Cd and Pb were found to be most severe (> 1). A vivid difference between the THI values during the two study phases indicated the positive impact of COVID-19 lockdown signifying the prominent impact of anthropogenic activities on the PTE concentrations. The closure of local manufacturing units (textile, battery, etc.) emerged as a potential reason for decreased health risks associated with PTE levels. The higher susceptibility of children to health risks in comparison with adults through the values of THI and HQs was interpreted across the study area. Potential remedial measures for PTE contamination have also been suggested in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India.
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India.
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18
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Subba Rao N, Dinakar A, Sun L. Estimation of groundwater pollution levels and specific ionic sources in the groundwater, using a comprehensive approach of geochemical ratios, pollution index of groundwater, unmix model and land use/land cover - A case study. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 248:103990. [PMID: 35452913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the degree of groundwater pollution and to assess the contribution of specific ionic sources to groundwater, thereby helping to identify the changes in groundwater chemistry and also in groundwater quality from a rural part of Telangana, India, using the comprehensive understanding of geochemical ratios (GR), pollution index of groundwater (PIG), unmix model (UM), and land use/land cover. Groundwater samples collected (22) from the study area were analysed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and F-. The hydrogeochemical diagram showed the dominant groundwater type of Ca2+- Mg2+- HCO3- due to the water-soil-rock interactions. GR, chloro-alkaline indices, and saturation indices revealed the groundwater chemistry that explains the mineral weathering and dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation processes as the chief geogenic origin, and also the contamination of surface water due to the influence of household wastewater, septic tank leaks, irrigation-return-flows, chemical composts, etc. as the secondary anthropogenic sources on the aquifer system. Changes in groundwater quality from the recharge area to the discharge area and the correlation coefficient of chemical variables further supported the sources of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. According to PIG's calculations, the present study area was classified as the insignificant pollution zone (5.89%), which shows all chemical variables within their drinking water quality limits, and the low pollution zone (43.34%), medium pollution zone (27.48%), high pollution zone (17.34%), and very high pollution zone (5.95%), which exhibit the TDS, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, and F-contents above the drinking water quality standards. This indicates the gradual increase in the intensity of pollution activity. UM also classified the contribution of specific ions (>50%) into three sources: Source I (K+) measures the poor sewage conditions and potash fertilizers; Source II (SO42-, Mg2+, NO3-, Na+, and Ca2+) specifies the poor sewage conditions, irrigation-return-flows, and chemical fertilizers (gypsum and nitrate); and Source III (F- and HCO3-) represents the dissolution of fluoride minerals as a major contributor to groundwater chemistry. Furthermore, the land use/land cover observations had also supported the assessment of groundwater pollution levels and the contribution of specific ionic sources made by PIG and UM. As a result, the present study clearly indicated that groundwater quality of a geogenic origin is primarily overcome the impact of anthropogenic sources. Therefore, the present study suggested strategic measures to control groundwater pollution and improve groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Subba Rao
- Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - A Dinakar
- Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - L Sun
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Suzhou University, Anhui 234000, China
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Han C, Liu J, Gao Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Han Z, Zhao Z, Luo Z. Chemical characteristics, evolution, and quality of groundwater and processes controlling its fluoride concentration features: case study of a typical high-fluoride areas in the Southwestern Shandong Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19003-19018. [PMID: 34705204 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the groundwater (GW) in the high-fluorine area of the Southwestern Shandong Plain was divided according to the characteristics of high Na% (> 75%), and its water chemistry characteristics and causes were discussed separately, and the hydrochemical process of the formation of high-fluorine GW was determined. Finally, the GW quality of the study area was evaluated. The results proved that silicate hydrolysis can significantly promote the release of F- in fluorine-containing minerals; high %Na can be used as one of the early-warning conditions for judging high-fluoride areas. To this end, 132 GW samples were collected from 66 wells during the dry and wet seasons. The study area was found to have weakly alkaline GW (pH 7.1-8.9) and could be divided into high %Na areas (HNA) and non-HNA. GW exhibited different hydrochemical characteristics between HNA and non-HNA. In non-HNA, total hardness (TH) exceeded 200 mg/L, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 514.1 to 5246.1 mg/L; in HNA, TH was less than 200 mg/L, TDS ranged from 552.8 to 1298.3 mg/L, and Na+ increased with TDS, whereas Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were low. The main water type in HNA was HCO3-Na and in non-HNA was SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg and SO4·Cl-Na. The study area is experiencing serious fluoride pollution. GW in HNA is mostly controlled by carbonate and silicate hydrolysis and evaporation, whereas GW in non-HNA is controlled by dolomite dissolution and cation exchange in the main. Moreover, GW in HNA has significantly been altered by albite hydrolysis, which produces Na+ and HCO3- and triggers various reactions promoting the release of F- from fluorine-containing minerals (FCM). Regarding the water quality for irrigation, GW in HNA was found to be less suitable than that in non-HNA. Nevertheless, in terms of the water quality index (WQI), GW is moderate for drinking and poor for irrigation. Therefore, extensive attention should be paid to the exploitation and management of high-sodium GW in the plain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Han
