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Haddad Momeni M, Zitting A, Jäämuru V, Turunen R, Penttilä P, Buchko GW, Hiltunen S, Maiorova N, Koivula A, Sapkota J, Marjamaa K, Master ER. Insights into the action of phylogenetically diverse microbial expansins on the structure of cellulose microfibrils. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:56. [PMID: 38654330 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial expansins (EXLXs) are non-lytic proteins homologous to plant expansins involved in plant cell wall formation. Due to their non-lytic cell wall loosening properties and potential to disaggregate cellulosic structures, there is considerable interest in exploring the ability of microbial expansins (EXLX) to assist the processing of cellulosic biomass for broader biotechnological applications. Herein, EXLXs with different modular structure and from diverse phylogenetic origin were compared in terms of ability to bind cellulosic, xylosic, and chitinous substrates, to structurally modify cellulosic fibrils, and to boost enzymatic deconstruction of hardwood pulp. RESULTS Five heterogeneously produced EXLXs (Clavibacter michiganensis; CmiEXLX2, Dickeya aquatica; DaqEXLX1, Xanthomonas sacchari; XsaEXLX1, Nothophytophthora sp.; NspEXLX1 and Phytophthora cactorum; PcaEXLX1) were shown to bind xylan and hardwood pulp at pH 5.5 and CmiEXLX2 (harboring a family-2 carbohydrate-binding module) also bound well to crystalline cellulose. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed a 20-25% increase in interfibrillar distance between neighboring cellulose microfibrils following treatment with CmiEXLX2, DaqEXLX1, or NspEXLX1. Correspondingly, combining xylanase with CmiEXLX2 and DaqEXLX1 increased product yield from hardwood pulp by ~ 25%, while supplementing the TrAA9A LPMO from Trichoderma reesei with CmiEXLX2, DaqEXLX1, and NspEXLX1 increased total product yield by over 35%. CONCLUSION This direct comparison of diverse EXLXs revealed consistent impacts on interfibrillar spacing of cellulose microfibers and performance of carbohydrate-active enzymes predicted to act on fiber surfaces. These findings uncover new possibilities to employ EXLXs in the creation of value-added materials from cellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Haddad Momeni
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Aleksi Zitting
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Vilma Jäämuru
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rosaliina Turunen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Salla Hiltunen
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Natalia Maiorova
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044-VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anu Koivula
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044-VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janak Sapkota
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044-VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Dahiya D, Koitto T, Kutvonen K, Wang Y, Haddad Momeni M, de Ruijter S, Master ER. Fungal loosenin-like proteins boost the cellulolytic enzyme conversion of pretreated wood fiber and cellulosic pulps. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130188. [PMID: 38104665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial expansin-related proteins, including loosenins, can disrupt cellulose networks and increase enzyme accessibility to cellulosic substrates. Herein, four loosenins from Phanerochaete carnosa (PcaLOOLs), and a PcaLOOL fused to a family 63 carbohydrate-binding module, were compared for ability to boost the cellulolytic deconstruction of steam pretreated softwood (SSW) and kraft pulps from softwood (ND-BSKP) and hardwood (ND-BHKP). Amending the Cellic® CTec-2 cellulase cocktail with PcaLOOLs increased reducing products from SSW by up to 40 %, corresponding to 28 % higher glucose yield. Amending Cellic® CTec-2 with PcaLOOLs also increased the release of glucose from ND-BSKP and ND-BHKP by 82 % and 28 %, respectively. Xylose release from ND-BSKP and ND-BHKP increased by 47 % and 57 %, respectively, highlighting the potential of PcaLOOLs to enhance hemicellulose recovery. Scanning electron microscopy and fiber image analysis revealed fibrillation and curlation of ND-BSKP after PcaLOOL treatment, consistent with increasing enzyme accessibility to targeted substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Dahiya
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Taru Koitto
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kim Kutvonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Yan Wang
- Biorefining Business Development & Production, St1 Oy, Firdonkatu 2, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Majid Haddad Momeni
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Siiri de Ruijter
- Biorefining Business Development & Production, St1 Oy, Firdonkatu 2, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, M5S 3E5 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kumar P, Kermanshahi-pour A, Brar SK, Xu CC, He QS, Evans S, Rainey JK. Enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic wood biomass: Effect of enzyme treatment in supercritical carbon dioxide and biomass pretreatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21811. [PMID: 38027598 PMCID: PMC10660486 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy and resource intensive mechanical and chemical pretreatment along with the use of hazardous chemicals are major bottlenecks in widespread lignocellulosic biomass utilization. Herein, the study investigated different pretreatment methods on spruce wood namely supercritical CO2 (scCO2) pretreatment, ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment, and acetosolv pulping-alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching, to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of wood using optimized enzyme cocktail. Also, the effect of scCO2 pretreatment on enzyme cocktail was investigated after optimizing the concentration and temperature of cellulolytic enzymes. The impact of scCO2 and ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatments of wood were insignificant for the enzymatic digestibility, and acetosolv pulping-alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching was the most effective pretreatment that showed the release of total reducing sugar yield (TRS) of ∼95.0 wt% of total hydrolyzable sugars (THS) in enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimized enzyme cocktail showed higher yield than individual enzymes with degree of synergism 1.34 among the enzymes, and scCO2 pretreatment of cocktail for 0.5-1.0 h at 10.0-22.0 MPa and 38.0-54.0 °C had insignificant effect on the enzyme's primary and global secondary structure of cocktail and its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3 J 1Z1, Canada
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3 J 1Z1, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Sophia He
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Sara Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Liu F, Ma L, Chen W, Wang S, Wei C, Huang C, Jiang Y, Wang S, Lin H, Chen J, Wang G, Xie B, Yuan Z. Preliminary study on the anti-CO 2 stress and growth ability of hypsizygus marmoreus mutant strain HY68. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:293. [PMID: 37845623 PMCID: PMC10580535 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high concentration of CO2 will stagnate the development of the newly formed primordia of Hypsizygus marmoreus, hinder the development of the mushroom cap, thereby inhibiting the normal differentiation of the fruiting body. Moreover, in the previous experiment, our research group obtained the mutant strain HY68 of H. marmoreus, which can maintain normal fruiting under the condition of high concentration of CO2. Our study aimed to evaluate the CO2 tolerance ability of the mutant strain HY68, in comparison with the starting strain HY61 and the control strain HY62. We analyzed the mycelial growth of these strains under various conditions, including different temperatures, pH levels, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources, and measured the activity of the cellulose enzyme. Additionally, we identified and predicted β-glucosidase-related genes in HY68 and analyzed their gene and protein structures. RESULTS Our results indicate that HY68 showed superior CO2 tolerance compared to the other strains tested, with an optimal growth temperature of 25 °C and pH of 7, and maltose and beef paste as the ideal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Enzyme activity assays revealed a positive correlation between β-glucosidase activity and CO2 tolerance, with Gene14147 identified as the most closely related gene to this activity. Inbred strains of HY68 showed trait segregation for CO2 tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Both HY68 and its self-bred offspring could tolerate CO2 stress. The fruiting period of the strains resistant to CO2 stress was shorter than that of the strains not tolerant to CO2 stress. The activity of β-GC and the ability to tolerate CO2 were more closely related to the growth efficiency of fruiting bodies. This study lays the foundation for understanding how CO2 regulates the growth of edible fungi, which is conducive to the innovation of edible fungus breeding methods. The application of the new strain HY68 is beneficial to the research of energy-saving production in factory cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Sifan Wang
- Future Technology Academy, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chuanzheng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chengpo Huang
- Fujian Wanchen Biotechnology Group Stock Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Fujian, 363299, China
| | - Yimin Jiang
- Fujian Wanchen Biotechnology Group Stock Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Fujian, 363299, China
| | - Song Wang
- Fujian Wanchen Biotechnology Group Stock Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Fujian, 363299, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Fuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Wetland College, Yancheng Teachers College, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224008, China.
