Chemical composition, antibacterial properties, and mechanism of Smilax china L. polyphenols

A tannic acid coated silk fibroin sponge loaded with bioglass for noncompressible hemostasis

A hemostatic sponge designed for hemostasis of noncompressible penetrating wounds should exhibit rapid shape recovery, strong coagulation activity, and effective antibacterial property. In this study, we prepared a tannic acid coated silk fibroin sponge loaded with bioglass.In vitro, the sponge had a three-dimensional porous structure, good liquid adsorption capacity, and a water-triggered shape recovery feature. The sponge possessed strong coagulation activity and antibacterial property, while exhibiting low cytotoxicity and minimal hemolytic effects.In vivo, the sponge showed a greater advantage in controlling bleeding from both rat liver injury and penetrating wounds compared to commercial gauze and gelatin sponge. In conclusion, the developed sponge can be promising for noncompressible hemostasis.

Synergistic Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Rutin with Conventional Antibiotics Against Escherichia coli

Rutin is a widely known plant secondary metabolite that exhibits multiple physiological functions. The present study focused on screening for synergistic antibacterial combinations containing rutin, and further explored the mechanisms behind this synergy. In vitro antibacterial test results of rutin showed that the ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) are 0.125-1 and 0.125-2 mg/mL, respectively. However, rutin and amikacin have a significant synergistic effect, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) range of 0.1875-0.5. The time bactericidal curve proved that the combination of rutin and amikacin inhibited bacterial growth within 8 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that a low-dose combination treatment could disrupt the cell membrane of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A comprehensive analysis using alkaline phosphatase (AKP), K+, and a protein leakage assay revealed that co-treatment destroyed the cell membrane of E. coli, resulting in the significant leakage of AKP, intracellular K+, and proteins. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and red-green cell ratio analysis indicated severe damage to the E. coli cell membrane following the co-treatment of rutin and amikacin. This study indicates the remarkable potential of strategically selecting antibacterial agents with maximum synergistic effect, which could significantly control antibiotic resistance.

Synergistic antibacterial activity of baicalin in combination with oxacillin sodium against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a challenge for clinical treatment and combining antibiotics with other agents might be a promising strategy to overcome this challenge. This study explored the synergistic antibacterial activity of baicalin (traditional Chinese medicine extract) and the narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic oxacillin sodium, both of which are poorly active against MRSA in vitro. The combination of baicalin and oxacillin sodium showed a synergistic effect with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5. Mechanistically, the supplementation of baicalin increased the permeability of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes, enhancing oxacillin sodium entry and bactericidal action. The combination of baicalin and oxacillin sodium also significantly inhibited MRSA USA300 biofilm formation by further reducing polysaccharide intercellular adhesion production. Therefore, the combination of baicalin and oxacillin sodium offers a new therapeutic option for addressing clinical MRSA resistance. Further studies, including clinical trials, will be required to validate the observed in vitro results.

Bioinspired multifunctional silver nanoparticles by Smilax Chenensis and their enhanced biomedical and catalytic applications

Currently, Nano-materials have been explored for their abundant biomedical applications. In the present study the green synthesized (SC-AgNPs) by root extract of Smilax Chenensis have been characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy revealed SPR peak at 432 nm and FT-IR data reveals that the bioactive components of root extract have been actively involved in the reduction and stabilization of SC-AgNPs. TEM and AFM results revealed that SC-AgNPs were roughly spherical in shape. Further, the particle size of SC-AgNPs was also carried out by Dynamic Light Scattering method by aqueous colloidal solution and the results reveals that the SC-AgNPs are poly-dispersed in nature with an average size 45.6 nm with a Z average of 39.5 nm. The stability of colloidal SC-AgNPs was further confirmed by negative zeta potential value of - 21.0 mV. The SC-AgNPs showed good antibacterial activity against both gram -ve and gram + ve bacteria, whereas, SC-AgNPs coupled with antibiotic reveals excellent and enhanced antibacterial activity. The gram -ve E.coli and gram + ve S.aureus revealed highest zone of inhibition when compared to other two bacterial species. So, SC-AgNPs coupled with antibiotics can be excellent alternative to treat antibiotic resistant bacteria. The SC-AgNPs also reveals excellent antioxidant activity among them DPPH method revealed superior activity with an IC50 value76.22. The SC-AgNPs also reveals superior anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 with IC50 value of 33.98 µg/mL and photo-catalytic activity the optical density of reduced from 1.861 to 0.135 OD within 30 min. The green SC-AgNPs detected to have multiple therapeutic applications.

Two New Phenylpropanoids and a Polyphenol with Anti-Cervical Cancer Activity from Smilax china L

Two novel phenylpropanoids (compounds 1 and 2) and 11 known compounds were isolated from Smilax china L. Their structures were determined by NMR (1D and 2D) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Further, the cytotoxic activity of all the isolated compounds against HeLa, 4T1, and U251 tumor cells was evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 assay, revealing that compound 13 showed significant cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells. Further investigations explored the impact of compound 13 on the mitochondrial membrane potential, concentration of reactive oxygen species, wound-healing distance, and cell cycle of HeLa cells. Notably, compound 13 significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed cell migration, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in HeLa cells. Furthermore, compound 13 inhibited HeLa cell-cycle progression in the S phase. These findings indicate that compound 13 is a potential drug lead for the treatment of cervical cancer.

