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Zheng L, Zhang M, Zhao W. Enhanced mycelium biomass and polysaccharide production in genetically modified Pleurotus ostreatus using agricultural wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134318. [PMID: 39111500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Edible fungi, healthier for humans and sustainable for the planet, attract unprecedented attention. In the study, the genetically modified Pleurotus ostreatus overexpression phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was constructed. P. ostreatus overexpression PGM (Po::PGM) had 4.96-folds higher expression level of PGM. Po::PGM grew thicker mycelium and more mycelium branches. Additional Ca2+ can inhibit mycelium growth, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate completely inhibited their growth of Po::PGM. Secondly, Overexpression of PGM made P. ostreatus become more sensitive to cell wall disruptors, and caused 12.75 % reduction of β-1, 3-glucan and 40.53 % increase of chitin in cell wall. In submerged fermentation, the mycelia biomass yield and endopolysaccharide (IPS) production of Po::PGM in basic PDB can reach 11.18 g/l and 2.55 g/l, increasing by 20.86 % and 28.79 %, respectively. Whereas exopolysaccharide (EPS) reduced by 3.28 %. After replacing potato and glucose in PDB by wheat bran, mycelia biomass and EPS production of Po::PGM were all improved. The additional lactose in wheat bran did not only furtherly enhance mycelia biomass yield of Po::PGM to 27.78 g/l by 199.03 %, but IPS production also increased by 277.99 % to 6.07 g/l. The results provided us key ideas and important research directions that at least manipulating the PGM gene could obtain high-efficient use of agricultural wastes producing more fungus-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zheng
- School of Food and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Mengqing Zhang
- School of Food and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Food and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
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Hua L, Shi H, Lin Q, Wang H, Gao Y, Zeng J, Lou K, Huo X. Selection and Genetic Analysis of High Polysaccharide-Producing Mutants in Inonotus obliquus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1335. [PMID: 39065103 PMCID: PMC11278842 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inonotus obliquus, a medicinal fungus, has garnered significant attention in scientific research and medical applications. In this study, protoplasts of the I. obliquus HS819 strain were prepared using an enzymatic method and achieved a regeneration rate of 5.83%. To enhance polysaccharide production of I. obliquus HS819, atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) technology was employed for mutagenesis of the protoplasts. Through liquid fermentation, 32 mutant strains exhibiting diverse characteristics in morphology, color of the fermentation broth, mycelial pellet size, and biomass were screened. Secondary screening identified mutant strain A27, which showed a significant increase in polysaccharide production up to 1.67 g/L and a mycelial dry weight of 17.6 g/L, representing 137.67% and 15% increases compared to the HS819 strain, respectively. Furthermore, the fermentation period was reduced by 2 days, and subsequent subculture cultivation demonstrated stable polysaccharide production and mycelial dry weight. The genome resequencing analysis of the HS819 strain and mutant strain A27 revealed 3790 InDel sites and mutations affecting 612 functional genes associated with polysaccharide synthesis. We predict that our findings will be helpful for high polysaccharide production through genetic engineering of I. obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Hua
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hongling Shi
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qing Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haozhong Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jun Zeng
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Kai Lou
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiangdong Huo
- Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of SpecialEnvironmental Microbiology, Urumqi 830091, China; (L.H.); (H.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.G.); (J.Z.)