| | - Baogui Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yuan
- College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
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Sanchez A, Bajic D, Diaz-Colunga J, Skwara A, Vila JCC, Kuehn S. The community-function landscape of microbial consortia. Cell Syst 2023; 14:122-134. [PMID: 36796331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantitatively linking the composition and function of microbial communities is a major aspiration of microbial ecology. Microbial community functions emerge from a complex web of molecular interactions between cells, which give rise to population-level interactions among strains and species. Incorporating this complexity into predictive models is highly challenging. Inspired by a similar problem in genetics of predicting quantitative phenotypes from genotypes, an ecological community-function (or structure-function) landscape could be defined that maps community composition and function. In this piece, we present an overview of our current understanding of these community landscapes, their uses, limitations, and open questions. We argue that exploiting the parallels between both landscapes could bring powerful predictive methodologies from evolution and genetics into ecology, providing a boost to our ability to engineer and optimize microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Djordje Bajic
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan Diaz-Colunga
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abigail Skwara
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean C C Vila
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seppe Kuehn
- Center for the Physics of Evolving Systems, The Unviersity of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Benatti ALT, Polizeli MDLTDM. Lignocellulolytic Biocatalysts: The Main Players Involved in Multiple Biotechnological Processes for Biomass Valorization. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010162. [PMID: 36677454 PMCID: PMC9864444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human population growth, industrialization, and globalization have caused several pressures on the planet's natural resources, culminating in the severe climate and environmental crisis which we are facing. Aiming to remedy and mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment, the use of lignocellulolytic enzymes for biofuel production, food, bioremediation, and other various industries, is presented as a more sustainable alternative. These enzymes are characterized as a group of enzymes capable of breaking down lignocellulosic biomass into its different monomer units, making it accessible for bioconversion into various products and applications in the most diverse industries. Among all the organisms that produce lignocellulolytic enzymes, microorganisms are seen as the primary sources for obtaining them. Therefore, this review proposes to discuss the fundamental aspects of the enzymes forming lignocellulolytic systems and the main microorganisms used to obtain them. In addition, different possible industrial applications for these enzymes will be discussed, as well as information about their production modes and considerations about recent advances and future perspectives in research in pursuit of expanding lignocellulolytic enzyme uses at an industrial scale.
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Mei J, Zhao F, Hou Y, Ahmad S, Cao Y, Yang Z, Ai H, Sheng L. Two novel phosphorus/potassium-degradation bacteria: Bacillus aerophilus SD-1/Bacillus altitudinis SD-3 and their application in two-stage composting of corncob residue. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:17. [PMID: 36480050 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For effective utilization of corncob residue to realize green circular production, using composting to obtain a high-quality and low-cost biomass fertilizer has become a very important transformation avenue. In this paper, two novel phosphorus/potassium-degradation bacterial strains were isolated from tobacco straw and identified as Bacillus aerophilus SD-1/Bacillus altitudinis SD-3 (abbreviated as SD-1/SD-3). These identified two novel bacteria SD-1/SD-3 show that the soluble phosphorus content of SD-1/SD-3 reached 360.89 mg L-1/403.56 mg L-1 in the shake flask test, and the mass concentration of soluble potassium is 136.56 mg L-1/139.89 mg L-1. In addition, the Laccase (Lac), Lignin peroxidase (LiP), and Manganese peroxidase (MnP) activities of SD-1 and SD-3 are 54.45 U L-1/394.84 U L-1/222.79 U L-1 and 46.27 U L-1/395.26 U L-1/203.98 U L-1 respectively, with the carboxy-methyl cellulase (CMCase) of 72.07 U mL-1 and 52.69 U mL-1. Meanwhile, the effects of three different combinations of cultures, i.e., no inoculation (K1), inoculation of SD-1/SD-3 on day 21 (K2) and on day 0 (G) are investigated to understand the influence on the degradation degree of corncob residue compost. The results of K2 compost treatment showed that the effective P/K content increased nearly 3.1/2.4 times, the degradation of cellulose/lignin was 49.1/68.0%, and the germination rate was 110.23%, which were higher than other experiment groups K1/G. In conclusion, knowledge of this paper will be very useful for the industrial sector for the treatment of complex corncob residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfei Mei
- Engineering Research Centre of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention Control of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengbei Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention Control of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Hou
- Engineering Research Centre of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention Control of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Engineering Research Centre of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention Control of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention Control of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqi Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangquan Sheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention Control of Anhui Provincial Department of Education, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, People's Republic of China.
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Nair LG, Agrawal K, Verma P. An insight into the principles of lignocellulosic biomass-based zero-waste biorefineries: a green leap towards imperishable energy-based future. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 38:288-338. [PMID: 35670485 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is an energy source that has a huge impact in today's world. The depletion of fossil fuels, increased pollution, climatic changes, etc. have led the public and private sectors to move towards sustainability i.e. using LCB for the production of biofuels and value-added compounds. A major bottleneck of the process is the recalcitrant nature of LCB. This can be overcome by using various pretreatment strategies like physical, chemical, biological, physicochemical, etc. Further, the pretreated biomass is made to undergo various steps like hydrolysis, saccharification, etc. for the conversion of value-added products and the remaining waste residues can be further utilized for the synthesis of secondary products thus favouring the zero-waste biorefinery concept. Currently, microorganisms are being explored for their use in biorefinery but the unavailability of commercial strains is a major limitation. Thus, the use of metagenomics can be used to overcome the limitation which is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The review deliberates the composition of LCBs, and their recalcitrance nature, followed by the structural changes caused by various pretreatment methods. The further steps in biorefineries, strategies for the development of zero-waste refineries, bottlenecks, and suggestions are also discussed. Special emphasis is given to the use of metagenomics for the discovery of microorganisms efficient for zero-waste biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshana G Nair
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, India
| | - Komal Agrawal
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, India
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Kim IJ, Jeong D, Kim SR. Upstream processes of citrus fruit waste biorefinery for complete valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127776. [PMID: 35970501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruit waste (CW) is a useful biomass and its valorization into fuels and biochemicals has received much attention. For economic feasibility, increased efficiency of the preceding extraction and enzyme saccharification processes is necessary. However, at present, there is a lack of systematic reviews addressing these two integral upstream processes in concert for CW biorefinery. Here, the state-of-the-art advancements in enzyme extraction and saccharification processes-using which relevant essential oils, flavonoids, and sugars can be obtained-are reviewed. Specifically, the extraction options for two commercially available CW-derived products, essential oils and pectin, are discussed. With respect to enzyme saccharification, the use of an undefined commercial mixture routinely results in suboptimal sugar production. In this respect, applicable strategies for enzyme mixture customization are suggested for maximizing the hydrolytic efficiency of CW. The enzyme degradation system for CW-derived carbohydrates and its extensive application for sugar production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Deokyeol Jeong
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; Research Institute of Tailored Food Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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10