Differential Impact of Zinc Salt Precursors on Physiognomies, Anticancerous, and Antibacterial Activities of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are enormously popular semi-conductor metal oxides with diverse applications in every field of science. Many physical and chemical methods applied for the synthesis of ZnONPs are being rejected due to their environmental hazards. Therefore, ZnONPs synthesized from plant extracts are steered as eco-friendly showing more biocompatibility and biodegradability. Additionally, various synthesis conditions such as the type of precursor salt also play a role in influencing the physicochemical and biological properties of ZnONPs. In this study, green synthesis of ZnONPs from Acacia nilotica was carried out using zinc acetate (ZA-AN-ZNPs), zinc nitrate (ZN-AN-ZNPs), and zinc sulfate (ZS-AN-ZNPs) precursor salts. Surprisingly, characterization of ZnONPs using UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, and EDX revealed the important role precursor salts played in influencing the size and shape of ZnONPs, i.e., 20-23 nm spherical (ZA-AN-ZNPs), 55-59 nm triangular (ZN-AN-ZNPs), and 94-97 nm nano-flowers (ZS-AN-ZNPs). FTIR analysis showed the involvement of alkaloids, alcohols, carboxylic acid, and phenolic compounds present in Acacia nilotica extract during the synthesis process. Since different precursor salts showed different morphology of ZnONPs, their biological activities were also variable. ZN-AN-ZNPs showed the highest cytotoxicity towards HepG2 cells with the lowest cell viability (28.92 ± 0.99%), highest ROS/RNS production (3425.3 ± 184.58 relative DHR123 fluorescence), and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (1645.2 ± 32.12 relative fluorescence unit) as well as induced significant caspase-3 gene expression. In addition to this, studying the zone of inhibitions and minimum bactericidal and inhibitory concentrations of ZnONPs showed their exceptional potential as antibacterial agents. At MIC as low as 8 µg/mL, ZA-AN-ZNPs and ZN-AN-ZNPs exhibited significant bactericidal activities against human pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase, DNA/RNA leakage, and phosphate ion leakage studies revealed that a damage to the bacterial cell membrane and cell wall is involved in mediating the antibacterial effects of ZnONPs.

Effects of Smilax China L. extracts on Hyperuricemia chicken model via inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder caused by excessive production of uric acid (UA) or impaired uric acid metabolism. Smilax China L. has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. Its roots and rhizomes have been widely used for the treatment of HUA. However, its mechanisms for treating HUA and reducing renal impairment have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Smilax China L. extract (SC) on UA metabolism and further explored its mechanism of action by feeding a high-calcium and high-protein diet to chickens to induce a model of HUA in chickens. SC significantly reduced serum UA levels and improved renal function in hyperuricemic chickens. Meanwhile, SC was able to inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in vivo and in vitro, reducing the production of uric acid. In addition, SC was able to increase the expression of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) in the kidney and ileum and increase uric acid excretion. Therefore, our results suggest that SC may be a candidate for anti-hyperuricemia.

Smilax China L. polysaccharide prevents HFD induced-NAFLD by regulating hepatic fat metabolism and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

The increasing incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has urged the development of new therapeutics. NAFLD is intimately linked to gut microbiota due to the hepatic portal system, and utilizing natural polysaccharides as prebiotics has become a prospective strategy for preventing NAFLD. Smilax china L. polysaccharide (SCP) possesses excellent hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity. However, its protective effects on NAFLD remains unclear.

PURPOSE

The goal of this study was to explore the protective effects of SCP on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice by regulating hepatic fat metabolism and gut microbiota.

METHODS

Extraction and isolation from Smilax china L. rhizome to obtain SCP. C57BL/6 J mice were distributed to six groups: Control (normal chow diet), HFD-fed mice were assigned to HFD, simvastatin (SVT), and low-, medium-, high-doses of SCP for 12 weeks. The body, liver, and different adipose tissues weights were detected, and lipids in serum and liver were assessed. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the hepatic fat metabolism-related genes and proteins. Gut microbiota of cecum contents was profiled through 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

RESULTS

SCP effectively reversed HFD-induced increase weights of body, liver, and different adipose tissues. Lipid levels of serum and liver were also significantly reduced after SCP intervention. According to the results of RT-PCR and western blot analysis, SCP treatment up-regulated the genes and proteins related to lipolysis were up-regulated, while lipogenesis-related genes and proteins were down-regulated. Furthermore, the HFD-induced dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota was similarly repaired by SCP intervention, including enriching beneficial bacteria and depleting harmful bacteria.

CONCLUSION

SCP could effectively prevent HFD-induced NAFLD, might be considered as a prebiotic agent due to its excellent effects on altering hepatic fat metabolism and maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis.

Natural Extracts for Antibacterial Applications

Bacteria-induced epidemics and infectious diseases are seriously threatening the health of people around the world. In addition, antibiotic therapy has been inducing increasingly more serious bacterial resistance, which makes it urgent to develop new treatment strategies to combat bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Natural extracts displaying antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility have attracted much attention due to greater concerns about the safety of synthetic chemicals and emerging drug resistance. These antibacterial components can be isolated and utilized as antimicrobials, as well as transformed, combined, or wrapped with other substances by using modern assistive technologies to fight bacteria synergistically. This review summarizes recent advances in natural extracts from three kinds of sources-plants, animals, and microorganisms-for antibacterial applications. This work discusses the corresponding antibacterial mechanisms and the future development of natural extracts in antibacterial fields.

Smilax china L.: A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, actual and potential applications

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Smilax china L., an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine, is known as Baqia in China. It has been used to treat various inflammatory disorders, particularly pelvic inflammation.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and actual and potential applications of S. china. Besides, the possible tendency and perspective for future research of this plant are discussed, as well.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This article uses "Smilax china L." "S. china" as the keyword and collects relevant information on Smilax china L. plants through electronic searches (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb.