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Meng L, Zhou R, Liang L, Zang X, Lin J, Wang Q, Wang L, Wang W, Li Z, Ren P. 4-Coumarate-CoA ligase (4-CL) enhances flavonoid accumulation, lignin synthesis, and fruiting body formation in Ganoderma lucidum. Gene 2024; 899:148147. [PMID: 38191099 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
It is now understood that 4-Coumarate-CoA ligases (4-CL) are pivotal in bridging the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and the lignin biosynthesis pathway in plants. However, limited information on 4-CL genes and their functions in fungi is available. In this study, we cloned the 4-CL gene (Gl21040) from Ganoderma lucidum, which spans 2178 bp and consists of 10 exons and 9 introns. We also developed RNA interference and overexpression vectors for Gl21040 to investigate its roles in G. lucidum. Our findings indicated that in the Gl21040 interference transformants, 4-CL enzyme activities decreased by 31 %-57 %, flavonoids contents decreased by 10 %-22 %, lignin contents decreased by 20 %-36 % compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Conversely, in the Gl21040 overexpression transformants, 4-CL enzyme activity increased by 108 %-143 %, flavonoids contents increased by 8 %-37 %, lignin contents improved by 15 %-17 % compared to the WT strain. Furthermore, primordia formation was delayed by approximately 10 days in the Gl21040-interferenced transformants but occurred 3 days earlier in the Gl21040-overexpressed transformants compared to the WT strain. These results underscored the involvement of the Gl21040 gene in flavonoid synthesis, lignin synthesis, and fruiting body formation in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ruyue Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Lidan Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xizhe Zang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jialong Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Qingji Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zhuang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Pengfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Characterization of the Pneumocystis jirovecii and Pneumocystis murina phosphoglucomutases (Pgm2s): a potential target for Pneumocystis therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0075623. [PMID: 38259086 PMCID: PMC10916394 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00756-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis cyst life forms contain abundant β-glucan carbohydrates, synthesized using β-1,3 and β-1,6 glucan synthase enzymes and the donor uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose. In yeast, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) plays a crucial role in carbohydrate metabolism by interconverting glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate, a vital step in UDP pools for β-glucan cell wall formation. This pathway has not yet been defined in Pneumocystis. Herein, we surveyed the Pneumocystis jirovecii and Pneumocystis murina genomes, which predicted a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae major PGM enzyme. Furthermore, we show that PjPgm2p and PmPgm2p function similarly to the yeast counterpart. When both Pneumocystis pgm2 homologs are heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae pgm2Δ cells, both genes can restore growth and sedimentation rates to wild-type levels. Additionally, we demonstrate that yeast pgm2Δ cell lysates expressing the two Pneumocystis pgm2 transcripts individually can restore PGM activities significantly altered in the yeast pgm2Δ strain. The addition of lithium, a competitive inhibitor of yeast PGM activity, significantly reduces PGM activity. Next, we tested the effects of lithium on P. murina viability ex vivo and found the compound displays significant anti-Pneumocystis activity. Finally, we demonstrate that a para-aryl derivative (ISFP10) with known inhibitory activity against the Aspergillus fumigatus PGM protein and exhibiting 50-fold selectivity over the human PGM enzyme homolog can also significantly reduce Pmpgm2 activity in vitro. Collectively, our data genetically and functionally validate phosphoglucomutases in both P. jirovecii and P. murina and suggest the potential of this protein as a selective therapeutic target for individuals with Pneumocystis pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva M. Carmona
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew H. Limper
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Liu R, Yang Z, Yang T, Wang Z, Chen X, Zhu J, Ren A, Shi L, Yu H, Zhao M. PRMT5 regulates the polysaccharide content by controlling the splicing of thaumatin-like protein in Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0290623. [PMID: 37882562 PMCID: PMC10715077 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02906-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE PRMT5 contributes to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. However, the mechanism through which PRMT5 regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites remains unclear. In the current study, PRMT5 silencing led to a significant decrease in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides from G. lucidum through the action of the alternative splicing of TLP. A shorter TLP2 isoform can directly bind to PGI and regulated polysaccharide biosynthesis. These results suggest that PRMT5 enhances PGI activity by regulating TLP binding to PGI. The results of the current study reveal a novel target gene for PRMT5-mediated alternative splicing and provide a reference for the identification of PRMT5 regulatory target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang C, Chen L, Chen M, Xu Z. First report on the regulation and function of carbon metabolism during large sclerotia formation in medicinal fungus Wolfiporia cocos. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 166:103793. [PMID: 37120905 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal fungus Wolfiporia cocos colonizes and then grows on the wood of Pinus species, and utilizes a variety of Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) to degrades wood for the development of large sclerotia that is mostly built up of beta-glucans. Some differentially expressed CAZymes were revealed by comparisons between the mycelia cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sclerotia formed on pine logs in previous studies. Here, different profile of expressed CAZymes were revealed by comparisons between the mycelia colonization on pine logs (Myc.) and sclerotia (Scl.b). To further explore the regulation and function of carbon metabolism in the conversion of carbohydrates from Pine species by W. cocos, the transcript profile of core carbon metabolism was firstly analyzed, and it was characterized by the up-regulated expression of genes in the glycolysis pathway (EMP) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in Scl.b, as well as high expression of genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in both Myc. and Scl.b stages. The conversion between glucose and glycogen and between glucose and β-glucan was firstly identified as the main carbon flow in the differentiation process of W. cocos sclerotia, with a gradual increase in the content of β-glucan, trehalose and polysaccharide during this process. Additionally, gene functional analysis revealed that the two key genes (PGM and UGP1) may mediate the formation and development of W. cocos sclerotia possibly by regulating β-glucan synthesis and hyphal branching. This study has shed light on the regulation and function of carbon metabolism during large W. cocos sclerotium formation and may facilitate its commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lianfu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Novel Insights into the Mechanism Underlying High Polysaccharide Yield in Submerged Culture of Ganoderma lucidum Revealed by Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030772. [PMID: 36985345 PMCID: PMC10055881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are crucial dietary supplements and traditional pharmacological components of Ganoderma lucidum; however, the mechanisms responsible for high polysaccharide yields in G. lucidum remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the high yield of polysaccharides in submerged cultures of G. lucidum using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Several glycoside hydrolase (GH) genes and proteins, which are associated with the degradation of fungal cell walls, were significantly upregulated under high polysaccharide yield conditions. They mainly belonged to the GH3, GH5, GH16, GH17, GH18, GH55, GH79, GH128, GH152, and GH154 families. Additionally, the results suggested that the cell wall polysaccharide could be degraded by GHs, which is beneficial for extracting more intracellular polysaccharides from cultured mycelia. Furthermore, some of the degraded polysaccharides were released into the culture broth, which is beneficial for obtaining more extracellular polysaccharides. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the roles that GH family genes play to regulate high polysaccharide yields in G. lucidum.
