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Gu S, Wu T, Zhao J, Sun T, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Li J, Tian C. Rewiring metabolic flux to simultaneously improve malate production and eliminate by-product succinate accumulation by Myceliophthora thermophila. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14410. [PMID: 38298109 PMCID: PMC10884987 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although a high titre of malic acid is achieved by filamentous fungi, by-product succinic acid accumulation leads to a low yield of malic acid and is unfavourable for downstream processing. Herein, we conducted a series of metabolic rewiring strategies in a previously constructed Myceliophthora thermophila to successfully improve malate production and abolish succinic acid accumulation. First, a pyruvate carboxylase CgPYC variant with increased activity was obtained using a high-throughput system and introduced to improve malic acid synthesis. Subsequently, shifting metabolic flux to malate synthesis from mitochondrial metabolism by deleing mitochondrial carriers of pyruvate and malate, led to a 53.7% reduction in succinic acid accumulation. The acceleration of importing cytosolic succinic acid into the mitochondria for consumption further decreased succinic acid formation by 53.3%, to 2.12 g/L. Finally, the importer of succinic acid was discovered and used to eliminate by-product accumulation. In total, malic acid production was increased by 26.5%, relative to the start strain JG424, to 85.23 g/L and 89.02 g/L on glucose and Avicel, respectively, in the flasks. In a 5-L fermenter, the titre of malic acid reached 182.7 g/L using glucose and 115.8 g/L using raw corncob, without any by-product accumulation. This study would accelerate the industrial production of biobased malic acid from renewable plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Gu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
| | - Taju Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Junqi Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
| | - Tao Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
| | - Jingen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic BiologyTianjinChina
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2
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Qin Z, Feng J, Li Y, Zheng Y, Moore C, Yang ST. Engineering the reductive tricarboxylic acid pathway in Aureobasidium pullulans for enhanced biosynthesis of poly-L-malic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130122. [PMID: 38040309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans produced poly-L-malic acid (PMA) as the main metabolite in fermentation but with relatively low productivity and yield limiting its industrial application. In this study, A. pullulans ZX-10 was engineered to overexpress cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) and PMA synthetase (PMS) using a high-copy yeast episomal plasmid with the gpdA promoter from Aspergillus nidulans. Overexpressing endogenous PMS and heterologous MDH and PYC from Aspergillus oryzae respectively increased PMA production by 19 % - 37 % (0.64 - 0.74 g/g vs. 0.54 g/g for wild type) in shake-flask fermentations, demonstrating the importance of the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) pathway in PMA biosynthesis. A. pullulans co-expressing MDH and PYC produced 96.7 g/L PMA at 0.90 g/L∙h and 0.68 g/g glucose in fed-batch fermentation, which were among the highest yield and productivity reported. The engineered A. pullulans with enhanced rTCA pathway is advantageous and promising for PMA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - You Li
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yin Zheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Curtis Moore
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3
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Ding Q, Ye C. Recent advances in producing food additive L-malate: Chassis, substrate, pathway, fermentation regulation and application. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:709-725. [PMID: 36604311 PMCID: PMC10034640 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to being an important intermediate in the TCA cycle, L-malate is also widely used in the chemical and beverage industries. Due to the resulting high demand, numerous studies investigated chemical methods to synthesize L-malate from petrochemical resources, but such approaches are hampered by complex downstream processing and environmental pollution. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop microbial methods for environmentally-friendly and economical L-malate biosynthesis. The rapid progress and understanding of DNA manipulation, cell physiology, and cell metabolism can improve industrial L-malate biosynthesis by applying intelligent biochemical strategies and advanced synthetic biology tools. In this paper, we mainly focused on biotechnological approaches for enhancing L-malate synthesis, encompassing the microbial chassis, substrate utilization, synthesis pathway, fermentation regulation, and industrial application. This review emphasizes the application of novel metabolic engineering strategies and synthetic biology tools combined with a deep understanding of microbial physiology to improve industrial L-malate biosynthesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Ding Q, Ye C. Microbial cell factories based on filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:20. [PMID: 36717860 PMCID: PMC9885587 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced DNA synthesis, biosensor assembly, and genetic circuit development in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have reinforced the application of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as promising chassis cells for chemical production, but their industrial application remains a major challenge that needs to be solved. RESULTS As important chassis strains, filamentous microorganisms can synthesize important enzymes, chemicals, and niche pharmaceutical products through microbial fermentation. With the aid of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi can be developed into efficient microbial cell factories through genome engineering, pathway engineering, tolerance engineering, and microbial engineering. Mutant screening and metabolic engineering can be used in filamentous bacteria, filamentous yeasts (Candida glabrata, Candida utilis), and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp.) to greatly increase their capacity for chemical production. This review highlights the potential of using biotechnology to further develop filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as alternative chassis strains. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we recapitulate the recent progress in the application of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as microbial cell factories. Furthermore, emphasis on metabolic engineering strategies involved in cellular tolerance, metabolic engineering, and screening are discussed. Finally, we offer an outlook on advanced techniques for the engineering of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- grid.252245.60000 0001 0085 4987School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 China ,grid.252245.60000 0001 0085 4987Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China ,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601 Anhui China
| | - Chao Ye
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 China
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5