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Jia H, Feng X, Huang J, Guo Y, Zhang D, Li X, Zhao J. Recombinant Family 1 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules Derived From Fungal Cellulase Enhance Enzymatic Degradation of Lignocellulose as Novel Effective Accessory Protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876466. [PMID: 35898911 PMCID: PMC9309510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal cellulases usually contain a family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM1), and its role was considered to recognize the substrate specifically. This study testified that the CBM1s derived from cellobiohydrolase I of Trichoderma reesei, Penicillium oxalicum, and Penicillium funiculosum could be used as an effective accessory protein in cellulase cocktails to enhance the saccharification of lignocellulose, and its enhancement effect was significantly superior to some reported accessory proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). The promoting effects of the CBM1s were related to not only the CBM1 sources and protein dosages, but also the substrate characteristics and solid consistency during enzymatic hydrolysis. The adsorption capacity of the CBM1s, the adsorption kinetic of TrCBM from T. reesei and cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase from P. oxalicum, and the effect of adding TrCBM on enzyme activities of free cellulases in the hydrolysis system were investigated, and the binding conformations and affinities of CBM1s to cellulose and lignin were predicted by molecular docking. It was speculated that the higher affinity of the CBM1s to lignin than cellulases could potentially enable the CBM1s to displace cellulase adsorbed on lignin or to preferentially adsorb onto lignin to avoid ineffective adsorption of cellulase onto lignin, which enhanced cellulase system efficiency during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiamin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daolei Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Shandong Polytechnic, Jinan, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xuezhi Li,
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Jian Zhao,
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11
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Das T, Ali F, Rahman MS. Cellulase activity of a novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9: its application on bioconversion of paper mill sludge. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:87. [PMID: 35708781 PMCID: PMC9203635 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Lignocellulosic biomasses produced from agriculture and forest-based industries are the cheapest or negative-cost biomass with a great potential for biotransformation to value-added bioproducts. Paper mill sludge, an important lignocellulosic biomass creates an environmental threat, which requires financial input for disposal. Thus, this study was aimed to isolate a novel bacterial strain capable of degrading cellulosic biomass including paper mill sludge to produce reducing sugar and other value-added bioproducts. Results A novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9 isolated from the soil was screened for its cellulolytic activity using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. The incubation period, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources are the most important factors ruling the CMCase and sugar productions of the strain A. woluwensis TDS9, and an alkaline pH (pH 8.0) led to enhanced sugar production up to 1100.09 μg/mL after 72 h of incubation at 25°C in a medium containing 1.5% CMC and 1.25% beef extract. The optimal conditions for maximum CMCase activity were defined, and the potassium ion boosted the CMCase activity up to 1.06 U/mL when the enzymatic reaction was performed for 30 min at 50°C and pH 8 using CMC as a substrate. Moreover, the strain A. woluwensis TDS9 produced 433.33 μg/mL reducing sugar from 1% pretreated paper mill sludge. Significant alterations in the structural arrangement of cellulosic fiber of paper mill sludge observed under microscope after each step of chemical treatment process helped for loosening the cellulose fibers and increased the saccharification for enzymatic hydrolysis. Endoglucanase IV (33 KDa) and beta-glucosidase II (53 KDa) were identified in crude enzyme based on the zymogram analysis and substrate specificity. Conclusions The research has for the first time proved that this A. woluwensis TDS9 strain can efficiently convert cellulose. Therefore, the strain TDS9 could be a potential candidate for cellulase production in an industrial biotransformation process of paper mill sludge to produce reducing sugar. This sugar stream can be further used as a substrate to produce biofuels and other organic acids using another microorganism, which represents a greener alternative to add value to the paper production helping paper mill industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Saleh MA, Mahmud S, Albogami S, El-Shehawi AM, Paul GK, Islam S, Dutta AK, Uddin MS, Zaman S. Biochemical and Molecular Dynamics Study of a Novel GH 43 α-l-Arabinofuranosidase/β-Xylosidase From Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM8903. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:810542. [PMID: 35223784 PMCID: PMC8881100 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.810542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete hydrolysis of xylan can be facilitated by the coordinated action of xylanase and other de-branching enzymes. Here, a GH43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase/β-xylosidase (CAX43) from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus was cloned, sequenced, and biochemically investigated. The interaction of the enzyme with various substrates was also studied. With a half-life of 120 h at 70°C, the produced protein performed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 70°C. The enzyme demonstrated a higher activity (271.062 ± 4.83 U/mg) against para nitrophenol (pNP) α-L-arabinofuranosides. With xylanase (XynA), the enzyme had a higher degree of synergy (2.30) in a molar ratio of 10:10 (nM). The interaction of the enzyme with three substrates, pNP α-L-arabinofuranosides, pNP β-D-xylopyranosides, and sugar beet arabinan, was investigated using protein modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. During the simulation time, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the enzyme was below 2.5 Å, demonstrating structural stability. Six, five, and seven binding-interacting residues were confirmed against pNP α-L-arabinofuranosides, pNP β-D-xylopyranosides, and arabinan, respectively, in molecular docking experiments. This biochemical and in silico study gives a new window for understanding the GH43 family’s structural stability and substrate recognition, potentially leading to biological insights and rational enzyme engineering for a new generation of enzymes that perform better and have greater biorefinery utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abu Saleh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Abu Saleh,
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gobindo Kumar Paul
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shirmin Islam
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salah Uddin
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Zaman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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13
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Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes’ synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.
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14
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Enzyme co-immobilization: Always the biocatalyst designers' choice…or not? Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Lee HJ, Kang TG, Kim YW, Lee HS, Kim SK. Functional expression and extracellular secretion of Clostridium thermocellum Cel48S cellulase in Escherichia coli via the signal recognition particle-dependent translocation pathway. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 151:109918. [PMID: 34649693 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the only glycoside hydrolase family 48 member in Clostridium thermocellum, the exoglucanase Cel48S plays a crucial role in the extremely high activity of the cellulosome against crystalline cellulose. Although the importance of Cel48S in the hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose has been widely accepted, an efficient production system has not yet been established because Cel48S is usually expressed in Escherichia coli within inactive inclusion bodies. For unstable proteins like Cel48S, translocation across the inner membrane can be more advantageous than cytoplasmic production due to the presence of folding modulators in the periplasm and the absence of cytoplasmic proteases. In this study, we evaluated whether the production of Cel48S in the periplasmic space of E. coli could enhance its functional expression. To do so, we attached the PelB signal peptide, which mediates post-translational secretion, to the N-terminal end of Cel48S (P-Cel48S). The PelB signal peptide allowed catalytically active Cel48S to be successfully produced in the culture medium. In addition, we investigated the role of an alternative co-translational pathway on the extracellular production of Cel48S, finding that co-translational secretion yielded a specific activity of recombinant Cel48S of 135.1 ± 10.0 U/mg cell in the culture medium, which was 2.2 times higher than that associated with P-Cel48S expression. Therefore, we believe that our approach has potential applications for the cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and the industrial production of other unstable proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gu Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Li R, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Gai J, You L, Yang F, Tang W, Li X. A novel decrystallizing protein CxEXL22 from Arthrobotrys sp. CX1 capable of synergistically hydrolyzing cellulose with cellulases. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:90. [PMID: 38650251 PMCID: PMC10992334 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel expansin-like protein (CxEXL22) has been identified and characterized from newly isolated Arthrobotrys sp. CX1 that can cause cellulose decrystallization. Unlike previously reported expansin-like proteins from microbes, CxEXL22 has a parallel β-sheet domain at the N terminal, containing many hydrophobic residues to form the hydrophobic surface as part of the groove. The direct phylogenetic relationship implied the genetic transfers occurred from nematode to nematicidal fungal Arthrobotrys sp. CX1. CxEXL22 showed strong activity for the hydrolysis of hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules, especially when highly crystalline cellulose was used as substrate. The hydrolysis efficiency of Avicel was increased 7.9-fold after pretreating with CxEXL22. The rupture characterization of crystalline region indicated that CxEXL22 strongly binds cellulose and breaks up hydrogen bonds in the crystalline regions of cellulose to split cellulose chains, causing significant depolymerization to expose much more microfibrils and enhances cellulose accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yunze Sun
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yihao Zhou
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Jiawei Gai
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Linlu You
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Wenzhu Tang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Xianzhen Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Gangjingqu, Dalian, 116034, China.