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China
| | - Jiutan Liu
- College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China
| | - Zongjun Gao
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuan Xu
- 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250014, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250014, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Groundwater Environmental Protection and Remediation, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Shandong Lunan Geological Engineering Survey Institute, Jining, 272100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250014, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250014, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Groundwater Environmental Protection and Remediation, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhenjiang Luo
- 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250014, China
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, 250014, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Groundwater Environmental Protection and Remediation, Jinan, 250014, China
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20
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Balasubramanian M, Sridhar SGD, Ayyamperumal R, Karuppannan S, Gopalakrishnan G, Chakraborty M, Huang X. Isotopic signatures, hydrochemical and multivariate statistical analysis of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers of Chennai and Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113232. [PMID: 34952403 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In coastal aquifers, seawater intrusion is a significant groundwater issue. The research paper contributes to the understanding of the consequences of seawater intrusion in the Chennai coastal aquifer from Foreshore Estate to Thirunilai along the coastline. 110 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, (EC), (TDS), (TH), major anions (Cl-, NO3-, HCO32-, and SO42-), and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) during the pre-monsoon (June 2014) and post-monsoon (January 2015) seasons. Stable isotopic analyses of 18O were performed on 24 groundwater samples collected from various locations throughout the research region based on EC, TDS, Na, and Cl- concentrations for both seasons. The stable isotopic composition of 18O and Deuterium in groundwater samples was determined for the study region. According to the Correlation matrix and Factor analysis, the main contributors to groundwater salinity as a result of seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer are EC, TDS, Na+, and Cl-. GMWL exhibits a similar pattern, and the samples have been classified into various molar ratio diagrams to identify seawater intrusions for better evaluation. The result revealed that seasonal, geogenic, and anthropogenic factors always make a significant contribution to the heterogeneous chemistry of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Balasubramanian
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Sithu Govindasamy Dinakaran Sridhar
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Ayyamperumal
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Shankar Karuppannan
- Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science & Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Xiaozhong Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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21
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Kadam A, Wagh V, Jacobs J, Patil S, Pawar N, Umrikar B, Sankhua R, Kumar S. Integrated approach for the evaluation of groundwater quality through hydro geochemistry and human health risk from Shivganga river basin, Pune, Maharashtra, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4311-4333. [PMID: 34403054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on seasonal variation in groundwater quality, hydrochemistry, and associated human health risk in the Shivganga river basin, Western Maharashtra, India, to promote sustainable development of groundwater resources of this semi-arid region. The qualitative geochemical analysis, contamination levels, and human health risk assessment (HHRA) of groundwater are integral steps in groundwater management in the Deccan Plateau basalt flow region of India. Representative groundwater samples (n = 68) collected from the Shivganga River basin area of Pune district, Maharashtra, during pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons in 2015 were analyzed for major cations and anions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) drinking standards, EC, total dissolved solids, hardness, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium surpassed the desirable limit. Boron and fluoride content exceeded the prescribed desirable limit of the WHO. The pollution and drinking suitability were assessed by computing pollution index of groundwater (PIG), groundwater quality index (GWQI), and HHRA particularly for boron and fluoride toxicity. PIG values inferred that about 6% of groundwater samples has moderate, 24% has low, and 70% has insignificant pollution in the PRM season, while only 1 sample (3%) showed high pollution, 6% showed low, and 91% showed insignificant pollution in the POM season. GWQI classification demonstrated that 27% and 15% samples are within the poor category, and only 15% and 18% of the samples fall into excellent water category in the PRM and the POM seasons, respectively. Total hazard index (THI) revealed that 88% of children, 59% of adults, and about 38% of infants are exposed to non-carcinogenic risk, as THI values (>1) were noted for the PRM season, while 62% of children, 47% of adults, and 24% of infants are vulnerable to non-carcinogenic health hazard during the POM period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaykumar Kadam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vasant Wagh
- School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.
