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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Falandysz J, Hart A, Rose M, Anastassiadou M, Eskes C, Gergelova P, Innocenti M, Rovesti E, Whitty B, Nielsen E. Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8640. [PMID: 38476320 PMCID: PMC10928787 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.
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Kanerva M, Tue NM, Kunisue T, Vuori K, Iwata H. Effects on the Liver Transcriptome in Baltic Salmon: Contributions of Contamination with Organohalogen Compounds and Origin of Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15246-15256. [PMID: 33166131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been released to support the wild salmon stocks in the Baltic Sea for decades. During their feeding migration, salmon are exposed to organohalogen compounds (OHCs). Here, we investigated the OHC levels and transcriptome profiles in the liver of wild and hatchery-reared salmon collected from the Baltic main basin (BMB), the Bothnian Sea (BS), and the Gulf of Finland (GoF) and examined whether salmon origin and OHC levels contributed to the hepatic transcriptome profiles. There were no differences in the OHC concentrations between wild and reared fish but larger differences between areas. Several transcript levels were associated with non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenylethers, chlordanes, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in a concentration-dependent manner. Between wild and reared salmon, lipid metabolism and related signaling pathways were enriched within the BMB and BS, while amino acid metabolism was altered within the GoF. When comparing the different areas, lipid metabolism, environmental stress and cell growth, and death-related pathways were enriched. Class coinertia analysis showed that the covariation in the OHC levels and the transcriptome were significantly similar. These results suggest that the hepatic transcriptomes in wild and hatchery-reared salmon are more affected by the OHC levels rather than the origin of salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Kanerva
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Toxicology, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Chemistry, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Chemistry, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, Koetilantie 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hisato Iwata
- CMES, Lab. of Environmental Toxicology, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Primary and tumor mouse Leydig cells exposed to polychlorinated naphthalenes mixture: Effect on estrogen related-receptors expression, intracellular calcium level and sex hormones secretion. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:432-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barć J, Gregoraszczuk EL. Halowax 1051 affects steroidogenesis by down-regulation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptors and up-regulation of androgen receptor in porcine ovarian follicles. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:467-474. [PMID: 26386772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are thought to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and to have enzyme-inducing properties comparable to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, therefore activation of steroid hormone receptors in endocrine tissues is also possible. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of PCNs mixture, Halowax 1051 on gene and protein expression of receptors: estradiol (ERα/β), androgen (AR) and AHRGene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR after 6 h of exposition and protein expression by Western blot after 24 h. Levels of sex steroids: androstenedione (A4), estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were measured by enzyme immunoassays. Results of the data show down-regulation of AHR gene expression after 6 h in parallel with an inhibition in AHR protein expression at doses 10 pg-10 ng/mL, down-regulation of ER at all doses used, and up-regulation of AR gene expression at doses 1 and 10 ng/mL without affecting their protein expression. To indicate the involvement of AHR, ERs and AR in the impact of PCNs on steroidogenesis, we used their specific blockers. Blocker of AHR reversed the inhibitory effect of Halowax 1051 on A4 secretion, and strengthened its effect on T secretion. Blockers of both ER and AR had no effect on Halowax 1051 action on steroids secretion. The results of this study suggest that AHR is involved in the effect of PCNs on steroidogenesis in the ovary. Additionally, we propose that cross-talk between AHR-ER and AHR-AR receptors mediates the effects of Halowax 1051 on ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Barć
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Lucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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Slootweg T, Segner H, Mayer P, Smith K, Igumnova E, Nikiforov V, Dömötörová M, Oehlmann J, Liebig M. Transfer and effects of 1,2,3,5,7-pentachloronaphthalene in an experimental food chain. