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Jung H, Paust S. Chemokines in the tumor microenvironment: implications for lung cancer and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1443366. [PMID: 39114657 PMCID: PMC11304008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1443366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex interconnected network of immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor. Because of its immunosuppressive nature, the TME can pose a challenge for cancer immunotherapies targeting solid tumors. Chemokines have emerged as a crucial element in enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, playing a direct role in immune cell signaling within the TME and facilitating immune cell migration towards cancer cells. However, chemokine ligands and their receptors exhibit context-dependent diversity, necessitating evaluation of their tumor-promoting or inhibitory effects based on tumor type and immune cell characteristics. This review explores the role of chemokines in tumor immunity and metastasis in the context of the TME. We also discuss current chemokine-related advances in cancer immunotherapy research, with a particular focus on lung cancer, a common cancer with a low survival rate and limited immunotherapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Paust
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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Wang J, Yang L, Wang HX, Cui SP, Gao Y, Hu B, Zhou L, Lang R. Anti-PD-1 therapy reverses TIGIT +CD226 +NK depletion in immunotherapy resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma through PVR/TIGIT pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111681. [PMID: 38368771 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy resistance conducts the main reason for failure of PD-1-based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to clarify the mechanism of nature kill cells (NK) depletion in immunotherapy resistance of HCC. Cancerous /paracancerous tissues and peripheral blood (PB) of 55 HCC patients were collected and grouped according to differentiation degree, FCM, IHC and lymphocyte culture drug intervention experiments were used to determine NK cell depletion degree. Furthermore, a mouse model of HCC in situ was constructed and divided into different groups according to intervention measures of ICIs. Immunofluorescence thermography was used to observe changes in tumor burden. NK cells in cancerous tissues significantly up-regulated TIGIT expression (P < 0.001). Intervention experiments revealed that TIGIT and PD-1 expression decreased gradually with increased PD-1 inhibitor dose in moderately-highly differentiated patients (P < 0.05). Animal experiment showed that tumors proliferation in experimental group was inhibited after PD-1 blockage, WB indicated that ICIs decreased TIGIT and PVRL1 protein expression while increased CD226 and PVRL3 protein expression. We concluded that TIGIT+NK cells competitively bind to PVR with CD226 and promote NK cell depletion. Anti-PD-1 decreases PVRL1 expression through PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, reducing the PVR/TIGIT inhibitory signal pathway, and enhancing function of PVR/CD226 activation signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Xuan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Ping Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ren Lang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Li L, Tan H, Zhou J, Hu F. Predicting response of immunotherapy and targeted therapy and prognosis characteristics for renal clear cell carcinoma based on m1A methylation regulators. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12645. [PMID: 37542141 PMCID: PMC10403615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, RNA methylation modification has been found to be related to a variety of tumor mechanisms, such as rectal cancer. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is most common in renal cell carcinoma. In this study, we get the RNA profiles of ccRCC patients from ArrayExpress and TCGA databases. The prognosis model of ccRCC was developed by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, and the samples were stratified into low-high risk groups. In addition, our prognostic model was validated through the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). "pRRophetic" package screened five potential small molecule drugs. Protein interaction networks explore tumor driving factors and drug targeting factors. Finally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to verify the expression of the model in the ccRCC cell line. The mRNA matrix in ArrayExpress and TCGA databases was used to establish a prognostic model for ccRCC through LASSO regression analysis. Kaplan Meier analysis showed that the overall survival rate (OS) of the high-risk group was poor. ROC verifies the reliability of our model. Functional enrichment analysis showed that there was a obviously difference in immune status between the high-low risk groups. "pRRophetic" package screened five potential small molecule drugs (A.443654, A.770041, ABT.888, AG.014699, AMG.706). Protein interaction network shows that epidermal growth factor receptor [EGRF] and estrogen receptor 1 [ESR1] are tumor drivers and drug targeting factors. To further analyze the differential expression and pathway correlation of the prognosis risk model species. Finally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed the expression of YTHN6-Methyladenosine RNA Binding Protein 1[YTHDF1], TRNA Methyltransferase 61B [TRMT61B], TRNA Methyltransferase 10C [TRMT10C] and AlkB Homolog 1[ALKBH1] in ccRCC cell lines. To sum up, the prognosis risk model we created not only has good predictive value, but also can provide guidance for accurately predicting the prognosis of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexue Zhou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengming Hu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Wang H, Huang H, Lin X, Chi P, Chen H, Chen J, Mou Y, Chen Z, Yang Q, Guo C. Dynamic analysis of immune status in patients with intracranial germ cell tumor and establishment of an immune risk prognostic model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010146. [PMID: 