| | - James Jacobs
- Clearwater Group, 229 Tewksbury Avenue, Pt. Richmond, CA, 94801, USA
| | - Sanjay Patil
- Department of Applied Geology School of Environmental & Earth Sciences, KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, 425 001, India
| | | | - Bhavana Umrikar
- Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | | | - Suyash Kumar
- Department of Geology, Govt. P G Science College, Gwalior, 474009, India
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22
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Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from various groundwater sources in District Sanghar, Sindh province, Pakistan, to understand the geochemical behavior of elevated As in groundwater. Statistical summary showed the cations and anions abundance in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−. Arsenic was found with low to high concentration levels ranging from 5 µg to 25 µg/L with a mean value of 12.9 µg/L. A major water type of groundwater samples was mixed with NaCl and CaHCO3 type, interpreting the hydrochemical behavior of rock–water interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the mixed anthropogenic and natural sources of contamination in the study area. Moreover, rock weathering and exchange of ions controlled the hydrochemistry. Chloro-alkaline indices revealed the dominance of the reverse ion exchange mechanism in the region. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) exposed that 17 samples represent poor water, and 11 samples are not suitable for drinking.
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23
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Costa MR, Gošar D, Pinti M, Ferreira A, Bergant Marušič M. In vitro toxicity of arsenic rich waters from an abandoned gold mine in northeast Portugal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111683. [PMID: 34270993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This is a follow-up study of physicochemical water monitoring data from the abandoned Freixeda gold mine in Portugal, where arsenic (As) has remained above drinking water and irrigation limits over the years. The main objective of the current work was to investigate the toxicological potential of As-containing water on human cell line as an indicator of a potential health risk to humans. Six water samples collected in February 2018 were analysed for arsenic, major anions, cations and trace elements. Toxicity experiments were carried out on the human gastrointestinal cell line Caco-2 with five water samples containing As above 10 μg L-1. The results show that groundwater contains higher amounts of dissolved minerals than surface water, particularly with higher concentrations of SO42-, Fe and HCO3- and also higher As(III), reaching 336 μg L-1 (As(T) = 607 μg L-1). In surface waters As concentration decreased and reached 150 μg L-1, mainly as As(V). Metabolic activity was generally lower in Caco-2 cells exposed to As-containing water samples compared to pure As(III) solution, adapted to As concentrations, while production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was higher. Short-term exposure to As-contaminated water samples also resulted in increased genotoxicity. This study suggests that mixture of As with various chemical elements in water may have a synergistic effect in promoting cytotoxicity. It is likely that prolonged exposure, as is common in areas with contaminated water, would have even more harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Costa
- Geology Department of UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; GeoBioTec, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro Santiago Campus, Portugal.
| | - Doroteja Gošar
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Glavni trg 8, SI-5271, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Marika Pinti
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Adelaide Ferreira
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia I.P., Rua da Amieira, Ap. 1089, 4466-901, S. Mamede de Infesta, Portugal.
| | - Martina Bergant Marušič
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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24
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Panneerselvam B, Muniraj K, Thomas M, Ravichandran N, Bidorn B. Identifying influencing groundwater parameter on human health associate with irrigation indices using the Automatic Linear Model (ALM) in a semi-arid region in India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111778. [PMID: 34331918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Quality of water for the purposes of irrigation is a serious threat to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes using various irrigation indices such as: Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Percentage Sodium (%Na), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Permeability Index (PI), Potential Salinity (PS), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RBSC), Kelly's Ratio (KR), Synthetic Harmful Coefficient (K), and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP). A total of 30 samples were collected from the bore well of agricultural farmland and analysed for cations and anions. MH reveal that 53.33 % of samples exceed the permissible level. PS shows that 43.33 % of samples are marginally affected and 33.33 % of samples are unsuitable for use in irrigation. About 76 % of the groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation and the remainder require treatment before use. Automatic Linear Modelling (ALM) is used to predict the major influence parameter for MH and PS are RBSC, RSC and K value of groundwater. ALM shows that excess magnesium concentration and salinity are the primary factors that affect the suitability of groundwater for irrigation use. This integrated technique showed that water from approximately 25 % of the sample locations would require treatment before use. This study will improve the pattern of irrigation, identify sources of contamination and highlight the importance of organic fertilizers to develop and enhance the sustainable practices in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nagavinothini Ravichandran
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Butsawan Bidorn
- Department of Water Resources Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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25
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Rao NS, Dinakar A, Kumari BK. Appraisal of vulnerable zones of non-cancer-causing health risks associated with exposure of nitrate and fluoride in groundwater from a rural part of India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111674. [PMID: 34274330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation carried out from a rural part of Nalgonda district, Telangana, India was to know the general groundwater quality and also to measure the vulnerable zones of non-cancer-causing health risks with respect to infants, children, and adults due to the consumption of nitrate and fluoride contaminated groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for the major physicochemical parameters. Nitrate and fluoride contents ranged from 2 to 700 mg/L and 0.3 to 4.7 mg/L, in which 59.09% and 31.82% of the groundwater samples exceed the safe drinking water limits of 45 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, which spread over an area of 77.59% and 25.41%, respectively. Domestic wastes, septic tank spillages, animal wastes, and nitrate composts are the prime sources of nitrate, while the fluoride-bearing minerals and phosphate fertilizers are the main sources of fluoride in the aquifer regime. Individual non-cancer-causing health index obviously suggested the nitrate as the higher health risk than fluoride. The total non-cancer-causing health index was observed to be more than the acceptable limit of 1.0 in 95.5% of the total groundwater samples concerning infants, children, and adults. The vulnerable intensity of this index appeared to be higher in infants than in children and adults due to the differences in their body weights. The spatial coverage area of very health risk is more in infants (37.45%) than that of children (36.78%) and adults (30.34%). Thus, the present study suggested suitable measures for the improvement of groundwater quality and consequently the health conditions of the locals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Subba Rao
- Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530 003, India.