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 169:46-54. [PMID: 25601748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes are environmentally relevant compounds that are measured in biota at concentrations in the μg/kg lipid range. Despite their widespread occurrence, literature data on the accumulation and effects of these compounds in aquatic ecosystems are sparsely available. The goal of this study was to gain insights into the biomagnification and effects of 1,2,3,5,7-pentachloronaphthalene (PeCN52) in an experimental food chain consisting of benthic worms and juvenile rainbow trout. Worms were contaminated with PeCN52 by passive dosing from polydimethylsiloxane silicone. The contaminated worms were then used to feed the juvenile rainbow trout at 0.12, 0.25 or 0.50 μg/g fish wet weight/day, and the resulting internal whole-body concentrations of the individual fish were linked to biological responses. A possible involvement of the cellular detoxification system was explored by measuring PeCN52-induced expression of the phase I biotransformation enzyme gene cyp1a1 and the ABC transporter gene abcb1a. At the end of the 28-day study, biomagnification factors were similar for all dietary intake levels with values between 0.5 and 0.7 kg lipid(fish)/kg lipid(worm). The average uptake efficiency of 60% indicated that a high amount of PeCN52 was transferred from the worms to the fish. Internal concentrations of up to 175 mg/kg fish lipid in the highest treatment level did not result in effects on survival, behavior, or growth of the juvenile trout, but were associated with the induction of phase I metabolism which was evident from the significant up-regulation of cyp1a1 expression in the liver. In contrast, no changes were seen in abcb1a transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Slootweg
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Floersheim/Main, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Post Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kilian Smith
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Elizaveta Igumnova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Nikiforov
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety RAS (SRCES RAS), Korpusnaya ul., 18, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Milena Dömötörová
- Slovak Medical University, Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Liebig
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Floersheim/Main, Germany
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Barć J, Karpeta A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Action of Halowax 1051 on Enzymes of Phase I (CYP1A1) and Phase II (SULT1A and COMT) Metabolism in the Pig Ovary. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:590261. [PMID: 23653643 PMCID: PMC3638669 DOI: 10.1155/2013/590261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a group of organochlorinated compounds exhibiting dioxin-like properties. Previously published data showed the direct action of PCN-rich Halowax 1051 on ovarian follicular steroidogenesis. Taking into consideration that the observed biological effects of PCNs may be frequently side effects of metabolites generated by their detoxification, the aim of this study was to determine the activity and expression of enzymes involved in phase I (cytochrome P450, family 1 (CYP1A1)) and phase II (sulfotransferase (SULT1A) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)) detoxification metabolism. Cocultures of granulosa and theca interna cells collected from sexually mature pigs were exposed to 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL of Halowax 1051 for 1 to 48 hours, after which levels and activities of CYP1A1, SULT1A, and COMT were measured. Dose-dependent increases of CYP1A1 activity and expression were observed. High doses of Halowax 1051 were inhibitory to COMT and SULT1A activity and reduced their protein levels. In conclusion, fast activation of phase I enzymes with simultaneous inhibition of phase II enzymes indicates that the previously observed effect of Halowax 1051 on follicular steroidogenesis may partially result from metabolite action occurring locally in ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Barć
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 31-387 Krakow, Poland
- *Justyna Barć:
| | - Anna Karpeta
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 31-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 31-387 Krakow, Poland
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Gregoraszczuk EŁ, Jerzak J, Rak-Mardyła A, Falandysz J. Halowax 1051 affects steroidogenesis, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) and cytochrome P450arom (CYP19) activity, and protein expression in porcine ovarian follicles. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:379-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kamata R, Itoh K, Nakajima D, Kageyama S, Sawabe A, Terasaki M, Shiraishi F. The feasibility of using mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) for detecting endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the freshwater environment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2778-2785. [PMID: 21882230 DOI: 10.1002/etc.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the utility of gene-transcriptional responses in the liver of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), a species introduced to many countries and therefore widely available, for detecting endocrine-disrupting activity in water. Exposure to β-naphthoflavone, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, significantly increased the transcript of the cytochrome P4501A gene (cyp1a), peaking at 24 h, in both sexes at concentrations of 10 µg/L or more. 17β-Estradiol (E(2) ) at 500 ng/L increased the number of males showing gene transcription of precursors of yolk protein, vitellogenin (Vtga, Vtgb, and Vtgc), at 24, 48, and 72 h. Exposure for 48 h to bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen mimic, also increased vtg-positive males at 1 mg/L or more. Leachate from a Japanese stable-type landfill significantly increased vtg-positive males after 48 h exposure, and the in vitro activity of the leachate against the estrogen receptor (ER) was estimated as an E(2) equivalent of 240 ng/L by yeast transfected with the ER. Chemical analysis showed that major contributors to the ER activation were BPA and 4-tert-octylphenol. This leachate and drainage water from a control-type landfill had AhR activities, estimated by yeast with the AhR, but had no significant effect on cyp1a transcription. These results showed that mosquitofish are suitable for detecting in vivo AhR and ER effects, but are insensitive to E(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kamata