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17
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Jia H, Sun W, Li X, Zhao J. Cellulose induced protein 1 (Cip1) from Trichoderma reesei enhances the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:136. [PMID: 34281536 PMCID: PMC8287770 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma reesei is currently the main strain for the commercial production of cellulase. Cellulose induced protein 1 (Cip1) is one of the most abundant proteins in extracellular proteins of T. reesei. Reported literatures about Cip1 mainly focused on the regulation of Cip1 and its possible enzyme activities, but the effect of Cip1 on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and possible mechanism have not still been reported. Results In this study, Cip1 from T. reesei was cloned, expressed and purified, and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of several different pretreated lignocellulose were investigated. It was found that Cip1 could promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose, and the promoting effect was significantly better than that of bovine serum albumin (BSA). And especially for the lignocellulosic substrate with high lignin content such as liquid hot water pretreated corn stover and corncob residue, the promoting effect of Cip1 was even better than that of the commercial cellulase when adding equal amount protein. It was also showed that the metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ influenced the promoting effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. The Cip1 protein had no lyase activity, but it could destroy the crystal structure of cellulose and reduce the non-productive adsorption of cellulase on lignin, which partly interpreted the promoting effect of Cip1 on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Conclusion The Cip1 from T. reesei could significantly promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose, and the promotion of Cip1 was even higher than that of commercial cellulase in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrates with high lignin content. This study will help us to better optimize cellulase to improve its ability to degrade lignocellulose, thereby reducing the cost of enzymes required for enzymatic hydrolysis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01625-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Wan Sun
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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18
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Dubey NC, Tripathi BP. Nature Inspired Multienzyme Immobilization: Strategies and Concepts. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1077-1114. [PMID: 35014469 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a biological system, the spatiotemporal arrangement of enzymes in a dense cellular milieu, subcellular compartments, membrane-associated enzyme complexes on cell surfaces, scaffold-organized proteins, protein clusters, and modular enzymes have presented many paradigms for possible multienzyme immobilization designs that were adapted artificially. In metabolic channeling, the catalytic sites of participating enzymes are close enough to channelize the transient compound, creating a high local concentration of the metabolite and minimizing the interference of a competing pathway for the same precursor. Over the years, these phenomena had motivated researchers to make their immobilization approach naturally realistic by generating multienzyme fusion, cluster formation via affinity domain-ligand binding, cross-linking, conjugation on/in the biomolecular scaffold of the protein and nucleic acids, and self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules. This review begins with the discussion of substrate channeling strategies and recent empirical efforts to build it synthetically. After that, an elaborate discussion covering prevalent concepts related to the enhancement of immobilized enzymes' catalytic performance is presented. Further, the central part of the review summarizes the progress in nature motivated multienzyme assembly over the past decade. In this section, special attention has been rendered by classifying the nature-inspired strategies into three main categories: (i) multienzyme/domain complex mimic (scaffold-free), (ii) immobilization on the biomolecular scaffold, and (iii) compartmentalization. In particular, a detailed overview is correlated to the natural counterpart with advances made in the field. We have then discussed the beneficial account of coassembly of multienzymes and provided a synopsis of the essential parameters in the rational coimmobilization design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi C Dubey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Bijay P Tripathi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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19
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Zhang P, Su R, Duan Y, Cui M, Huang R, Qi W, He Z, Thielemans W. Synergy between endo/exo-glucanases and expansin enhances enzyme adsorption and cellulose conversion. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Bunterngsook B, Mhuantong W, Kanokratana P, Iseki Y, Watanabe T, Champreda V. Identification and characterization of a novel AA9-type lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from a bagasse metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:197-210. [PMID: 33230603 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are auxiliary enzymes catalyzing oxidative cleavages of cellulose chains in crystalline regions, resulting in their increasing accessibility to the hydrolytic enzyme counterparts and hence higher released sugars from biomass saccharification. In this study, a novel auxiliary protein family 9 LPMO (BgAA9) was identified from a metagenomic library derived from a thermophilic microbial community in bagasse collection site where diverse AA9 and AA10 putative sequences were annotated. The enzyme showed highest similarity to a glycoside hydrolase family 61 from Chaetomium thermophilum. Recombinant BgAA9 expressed in Pichia pastoris cleaved cellohexaose (DP6) into shorter cellooligosaccharides (DP2, DP3, and DP4). Supplementation BgAA9 to a commercial cellulase, Accellerase® 1500 showed strong synergistic effect on saccharification of Avicel® PH101, decrystallized cellulose, filter paper, and alkaline-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, resulting in 63-93% increase in the total reducing sugar yield after incubation at 50 °C for 72 h. Strong synergism was shown between BgAA9 and the cellulase with the highest total fermentable sugar yield obtained from 75:25% of Accellerase®1500:BgAA9 which released 39 mg glucose/FPU (filter paper unit) equivalent to 38.7% higher than Accellerase®1500 alone at the same total protein dosage of 5 mg/g substrate according to the mixture design study. The enzyme represented the first characterized LPMO from environmental metagenome and a potent auxiliary component for biomass saccharification. KEY POINTS: • BgAA9 represents the first characterized LPMO from metagenome. • 12 AA families were annotated in thermophilic bagasse fosmid library by NGS. • BgAA9 showed homology to Cel61 in Chaetomium thermophilum. • BgAA9 oxidized cellohexaose and PASC to DP2, DP4, and DP6. • BgAA9 showed strong synergism to Accellerase on bagasse hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjarat Bunterngsook
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yu Iseki
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biorefinery and Bioproduct Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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21
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Chang CY, Osborne ML, Bajic D, Sanchez A. Artificially selecting bacterial communities using propagule strategies. Evolution 2020; 74:2392-2403. [PMID: 32888315 PMCID: PMC7942404 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial selection is a promising approach to manipulate microbial communities. Here, we report the outcome of two artificial selection experiments at the microbial community level. Both used "propagule" selection strategies, whereby the best-performing communities are used as the inocula to form a new generation of communities. Both experiments were contrasted to a random selection control. The first experiment used a defined set of strains as the starting inoculum, and the function under selection was the amylolytic activity of the consortia. The second experiment used multiple soil communities as the starting inocula, and the function under selection was the communities' cross-feeding potential. In both experiments, the selected communities reached a higher mean function than the control. In the first experiment, this was caused by a decline in function of the control, rather than an improvement of the selected line. In the second experiment, this response was fueled by the large initial variance in function across communities, and stopped when the top-performing community "fixed" in the metacommunity. Our results are in agreement with basic expectations from breeding theory, pointing to some of the limitations of community-level selection experiments that can inform the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Chang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute. Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melisa L. Osborne
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Djordje Bajic
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute. Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute. Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,The Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Corresponding author:
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22