| | - A Dinakar
- Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530 003, India
| | - B Karuna Kumari
- Anuhya Architects, Sreeramnagar Colony, Hyderabad, 500 050, India
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26
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Iwar RT, Ogedengbe K, Katibi KK, Jabbo JN. Fluoride levels in deep aquifers of Makurdi, North-central, Nigeria: an appraisal based on multivariate statistics and human health risk analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:477. [PMID: 34232399 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride enrichment of groundwater has been adjudged to be a global environmental challenge in the past decade as most humans depend on groundwater for their domestic needs. This study was conducted to investigate the ionic and fluoride concentrations in borehole water and its associated health risk potentials to residents of Makurdi town and its environs, Benue state, Nigeria. Multivariate statistical techniques were for the first time used to explain the mechanisms of fluoride occurrence in groundwater in the study area. An aggregate of sixty-three (63) groundwater samples were retrieved from boreholes in twenty-one (21) diverse points within the study area and assessed for its physico-chemical composition with emphasis on fluoride content and health risk potentials following standard field and laboratory procedures. It was observed that fluoride content in the sampled water exceeded the stipulated safe limit of 1.5 mg/L in about 33.33% of the total samples and ranged from 0.34 to 2.06 mg/L with an average of 1.26 ± 0.41 mg/L. Moderate affirmative relationships were observed to exist between F- and TDS, F- and EC, F- and Cl-, and F- and NO3- in the water samples indicative of a common source pollution. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that high fluoride content in the water samples was associated with the dissolutions from quartzite and shale into the underlying deep aquifers as well as from contributions from anthropogenic activities including fertilizer and pesticide uses. Fluoride risk assessment indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) for ingestion of fluoride laden water exceeded the threshold value in 66.7, 71.4, 52.4, and 9.5% of the samples for infants, children, teenagers, and adults respectively. It was found that multivariate statistical procedures such as PCA and correlation analysis (CA) are capable of establishing the relationship among groundwater pollutants, while hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was found suitable for explaining the likely sources/processes of pollutant enrichment in the groundwater. It is recommended that the findings of this study would serve as a basis for policy makers and regulatory bodies towards ameliorating the menace of groundwater contamination within the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Terungwa Iwar
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.
| | - Kola' Ogedengbe
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kamil Kayode Katibi
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Josiah Nuhu Jabbo
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Li P, Karunanidhi D, Subramani T, Srinivasamoorthy K. Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:1-10. [PMID: 33386943 PMCID: PMC7778406 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination is a global problem that has a significant impact on human health and ecological services. Studies reported in this special issue focus on contaminants in groundwater of geogenic and anthropogenic origin distributed over a wide geographic range, with contributions from researchers studying groundwater contamination in India, China, Pakistan, Turkey, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. Thus, this special issue reports on the latest research conducted in the eastern hemisphere on the sources and scale of groundwater contamination and the consequences for human health and the environment, as well as technologies for removing selected contaminants from groundwater. In this article, the state of the science on groundwater contamination is reviewed, and the papers published in this special issue are summarized in terms of their contributions to the literature. Finally, some key issues for advancing research on groundwater contamination are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - D Karunanidhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore, India
| | - T Subramani
- Department of Geology, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - K Srinivasamoorthy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India
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