RESULTS

134 chemical constituents, among which steroid saponins and flavonoids are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from S. china. S. china with its active compounds is possessed of wide-reaching biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, detoxify nicotine, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricaemia, anti-hypertension, promoting skin wound and barrier repair and anti-bacterial activity. Besides, S. china is also applied to other fields, such as food industry and detection technology.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the review of the existing phytochemical studies on Smilax china L., the structural characterization of Smilax china L. extract can continue to be the focus of future research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated some of the traditional uses of Smilax china L. extract, while other traditional uses still need to be confirmed by research.

Antibacterial chitosan-based composite sponge with synergistic hemostatic effect for massive haemorrhage

Uncontrollable acute bleeding and wound infection pose significant challenges in emergency treatment and surgical operations. Therefore, the research and development of highly efficient antibacterial hemostatic agents are of great importance in reducing the mortality rate among patients with massive hemorrhage. In this study, we utilized hydrophobically modified chitosan (HM-CS) and gallic acid chitosan (GA-CS) to create a composite sponge (HM/GA-CS) that exhibits complementary advantages. The composite sponge combines the alkyl chain and polyphenol structure, allowing it to adsorb blood cells and plasma proteins simultaneously. This synergistic effect was confirmed through various tests, including blood cell adhesion, plasma protein barrier behavior, and in vitro hemostatic testing. Furthermore, experiments conducted on a rat liver injury model demonstrated that the composite sponge achieved rapid coagulation within 52 s, resulting in significantly lower bleeding volume compared with traditional gauze. In addition, the incorporation of GA-CS into HM-CS enhanced the antibacterial properties of the composite sponge. The antibacterial rate of the composite sponge against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) reached 100 % and 98.2 %, respectively. To evaluate its biocompatibility, the composite sponge underwent blood compatibility and cell activity tests, confirming its suitability. The HM/GA-CS sponge holds promising applications in managing cases of massive hemorrhage.

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils Combinations based on Thymus broussonnetii, and Their Synergism with some Antibiotics

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil (EO) of Moroccan endemic Thymus broussonnetii alone, and in combination with EOs obtained from selected medicinal plants, namely Myrtus communis, Artemisia herba alba, Thymus pallidus, Thymus satureioides, Teucrium polium, and Rosmarinus officinalis. The synergistic interactions between the most effective combinations based on T. broussonnetii EO with two conventional antibiotics (streptomycin and ciprofloxacin) were also investigated. T. broussonnetii EO possessed a higher inhibitory activity against tested pathogenic bacteria with inhibition zone diameter (IZ) ranging from 21.61 ± 0.03 to 40.09 ± 0.02 mm, and MIC values between 0.140 mg/mL and 0.280 mg/mL. M. communis, A. herba alba, T. pallidus, T. satureioides, T. polium, and R. officinalis EOs showed moderate to weak antibacterial activity. Among tested EO mixtures, the highest synergistic antibacterial effect was recorded with the EO combination of T. broussonnetii and T. pallidus against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. enterica (FICI = 0.258). This EO combination was also the most effective mixture to synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of the two antibiotics with up to a 128-fold increase, particularly against the gram-negative E. coli. These findings suggest that T. broussonnetii EO may be an interesting source of natural antimicrobials, for use in combination therapies with other plant EOs, and with conventional antimicrobial drugs to tackle the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Tea Polyphenols Inhibit the Activity and Toxicity of Staphylococcus aureus by Destroying Cell Membranes and Accumulating Reactive Oxygen Species

Staphylococcus aureus can cause bacterial food intoxication and seriously affect human health. Tea polyphenols (TP) are a kind of natural, safe, and broad-spectrum bacteriostatic substances, with a wide range of bacteriostatic effects. In the study, we explored the possible bacteriostatic mode of TP. The minimum inhibitory concentration of TP against S. aureus was 64 μg/mL. Protein, DNA, and K+ leak experiments, fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy suggested that TP disrupt cell membranes, leading to intracellular component loss. By studying the effect of TP on the toxicity of S. aureus, it was found that the expression levels of two toxin genes, coa and spa, were downregulated by 2.37 and 32.6, respectively. Furthermore, after treatment with TP, a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were propagated and released, leading to oxidative stress in cells. We speculated that the bacteriostatic mechanism of TP may be through the destruction of the cell membrane and ROS-mediated oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the hemolysis activity proved the safety of TP. Our results suggested that TP may be a potential antimicrobial agent for food.

Identification of the Constituents of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Smilax china L. and Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Properties

The aim of this work was to investigate the xanthine oxidase (XO)-inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and to identify the active compounds in the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction. Extraction of ethanol extracts from Smilax china L. and then ethanol extracts were concentrated, and the polyphenolic compounds were extracted with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform, EtOAc, n-butanol (n-BuOH), and residual ethanol fractions. Their effects on XO activity were then compared separately. The polyphenolic components of the EtOAc fraction were identified by HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that all these extracts showed XO-inhibitory properties, and among them the EtOAc fraction had the strongest inhibitory effect (IC₅₀ = 101.04 μg/mL). The inhibitory constant (K_i) of the EtOAc fraction on XO activity was 65.20 μg/mL, showing excellent inhibition on XO in the competitive mode. Sixteen compounds were identified from the EtOAc fraction. The study demonstrates that the EtOAc fraction of Smilax china L. may be a potential functional food to inhibit XO activity.