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Kyu MT, Nishio S, Noda K, Dar B, Aye SS, Matsuda T. Predominant secretion of cellobiohydrolases and endo-β-1,4-glucanases in nutrient-limited medium by Aspergillus spp. isolated from subtropical field. J Biochem 2020; 168:243-256. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Biological degradation of cellulose from dead plants in nature and plant biomass from agricultural and food-industry waste is important for sustainable carbon recirculation. This study aimed at searching diverse cellulose-degrading systems of wild filamentous fungi and obtaining fungal lines useful for cellooligosaccharide production from agro-industrial wastes. Fungal lines with cellulolytic activity were screened and isolated from stacked rice straw and soil in subtropical fields. Among 13 isolated lines, in liquid culture with a nutrition-limited cellulose-containing medium, four lines of Aspergillus spp. secreted 50–60 kDa proteins as markedly dominant components and gave clear activity bands of possible endo-β-1,4-glucanase in zymography. Mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis of the dominant components identified three endo-β-1,4-glucanases (GH5, GH7 and GH12) and two cellobiohydrolases (GH6 and GH7). Cellulose degradation by the secreted proteins was analysed by LC-MS-based measurement of derivatized reducing sugars. The enzymes from the four Aspergillus spp. produced cellobiose from crystalline cellulose and cellotriose at a low level compared with cellobiose. Moreover, though smaller than that from crystalline cellulose, the enzymes of two representative lines degraded powdered rice straw and produced cellobiose. These fungal lines and enzymes would be effective for production of cellooligosaccharides as cellulose degradation-intermediates with added value other than glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Thin Kyu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Yangon, University Avenue Road, Kamayut Township 11041, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Shunsuke Nishio
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koki Noda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Bay Dar
- Department of Botany, University of Yangon, University Avenue Road, Kamayut Township 11041, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - San San Aye
- Department of Botany, University of Yangon, University Avenue Road, Kamayut Township 11041, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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23
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Ogunyewo OA, Randhawa A, Joshi M, Jain KK, Wadekar P, Odaneth AA, Lali AM, Yazdani SS. Engineered Penicillium funiculosum produces potent lignocellulolytic enzymes for saccharification of various pretreated biomasses. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Enzymatic reactions in the production of biomethane from organic waste. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 132:109410. [PMID: 31731967 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic reactions refer to organic reactions catalyzed by enzymes. This review aims to enrich the documentation relative to enzymatic reactions occurring during the anaerobic degradation of residual organic substances with emphasis on the structures of organic compounds and reaction mechanisms. This allows to understand the displacement of electrons between electron-rich and electron-poor entities to form new bonds in products. The detailed mechanisms of enzymatic reactions relative to the production of biomethane have not yet been reviewed in the scientific literature. Hence, this review is novel and timely since it discusses the chemical behavior or reactivity of different functional groups, thereby allowing to better understand the enzymatic catalysis in the transformations of residual proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into biomethane and fertilizers. Such understanding allows to improve the overall biomethanation efficiency in industrial applications.
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Boboescu IZ, Damay J, Chang JKW, Beigbeder JB, Duret X, Beauchemin S, Lalonde O, Lavoie JM. Ethanol production from residual lignocellulosic fibers generated through the steam treatment of whole sorghum biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:121975. [PMID: 31445238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic ethanol could play a major role in the upcoming circular-economy once the process complexity, low carbohydrate extraction yields and high costs are resolved. To this purpose, different steam-treatment severity factors were employed on whole sweet sorghum biomass, followed by the delignification and hydrolysis of resulted lignocellulose fibers. A modified ASTM International (American Society for Testing and Material) standard cellulose hydrolysis approach as well as a newly developed SACH (Sulfuric Acid Cellulose Hydrolysis) process were used, recovering up to 24.3 wt% of cellulosic carbohydrates. This amounted to a total extractable and constitutive carbohydrate recovery of 51.7 wt% (dry basis) when a mild steam-treatment of whole sorghum biomass and the SACH cellulose hydrolysis were employed. An ethanol potential of 6378 L/ha/year was determined, comparable to values obtained from biomass such as sugarcane in warmer climates, supporting thus the opportunity of implementing this novel approach on a wider scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian-Zoltan Boboescu
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Damay
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - James Kong Win Chang
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beigbeder
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Duret
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Beauchemin
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Michel Lavoie
- Biomass Technology Laboratory (BTL), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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Hepler NK, Cosgrove DJ. Directed
in vitro
evolution of bacterial expansin BsEXLX1 for higher cellulose binding and its consequences for plant cell wall‐loosening activities. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2545-2555. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K. Hepler
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Biology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Department of Biology The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
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Champreda V, Mhuantong W, Lekakarn H, Bunterngsook B, Kanokratana P, Zhao XQ, Zhang F, Inoue H, Fujii T, Eurwilaichitr L. Designing cellulolytic enzyme systems for biorefinery: From nature to application. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:637-654. [PMID: 31204199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic enzymes play a key role on conversion of lignocellulosic plant biomass to biofuels and biochemicals in sugar platform biorefineries. In this review, we survey composite carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) among groups of cellulolytic fungi and bacteria that exist under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Recent advances in designing effective cellulase mixtures are described, starting from the most complex microbial consortium-based enzyme preparations, to single-origin enzymes derived from intensively studied cellulase producers such as Trichoderma reesei, Talaromyces cellulolyticus, and Penicellium funiculosum, and the simplest minimal enzyme systems comprising selected sets of mono-component enzymes tailor-made for specific lignocellulosic substrates. We provide a comprehensive update on studies in developing high-performance cellulases for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verawat Champreda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Hataikarn Lekakarn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Bunterngsook
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pattanop Kanokratana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujii
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Lily Eurwilaichitr
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Degradation profile of nixtamalized maize pericarp by the action of the microbial consortium PM-06. AMB Express 2019; 9:85. [PMID: 31197616 PMCID: PMC6565776 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nixtamalized maize pericarp (NMP) is a plentiful by-product of the tortilla industry and an important source of fermentable sugars. The aim of this study was to describe the degradation profile of NMP by the action of a consortium (PM-06) obtained from the native microbial community of this residue. The degradation was analyzed in terms of the changes in the community dynamics, production of enzymes (endo-xylanase and endo-cellulase), physicochemical parameters, and substrate chemical and microstructural characteristics, to understand the mechanisms behind the process. The consortium PM-06 degraded 86.8 ± 3.3% of NMP after 192 h of growth. Scanning electron microscopy images, and the composition and weight of the residual solids, showed that degradation was sequential starting with the consumption of hemicellulose. Xylanase was the highest enzyme activity produced, with a maximum value of 12.45 ± 0.03 U mL−1. There were fluctuations in the pH during the NMP degradation, starting with the acidification of the culture media and finishing with a pH close to 8.5. The most abundant species in the consortium, at the moment of maximum degradation activity, were Aneurinibacillus migulanus, Paenibacillus macerans, Bacillus coagulans, Microbacterium sp. LCT-H2, and Bacillus thuringiensis. The diversity of PM-06 provided metabolic abilities that in combination helped to produce an efficient process. The consortium PM-06 generated a set of different tools that worked coordinated to increase the substrate availability through the solubilization of components and elimination of structural diffusion barriers. This is the first report about the degradation of NMP using a microbial consortium.