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Lee JA, Ahn JH, Kim GB, Choi S, Kim JY, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering of Mannheimia succiniciproducens for malic acid production using dimethylsulfoxide as an electron acceptor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:203-215. [PMID: 36128631 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial production of various TCA intermediates and related chemicals through the reductive TCA cycle has been of great interest. However, rumen bacteria that naturally possess strong reductive TCA cycle have been rarely studied to produce these chemicals, except for succinic acid, due to their dependence on fumarate reduction to transport electrons for ATP synthesis. In this study, malic acid (MA), a dicarboxylic acid of industrial importance, was selected as a target chemical for mass production using Mannheimia succiniciproducens, a rumen bacterium possessing a strong reductive branch of the TCA cycle. The metabolic pathway was reconstructed by eliminating fumarase to prevent MA conversion to fumarate. The respiration system of M. succiniciproducens was reconstructed by introducing the Actinobacillus succinogenes dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reductase to improve cell growth using DMSO as an electron acceptor. Also, the cell membrane was engineered by employing Pseudomonas aeruginosa cis-trans isomerase to enhance MA tolerance. High inoculum fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered strain produced 61 g/L of MA with an overall productivity of 2.27 g/L/h, which is the highest MA productivity reported to date. The systems metabolic engineering strategies reported in this study will be useful for developing anaerobic bioprocesses for the production of various industrially important chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong An Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Ahn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gi Bae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sol Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four Program), Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.,BioInformatics Research Center and BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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6
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Engineering Escherichia coli for Efficient Aerobic Conversion of Glucose to Malic Acid through the Modified Oxidative TCA Cycle. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Malic acid is a versatile building-block chemical that can serve as a precursor of numerous valuable products, including food additives, pharmaceuticals, and biodegradable plastics. Despite the present petrochemical synthesis, malic acid, being an intermediate of the TCA cycle of a variety of living organisms, can also be produced from renewable carbon sources using wild-type and engineered microbial strains. In the current study, Escherichia coli was engineered for efficient aerobic conversion of glucose to malic acid through the modified oxidative TCA cycle resembling that of myco- and cyanobacteria and implying channelling of 2-ketoglutarate towards succinic acid via succinate semialdehyde formation. The formation of succinate semialdehyde was enabled in the core strain MAL 0 (∆ackA-pta, ∆poxB, ∆ldhA, ∆adhE, ∆ptsG, PL-glk, Ptac-galP, ∆aceBAK, ∆glcB) by the expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis kgd gene. The secretion of malic acid by the strain was ensured, resulting from the deletion of the mdh, maeA, maeB, and mqo genes. The Bacillus subtilis pycA gene was expressed in the strain to allow pyruvate to oxaloacetate conversion. The corresponding recombinant was able to synthesise malic acid from glucose aerobically with a yield of 0.65 mol/mol. The yield was improved by the derepression in the strain of the electron transfer chain and succinate dehydrogenase due to the enforcement of ATP hydrolysis and reached 0.94 mol/mol, amounting to 94% of the theoretical maximum. The implemented strategy offers the potential for the development of highly efficient strains and processes of bio-based malic acid production.
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Wu N, Zhang J, Chen Y, Xu Q, Song P, Li Y, Li K, Liu H. Recent advances in microbial production of L-malic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7973-7992. [PMID: 36370160 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, increasing concerns regarding fossil fuel depletion and excessive CO2 emissions have led to extensive fundamental studies and industrial trials regarding microbial chemical production. As an additive or precursor, L-malic acid has been shown to exhibit distinctive properties in the food, pharmaceutical, and daily chemical industries. L-malic acid is currently mainly fabricated through a fumarate hydratase-based biocatalytic conversion route, wherein petroleum-derived fumaric acid serves as a substrate. In this review, for the first time, we comprehensively describe the methods of malic acid strain transformation, raw material utilization, malic acid separation, etc., especially recent progress and remaining challenges for industrial applications. First, we summarize the various pathways involved in L-malic acid biosynthesis using different microorganisms. We also discuss several strain engineering strategies for improving the titer, yield, and productivity of L-malic acid. We illustrate the currently available alternatives for reducing production costs and the existing strategies for optimizing the fermentation process. Finally, we summarize the present challenges and future perspectives regarding the development of microbial L-malic acid production. KEY POINTS: • A range of wild-type, mutant, laboratory-evolved, and metabolically engineered strains which could produce L-malic acid were comprehensively described. • Alternative raw materials for reducing production costs and the existing strategies for optimizing the fermentation were sufficiently summarized. • The present challenges and future perspectives regarding the development of microbial L-malic acid production were elaboratively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaru Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingfeng Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China. .,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Bharathiraja B, Jayamuthunagai J, Sreejith R, Iyyappan J, Praveenkumar R. Techno economic analysis of malic acid production using crude glycerol derived from waste cooking oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:126956. [PMID: 35272039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, Aspergillus niger was employed to produce commercially valuable malic acid from crude glycerol derived from waste cooking oil. Crude glycerol dosage, yeast extract dosage and initial pH were the influencing factors playing a significant role in the malic acid synthesis. The optimal condition for malic acid biosynthesis was studied by using response surface methodology. Further the feasibility analysis for biosynthesis of malic acid from crude glycerol was studied using the laboratory scale optimized data, with this experimentally optimized data, plant was simulated using SuperPro Designer (v10). The cost involved for malic acid synthesis per unit volume was likely expected to be $0.43/kg of malic acid using reactive extraction method. Thus, process optimization combined with techno-economical analysis of malic acid production could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bharathiraja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai 600032, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Jayamuthunagai
- Centre for Biotechnology,Anna university, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Sreejith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai 600032, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Iyyappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Praveenkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Arunai Engineering college, Tiruvannamalai 606603, Tamil Nadu, India.