Smilax china L. Polyphenols Improves Insulin Resistance and Obesity in High-fat Diet-induced Mice Through IRS/AKT-AMPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Smilax china L. is an important herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the mechanism of Smilax china L. polyphenols (SCP) on insulin resistance and anti-obesity in mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) was investigated. Fifty female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, HFD and low, medium, and high doses of SCP for 70 d. SCP significantly decreased intraperitoneal adipose tissue index, body weight gain, liver lipids, and serum inflammatory factor levels. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations, as well as insulin resistance index in SCP, were significantly lower than those in HFD. In addition, SCP markedly up-regulated the gene expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), serine-threonine kinase (AKT), Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), and protein kinase A (PKA), and down-regulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), sterol-responsive element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). SCP significantly increased the protein expression of AKT, GLUT4, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphorylated-AMPK (p-AMPK), phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), and decreased the expression of SREBP1c, FAS, HMGCR, phosphorylation of IKBα (p-IKBα), and nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 (P65) in the liver. Overall, SCP effectively reduced HFD-induced insulin resistance and obesity in mice, partly through NF-κB and IRS/AKT-AMPK signaling pathways to regulate inflammatory factors. Therefore, SCP may improve lifestyle diseases.

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of flavonoids from Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu. and its transcriptome analysis against Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction

Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu. (FCS) possess many biological activities, but the antibacterial activity and underlying mechanisms of flavonoids from Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu. (FCS) is still unknown.

Method

Maximum diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), maximum diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), the lowest minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and the lowest minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) were used to detect the antibacterial activity. Meanwhile, related enzyme activities, the transcriptome analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were used to investigate the antibacterial activity mechanisms.

Results

The results showed that FCS (with a purity of 84.2 ± 2.0%) has potential effects on tested strains with the maximum diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) was 15.93 ± 2.63 mm, the lowest minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was 1.56 mg/ml and the lowest minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) was 6.25 mg/ml. In addition, the bacterial growth curve test, release of extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP), loss of intracellular components, DNA damage and transmission electron microscope (TEM) suggested that FCS could destroy the cell wall and membrane, cause the loss of intracellular substance, cause DNA damage and even lead to cell death. Moreover, the antibacterial mechanism of FCS against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive bacteria) was further confirmed by the transcriptome analysis and quantitative RT-PCR at the molecular level for the first time. A total of 671 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after treated with FCS (1/2 MIC), with 338 and 333 genes showing up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively. The highlighted changes were those related to the biosynthesis of bacteria wall and membrane, DNA replication and repair, and energy metabolism.

Discussion

Overall, our research provides theoretical guidance for the application of FCS, which is expected to be potentially used as a natural antimicrobial agent in food safety.

Quercetin, Engelitin and Caffeic Acid of Smilax china L. Polyphenols, Stimulate 3T3-L1 Adipocytes to Brown-like Adipocytes Via β3-AR/AMPK Signaling Pathway

The aim of the present study was to investigate the browning effects mechanism of Smilax china L. polyphenols (SCLP) and its monomer. In this study, polyphenols (SCLP, engeletin, quercetin and caffeic acid) markedly suppressed lipid accumulation. Polyphenols significantly up-graded the expression of protein kinase A (PKA), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors alpha (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) to promote lipolysis and β-oxidation. Moreover, polyphenols greatly enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes, as demonstrated by the expression of Nrf1 and Tfam were up-regulated. Furthermore, polyphenols treatment greatly up-regulated the browning program in adipocytes by increased brown-specific genes and proteins uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) and PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), as well as beige-specific genes (Tmem26, Tbx1, CD137, Cited1), especially engeletin. Further research found that the brown-specific markers were decreased by antagonist treatment of AMPK or β3-AR, but polyphenols treatment reversed the effect of antagonists and improved the expression of UCP-1, PRDM16 and PGC-1α. In conclusion, these results indicated that polyphenols stimulate browning in adipocytes via activation of the β3-AR/AMPK signaling pathway, and SCLP and its monomer may be worth investigating to prevent obesity.

Antimicrobial Activity of Smilax china L. Root Extracts against the Acne-Causing Bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes, and Its Active Compounds

The root of Smilax china L. is used in traditional Korean medicine. We found that the Smilax china L. root extract has strong antimicrobial activity against two Cutibacterium acnes strains (KCTC 3314 and KCTC 3320). The aim of this study was to identify the beneficial properties of Smilax china L. extracts for their potential use as active ingredients in cosmetics for the treatment of human skin acne. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF/MS) methods were used to obtain the profile of secondary metabolites from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the crude extract. Agar diffusion and resazurin-based broth microdilution assays were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), respectively. Among the 24 metabolites, quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were the most potent compounds against Cutibacterium acnes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of quercetin, resveratrol, and oxyresveratrol were 31.25, 125, and 250 μg/mL, respectively.

Scopolin obtained from Smilax china L. against hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting glycolysis: A network pharmacology and experimental study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Smilax china L. is a well-known traditional medicinal plant. In China, it is a common anti-cancer drug that has been inherited for thousands of years. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed its potential lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory and anti-ovarian cancer effects. However, there is no research on the material basis and mechanism of the rhizome of Smilax china L. against hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the material basis and mechanism of scopolin from Smilax china L. against hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS

The potential targets and active components of Smilax china L. against hepatocellular carcinoma were screened by transcriptomics, network pharmacology and molecular docking. Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) detection was used to verify the affinity of small molecule compounds with potential proteins and protein-protein interaction. The Extract from HepG2 cells was used to measure the expression of glycolysis-related proteins, glucose consumption and lactate production. The expression of apoptosis-related factors and glycolysis-related proteins in vivo was detected by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