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Kim JK, Yang J, Park SY, Yu JH, Kim KH. Cellulase recycling in high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated empty fruit bunches. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:138. [PMID: 31178926 PMCID: PMC6551891 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks such as empty fruit bunches (EFBs) prove to be potential renewable resources owing to their abundance, low prices, and high carbohydrate contents. Generally, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals, fuels, and materials mainly includes pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and recovery of final products. To increase the economic viability of such processes, the cost of cellulase production and enzymatic hydrolysis should be reduced. For this, recycling cellulase can be considered for reducing the saccharification cost of lignocellulose. In this study, cellulase recycling for high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis (i.e., 20%) was evaluated in saccharification of hydrothermally-pretreated EFBs. RESULTS High-solids (20%) enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally-pretreated empty fruit bunches with 40 FPU of Cellic CTec3/g glucan was carried out for cellulase recycling. In the second round of hydrolysis using a recycled enzyme, only 19.3% of glucose yield was obtained. The most important limiting factors for cellulase recycling of this study were identified as the enzyme inhibition by glucose, the loss of enzyme activities, and the non-productive binding of enzymes to insoluble biomass solids. To overcome these limitations, PEG was added prior to the first-round hydrolysis to reduce non-productive enzyme binding, glucose was removed from the enzyme fraction to be reused in the second-round hydrolysis, and EFB solids from the first-round hydrolysis were used in the second-round hydrolysis. These three additional measures with cellulase recycling resulted in a 3.5 times higher glucose yield (i.e., 68.0%) at the second round than that of the control, the second-round hydrolysis with cellulase recycling but without these measures. CONCLUSIONS Because of the high obstacles found in this study in achieving high saccharification yields in the high-solids saccharification of high-lignin lignocellulose with cellulase recycling, effective measures for improving enzymatic saccharification yields need to be accompanied with cellulase recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Yu
- Center for Bio-based Chemical, Green Chemistry and Engineering Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34602 South Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
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Zhang F, Bunterngsook B, Li JX, Zhao XQ, Champreda V, Liu CG, Bai FW. Regulation and production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei for biofuels production. ADVANCES IN BIOENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aibe.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Meng QS, Liu CG, Zhao XQ, Bai FW. Engineering Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 with the overexpression of egl1 at the ace1 locus to relieve repression on cellulase production and to adjust the ratio of cellulolytic enzymes for more efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. J Biotechnol 2018; 285:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Tomazini A, Lal S, Munir R, Stott M, Henrissat B, Polikarpov I, Sparling R, Levin DB. Analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes in Thermogemmatispora sp. strain T81 reveals carbohydrate degradation ability. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:992-1003. [PMID: 30338698 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Chloroflexi is phylogenetically diverse and is a deeply branching lineage of bacteria that express a broad spectrum of physiological and metabolic capabilities. Members of the order Ktedonobacteriales, including the families Ktedonobacteriaceae, Thermosporotrichaceae, and Thermogemmatisporaceae, all have flexible aerobic metabolisms capable of utilizing a wide range of carbohydrates. A number of species within these families are considered cellulolytic and are capable of using cellulose as a sole carbon and energy source. In contrast, Ktedonobacter racemifer, the type strain of the order, does not appear to possess this cellulolytic phenotype. In this study, we confirmed the ability of Thermogemmatispora sp. strain T81 to hydrolyze cellulose, determined the whole-genome sequence of Thermogemmatispora sp. T81, and using comparative bioinformatics analyses, identified genes encoding putative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the Thermogemmatispora sp. T81, Thermogemmatispora onikobensis, and Ktedonobacter racemifer genomes. Analyses of the Thermogemmatispora sp. T81 genome identified 64 CAZyme gene sequences belonging to 57 glycoside hydrolase families. The genome of Thermogemmatispora sp. T81 encodes 19 genes for putative extracellular CAZymes, similar to the number of putative extracellular CAZymes identified in T. onikobensis (17) and K. racemifer (17), despite K. racemifer not possessing a cellulolytic phenotype. These results suggest that these members of the order Ktedonobacteriales may use a broader range of carbohydrate polymers than currently described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilio Tomazini
- a São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sadhana Lal
- b Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Riffat Munir
- b Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Matthew Stott
- c School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- d Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), CNRS-INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France USC1408
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- a São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Sparling
- e Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David B Levin
- b Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
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Jagadeeswaran G, Gainey L, Mort AJ. An AA9-LPMO containing a CBM1 domain in Aspergillus nidulans is active on cellulose and cleaves cello-oligosaccharides. AMB Express 2018; 8:171. [PMID: 30328527 PMCID: PMC6192940 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper dependent enzymes that carry out oxidative cleavage of cellulose and other polysaccharides. Aspergillus nidulans, an ascomycete fungus that contains multiple AA9 LPMOs in the genome, offers an excellent model system to study their activity during the oxidative degradation of biomass. AN1602, a dual domain AA9-LPMO in A. nidulans appended with a carbohydrate-binding module, CBM1, was expressed in Pichia pastoris for analyzing oxidative cleavage on cellulosic substrates. The mass spectral and HPAEC analyses showed that the enzyme cleaves phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) in the presence of a reducing agent, yielding a range of cello-oligosaccharides. In addition to the polymeric substrate cellulose, AN1602 is also active on soluble cellohexaose, a property that is restricted to only a few characterized LPMOs. Product analysis of AN1602 cleaved cellohexaose revealed that C4 was the sole site of oxidation. The sequence and predicted structure of the catalytic domain of AN1602 matched very closely to known C4 cellohexaose active enzymes.
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Development of tailor-made synergistic cellulolytic enzyme system for saccharification of steam exploded sugarcane bagasse. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:390-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Quantitative multiplexed profiling of Penicillium funiculosum secretome grown on polymeric cellulase inducers and glucose. J Proteomics 2018; 179:150-160. [PMID: 29597011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi respond to the need to secure utilisable carbon from their growth milieu by secreting unique extracellular proteins depending upon the types of polymeric substrates. We have here profiled the variations in the secretome pattern of a non-model hypercellulolytic fungus - Penicillium funiculosum, grown in minimal media containing four different polymeric cellulase inducers, i.e., Avicel, wheat bran, ammonium-pretreated wheat straw and Avicel & wheat bran, and glucose over its early and late log phases of growth. Of the 137 secreted proteins validated at 1% FDR, we identified the quantified proteins in three clusters as early, persistently or lately expressed. The type of carbon substrate present in the culture media significantly affected the levels of cellulolytic enzymes expression by the fungus. The top abundant proteins quantified in the secretome for Avicel and wheat bran were cellobiohydrolaseI [GH7-CBM1], cellobiohydrolaseII [GH6-CBM1], β-glucosidase [GH3], arabinofuranosidase [GH51] and β-xylosidase [GH3], with bicupin being highest in case of wheat straw. Our results further suggested that the fungus secreted the extracellular proteins in waves, such that the initial responders act to hydrolyse the composite substrates in the culture environment before the second wave of proteins which tend to be more tailored to the specific substrate in the cultivating media. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this article, we have comprehensively examined the dynamics of the secretome of a non-model hypercellulolytic fungus produced in response to model and composite cellulase inducers. Our study has provided additional insights into how the fungus enzyme machinery responds to the presence of different polymeric cellulase inducers over the two different growth phases (early growth and late growth phase). The comprehensive typing and quantification of the different proteins present in the secretomes of the cellulolytic fungal strains in response to diverse nutrient sources hold many prospects in understanding the fungus unique enzyme machinery and dynamics for the downstream biotechnological applications.