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9
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Schmitt V, Derenbach L, Ochsenreither K. Enhanced l-Malic Acid Production by Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 Using Repeated-Batch Cultivation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:760500. [PMID: 35083199 PMCID: PMC8784810 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.760500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Malic acid is a C4-dicarboxylic acid and a potential key building block for a bio-based economy. At present, malic acid is synthesized petrochemically and its major market is the food and beverages industry. In future, malic acid might also serve as a building block for biopolymers or even replace the commodity chemical maleic anhydride. For a sustainable production of l-malic acid from renewable resources, the microbial synthesis by the mold Aspergillus oryzae is one possible route. As CO2 fixation is involved in the biosynthesis, high yields are possible, and at the same time greenhouse gases can be reduced. In order to enhance the production potential of the wild-type strain Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863, process characteristics were studied in shake flasks, comparing batch, fed-batch, and repeated-batch cultivations. In the batch process, a prolonged cultivation time led to malic acid consumption. Keeping carbon source concentration on a high level by pulsed feeding could prolong cell viability and cultivation time, however, did not result in significant higher product levels. In contrast, continuous malic acid production could be achieved over six exchange cycles and a total fermentation time of 19 days in repeated-batch cultivations. Up to 178 g/L l-malic acid was produced. The maximum productivity (0.90 ± 0.05 g/L/h) achieved in the repeated-batch cultivation had more than doubled than that achieved in the batch process and also the average productivity (0.42 ± 0.03 g/L/h for five exchange cycles and 16 days) was increased considerably. Further repeated-batch experiments confirmed a positive effect of regular calcium carbonate additions on pH stability and malic acid synthesis. Besides calcium carbonate, nitrogen supplementation proved to be essential for the prolonged malic acid production in repeated-batch. As prolonged malic acid production was only observed in cultivations with product removal, product inhibition seems to be the major limiting factor for malic acid production by the wild-type strain. This study provides a systematic comparison of different process strategies under consideration of major influencing factors and thereby delivers important insights into natural l-malic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmitt
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura Derenbach
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Wei Z, Xu Y, Xu Q, Cao W, Huang H, Liu H. Microbial Biosynthesis of L-Malic Acid and Related Metabolic Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765685. [PMID: 34660563 PMCID: PMC8511312 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is widely used in the food, chemical and medical industries. As an intermediate of the TCA cycle, malic acid is one of the most promising building block chemicals that can be produced from renewable sources. To date, chemical synthesis or enzymatic conversion of petrochemical feedstocks are still the dominant mode for malic acid production. However, with increasing concerns surrounding environmental issues in recent years, microbial fermentation for the production of L-malic acid was extensively explored as an eco-friendly production process. The rapid development of genetic engineering has resulted in some promising strains suitable for large-scale bio-based production of malic acid. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments, including a spectrum of wild-type, mutant, laboratory-evolved and metabolically engineered microorganisms for malic acid production. The technological progress in the fermentative production of malic acid is presented. Metabolic engineering strategies for malic acid production in various microorganisms are particularly reviewed. Biosynthetic pathways, transport of malic acid, elimination of byproducts and enhancement of metabolic fluxes are discussed and compared as strategies for improving malic acid production, thus providing insights into the current state of malic acid production, as well as further research directions for more efficient and economical microbial malic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongxue Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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11
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Li J, Chen B, Gu S, Zhao Z, Liu Q, Sun T, Zhang Y, Wu T, Liu D, Sun W, Tian C. Coordination of consolidated bioprocessing technology and carbon dioxide fixation to produce malic acid directly from plant biomass in Myceliophthora thermophila. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:186. [PMID: 34556173 PMCID: PMC8461902 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) technique is a promising strategy for biorefinery construction, producing bulk chemicals directly from plant biomass without extra hydrolysis steps. Fixing and channeling CO2 into carbon metabolism for increased carbon efficiency in producing value-added compounds is another strategy for cost-effective bio-manufacturing. It has not been reported whether these two strategies can be combined in one microbial platform. RESULTS In this study, using the cellulolytic thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila, we designed and constructed a novel biorefinery system DMCC (Direct microbial conversion of biomass with CO2 fixation) through incorporating two CO2 fixation modules, PYC module and Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) pathway. Harboring the both modules, the average rate of fixing and channeling 13CO2 into malic acid in strain CP51 achieved 44.4, 90.7, and 80.7 mg/L/h, on xylose, glucose, and cellulose, respectively. The corresponding titers of malic acid were up to 42.1, 70.4, and 70.1 g/L, respectively, representing the increases of 40%, 10%, and 7%, respectively, compared to the parental strain possessing only PYC module. The DMCC system was further improved by enhancing the pentose uptake ability. Using raw plant biomass as the feedstock, yield of malic acid produced by the DMCC system was up to 0.53 g/g, with 13C content of 0.44 mol/mol malic acid, suggesting DMCC system can produce 1 t of malic acid from 1.89 t of biomass and fix 0.14 t CO2 accordingly. CONCLUSIONS This study designed and constructed a novel biorefinery system named DMCC, which can convert raw plant biomass and CO2 into organic acid efficiently, presenting a promising strategy for cost-effective production of value-added compounds in biorefinery. The DMCC system is one of great options for realization of carbon neutral economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Bingchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shuying Gu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Taju Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Defei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Wenliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
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12