The glycolysis-related proteins glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (GPD2) and phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2) screened by transcriptomics, network pharmacology showed strongly binding with scopolin by molecular docking. MST detection has also verified the affinity of scopolin with GPI and GPD2. It was the first time found that Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha (Hsp90α) bound strongly to GPI and GPD2 in the worldwide, while scopolin was able to affect the interaction between Hsp90α and GPD2. In vitro and in vivo experiments further demonstrated that scopolin may play an anti-cancer role by affecting the stability of tumor-associated proteins. The results showed that scopolin obtained from Smilax china L. could regulate the expression of GPI, GPD2 and PGK2 and inhibit the interaction of protein-protein, reduce the energy metabolism of tumor tissue, thereby inhibit tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

Scopolin obtained from Smilax china L. plays the role of anti-hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the expression of glycolysis proteins GPI, GPD2 and PGK2. Scopolin could affect the interaction between Hsp90α and GPD2 may provide a novel potential treatment direction for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Effects of Natural Rheum tanguticum on the Cell Wall Integrity of Resistant Phytopathogenic Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum

The abuse of agricultural antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant phytopathogens. Rifampicin and streptomycin and streptomycin resistance Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (PccS1) was obtained from pathological plants in a previous experiment. Rheum tanguticum, derived from the Chinese plateau area, exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against PccS1, yet the action mode has not been fully understood. In present text, the cell wall integrity of the PccS1 was tested by the variation of the cellular proteins, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) characteristics. Label-free quantitative proteomics was further used to identify the DEPs in the pathogen response to treatment with Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. extract (abbreviated as RTMBE). Based on the bioinformatics analysis of these different expressed proteins (DEPs), RTMBE mainly inhibited some key protein expressions of beta-Lactam resistance, a two-component system and phosphotransferase system. Most of these membrane proteins were extraordinarily suppressed, which was also consistent with the morphological tests. In addition, from the downregulated flagellar motility related proteins, it was also speculated that RTMBE played an essential antibacterial role by affecting the swimming motility of the cells. The results indicated that Rheum tanguticum can be used to attenuate the virulence of the drug-resistant phytopathogenic bacteria.

Tentative Identification of Phytochemicals from Smilax glabra and Smilax corbularia Extracts by LC-QTOF/MS and Their Bioactive Potential

The Smilacaceae family has been used as a food source and herbal medicine for a long time. This study aims to identify the phytochemicals extracted from Smilax glabra and Smilax corbularia by using LC-QTOF/MS analysis and determine their bioactive potential. Compounds were identified from S. glabra and S. corbularia extracts by LC–QTOF-MS and it was found that longistylin A and CAY10435 have higher degrees of matching compounds (99.66% and 99.87%). Smilax glabra showed antioxidant capacity, i.e., DPPH and ABTS at percentage inhibitions of 71.94 ± 1.46% and 59.84 ± 4.80%, respectively, and FRAP at 730.69 ± 33.62 mg AAE/100 g sample. The total phenolic compound contents of the ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 0.017 ± 0.001, 0.015 ± 0.001, and 0.016 ± 0.001 mg GAE/g, respectively, while the total flavonoid contents were 0.043 ± 0.002, 0.033 ± 0.002, and 0.006 ± 0.003 mg QE/g, respectively. The anti-inflammatory capacity showed 97.26% protection and 2.74% hemolysis. The antimicrobial activity can inhibit Gram-positive bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 500 mg/mL. Smilax corbularia showed antioxidant capacity, i.e., DPPH and ABTS at percentage inhibitions of 72.24 ± 0.64% and 39.87 ± 2.37%, respectively, and FRAP at 208.33 ± 50.80 mg AAE/100 g sample. The total phenolic compound contents of the ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 0.006 ± 0.000, 0.007 ± 0.002, and 0.002 ± 0.001 mg GAE/g, respectively, while the total flavonoid contents of the ethanol and methanol extracts were 0.012 ± 0.001 and 0.008 ± 0.000 mg QE/g, respectively. The anti-inflammatory capacity showed 96.64% protection and 3.36% hemolysis. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts can inhibit Gram-positive bacteria with a MIC of 31.25 mg/mL and MBC of 125 mg/mL for the ethanol extract and a MIC of 125 mg/mL and MBC of 62.5 mg/mL for the methanol extract. In conclusion, Smilax glabra and Smilax corbularia were found to contain several phytochemicals that can be used for further study. Both Smilax species can also be used as sources of antioxidants and herbal medicines for killing Gram-positive bacteria.

Algal Phlorotannins as Novel Antibacterial Agents with Reference to the Antioxidant Modulation: Current Advances and Future Directions

The increasing drug resistance of infectious microorganisms is considered a primary concern of global health care. The screening and identification of natural compounds with antibacterial properties have gained immense popularity in recent times. It has previously been shown that several bioactive compounds derived from marine algae exhibit antibacterial activity. Similarly, polyphenolic compounds are generally known to possess promising antibacterial capacity, among other capacities. Phlorotannins (PTs), an important group of algae-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been considered potent antibacterial agents both as single drug entities and in combination with commercially available antibacterial drugs. In this context, this article reviews the antibacterial properties of polyphenols in brown algae, with particular reference to PTs. Cell death through various molecular modes of action and the specific inhibition of biofilm formation by PTs were the key discussion of this review. The synergy between drugs was also discussed in light of the potential use of PTs as adjuvants in the pharmacological antibacterial treatment.