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Li YH, Zhang XY, Zhang F, Peng LC, Zhang DB, Kondo A, Bai FW, Zhao XQ. Optimization of cellulolytic enzyme components through engineering Trichoderma reesei and on-site fermentation using the soluble inducer for cellulosic ethanol production from corn stover. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:49. [PMID: 29483942 PMCID: PMC5824536 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma reesei are widely studied for biomass bioconversion, and enzymatic components vary depending on different inducers. In our previous studies, a mixture of glucose and disaccharide (MGD) was developed and used to induce cellulase production. However, the enzymatic profile induced by MGD is still not defined, and further optimization of the enzyme cocktail is also required for efficient ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. RESULTS In this study, cellulolytic enzymes produced by T. reesei Rut C30 using MGD and alkali-pretreated corn stover (APCS) as inducer were compared. Cellular secretome in response to each inducer was analyzed, which revealed a similar enzyme profile. However, significant difference in the content of cellulases and xylanase was detected. Although MGD induction enhanced β-glucosidase production, its activity was still not sufficient for biomass hydrolysis. To overcome such a disadvantage, aabgl1 encoding β-glucosidase in Aspergillus aculeatus was heterologously expressed in T. reesei Rut C30 under the control of the pdc1 promoter. The recombinant T. reesei PB-3 strain showed an improved β-glucosidase activity of 310 CBU/mL in the fed-batch fermentation, 71-folds higher than that produced by the parent strain. Meanwhile, cellulase activity of 50 FPU/mL was detected. Subsequently, the crude enzyme was applied for hydrolyzing corn stover with a solid loading of 20% through separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, respectively, for ethanol production. Better performance was observed in the SHF process, through which a total of 119.9 g/L glucose was released within 12 h for concomitant ethanol production of 54.2 g/L. CONCLUSIONS The similar profile of cellulolytic enzymes was detected under the induction of MGD and APCS, but higher amount of cellulases was present in the crude enzyme induced by MGD. However, β-glucosidase activity induced by MGD was not sufficient for hydrolyzing lignocellulosic biomass. High titers of cellulases and β-glucosidase were achieved simultaneously by heterologous expression of aabgl1 in T. reesei and fed-batch fermentation through feeding MGD. We demonstrated that on-site cellulase production by T. reesei PB-3 has a potential for efficient biomass saccharification and ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- Present Address: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Liang-Cai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Da-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Feng-Wu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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New method of detecting hydrophobic interaction between C-terminal binding domain and biomacromolecules. J Biotechnol 2018; 265:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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40
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Bhatia R, Gallagher JA, Gomez LD, Bosch M. Genetic engineering of grass cell wall polysaccharides for biorefining. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1071-1092. [PMID: 28557198 PMCID: PMC5552484 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Grasses represent an abundant and widespread source of lignocellulosic biomass, which has yet to fulfil its potential as a feedstock for biorefining into renewable and sustainable biofuels and commodity chemicals. The inherent recalcitrance of lignocellulosic materials to deconstruction is the most crucial limitation for the commercial viability and economic feasibility of biomass biorefining. Over the last decade, the targeted genetic engineering of grasses has become more proficient, enabling rational approaches to modify lignocellulose with the aim of making it more amenable to bioconversion. In this review, we provide an overview of transgenic strategies and targets to tailor grass cell wall polysaccharides for biorefining applications. The bioengineering efforts and opportunities summarized here rely primarily on (A) reprogramming gene regulatory networks responsible for the biosynthesis of lignocellulose, (B) remodelling the chemical structure and substitution patterns of cell wall polysaccharides and (C) expressing lignocellulose degrading and/or modifying enzymes in planta. It is anticipated that outputs from the rational engineering of grass cell wall polysaccharides by such strategies could help in realizing an economically sustainable, grass-derived lignocellulose processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bhatia
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Joe A. Gallagher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | | | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
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Malgas S, Thoresen M, van Dyk JS, Pletschke BI. Time dependence of enzyme synergism during the degradation of model and natural lignocellulosic substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 103:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A Chrysoporthe cubensis enzyme cocktail produced from a low-cost carbon source with high biomass hydrolysis efficiency. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28634326 PMCID: PMC5478631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Low cost and high efficiency cellulolytic cocktails can consolidate lignocellulosic ethanol technologies. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a low cost agro-industrial residue, and its use as a carbon source can reduce the costs of fungi cultivation for enzyme production. Chrysoporthe cubensis grown under solid state fermentation (SSF) with wheat bran has potential to produce efficient enzymatic extracts for SCB saccharification. This fungus was grown under submersed fermentation (SmF) and SSF with in natura SCB, pretreated with acid or alkali and with others carbon sources. In natura SCB induced the highest carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase, β-xylosidase, α-galactosidase and mannanase activities by C. cubensis under SSF. In natura and washed SCB, inducers of enzyme production under SSF, did not induce high cellulases and hemicellulases production by C. cubensis in SmF. The C. cubensis enzymatic extract produced under SSF with in natura SCB as a carbon source was more efficient for lignocelulolic biomass hydrolysis than extracts produced under SSF with wheat bran and commercial cellulolytic extract. Chrysoporthe cubensis showed high potential for cellulases and hemicellulases production, especially when grown under SSF with in natura SCB as carbon source.
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Speda J, Johansson MA, Odnell A, Karlsson M. Enhanced biomethane production rate and yield from lignocellulosic ensiled forage ley by in situ anaerobic digestion treatment with endogenous cellulolytic enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:129. [PMID: 28523077 PMCID: PMC5434626 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic treatment of lignocellulosic material for increased biogas production has so far focused on pretreatment methods. However, often combinations of enzymes and different physicochemical treatments are necessary to achieve a desired effect. This need for additional energy and chemicals compromises the rationale of using enzymes for low energy treatment to promote biogas production. Therefore, simpler and less energy intensive in situ anaerobic digester treatment with enzymes is desirable. However, investigations in which exogenous enzymes are added to treat the material in situ have shown mixed success, possibly because the enzymes used originated from organisms not evolutionarily adapted to the environment of anaerobic digesters. In this study, to examine the effect of enzymes endogenous to methanogenic microbial communities, cellulolytic enzymes were instead overproduced and collected from a dedicated methanogenic microbial community. By this approach, a solution with very high endogenous microbial cellulolytic activity was produced and tested for the effect on biogas production from lignocellulose by in situ anaerobic digester treatment. RESULTS Addition of enzymes, endogenous to the environment of a mixed methanogenic microbial community, to the anaerobic digestion of ensiled forage ley resulted in significantly increased rate and yield of biomethane production. The enzyme solution had an instant effect on more readily available cellulosic material. More importantly, the induced enzyme solution also affected the biogas production rate from less accessible cellulosic material in a second slower phase of lignocellulose digestion. Notably, this effect was maintained throughout the experiment to completely digested lignocellulosic substrate. CONCLUSIONS The induced enzyme solution collected from a microbial methanogenic community contained enzymes that were apparently active and stable in the environment of anaerobic digestion. The enzymatic activity had a profound effect on the biogas production rate and yield, comparable with the results of many pretreatment methods. Thus, application of such enzymes could enable efficient low energy in situ anaerobic digester treatment for increased biomethane production from lignocellulosic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Speda
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikaela A. Johansson
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Odnell
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Karshult Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant, 591 86 Motala, Sweden
| | - Martin Karlsson
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- InZymes Biotech AB, Gjuterigatan 1B, 582 73 Linköping, Sweden