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Zheng Z, Bai J, Shen S, Zhu C, Zhou Y, Zhang X. Meta-analysis of the effect of PGM on survival prognosis of tumor patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1060372. [PMID: 36544711 PMCID: PMC9760796 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A systematic evaluation of the impact of phosphoglucose translocase PGM on the survival prognosis of tumor patients was conducted to understand its impact on tumors so as to improve the quality of survival and to find effective therapeutic targets for tumor patients. Methods The following were searched in the databases China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Wipu, PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library: "PGM1", "PGM2", "PGM3", "PGM4", and "PGM5" as Chinese keywords and "PGM1", "PGM2", "PGM3", "PGM4", "PGM5", "PGM1 cancer", "PGM2 cancer", "PGM3 cancer", "PGM4 cancer", "PGM5 cancer", and "phosphoglucomutase". Relevant studies published from the database establishment to April 2022 were collected. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and evaluated for quality with reference to the Cochrane 5.1.0 systematic evaluation method, and quality assessment was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results The final results of nine articles and 10 studies with a total of 3,806 patients were included, including 272 patients in the PGM1 group, 541 patients in the PGM2 group, 1,775 patients in the PGM3 group, and 1,585 patients in the PGM5 group. Results of the meta-analysis: after determining the results of the nine articles, it was found that the difference was statistically significant with a p-value <0.05 (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89, 95% CI 0.69-1.09, p = 0.000). To find the sources of heterogeneity, the remaining eight papers were tested after removing the highly sensitive literature, and the results showed I2 = 26.5%, p < 0.001, a statistically significant difference. The HR for high expression of PGM1 and PGM2 and PGM5 was <1, while the HR for high expression of PGM3 was >1. Conclusion Although PGM1, PGM2, PGM3, and PGM5 are enzymes of the same family, their effects on tumors are different. High expression of PGM1, PGM2, and PGM5 can effectively prolong the overall survival of patients. In contrast, high expression of PGM3 reduced the overall survival of patients. This study of PGM family enzymes can assist in subsequent tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Zheng
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Bai
- Department of General, Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chunmei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Xue Zhang, ; Yunfeng Zhou,
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of General Practice, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xue Zhang, ; Yunfeng Zhou,
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Yan K, Stanley M, Kowalski B, Raimi OG, Ferenbach AT, Wei P, Fang W, van Aalten DMF. Genetic validation of Aspergillus fumigatus phosphoglucomutase as a viable therapeutic target in invasive aspergillosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102003. [PMID: 35504355 PMCID: PMC9168620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the causative agent of invasive aspergillosis, an infection with mortality rates of up to 50%. The glucan-rich cell wall of A. fumigatus is a protective structure that is absent from human cells and is a potential target for antifungal treatments. Glucan is synthesized from the donor uridine diphosphate glucose, with the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) representing a key step in its biosynthesis. Here, we explore the possibility of selectively targeting A. fumigatus PGM (AfPGM) as an antifungal treatment strategy. Using a promoter replacement strategy, we constructed a conditional pgm mutant and revealed that pgm is required for A. fumigatus growth and cell wall integrity. In addition, using a fragment screen, we identified the thiol-reactive compound isothiazolone fragment of PGM as targeting a cysteine residue not conserved in the human ortholog. Furthermore, through scaffold exploration, we synthesized a para-aryl derivative (ISFP10) and demonstrated that it inhibits AfPGM with an IC50 of 2 μM and exhibits 50-fold selectivity over the human enzyme. Taken together, our data provide genetic validation of PGM as a therapeutic target and suggest new avenues for inhibiting AfPGM using covalent inhibitors that could serve as tools for chemical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhou Yan
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Stanley
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Bartosz Kowalski
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Olawale G Raimi
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pingzhen Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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10
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Wang Y, Chen J, Han J, Yang Z, Zhu J, Ren A, Shi L, Yu H, Zhao M. Cloning and characterization of phosphoglucose isomerase in Lentinula edodes. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:740-749. [PMID: 35199357 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a key enzyme that participates in polysaccharide synthesis, which is responsible for the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), but there is little research focusing on its role in fungi, especially in higher basidiomycetes. The pgi gene was cloned from Lentinula edodes and named lepgi. Then, the lepgi-silenced strains were constructed by RNA interference. In this study, we found that lepgi-silenced strains had significantly less biomass than the wild-type (WT) strain. Furthermore, the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) levels increased 1.5- to 3-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, in lepgi-silenced strains. Moreover, the cell wall integrity in the silenced strains was also altered, which might be due to changes in the compounds and structure of the cell wall. The results showed that compared to WT, silencing lepgi led to a significant decrease of approximately 40% in the β-1,3-glucan content, and there was a significant increase of 2-3-fold in the chitin content. These findings provide support for studying the biological functions of lepgi in L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Juhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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11