Smilax china Polyphenols Stimulate Browning via [Formula: see text]3-Adrenergic Receptor/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase [Formula: see text] Signaling Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanism of Smilax china L. polyphenols (SCLPs) in enhancing lipid metabolism and stimulating browning to reduce lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. SCLP treatment obviously decreased lipid content in a dose-dependent manner (10-40 μg/mL) in adipocytes. SCLP treatment cooperated with noradrenalin to increase lipolysis. SCLPs reduced the gene expressions of C/EBP[Formula: see text] and Ap2 and enhanced the expressions of ACO, CPT, pHSL/HSL, ATGL, and PKA in adipocytes. Furthermore, SCLPs increased mRNA and protein expressions of brown adipocyte-specific factors (UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α, and PPARγ) and mRNA expressions of beige adipocyte-specific markers (CD137, Tbx1, and Tmem26) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as well as mitochondrial biogenesis genes (Nrf1 and Tfam). In addition, according to the immunofluorescence staining, the mitochondria number was increased by SCLP. Moreover, β3-AR or AMPK agonist synergistic SCLPs enhanced the expressions of UCP-1, PRDM16, and PGC-1α. While β3-AR or AMPK antagonist significantly decreased the expressions of these brown adipocyte-specific factors, SCLP treatment inhibited the effect of antagonist to improve the expression of UCP-1, PRDM16, and PGC-1α. These results indicated that SCLPs may regulate lipid metabolism and stimulate browning via the β3-AR/AMPKα signaling pathway. Thus, SCLPs likely have potential therapeutic effects on obesity.

Sanitary Registries and Popular Medicinal Plants Used in Medicines and Herbal Remedies in Mexico (2001–2020): A Review and Potential Perspectives

Mexico, a megadiverse country, hosts approximately 10–12% of the world’s biodiversity and at least 21,989–23,424 vascular plants, 3350 of which are traditional medicinal flora. The Mexican Regulation categorizes herbal medicinal products into two groups: herbal medicines products and herbal remedies products. To date, there is no available information that describes and includes analyzed data about these two types of herbal medicinal products registered in Mexico. The purpose of the study was to analyze national sanitary registries of herbal products from 2001 to 2020 and identify native Mexican plants that are most used in herbal products. Further, the study aims to highlight the impact and relevance of this large number of medicinal plants, which represent a great source of information, genetic resources, bioactive compounds, and potential use in subsequent therapies based on scientific evidence. The future of medicines and herbal remedies is underestimated; thus, the significance of evaluating the great potential in studying plants for medicinal use must be taken into account.

Regulating the Imbalance of Gut Microbiota by Smilax china L. Polyphenols to Alleviate Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Smilax china L. is used not only as a kind of traditional Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients with various pharmacological properties, but also as food in certain parts of China. However, it is by far still unclear whether Smilax china L. polyphenols (SCP), as important bioactive constituents in Smilax china L., have effects on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This study investigated the impact of SCP on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD and gut microbiota in mice. SCP treatments ameliorated typical symptoms of IBD as what was reflected through suppressing body weight loss, colonic shortening, intestinal barrier damage, and increasing intestinal disease activity index. SCP treatments simultaneously decreased the release of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, as well as promoted the release of anti-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, SCP ameliorated the ecological imbalance of gut microbiota and regulated the key bacteria associated with IBD (including Akkermansiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Anaeroplasmataceae). In general, SCP may improve DSS-induced IBD in mice by regulating inflammatory factors, inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing intestinal tissue damage, and regulating the ecological imbalance of intestinal microbiota. Thus, SCP might serve as a potential therapeutic agent against the inflammation-driven diseases.

Comparison of medicinal preparations of Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ayurveda is the main traditional healthcare system in Indian medicine. Tibetan medicine (TM), Mongolian medicine (MM), Buddhist medicine (BM), Dai medicine (DM), and Uyghur medicine (UM) are main traditional medicines practiced in China. These are existing traditional medical systems that still play a role in disease prevention and treatment.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To reveal the similarities and differences of traditional medicinal preparations between Ayurveda in India and five traditional medicines in China to deepen medical exchanges and cooperation between the two countries and beyond.

METHODS

All preparations were extracted from statutory pharmacopoeias, ministry standards, and prescription textbooks from China and India. The information of each preparation, such as therapeutic uses, medicinal materials, and preparation forms, was recorded in Excel for statistical analysis and visual comparison.

RESULTS

A total of 645 Ayurvedic preparations, 458 TM preparations, 164 MM preparations, 616 BM preparations, 227 DM preparations, and 94 UM preparations were identified. Preparations of the six traditional medicines were mostly used for treating digestive, respiratory, and urogenital system diseases. The preparation forms of these six traditional medicines are mainly pills and powders. There are 38 shared-use medicinal materials in Ayurveda and TM preparations, 25 in Ayurveda and MM preparations, 30 in Ayurveda and BM preparations, 39 in Ayurveda and DM preparations, and 31 in Ayurveda and UM preparations. Finally, we selected one important shared-use preparation (Triphala) and 51 medicinal materials to research traditional use and modern pharmacology.

CONCLUSIONS

These preparations are used by different prescribers and users of medicinal materials in different medical systems with the similarities and differences. The similarities may reflect the historical exchanges of traditional medicines between the two countries. The differences showed that traditional medicines in China have absorbed some theories, diagnoses, and treatments from Ayurveda but also retained their own ethnic and regional characteristics.

Structural characterization and antibacterial properties of konjac glucomannan/soluble green tea powder blend films for food packaging

Antimicrobial activity is a promising property for food packaging which could prolong the shelf life of food products. In this paper, the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of konjac glucomannan (KGM)/soluble green tea powder (SGTP) edible films were firstly prepared and analyzed through light barrier properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), tensile strength (TS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that appropriate addition of SGTP could improve the TS of composite films. With the increase of SGTP content, the transmittance of the films in the ultraviolet region decreased obviously, and the thermal stability was improved in a SGTP dependent manner. KGM/SGTP films present a fairly smooth and flat surface without any fracture when 0.5% SGTP was provided. The bacteriostatic test showed that the bacteriostatic performance of the composite films against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was also significantly enhanced. When 1% SGTP was provided, the zones of inhibition for Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus reached to 13.45 ± 0.94 mm and 13.76 ± 0.92 mm, respectively. Overall, the KGM/SGTP films showed great potential as bioactive packaging materials to extend food shelf life.