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Chroumpi T, Mäkelä MR, de Vries RP. Engineering of primary carbon metabolism in filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Bharathiraja B, Selvakumari IAE, Jayamuthunagai J, Kumar RP, Varjani S, Pandey A, Gnansounou E. Biochemical conversion of biodiesel by-product into malic acid: A way towards sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136206. [PMID: 31905567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol, one of the ever-growing by-product of biodiesel industry and is receiving the closest review in recent times because direct disposal of crude glycerol may emerge ecological issues. The renewability, bioavailability and typical structure of glycerol, therefore, discover conceivable application in serving the role of carbon and energy source for microbial biosynthesis of high value products. This conceivable arrangement could find exploitation of crude glycerol as a renewable building block for bio-refineries as it is economically as well as environmentally profitable. In this review, we summarize the uptake and catabolism of crude glycerol by different wild and recombinant microorganism. The chemical and biochemical transformation of crude glycerol into high esteem malic acid by various microbial pathways is also additionally discussed. An extensive investigation in the synthesis of high-value malic acid production from various feed stock which finds applications in cosmeceutical and chemical industries, food and beverages, and to some extent in the field of medical science is also likewise studied. Finally, the open doors for unrefined crude glycerol in serving as a promising abundant energy source for malic acid production in near future have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600 062, India
| | | | - J Jayamuthunagai
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Arunai Engineering College, Thiruvannaamalai 606 603, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Frontier Research Lab, Yonsei University, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Bioenergy and Energy Planning Research Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Hossain AH, Hendrikx A, Punt PJ. Identification of novel citramalate biosynthesis pathways in Aspergillus niger. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:19. [PMID: 31827810 PMCID: PMC6862759 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is frequently used for industrial production of fermentative products such as enzymes, proteins and biochemicals. Notable examples of industrially produced A. niger fermentation products are glucoamylase and citric acid. Most notably, the industrial production of citric acid achieves high titers, yield and productivities, a feat that has prompted researchers to propose A. niger to serve as heterologous production host for the industrial production of itaconic acid (IA), a promising sustainable chemical building-block for the fabrication of various synthetic resins, coatings, and polymers. Heterologous production of IA in A. niger has resulted in unexpected levels of metabolic rewiring that has led us to the identification of IA biodegradation pathway in A. niger. In this study we have attempted to identify the final product of the IA biodegradation pathway and analyzed the effect of metabolic rewiring on the bioproduction of 9 industrially relevant organic acids. Results IA biodegradation manifests in diminishing titers of IA and the occurrence of an unidentified compound in the HPLC profile. Based on published results on the IA biodegradation pathway, we hypothesized that the final product of IA biodegradation in A. niger may be citramalic acid (CM). Based on detailed HPLC analysis, we concluded that the unidentified compound is indeed CM. Furthermore, by transcriptome analysis we explored the effect of metabolic rewiring on the production of 9 industrially relevant organic acids by transcriptome analysis of IA producing and WT A. niger strains. Interestingly, this analysis led to the identification of a previously unknown biosynthetic cluster that is proposed to be involved in the biosynthesis of CM. Upon overexpression of the putative citramalate synthase and a genomically clustered organic acid transporter, we have observed CM bioproduction by A. niger. Conclusion In this study, we have shown that the end product of IA biodegradation pathway in A. niger is CM. Knock-out of the IA biodegradation pathway results in the cessation of CM production. Furthermore, in this study we have identified a citramalate biosynthesis pathway, which upon overexpression drives citramalate bioproduction in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H Hossain
- Dutch DNA Biotech B.V., Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aiko Hendrikx
- Dutch DNA Biotech B.V., Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- Dutch DNA Biotech B.V., Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Lee B, Heo J, Hong S, Kim EY, Sohn YJ, Jung HS. dl-Malic acid as a component of α-hydroxy acids: effect on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced inflammation in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in vitro and in vivo. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:614-621. [PMID: 31645147 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1680688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: dl-Malic acid (dl-M) is used widely in cosmetic formulations as a pH-adjuster or as a preservative. dl-M is used as an exfoliator in the form of α-hydroxy acids. However, the role of dl-M in skin diseases (including atopic dermatitis (AD)) has not been studied deeply. We wished to reveal the effect of dl-M on AD induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in Balb/c mice.Methods: The thickness and immune-cell infiltration into the dermis and epidermis were evaluated. Moreover, serum levels of cytokines, as well as expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in tissue were measured in AD mice. We also studied the effect of dl-M on inflammatory mediators in a human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line. Results: The dl-M (high) group improved skin condition compared with the DNCB-treated group. The dl-M (high) group inhibited phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB in skin tissue. dl-M reduced serum levels of interleukin-4 and IgE. Finally, dl-M decreased the expression of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule induced by interferon-gamma/tumor necrosis factor-α in HaCaT cells. Discussion: These results suggest that dl-M can improve the skin conditions of AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SooYeon Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Chen X, Zhou J, Ding Q, Luo Q, Liu L. Morphology engineering ofAspergillus oryzaeforl‐malate production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2662-2673. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
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17
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Iyyappan J, Bharathiraja B, Baskar G, Kamalanaban E. Process optimization and kinetic analysis of malic acid production from crude glycerol using Aspergillus niger. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:18-25. [PMID: 30784998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, optimization of crude glycerol fermentation to produce malic acid by using Aspergillus niger was investigated using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Kinetic investigation of bioconversion of crude glycerol into malic acid using Aspergillus niger was studied using Monod, Mosser, and Haldane-Andrew models. Crude glycerol concentration, initial pH and yeast extract concentration were found to be significant compounds affecting malic acid production by Aspergillus niger. Both dry cell weight and malic acid titre were found decreased with increase in crude glycerol concentration. Haldane-Andrew model gave the best fit for the production of malic acid from crude glycerol with µmax of 0.1542 h-1. The maximum malic acid production obtained under optimum conditions was 92.64 + 1.54 g/L after 192 h from crude glycerol using Aspergillus niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iyyappan
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India.