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Feng T, Jiang Y, Jia Q, Han R, Wang D, Zhang X, Liang Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Different Sections of Rhizome in Polygonatum sibiricum Red. and Mining Putative Genes Participate in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:1547-1566. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Integrative Analysis of Selected Metabolites and the Fungal Transcriptome during the Developmental Cycle of Ganoderma lucidum Strain G0119 Correlates Lignocellulose Degradation with Carbohydrate and Triterpenoid Metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0053321. [PMID: 33893114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00533-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To systemically understand the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive substances, including triterpenoids and polysaccharides, in Ganoderma lucidum, the correlation between substrate degradation and carbohydrate and triterpenoid metabolism during growth was analyzed by combining changes in metabolite content and changes in related enzyme expression in G. lucidum over 5 growth phases. Changes in low-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in glucose and mannitol contents in fruiting bodies. Additionally, changes in medium-polarity triterpenoid content were correlated with changes in the lignocellulose content of the substrate and with the glucose, trehalose, and mannitol contents of fruiting bodies. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that changes in trehalose and polyol contents were related to carbohydrate catabolism and polysaccharide synthesis. Changes in triterpenoid content were related to expression of the carbohydrate catabolic enzymes laccase, cellulase, hemicellulase, and polysaccharide synthase and to the expression of several cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). It was concluded that the products of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation participate in polyol, trehalose, and polysaccharide synthesis during initial fruiting body formation. These carbohydrates accumulate in the early phase of fruiting body formation and are utilized when the fruiting bodies mature and a large number of spores are ejected. An increase in carbohydrate metabolism provides additional precursors for the synthesis of triterpenoids. IMPORTANCE Most studies of G. lucidum have focused on its medicinal function and on the mechanism of its activity, whereas the physiological metabolism and synthesis of bioactive substances during the growth of this species have been less studied. Therefore, theoretical guidance for cultivation methods to increase the production of bioactive compounds remains lacking. This study integrated changes in the lignocellulose, carbohydrate, and triterpenoid contents of G. lucidum with enzyme expression from transcriptomics data using WGCNA. The findings helped us better understand the connections between substrate utilization and the synthesis of polysaccharides and triterpenoids during the cultivation cycle of G. lucidum. The results of WGCNA suggest that the synthesis of triterpenoids can be enhanced not only through regulating the expression of enzymes in the triterpenoid pathway, but also through regulating carbohydrate metabolism and substrate degradation. This study provides a potential approach and identifies enzymes that can be targeted to regulate lignocellulose degradation and accelerate the accumulation of bioactive substances by regulating substrate degradation in G. lucidum.
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13
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UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene affects mycelia growth and polysaccharide synthesis of Grifola frondosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1161-1170. [PMID: 32561281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate potential roles of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) in mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis of Grifola frondosa, a putative 2036-bp UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene gfugp encoding a 53.17-kDa protein was cloned and re-annotated. Two dual promoter RNA silencing vectors of pAN7-iUGP-P-dual and pAN7-iUGP-C-dual were constructed to down-regulate gfugp expression by targeting its promoter or conserved functional sequences, respectively. Results showed that silence of gfugp promoter sequence had a higher down-regulating efficiency with slower mycelial growth and polysaccharide production than those of conserved sequence. The monosaccharide compositions/percentages of mycelial and exo-polysaccharides significantly changed with the increase of galactose and arabinose contents possibly due to block of UDP-glucose supply by gfugp silence and alteration of sugar metabolism via up-regulation of UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (gfuge) and UDP-xylose-4-epimerase (gfuxe) transcription. Our findings would provide a reference to know the biosynthesis pathway of mushroom polysaccharides and improve their production by metabolic regulation.