36304453 PMCID: PMC9592720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune status was evaluated by means of lymphocyte subset counts and immune factors in cancer. This study analyzed the peripheral blood immune index and survival outcomes in intracranial germ cell tumor (iGCT) patients. Methods Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset counts and levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon-γ (IFN) from 133 iGCT patients were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Their clinical information was extracted from the hospital database, and prognosis was confirmed by telephone visit. Patients (n=11) underwent prospective review and their samples of peripheral blood lymphocytes were verified. Results A total of 113 (84.2%) patients received comprehensive treatments, including 96 standard therapy (combination of full course chemotherapy and radiology with or without surgery) and 17 comprehensive but non-standard therapy (either without full course chemotherapy or with non-standard radiotherapy) and 98 (73.7%) reached complete or partial response. T lymphocytes (CD3+), cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+ or Tc), and B lymphocytes (CD19+) decreased (p=0.047, p=0.004, and p<0.001, respectively), while activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+CD25+) and IFN increased (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively) after treatment. Median survival was 45.33 months, and patients with increased Tc cells and activated Tc cells as well as IFN presented encouraging outcomes (p=0.039, p=0.041, and p=0.017 respectively). Regression analysis showed that non-increased Tc cells and non-increased activated Tc cells were independent factors of poor prognosis (p=0.016, HR=3.96, 95%CI=1.288-12.20; p=0.002, HR=4.37 95%CI= 1.738-10.97). Standard chemo-radiotherapy was independently related to reduced risk of death(p=0.022, HR=0.19, 95%CI=0.044-0.79). Consistence was seen in a nomogram established through retro and prospective studies. An immune risk model indicated the activated group (with both increased activated T cells and IFN levels) had the best prognosis, the mildly activated type with elevated IFN levels had intermediate outcome, and patients with the silent immune status had the worst outcomes (Log rank test, p=0.011). Conclusion Implementation of standard comprehensive treatments led to positive responses. Dynamic monitoring of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets can be used as an auxiliary indicator for prognosis judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Chi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunying Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chengcheng Guo, ; Qunying Yang, ; Zhongping Chen,
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Yang C, Yu T, Lin Q. A signature based on chromatin regulation and tumor microenvironment infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Epigenomics 2022; 14:995-1013. [PMID: 36154213 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This research aimed to construct a signature based on chromatin regulation in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Materials & methods: Non-negative matrix factorization clustering was performed on 438 localized ccRCC cases. The immune infiltration was generated by the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the significance of the differences was determined using the log-rank test. The risk score was constructed based on the expression of chromatin regulators to quantify chromatin modification. Results: A score system based on chromatin modification was established. The high-risk subtype was characterized by increased tumor mutation burden, whereas a low-risk score was characterized by an increase in chromatin regulator expression and better overall survival. Conclusion: This research has constructed a signature based on chromatin regulation in localized ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, China
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Sodji QH, Nambiar DK, Viswanathan V, von Eyben R, Colburg D, Binkley MS, Li CG, Olcina MM, Chang DT, Le QT, Giaccia AJ. The Combination of Radiotherapy and Complement C3a Inhibition Potentiates Natural Killer cell Functions Against Pancreatic Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:725-738. [PMID: 35937458 PMCID: PMC9354534 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, against which current immunotherapy strategies are not effective. Herein, we analyzed the immune cell composition of the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas and found that the presence of intratumoral NK cells correlates with survival. Subsequent analysis also indicated that NK cell exclusion from the microenvironment is found in a high percentage of clinical pancreatic cancers and in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. Mechanistically, NK cell exclusion is regulated in part by complement C3a and its receptor signaling. Inhibition of the C3a receptor enhances NK cell infiltration in syngeneic mouse models of pancreatic cancer resulting in tumor growth delay. However, tumor growth inhibition mediated by NK cells is not sufficient alone for complete tumor regression, but is potentiated when combined with radiation therapy. Our findings indicate that although C3a inhibition is a promising approach to enhance NK cell-based immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer, its combination with radiation therapy hold greater therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaovi H. Sodji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Corresponding Authors: Amato J. Giaccia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CCSR South Room 1255, Stanford CA, 94305-5152. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail: ; . Quaovi H. Sodji, Department of Radiation Oncology, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr. Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305-5847. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail:
| | - Dhanya K. Nambiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Deana Colburg
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael S. Binkley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Caiyun G. Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Monica M. Olcina