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Hansson MC, Persson ME, Larsson P, von Schantz T. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) load, lipid reserves and biotransformation activity in migrating Atlantic salmon from River Mörrum, Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:3396-3403. [PMID: 19616879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon accumulate high levels of contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in their lipids during the adult growth phase spent at sea. The lipids are later utilized during migration for swimming and biological adaptations. We hypothesize that migrating salmons' biotransformation processes are affected by the high levels of built-up PCBs compared to salmon that in a pre-migrational stage. For these analyses we sampled adult Atlantic salmon during migration in the Swedish River Mörrum and measured the 21 most common PCB congeners ( summation operatorPCB) and lipid levels in muscle tissue, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR2) and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) transcript levels as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) in liver. We also determined which AHR2 genotypes the salmon carried. We show that EROD activity is correlated to CYP1A1 level but not to summation operatorPCB concentration. summation operatorPCB concentration does not predict levels of neither the AHR2 nor CYP1A1 genes. We find no associations between specific AHR2 transcription levels and AHR2 genotypes or a correlation between AHR2 and CYP1A1 transcription levels, which is in direct contrast to pre-migrational adult salmon from the Baltic Sea. When we compare River Mörrum to salmon we have previously sampled in the Baltic Sea we show that migrating salmon have significantly lower lipid levels in their muscles; higher muscle concentrations of summation operatorPCB on a lipid basis; and significantly lower CYP1A1 and EROD levels compared to salmon from the Baltic Sea. Also, transcript levels of three out of four AHR2 genes are significantly different. In conclusion, migrating Swedish Atlantic salmon carry higher concentrations of PCBs in their lipids compared to salmon in the Baltic Sea, but have lower activation of biotransformation genes and enzymes. Our results indicate that accumulated pollutants from the Baltic Sea are deactivated inside the migrating salmon's lipid tissues and increase in concentration when migration is initiated thereby limiting their impact on biotransformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Hansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Schubert S, Peter A, Burki R, Schönenberger R, Suter MJF, Segner H, Burkhardt-Holm P. Sensitivity of brown trout reproduction to long-term estrogenic exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 90:65-72. [PMID: 18804294 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A decline in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) catches has been reported in Switzerland, but at present the causative factors have not been clearly identified. Estrogen-active endocrine disrupters (EEDs) have been suggested as one possible explanation, since they are widespread in the aquatic environment and often found at elevated concentrations. In the present study the effects of long-term estrogenic exposure on the reproductive capability of brown trout were investigated. Adult fish were continuously exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of the natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and the xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP); the average measured concentrations over the entire exposure time (n=9) were 14.0 ng/l (Min 8.1 and Max 20.6) for E1, 2.1 ng/l (Min 1.3 and Max 4.1) for E2 and 111.0 ng/l (Min 106.7 and Max 115.9) for NP. A solvent control served as negative control, and up to 10-fold higher mixture concentration than the environmentally relevant concentration served as positive control. The fish were exposed for 150 days from the onset of gonadal recrudescence until sexual maturation. Plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) was significantly induced by both concentrations of the estrogenic mixture, whereas effects on growth and fertility were only observed in fish exposed to the high mixture treatment. Fertilization success and offspring hatchability in brown trout exposed to the high mixture treatment were significantly reduced to 9% and 6%, respectively. Developmental time from fertilization until hatching, the percentage of larvae with malformations and survival of larvae, however, were not affected. The results suggest that a combination of estrogen-active compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations would not adversely affect those parameters of brown trout reproductive capability measured in this study. Plasma Vtg in male brown trout appeared to be more sensitive to (xeno)estrogen exposure than the measured reproductive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schubert
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