| | - G Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India
| | - E Kamalanaban
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India
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18
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Spasiano D, Luongo V, Race M, Petrella A, Fiore S, Apollonio C, Pirozzi F, Fratino U, Piccinni AF. Sustainable bio-hydrothermal sequencing treatment for asbestos-cement wastes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:256-263. [PMID: 30368063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the treatment of asbestos-cement waste (ACW) has been attempted by a dark fermentation (DF) pre-treatment followed by hydrothermal and anaerobic digestion (AD) treatments. During DF, glucose, employed as a biodegradable substrate, was mainly converted to H2-rich biogas and organic acids (OAs). The latter caused the dissolution of the cement matrix and the partial structural collapse of chrysotile (white asbestos). To complete the chrysotile degradation, hydrothermal treatment of the DF effluents was performed under varying operating conditions (temperature, acid type, and load). After the addition of 5.0 g/L sulfuric acid, a temperature decrease, from 80 °C to 40 °C, slowed down the treatment. Similarly, at 100 °C, a decrease of sulfuric, lactic or malic acid load from 5.0 g/L to 1.0 g/L slowed down the process, regardless of acid type. The acid type did not affect the hydrothermal treatment but influenced the AD of the hydrothermal effluents. Indeed, when malic acid was used, the AD of the hydrothermally treated effluents resulted in the highest production of methane. At the end of the AD treatment, some magnesium ions derived from ACW dissolution participated in the crystallization of struvite, an ecofriendly phosphorous-based fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Spasiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Edile, del Territorio e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Luongo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio, 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Matematica e Applicazioni "Renato Caccioppoli", Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, Monte S. Angelo, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Race
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Meccanica, Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrella
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Edile, del Territorio e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Fiore
- Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council of Italy, Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ciro Apollonio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Edile, del Territorio e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Pirozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio, 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Umberto Fratino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Edile, del Territorio e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto F Piccinni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Edile, del Territorio e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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19
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Singh D, Lee S, Lee CH. Fathoming Aspergillus oryzae metabolomes in formulated growth matrices. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:35-49. [PMID: 30037282 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1490246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The stochasticity of Aspergillus oryzae (Trivially: the koji mold) pan-metabolomes commensurate with its ubiquitously distributed landscapes, i.e. growth matrices have been seemed uncharted since its food fermentative systems are mostly being investigated. In this review, we explicitly have discussed the likely tendencies of A. oryzae metabolomes pertaining to its growth milieu formulated with substrate matrices of varying nature, composition, texture, and associated physicochemical parameters. We envisaged typical food matrices, namely, meju, koji, and moromi as the semi-natural cultivation models toward delineating the metabolomic patterns of the koji mold, which synergistically influences the organoleptic and functional properties of the end products. Further, we highlighted how tailored conditions in sub-natural growth matrices, i.e. synthetic cultivation media blends, inducers, and growth surfaces, may influence A. oryzae metabolomes and targeted phenotypes. In general, the sequential or synchronous growth of A. oryzae on formulated matrices results in a number of metabolic tradeoffs with its immediate microenvironment influencing its adaptive and regulatory metabolomes. In broader context, evaluating the metabolic plasticity of A. oryzae relative to the tractable variables in formulated growth matrices might help approximate its growth and metabolism in the more complex natural matrices and environs. These approaches may considerably help in the design and manipulation of hybrid cultivation systems towards the efficient harnessing of commercial molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Iyyappan J, Baskar G, Bharathiraja B, Saravanathamizhan R. Malic acid production from biodiesel derived crude glycerol using morphologically controlled Aspergillus niger in batch fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:393-399. [PMID: 30205264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the effects of crude glycerol concentration, spore inoculum concentration, yeast extract concentration and shaking frequency on seed morphology of Aspergillus niger PJR1 on malic acid production were investigated and dispersed fungal mycelium with higher biomass (20.25 ± 0.91 g/L) was obtained when A. niger PJR1 grow on crude glycerol. Dry cell weight under dispersed fermentation was 21.28% higher than usual pellet fermentation. The optimal crude glycerol, nitrogen source and nitrogen source concentration were found to be 160 g/L, yeast extract and 1.5 g/L, respectively. Batch fermentation in a shake flask culture containing 160 g/L crude glycerol resulted in the yield of malic acid 83.23 ± 1.86 g/L, after 192 h at 25 °C. Results revealed that morphological control of A. niger is an efficient method for increased malic acid production when crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production is used as feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iyyappan
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India
| | - G Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India.