Smilax china L. flavonoid alleviates HFHS-induced inflammation by regulating the gut-liver axis in mice

BACKGROUND

Smilax china L., a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to treat various inflammatory disorders, particularly pelvic inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract has been reported in several in vivo experimental models. However, the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms and the role of gut microbiota in mice on Smilax china L. flavonoid (SCF) treatment are poorly understand.

PURPOSE

To investigate the role of SCF in providing the anti-inflammatory response and the role of gut microbiota in high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS)-induced obese mice for 12 weeks.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into seven groups, normal chow (NC), HFHS, Orlistat, SCE, and low-, medium-, high- doses of SCF for 12 weeks. The body weight, liver weight, serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and inflammatory cytokines in mice were assessed. The gene and protein expression levels of inflammation-related markers were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Finally, the composition of gut microbiota was detected by analyzing 16S rDNA gene sequences.

RESULTS

SCF supplement reduced body weight gain, adipose tissue and liver indexes, attenuated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, LPS, and increased IL-10, and adiponectin. SCF significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and increased the expression of AMPK, PPAR-γ, and IL-10 in mice's liver and adipose tissues. In addition, the TLR4, p-IκBα, NF-κB, and p65 protein expression levels were reduced after the SCF supplement. Moreover, SCF treatment ameliorated HFHS-induced gut dysbiosis, as revealed by an increased intestinal barrier protective species (Akkermansia spp). The relative abundance of Streptococcaceae, Faecalibaculum, and endotoxin-producing Desulfovibrionaceae were significantly decreased on SCF supplements.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that SCF effectively inhibits HFHS-induced inflammation by suppressing the LPS-producing bacteria and pro-inflammatory bacteria group. Furthermore, the abundance of gut barrier protective species Akkermansia spp was increased to alleviate inflammatory response, inhibiting the LPS-TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, SCF may be a promising prophylactic for diet-induced inflammatory diseases through the gut-liver axis in mice.

Novel Citral-thiazolyl Hydrazine Derivatives as Promising Antifungal Agents against Phytopathogenic Fungi

To develop new antifungal agents against phytopathogenic fungi, a series of citral-thiazolyl hydrazine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and HRMS. Antifungal activity results showed that most synthetic compounds exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activities against six phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Notably, compounds b and c15 exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosprioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae, Diplodia pinea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, which were all superior to the positive control tricyclazole. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated that introducing electron-withdrawing groups such as F on the benzene ring exhibited outstanding antifungal activities against all the tested fungi. Furthermore, compound b could effectively control rice sheath blight and showed higher curative activities against R. solani than validamycin·bacillus in vivo. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity results indicated that compound b possessed moderate cytotoxicity activity, and all citral-thiazolyl hydrazine derivatives exhibited lower or no cytotoxicity to the LO2 and HEK293 cell lines. In addition, the acute oral toxicity test showed that compound b had moderate toxicity (level II) with an LD₅₀ value of 310 mg/kg bw (95% confidence limit: 175-550 mg/kg bw). Finally, a preliminary action mechanism study showed that causing obvious malformation of mycelium and increasing cell membrane permeability are two of the potential mechanisms by which compound b exerts antifungal activity. The present work indicates that some of these derivatives may serve as novel potential fungicides, and compound b is expected to be the leading structure for the development of new antifungal agents.

Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anticancer Evaluations of Novel β-Pinene Quaternary Ammonium Salts

β-pinene is a monoterpene isolated from turpentine oil and numerous other plants' essential oils, which has a broad spectrum of biological activities. In the current work, six novel β-pinene quaternary ammonium (β-PQA) salts were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities. The in vitro assay results revealed that compounds 4a and 4b presented remarkable antimicrobial activity against the tested fungi and bacteria. In particular, compound 4a showed excellent activities against F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum, P. nicotianae var.nicotianae, R. solani, D. pinea and Fusicoccumaesculi, with EC50 values of 4.50, 10.92, 9.45, 10.82 and 6.34 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, compound 4a showed the best antibacterial action against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis, with MIC at 2.5, 0.625, 1.25 and 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. The anticancer activity results demonstrated that compounds 4a, 4b, 4c and 4f exhibited remarkable activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values ranged from 1.10 to 25.54 μM. Notably, the compound 4c displayed the strongest cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines, with the IC50 values of 1.10 and 2.46 μM, respectively. Furthermore, preliminary antimicrobial mechanistic studies revealed that compound 4a might cause mycelium abnormalities of microbial, cell membrane permeability changes and inhibition of the activity of ATP. Altogether, these findings open interesting perspectives to the application of β-PQA salts as a novel leading structure for the development of effective antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: An updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action

BACKGROUND

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a global health threat. Traditional antibiotics can lose their effectiveness, and the development of novel effective antimicrobials has become a priority in recent years. In this area, plants represent an invaluable source of antimicrobial compounds with vast therapeutic potential.

PURPOSE

To review the full possible spectrum of plant antimicrobial agents (plant compounds, extracts and essential oils) discovered from 2016 to 2021 and their potential to decrease bacterial resistance. Their activities against bacteria, with special emphasis on multidrug resistant bacteria, mechanisms of action, possible combinations with traditional antibiotics, roles in current medicine and future perspectives are discussed.

METHODS

Studies focusing on the antimicrobial activity of compounds of plant origin and their mechanism of action against bacteria were identified and summarized, including contributions from January 2016 until January 2021. Articles were extracted from the Medline database using PubMed search engine with relevant keywords and operators.