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Puzyn T, Falandysz J, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the prediction of relative in vitro potencies (REPs) for chloronaphthalenes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2007; 42:573-90. [PMID: 17454365 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701244326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloronaphthalenes (CNs), due to their structural similarities to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and the other "dioxin-like" compounds, can bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce a wide range of pleotrophic effects. Relative potency of individual dioxin analogues can be measured relative to that of TCDD. Relative effects potencies (REP) can be based on many responses, including in vivo and in vitro responses. Both in vivo and in vitro tests, based on either indigenous responses such as the induction of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) or exogenous reporter genes under the control of the AhR such as luciferase can be used to determine REP values. Here we used measured REP values determined for CNs in two assays. Both assays are based on H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. The H4IIE assay is based on expression of the endogenous reporter gene (CYP-1 A) that codes for the expression of EROD and the H4IIE-luc assay which is based on the exogenous reporter gene (luciferase) transfected into the H4IIE cell line. Experimentally determined REP were available for only 17 and 18 of the 75 possible choronaphthalene congeners, for the H4IIE and H4IIE-luc assays, respectively. For this reason computational models were developed to allow prediction of the relative potencies of the other CN congeners. Predictive relationships were based on quantum chemical descriptors obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP/6-311++G**). The final models were found by means of a hybrid method combining a genetic algorithm and artificial neural networks. REP values estimated for individual CNs based on the H4IIE assay ranged from 4.3 x 10(- 9) to 3.2 x 10(- 2) while those based on the H4IIE-luc assay ranged from 4.0 x 10(- 8) to 1.8 x 10(- 3). CN congeners nos. 66, 67, 70 and 73 were exhibited the greatest REP values in both assays. The 1,2,3,5,6,8-hexaCN congener (no. 68) had a REP value that was 10-fold less. The remaining congeners had REP values that were less or did not cause sufficient up-regulation of the monitored genes to allow for the calculation of a REP. Interactions of CNs with the AhR could be affected by three possible factors: molecular size, steric interactions and electrostatic interactions. These findings are discussed relative to the use of consensus TCDD equivalency factors' (TEFs) for use in risk assessments of CNs for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Puzyn
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland
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12
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Holbech H, Kinnberg K, Petersen GI, Jackson P, Hylland K, Norrgren L, Bjerregaard P. Detection of endocrine disrupters: evaluation of a Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 144:57-66. [PMID: 16860000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Managed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a comprehensive work is carried out in numerous laboratories to develop test guidelines for the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in humans, and various animal species. Development of tests to detect chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties in fish is a part of that work. A Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) (an extension of the existing OECD TG 210, fish early life stage toxicity test), proposed as an international test guideline for the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals, was evaluated by water exposure of juvenile zebrafish to the three natural estrogens: estrone, 17beta-estradiol, and estriol and the synthetic androgen trenbolone (trenbolone acetate). As endpoints, vitellogenin induction and histological changes including changes in sex ratios were investigated. The sex ratio was significantly altered towards females from 49 ng/l estrone, 54 ng/l 17beta-estradiol and 22 microg/l estriol, respectively. An all male population was observed from exposure to 9.7 ng/l trenbolone and above. Significant vitellogenin induction in whole body homogenate was measured after exposure to 14 ng/l estrone, 54 ng/l 17beta-estradiol and 0.6 mug/l estriol, respectively. Significant vitellogenin reduction was measured after exposure to 193 ng/l trenbolone or higher. The present results provide strong evidence that the FSDT is a sensitive test toward estrogenic and especially androgenic exposure and the validation of the FSDT as an OECD test guideline should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Holbech
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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13
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Domingo JL. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in animal aquatic species and human exposure through the diet: a review. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1054:327-34. [PMID: 15553160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a group of environmental pollutants, which contain one to eight chlorine atoms per naphthalene molecule, forming a total of 75 possible congeners. Several of the PCN congeners display toxicity similar to that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) through AhR-mediated mechanisms. There are toxicological similarities between PCNs and other well known environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs). However, in contrast to these compounds, information on exposure to PCNs for non-occupationally exposed populations is rather scarce. In this article, information on human exposure to PCNs through dietary intake is reviewed. Because this information is very limited and taking into account that most data on PCN levels in potential foods concern to aquatic species, these data are also reviewed. It is concluded that further investigations on dietary intake and potential human health effects of PCNs are clearly necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, San Lorenzo 21, Reus 43201, Spain.