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India
| | - R Saravanathamizhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A. C. Tech Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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21
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Liu J, Li J, Liu Y, Shin HD, Ledesma-Amaro R, Du G, Chen J, Liu L. Synergistic Rewiring of Carbon Metabolism and Redox Metabolism in Cytoplasm and Mitochondria of Aspergillus oryzae for Increased l-Malate Production. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2139-2147. [PMID: 30092627 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
l-Malate is an important platform chemical that has extensive applications in the food, feed, and wine industries. Here, we synergistically engineered the carbon metabolism and redox metabolism in the cytosol and mitochondria of a previously engineered Aspergillus oryzae to further improve the l-malate titer and decrease the byproduct succinate concentration. First, the accumulation of the intermediate pyruvate was eliminated by overexpressing a pyruvate carboxylase from Rhizopus oryzae in the cytosol and mitochondria of A. oryzae, and consequently, the l-malate titer increased 7.5%. Then, malate synthesis via glyoxylate bypass in the mitochondria was enhanced, and citrate synthase in the oxidative TCA cycle was downregulated by RNAi, enhancing the l-malate titer by 10.7%. Next, the exchange of byproducts (succinate and fumarate) between the cytosol and mitochondria was regulated by the expression of a dicarboxylate carrier Sfc1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the mitochondria, which increased l-malate titer 3.5% and decreased succinate concentration 36.8%. Finally, an NADH oxidase from Lactococcus lactis was overexpressed to decrease the NADH/NAD+ ratio, and the engineered A. oryzae strain produced 117.2 g/L l-malate and 3.8 g/L succinate, with an l-malate yield of 0.9 g/g corn starch and a productivity of 1.17 g/L/h. Our results showed that synergistic engineering of the carbon and redox metabolisms in the cytosol and mitochondria of A. oryzae effectively increased the l-malate titer, while simultaneously decreasing the concentration of the byproduct succinate. The strategies used in our work may be useful for the metabolic engineering of fungi to produce other industrially important chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hyun-dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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22
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Malic acid production through the whole-cell hydration of fumaric acid with immobilised Rhizopus oryzae. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Ding Q, Luo Q, Zhou J, Chen X, Liu L. Enhancing L-malate production of Aspergillus oryzae FMME218-37 by improving inorganic nitrogen utilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8739-8751. [PMID: 30109399 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial L-malate production from renewable feedstock is a promising alternative to petroleum-based chemical synthesis. However, high L-malate production of Aspergillus oryzae was achieved to date using organic nitrogen, with inorganic nitrogen still unable to meet industrial applications. In the current study, we constructed a screening system and nitrogen supply strategy to improve L-malate production with ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] as the sole nitrogen source. First, we generated and identified a high-producing mutant FMME218-37, which stably boosted L-malate production from 30.73 to 78.12 g/L, using a combined screening system with morphological characteristics. Then, by analyzing the fermentation parameters and physiological characteristics, we further speculated the key factor was the unbalance of carbon and nitrogen absorption. Finally, the titer and productivity of L-malate was increased to 95.2 g/L and 0.57 g/(L h) by regulating the nitrogen supply module to balance carbon and nitrogen absorption, which represented the highest level in A. oryzae with (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source achieved to date. Moreover, our findings using a low-cost substrate may lead to building an economical cell factory of A. oryzae for L-malate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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24
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of L-malate from xylose. Metab Eng 2018; 48:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dai Z, Zhou H, Zhang S, Gu H, Yang Q, Zhang W, Dong W, Ma J, Fang Y, Jiang M, Xin F. Current advance in biological production of malic acid using wild type and metabolic engineered strains. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 258:345-353. [PMID: 29550171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Malic acid (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, which has attracted great interest due to its wide usage as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in the food, chemicals, and pharmaceutical industries. Several mature routes for malic acid production have been developed, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic conversion and biological fermentation. With depletion of fossil fuels and concerns regarding environmental issues, biological production of malic acid has attracted more attention, which mainly consists of three pathways, namely non-oxidative pathway, oxidative pathway and glyoxylate cycle. In recent decades, metabolic engineering of model strains, and process optimization for malic acid production have been rapidly developed. Hence, this review comprehensively introduces an overview of malic acid producers and highlight some of the successful metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Shangjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Honglian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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Liu J, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Chen J, Liu L. Metabolic engineering of Aspergillus oryzae for efficient production of l -malate directly from corn starch. J Biotechnol 2017; 262:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yu XC, Ma SL, Xu Y, Fu CH, Jiang CY, Zhou CY. Construction and application of a novel genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae for expressing proteases. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Zambanini T, Hosseinpour Tehrani H, Geiser E, Merker D, Schleese S, Krabbe J, Buescher JM, Meurer G, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Efficient itaconic acid production from glycerol with Ustilago vetiveriae TZ1. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:131. [PMID: 28533815 PMCID: PMC5438567 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family of Ustilaginaceae is known for their capability to naturally produce industrially valuable chemicals from different carbon sources. Recently, several Ustilaginaceae were reported to produce organic acids from glycerol, which is the main side stream in biodiesel production. RESULTS In this study, we present Ustilago vetiveriae as new production organism for itaconate synthesis from glycerol. In a screening of 126 Ustilaginaceae, this organism reached one of the highest titers for itaconate combined with a high-glycerol uptake rate. By adaptive laboratory evolution, the production characteristics of this strain could be improved. Further medium optimization with the best single colony, U. vetiveriae TZ1, in 24-deep well plates resulted in a maximal itaconate titer of 34.7 ± 2.5 g L-1 produced at a rate of 0.09 ± 0.01 g L-1 h-1 from 196 g L-1 glycerol. Simultaneously, this strain produced 46.2 ± 1.4 g L-1 malate at a rate of 0.12 ± 0.00 g L-1 h-1. Due to product inhibition, the itaconate titer in NaOH-titrated bioreactor cultivations was lower (24 g L-1). Notably, an acidic pH value of 5.5 resulted in decreased itaconate production, however, completely abolishing malate production. Overexpression of ria1 or mtt1, encoding a transcriptional regulator and mitochondrial transporter, respectively, from the itaconate cluster of U. maydis resulted in a 2.0-fold (ria1) and 1.5-fold (mtt1) higher itaconate titer in comparison to the wild-type strain, simultaneously reducing malate production by 75 and 41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The observed production properties of U. vetiveriae TZ1 make this strain a promising candidate for microbial itaconate production. The outcome of the overexpression experiments, which resulted in reduced malate production in favor of an increased itaconate titer, clearly strengthens its potential for industrial itaconate production from glycerol as major side stream of biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Zambanini