RESULTS

The search yielded 11,689 articles from 149 countries, of which 101 articles were included in this review. Reports from 41 phytochemicals belonging to 20 families were included. Reports from plant extracts and essential oils from 39 plant species belonging to 17 families were also included. Polyphenols and terpenes were the most active phytochemicals studied, either alone or as a part of plant extracts or essential oils. Plasma membrane disruption was the most common mechanism of antimicrobial action. Number and position of phenolic hydroxyl groups, double bonds, delocalized electrons and conjugation with sugars in the case of flavonoids seemed to be crucial for antimicrobial capacity. Combinations of phytochemicals with beta-lactam antibiotics were the most studied, and the inhibition of efflux pumps was the most common synergistic mechanism.

CONCLUSION

In recent years, terpenes, flavones, flavonols and some alkaloids and phenylpropanoids, either isolated or as a part of extracts, have shown promising antimicrobial activity, being membrane disruption their most common mechanism. However, their utilization as appropriate antimicrobials need to be boosted by means of new omics technologies and network pharmacology to find the most effective combinations among them or in combination with antibiotics.

A flavonoid-rich Smilax china L. extract prevents obesity by upregulating the adiponectin-receptor/AMPK signalling pathway and modulating the gut microbiota in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Smilax china L. flavonoid (SCF) on obesity and changes in gut microbiota high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS)-fed mice. Male C57BL/6 mice fed either a normal-chow (NC) or a HFHS diet were treated with SCF for 12 weeks. The effect of SCF on the composition of gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rDNA sequencing. SCFA levels in the caecum were quantified by GC-MS. SCF supplementation alleviated the body weight gain, fat accumulation, serum lipid parameters, and hepatic steatosis and improved glucose homeostasis. SCF significantly increased plasma adiponectin level, adiponectin-receptor-gene (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) expression in the liver, activated AMPKα, downregulated the expression of SREBP1-c, FAS, and ACCα, and upregulated the expression of PPARα, CPT-1α, and UCP-1. The anti-obesity effects of SCF might be through upregulation of adiponectin-receptor/AMPK signalling to improve lipid metabolism. SCF reversed HFHS-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota and decreased SCFA production in the caecum, thus reducing energy absorption and leading to loss of body weight. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between obesity phenotypes, SCFA levels, and changes in gut microbiota. The results showed that SCF may be an effective dietary supplement that is useful for suppressing the development of obesity and associated disorders.

Oral absorption characteristics and mechanisms of a pectin-type polysaccharide from Smilax china L. across the intestinal epithelium

The elucidation of the oral absorption of natural polysaccharides contributes to their further research and utilization. Herein, to explore the absorption of a pectin-type polysaccharide from Smilax china L. (SCLP), SCLP was respectively fluorescently labeled with fluorescein-5-thioicarbazide (FSCLP) and Cyanine7 amine (Cy7-SCLP) for in vitro and in vivo tracking. The near-infrared imaging demonstrated that Cy7-SCLP was absorbable in the small intestine and distributed in the liver and kidney after oral administration. Subsequently, in vitro intestinal epithelial tissue experiments showed that the jejunum was the dominant site of FSCLP transport. Further transport studies in the Caco-2 cell monolayer illustrated that FSCLP was delivered across the monolayer via transcellular transport by caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis together with paracellular transport by reversibly affecting tight junctions. In summary, this work presents the oral absorption characteristics and mechanisms of SCLP through the intestinal epithelium, which will facilitate the further development of SCLP and pectin polysaccharides.

Positive Promoting Effects of Smilax China Flower Absolute on the Wound Healing/Skin Barrier Repair-Related Responses of HaCaT Human Skin Keratinocytes

Smilax china (SC) has pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory activity, but its effects on skin wound healing and skin barrier function have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of absolute extracted from SC flowers (SCF) on skin wound healing-linked responses and functional skin barrier proteins using human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). SCF absolute contained 20 components and was non-toxic to HaCaT cells. The absolute increased the proliferation, migration, and sprout outgrowth of HaCaT cells, and enhanced the activations of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2. In addition, it increased the syntheses of type I and IV collagens and the expressions of skin barrier proteins (filaggrin and loricrin). These results indicate SCF absolute may has positive effects on skin wound healing by accelerating keratinocyte migration and proliferation activities and collagen synthesis, and on skin barrier function by upregulating barrier proteins in keratinocytes. We suggest SCF absolute to be considered as a potential means of promoting skin wound and barrier repair.

Algae Polyphenolic Compounds and Modern Antibacterial Strategies: Current Achievements and Immediate Prospects

The increasing drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms raises concern worldwide and necessitates the search for new natural compounds with antibacterial properties. Marine algae are considered a natural and attractive biotechnological source of novel antibiotics. The high antimicrobial activity of their polyphenolic compounds is a promising basis for designing innovative pharmaceuticals. They can become both a serious alternative to traditional antimicrobial agents and an effective supplement to antibiotic therapy. The present review summarizes the results of numerous studies on polyphenols from algae and the range of biological activities that determine their biomedical significance. The main focus is put on a group of the polyphenolic metabolites referred to as phlorotannins and, particularly, on their structural diversity and mechanisms of antimicrobial effects. Brown algae are an almost inexhaustible resource with a high biotechnological potential for obtaining these polyfunctional compounds. An opinion is expressed that the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity of phlorotannins depends on the methods of their extraction aimed at preserving the phenolic structure. The use of modern analytical tools opens up a broad range of opportunities for studying the metabolic pathways of phlorotannins and identifying their structural and functional relationships. The high antimicrobial activity of phlorotannins against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria provides a promising framework for creating novel drugs to be used in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.