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Kim IJ, Seo N, An HJ, Kim JH, Harris PV, Kim KH. Type-dependent action modes of TtAA9E and TaAA9A acting on cellulose and differently pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:46. [PMID: 28250814 PMCID: PMC5322634 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a group of recently identified proteins that catalyze oxidative cleavage of the glycosidic linkages of cellulose and other polysaccharides. By utilizing the oxidative mode of action, LPMOs are able to enhance the efficiency of cellulase in the hydrolysis of cellulose. Particularly, auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) is a group of fungal LPMOs that show a type-dependent regioselectivity on cellulose in which Types 1, 2, and 3 hydroxylate at C1, C4, and C1 and C4 positions, respectively. In this study, we investigated comparative characteristics of TtAA9E from Thielavia terrestris belonging to Type 1 and TaAA9A from Thermoascus aurantiacus belonging to Type 3 on cellulose and pretreated lignocellulose. RESULTS From product analysis, TtAA9E dominantly generated oligosaccharides with an aldonic acid form, which is an evidence of C1 oxidation, while TaAA9A generated oligosaccharides with both aldonic acid and 4-ketoaldose forms, which is evidence of C1 and C4 oxidations, respectively. For hydrolysis of cellulose (Avicel) by cellulase, higher synergism was observed for TtAA9E than for TaAA9A. For hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose using rice straw, synergistic behaviors of TtAA9E and TaAA9A were different depending on the pretreatment of rice straw. Specifically, on acid-pretreated rice straw, TtAA9E showed a higher synergism than TaAA9A while on alkali-pretreated rice straw, TaAA9A showed a higher synergism than TtAA9E. CONCLUSIONS We show type-dependent action modes of TtAA9E and TaAA9A for cellulose oxidation together with substrate-dependent synergistic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates. The results obtained from this study indicate the different behaviors of AA9s on cellulose and pretreated lignocellulose, suggesting a selection of AA9 proteins specific to substrates is required for industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Graduate School, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Nari Seo
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology and Asia-Pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology and Asia-Pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Graduate School, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
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Baramee S, Teeravivattanakit T, Phitsuwan P, Waeonukul R, Pason P, Tachaapaikoon C, Kosugi A, Sakka K, Ratanakhanokchai K. A novel GH6 cellobiohydrolase from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 and its synergistic action on cellulose degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1175-1188. [PMID: 27743043 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel glycoside hydrolase family 6 (GH6) cellobiohydrolase from Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 (PcCel6A), which is rarely found in bacteria. This enzyme is a true exo-type cellobiohydrolase which exhibits high substrate specificity on amorphous cellulose and low substrate specificity on crystalline cellulose, while this showed no activity on substitution substrates, carboxymethyl cellulose and xylan, distinct from all other known GH6 cellobiohydrolases. Product profiles, HPLC analysis of the hydrolysis products and a schematic drawing of the substrate-binding subsites catalysing cellooligosaccharides can explain the new mode of action of this enzyme which prefers to hydrolyse cellopentaose. PcCel6A was not inhibited by glucose or cellobiose at concentrations up to 300 and 100 mM, respectively. A good synergistic effect for glucose production was found when PcCel6A acted together with processive endoglucanase Cel9R from Clostridium thermocellum and β-glucosidase CglT from Thermoanaerobacter brockii. These properties of PcCel6A make it a suitable candidate for industrial application in the cellulose degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirilak Baramee
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Teeravivattanakit
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Paripok Phitsuwan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Rattiya Waeonukul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Patthra Pason
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Chakrit Tachaapaikoon
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Biological Resources and Post-Harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakka
- Graduated School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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Wang Q, Chen L, Lin H, Yu D, Shen Q, Wan L, Zhao Y. The binding, synergistic and structural characteristics of BsEXLX1 for loosening the main components of lignocellulose: Lignin, xylan, and cellulose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 92:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zhao X, Xiong L, Zhang M, Bai F. Towards efficient bioethanol production from agricultural and forestry residues: Exploration of unique natural microorganisms in combination with advanced strain engineering. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 215:84-91. [PMID: 27067672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks such as agricultural and forestry residues is receiving increasing attention due to the unsustainable supply of fossil fuels. Three key challenges include high cellulase production cost, toxicity of the cellulosic hydrolysate to microbial strains, and poor ability of fermenting microorganisms to utilize certain fermentable sugars in the hydrolysate. In this article, studies on searching of natural microbial strains for production of unique cellulase for biorefinery of agricultural and forestry wastes, as well as development of strains for improved cellulase production were reviewed. In addition, progress in the construction of yeast strains with improved stress tolerance and the capability to fully utilize xylose and glucose in the cellulosic hydrolysate was also summarized. With the superior microbial strains for high titer cellulase production and efficient utilization of all fermentable sugars in the hydrolysate, economic biofuels production from agricultural residues and forestry wastes can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Liang Xiong
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fengwu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Méndez Arias J, Modesto LFA, Polikarpov I, Pereira N. Design of an enzyme cocktail consisting of different fungal platforms for efficient hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: Optimization and synergism studies. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1222-1229. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Méndez Arias
- Laboratórios de Desenvolvimento de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica; Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro 21949-900 Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Amarante Modesto
- Laboratórios de Desenvolvimento de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica; Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro 21949-900 Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Departamento de Física e Ciência Interdisciplinar; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nei Pereira
- Laboratórios de Desenvolvimento de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica; Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro 21949-900 Brazil
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Yang M, Zhang KD, Zhang PY, Zhou X, Ma XQ, Li FL. Synergistic Cellulose Hydrolysis Dominated by a Multi-Modular Processive Endoglucanase from Clostridium cellulosi. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:932. [PMID: 27379062 PMCID: PMC4908102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrance of biomass feedstock remains a challenge for microbial conversion of lignocellulose into biofuel and biochemicals. Clostridium cellulosi, one thermophilic bacterial strain dominated in compost, could hydrolyze lignocellulose at elevated temperature by secreting more than 38 glycoside hydrolases belong to 15 different families. Though one multi-modular endoglucanase CcCel9A has been identified from C. cellulosi CS-4-4, mechanism of synergistic degradation of cellulose by various cellulases from strain CS-4-4 remains elusive. In this study, CcCel9A, CcCel9B, and CcCel48A were characterized as processive endoglucanase, non-processive endoglucanase, and exoglucanase, respectively. To understand how they cooperate with each other, we estimated the approximate concentration ratio on the zymogram and optimized it using purified enzymes in vitro. Synergism between individual glycoside hydrolase during cellulose hydrolysis in the mixture was observed. CcCel9A and CcCel48A could degrade cellulose chain from non-reducing ends and reducing ends, respectively, to cello-oligosaccharide. CcCel9B could cut cellulose chain randomly and cello-oligosaccharides with varied length were released. In addition, a β-glucosidase BlgA from Caldicellulosiruptor sp. F32 which could cleave cello-oligosaccharides including G2-G6 to glucose was added to the enzyme mixture to remove the product inhibition of its partners. The combination and ratios of these cellulases were optimized based on the release rate of glucose. Hydrolysis of corn stalk was conducted by a four-component cocktail (CcCel9A:CcCel9B:CcCel48A:BlgA = 25:25:10:18), and only glucose was detected as main production by using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Processive endoglucanase CcCel9A, dominated in secretome of C. cellulosi, showed good potential in developing cellulase cocktail due to its exquisite cooperation with various cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Kun-Di Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, China
| | - Pei-Yu Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Exploration & Production Research Institute, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao, China
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50
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Sinitsyn AP, Korotkova OG, Sinitsyna OA, Rozhkova AM, Dotsenko GS, Proskurina OV, Osipov DO, Kondrat’eva EG, Chekushina AV. Optimizing the composition of cellulase enzyme complex from Penicillium verruculosum: Enhancing hydrolytic capabilities via genetic engineering. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050416010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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