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hamed Hosseinpour Tehrani
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Geiser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Merker
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schleese
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Krabbe
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Guido Meurer
- BRAIN AG, Darmstädter Straße 34, 64673 Zwingenberg, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Yang L, Lübeck M, Lübeck PS. Aspergillus as a versatile cell factory for organic acid production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cheng C, Zhou Y, Lin M, Wei P, Yang ST. Polymalic acid fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans for malic acid production from soybean hull and soy molasses: Fermentation kinetics and economic analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 223:166-174. [PMID: 27792926 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymalic acid (PMA) production by Aureobasidium pullulans ZX-10 from soybean hull hydrolysate supplemented with corn steep liquor (CSL) gave a malic acid yield of ∼0.4g/g at a productivity of ∼0.5g/L·h. ZX-10 can also ferment soy molasses, converting all carbohydrates including the raffinose family oligosaccharides to PMA, giving a high titer (71.9g/L) and yield (0.69g/g) at a productivity of 0.29g/L·h in fed-batch fermentation under nitrogen limitation. A higher productivity of 0.64g/L·h was obtained in repeated batch fermentation with cell recycle and CSL supplementation. Cost analysis for a 5000 MT plant shows that malic acid can be produced at $1.10/kg from soy molasses, $1.37/kg from corn, and $1.74/kg from soybean hull. At the market price of $1.75/kg, malic acid production from soy molasses via PMA fermentation offers an economically competitive process for industrial production of bio-based malic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yipin Zhou
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Peilian Wei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Wei P, Cheng C, Lin M, Zhou Y, Yang ST. Production of poly(malic acid) from sugarcane juice in fermentation by Aureobasidium pullulans: Kinetics and process economics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:581-589. [PMID: 27839861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(β-l-malic acid) (PMA) is a biodegradable polymer with many potential biomedical applications. PMA can be readily hydrolyzed to malic acid (MA), which is widely used as an acidulant in foods and pharmaceuticals. PMA production from sucrose and sugarcane juice by Aureobasidium pullulans ZX-10 was studied in shake-flasks and bioreactors, confirming that sugarcane juice can be used as an economical substrate without any pretreatment or nutrients supplementation. A high PMA titer of 116.3g/L and yield of 0.41g/g were achieved in fed-batch fermentation. A high productivity of 0.66g/L·h was achieved in repeated-batch fermentation with cell recycle. These results compared favorably with those obtained from glucose and other biomass feedstocks. A process economic analysis showed that PMA could be produced from sugarcane juice at a cost of $1.33/kg, offering a cost-competitive bio-based PMA for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilian Wei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chi Cheng
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Yipin Zhou
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Dong X, Chen X, Qian Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Qiao W, Liu L. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli W3110 to produce L-malate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:656-664. [PMID: 27668703 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A four-carbon dicarboxylic acid L-malate has recently attracted attention due to its potential applications in the fields of medicine and agriculture. In this study, Escherichia coli W3110 was engineered and optimized for L-malate production via one-step L-malate synthesis pathway. First, deletion of the genes encoding lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), pyruvate oxidase (poxB), pyruvate formate lyase (pflB), phosphotransacetylase (pta), and acetate kinase A (ackA) in pta-ackA pathway led to accumulate 20.9 g/L pyruvate. Then, overexpression of NADP+ -dependent malic enzyme C490S mutant in this multi-deletion mutant resulted in the direct conversion of pyruvate into L-malate (3.62 g/L). Next, deletion of the genes responsible for succinate biosynthesis further enhanced L-malate production up to 7.78 g/L. Finally, L-malate production was elevated to 21.65 g/L with the L-malate yield to 0.36 g/g in a 5 L bioreactor by overexpressing the pos5 gene encoding NADH kinase in the engineered E. coli F0931 strain. This study demonstrates the potential utility of one-step pathway for efficient L-malate production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 656-664. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuancai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weihua Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Laboratory of Food Microbial-Manufacturing Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Sequence- and Structure-Based Functional Annotation and Assessment of Metabolic Transporters in Aspergillus oryzae: A Representative Case Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8124636. [PMID: 27274991 PMCID: PMC4870676 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae is widely used for the industrial production of enzymes. In A. oryzae metabolism, transporters appear to play crucial roles in controlling the flux of molecules for energy generation, nutrients delivery, and waste elimination in the cell. While the A. oryzae genome sequence is available, transporter annotation remains limited and thus the connectivity of metabolic networks is incomplete. In this study, we developed a metabolic annotation strategy to understand the relationship between the sequence, structure, and function for annotation of A. oryzae metabolic transporters. Sequence-based analysis with manual curation showed that 58 genes of 12,096 total genes in the A. oryzae genome encoded metabolic transporters. Under consensus integrative databases, 55 unambiguous metabolic transporter genes were distributed into channels and pores (7 genes), electrochemical potential-driven transporters (33 genes), and primary active transporters (15 genes). To reveal the transporter functional role, a combination of homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation was implemented to assess the relationship between sequence to structure and structure to function. As in the energy metabolism of A. oryzae, the H+-ATPase encoded by the AO090005000842 gene was selected as a representative case study of multilevel linkage annotation. Our developed strategy can be used for enhancing metabolic network reconstruction.