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Guruge KS, Seike N, Yamanaka N, Miyazaki S. Accumulation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in domestic animal related samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:753-7. [PMID: 15346179 DOI: 10.1039/b404192p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners were measured in domestic animal related samples such as feed ingredients, mixed feed and animal fat. Mean concentrations of total PCNs in feed ingredients ranged from 500 to 1500 pg g(-1) lipid wt with a high concentration found in fish meal. Total PCN concentrations were similar among mixed feeds, which ranged from 98 to 110 pg g(-1) lipid wt. The total PCN concentration in chickens was more than twice the amount in pigs. Tetra-CNs were the predominant homologues in all samples. Biomagnification of higher chlorinated PCN congeners, especially penta- and hexa-CNs, was a few fold greater in chickens compared to pigs. The estimated concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) of some selected PCNs in feed ingredients, mixed feeds, chickens and pigs were 0.008 to 0.063, 0.001 to 0.002, 0.033 and 0.011 pg g(-1) lipid wt, respectively. Based on predicted luciferase inducing potency for each PCN congener, the estimated PCN-TEQs in feed ingredients and animal fat were similar to those that were estimated from selected PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi S Guruge
- Toxico-Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Chikae M, Ikeda R, Hasan Q, Morita Y, Tamiya E. Effect of alkylphenols on adult male medaka: plasma vitellogenin goes up to the level of estrous female. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 15:33-36. [PMID: 21782677 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect that oral administration of four alkylphenols, (1) bisphenol A (BPA), (2) p-t-octylphenol (OP), (3) p-nonylphenol (NP) and (4) p-n-nonylphenol (n-NP), as well as 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) had on male medaka fish vitellogenin was investigated. The male medaka was fed diets containing different concentrations of these chemicals for 7 days, after which their plasma vitellogenin levels were measured. Vitellogenin levels up to ≈10(7) ng/ml were found. This value is close to that of the normal estrous female medaka. The median effective concentration (EC(50)) values resulting from BPA, OP, NP and EE2 in the diet were calculated as 1600, 2600, 940 and 0.37 μg/g diet, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Chikae
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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Lundgren K, Tysklind M, Ishaq R, Broman D, van Bavel B. Flux estimates and sedimentation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the northern part of the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 126:93-105. [PMID: 12860106 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and fluxes of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were measured in surface sediments, and settling particulate matter collected in sediment traps, at two coastal and two offshore sampling stations in the Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea, Sweden. The PCN concentrations (of tetra- to hepta-chloro congeners) in the surface sediments ranged from 0.27 to 2.8 ng/g dry weight and were of the same order of magnitude as background concentrations reported previously in Europe. The PCN fluxes in the southern basin (0.93 and 0.86 microg/m2/year) of the Gulf of Bothnia were higher than those in the northern basin (0.58 and 0.49 microg/m2/year); they were also higher near the coast than in the open sea. These PCN fluxes are similar to the pre-industrial levels determined from lake sediments in northwest England. The PCN homologue distribution changed from a relatively even distribution in samples collected near the coast, to TeCNs dominating in the samples from the open sea. This indicates that higher chlorinated PCNs are deposited and retained in sediments to a higher degree near the coast. The total annual deposition of PCNs in sediments in the Gulf of Bothnia was estimated to be 91 kg/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Lundgren
- Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden.
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