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14
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Hu Y, Lian L, Xia J, Hu S, Xu W, Zhu J, Ren A, Shi L, Zhao MW. Influence of PacC on the environmental stress adaptability and cell wall components of Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Res 2019; 230:126348. [PMID: 31639624 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor PacC/Rim101 participates in environmental pH adaptation, development and secondary metabolism in many fungi, but whether PacC/Rim101 contributes to fungal adaptation to environmental stress remains unclear. In our previous study, a homologous gene of PacC/Rim101 was identified, and PacC-silenced strains of the agaricomycete Ganoderma lucidum were constructed. In this study, we further investigated the functions of PacC in G. lucidum and found that PacC-silenced strains were hypersensitive to environmental stresses, such as osmotic stress, oxidative stress and cell wall stress, compared with wild-type (WT) and empty-vector control (CK) strains. In addition, transmission electron microscopy images of the cell wall structure showed that the cell walls of the PacC-silenced strains were thinner (by approximately 25-30%) than those of the WT and CK strains. Further analysis of cell wall composition showed that the β-1,3-glucan content in the PacC-silenced strains was only approximately 78-80% of that in the WT strain, and the changes in β-1,3-glucan content were consistent with downregulation of glucan synthase gene expression. The ability of PacC to bind to the promoters of glucan synthase-encoding genes confirms that PacC transcriptionally regulates these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdan Lian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shishan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Ma Z, Xu M, Wang Q, Wang F, Zheng H, Gu Z, Li Y, Shi G, Ding Z. Development of an Efficient Strategy to Improve Extracellular Polysaccharide Production of Ganoderma lucidum Using L-Phenylalanine as an Enhancer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2306. [PMID: 31681192 PMCID: PMC6804554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has been a well-known species of basidiomycetes for a long time, and has been widely applied in the fields of food and medicine. Based on the simulation results of model iZBM1060 in our previous research, the effect of L-phenylalanine on G. lucidum extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) was investigated in this study. EPS production reached 0.91 g/L at 0.4 g/L L-phenylalanine after a 24 h culture, which was 62.5% higher than that of control (0.56 g/L). Transcriptome and genome analysis showed that L-phenylalanine deaminase and benzoate 4-hydroxylase (related to L-phenylalanine metabolism) were significantly up-regulated, while the cell wall mannoprotein gene was down-regulated. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy results showed that the cell wall thickness decreased by 58.58%, and cell wall porosity increased in cells treated with L-phenylalanine, which probably contribute to the increasing EPS production. This study provides an efficient strategy for fungal polysaccharide production with high output and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huihua Zheng
- Jiangsu Alphay Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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16
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Ma F, Tang C, Tang Q, Zhang X. Investigation of lignocellulolytic enzymes during different growth phases of Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198404. [PMID: 29852018 PMCID: PMC5979026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that is well known for its ability to enhance human health, and products made from this fungus have been highly profitable. The substrate-degrading ability of G. lucidum could be related to its growth. CAZy proteins were more abundant in its genome than in the other white rot fungi models. Among these CAZy proteins, changes in lignocellulolytic enzymes during growth have not been well studied. Using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses, this study focuses on the lignocellulolytic enzymes of G. lucidum strain G0119 to determine which of these degradative enzymes contribute to its growth. From the genome sequencing data, genes belonging to CAZy protein families, especially genes involved in lignocellulose degradation, were investigated. The gene expression, protein abundance and enzymatic activity of lignocellulolytic enzymes in mycelia over a growth cycle were analysed. The overall expression cellulase was higher than that of hemicellulase and lignin-modifying enzymes, particularly during the development of fruiting bodies. The cellulase and hemicellulase abundances and activities increased after the fruiting bodies matured, when basidiospores were produced in massive quantities till the end of the growth cycle. Additionally, the protein abundances of the lignin-modifying enzymes and the expression of their corresponding genes, including laccases and lignin-degrading heme peroxidases, were highest when the mycelia fully spread in the compost bag. Type I cellobiohydrolase was observed to be the most abundant extracellular lignocellulolytic enzyme produced by the G. lucidum strain G0119. The AA2 family haem peroxidases were the dominant lignin-modifying enzyme expressed during the mycelial growth phase, and several laccases might play roles during the formation of the primordium. This study provides insight into the changes in the lignocellulose degradation ability of G. lucidum during its growth and will facilitate the discovery of new approaches to accelerate the growth of G. lucidum in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhong Tang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjiu Tang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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