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Vuoristo KS, Mars AE, Sanders JP, Eggink G, Weusthuis RA. Metabolic Engineering of TCA Cycle for Production of Chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zambanini T, Kleineberg W, Sarikaya E, Buescher JM, Meurer G, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Enhanced malic acid production from glycerol with high-cell density Ustilago trichophora TZ1 cultivations. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:135. [PMID: 27375775 PMCID: PMC4930609 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to establish a cost-efficient biodiesel biorefinery, valorization of its main by-product, crude glycerol, is imperative. Recently, Ustilago trichophora TZ1 was found to efficiently produce malic acid from glycerol. By adaptive laboratory evolution and medium optimization, titer and rate could be improved significantly. RESULTS Here we report on the investigation of this strain in fed-batch bioreactors. With pH controlled at 6.5 (automatic NaOH addition), a titer of 142 ± 1 g L(-1) produced at an overall rate of 0.54 ± 0.00 g L(-1) h(-1) was reached by optimizing the initial concentrations of ammonium and glycerol. Combining the potential of bioreactors and CaCO3 as buffer system, we were able to increase the overall production rate to 0.74 ± 0.06 g L(-1) h(-1) with a maximum production rate of 1.94 ± 0.32 g L(-1) reaching a titer of 195 ± 15 g L(-1). The initial purification strategy resulted in 90 % pure calcium malate as solid component. Notably, the fermentation is not influenced by an increased temperature of up to 37 °C, which reduces the energy required for cooling. However, direct acid production is not favored as at a lowered pH value of pH 4.5 the malic acid titer decreased to only 9 ± 1 g L(-1). When using crude glycerol as substrate, only the product to substrate yield is decreased. The results are discussed in the context of valorizing glycerol with Ustilaginaceae. CONCLUSIONS Combining these results reveals the potential of U. trichophora TZ1 to become an industrially applicable production host for malic acid from biodiesel-derived glycerol, thus making the overall biodiesel production process economically and ecologically more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Zambanini
- />Institute of Applied Microbiology – iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology – ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074 Germany
| | - Wiebke Kleineberg
- />Institute of Applied Microbiology – iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology – ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074 Germany
| | - Eda Sarikaya
- />Institute of Applied Microbiology – iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology – ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074 Germany
| | | | | | - Nick Wierckx
- />Institute of Applied Microbiology – iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology – ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074 Germany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- />Institute of Applied Microbiology – iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology – ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52074 Germany
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Yin X, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Liu L, Chen J. Metabolic engineering in the biotechnological production of organic acids in the tricarboxylic acid cycle of microorganisms: Advances and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:830-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Enhanced succinic acid production in Aspergillus saccharolyticus by heterologous expression of fumarate reductase from Trypanosoma brucei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1799-1809. [PMID: 26521243 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus saccharolyticus exhibits great potential as a cell factory for industrial production of dicarboxylic acids. In the analysis of the organic acid profile, A. saccharolyticus was cultivated in an acid production medium using two different pH conditions. The specific activities of the enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and fumarase (FUM), involved in the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) branch, were examined and compared in cells harvested from the acid production medium and a complete medium. The results showed that ambient pH had a significant impact on the pattern and the amount of organic acids produced by A. saccharolyticus. The wild-type strain produced higher amount of malic acid and succinic acid in the pH buffered condition (pH 6.5) compared with the pH non-buffered condition. The enzyme assays showed that the rTCA branch was active in the acid production medium as well as the complete medium, but the measured enzyme activities were different depending on the media. Furthermore, a soluble NADH-dependent fumarate reductase gene (frd) from Trypanosoma brucei was inserted and expressed in A. saccharolyticus. The expression of the frd gene led to an enhanced production of succinic acid in frd transformants compared with the wild-type in both pH buffered and pH non-buffered conditions with highest amount produced in the pH buffered condition (16.2 ± 0.5 g/L). This study demonstrates the feasibility of increasing succinic acid production through the cytosolic reductive pathway by genetic engineering in A. saccharolyticus.
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Yang L, Lübeck M, Lübeck PS. Effects of heterologous expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase on organic acid production in Aspergillus carbonarius. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1533-45. [PMID: 26403577 PMCID: PMC4607725 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius has a potential as a cell factory for production of various organic acids. In this study, the organic acid profile of A. carbonarius was investigated under different cultivation conditions. Moreover, two heterologous genes, pepck and ppc, which encode phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Actinobacillus succinogenes and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Escherichia coli, were inserted individually and in combination in A. carbonarius to enhance the carbon flux toward the reductive TCA branch. Results of transcription analysis and measurement of enzyme activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the corresponding single and double transformants demonstrated that the two heterologous genes were successfully expressed in A. carbonarius. The production of citric acid increased in all the transformants in both glucose- and xylose-based media at pH higher than 3 but did not increase in the pH non-buffered cultivation compared with the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
| | - Peter S Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Copenhagen, A. C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
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Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. Chemodiversity in the genus Aspergillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7859-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Zhang T, Ge C, Deng L, Tan T, Wang F. C4-dicarboxylic acid production by overexpressing the reductive TCA pathway. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv052. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Chi Z, Wang ZP, Wang GY, Khan I, Chi ZM. Microbial biosynthesis and secretion of l-malic acid and its applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:99-107. [PMID: 25025277 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.924474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
l-Malic acid has many uses in food, beverage, pharmaceutical, chemical and medical industries. It can be produced by one-step fermentation, enzymatic transformation of fumaric acid to l-malate and acid hydrolysis of polymalic acid. However, the process for one-step fermentation is preferred as it has many advantages over any other process. The pathways of l-malic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms are partially clear and three metabolic pathways including non-oxidative pathway, oxidative pathway and glyoxylate cycle for the production of l-malic acid from glucose have been identified. Usually, high levels of l-malate are produced under the nitrogen starvation conditions, l-malate, as a calcium salt, is secreted from microbial cells and CaCO3 can play an important role in calcium malate biosynthesis and regulation. However, it is still unclear how it is secreted into the medium. To enhance l-malate biosynthesis and secretion by microbial cells, it is very important to study the mechanisms of l-malic acid biosynthesis and secretion at enzymatic and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chi
- a UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- a UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Guang-Yuan Wang
- a UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Ibrar Khan
- a UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- a UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China
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