- MRC/CRUK Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- MRC/CRUK Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Authors: Amato J. Giaccia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, CCSR South Room 1255, Stanford CA, 94305-5152. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail: ; . Quaovi H. Sodji, Department of Radiation Oncology, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr. Stanford University, Stanford CA, 94305-5847. Phone: 650-723-7311; E-mail:
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7
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Microenvironment immune reconstitution patterns correlate with outcomes after autologous transplant in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1797-1804. [PMID: 33787859 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate postautologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) period in multiple myeloma represents a unique opportunity for long-term disease control because many patients have eradicated most of their disease but also a challenge because it is characterized by the increase of immune subsets detrimental to tumor immunosurveillance. The impact of the tumor immune microenvironment (iTME) in post-ASCT outcomes is not known. In this study, we included 58 patients undergoing upfront ASCT and evaluated their cellular and humoral iTME with cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) and luminex, respectively, at day +60 to 100 post-ASCT. We identified 2 cellular iTME patterns. Group 1 was enriched in T-cell subsets at the opposite ends of the spectrum of T-cell differentiation compared with the rest of the patients, that is, cells already terminally differentiated (immune senescent or exhausted) and naive T cells. This group had worse hematologic responses post-ASCT, inferior survival, and shorter time to hematologic progression independent of established risk factors. No differences in the humoral iTME were noted between the 2 groups. In addition, no differences in the cellular/humoral iTME were noted according to high-risk fluorescence in situ hybridization status, early or late relapse. Finally, males had higher levels of natural killer cells negative for CD16, a key receptor mediating antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, a major mechanism of antitumor efficacy by therapeutic antibodies such as elotuzumab. Our findings suggest that T-cell iTME dysfunction post-ASCT, some of which could be reversible (exhaustion), correlates with worse outcomes. These results could be used to guide rational selection of post-ASCT maintenance/consolidation approaches in these patients.
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Lee H, Da Silva IP, Palendira U, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Wilmott JS. Targeting NK Cells to Enhance Melanoma Response to Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061363. [PMID: 33802954 PMCID: PMC8002669 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of an innate immune system. They are important not only in initiating, but also in augmenting adaptive immune responses. NK cell activation is mediated by a carefully orchestrated balance between the signals from inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. NK cells are potent producers of proinflammatory cytokines and are also able to elicit strong antitumor responses through secretion of perforin and granzyme B. Tumors can develop many mechanisms to evade NK cell antitumor responses, such as upregulating ligands for inhibitory receptors, secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and recruiting immunosuppressive cells. Enhancing NK cell responses will likely augment the effectiveness of immunotherapies, and strategies to accomplish this are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. A comprehensive understanding of NK cell biology will likely provide additional opportunities to further leverage the antitumor effects of NK cells. In this review, we therefore sought to highlight NK cell biology, tumor evasion of NK cells and clinical trials that target NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lee
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Inês Pires Da Silva
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Mater Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9911-7336
| | - James S. Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (H.L.); (I.P.D.S.); (U.P.); (R.A.S.); (J.S.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Cichocki F, Bjordahl R, Gaidarova S, Mahmood S, Abujarour R, Wang H, Tuininga K, Felices M, Davis ZB, Bendzick L, Clarke R, Stokely L, Rogers P, Ge M, Robinson M, Rezner B, Robbins DL, Lee TT, Kaufman DS, Blazar BR, Valamehr B, Miller JS. iPSC-derived NK cells maintain high cytotoxicity and enhance in vivo tumor control in concert with T cells and anti-PD-1 therapy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaz5618. [PMID: 33148626 PMCID: PMC8861807 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting checkpoint inhibitory receptors, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or their ligands, such as PD-L1, has transformed the oncology landscape. However, durable tumor regression is limited to a minority of patients. Therefore, combining immunotherapies with those targeting checkpoint inhibitory receptors is a promising strategy to bolster antitumor responses and improve response rates. Natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to augment checkpoint inhibition therapies, such as PD-L1/PD-1 blockade, because NK cells mediate both direct tumor lysis and T cell activation and recruitment. However, sourcing donor-derived NK cells for adoptive cell therapy has been limited by both cell number and quality. Thus, we developed a robust and efficient manufacturing system for the differentiation and expansion of high-quality NK cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cells produced inflammatory cytokines and exerted strong cytotoxicity against an array of hematologic and solid tumors. Furthermore, we showed that iNK cells recruit T cells and cooperate with T cells and anti-PD-1 antibody, further enhancing inflammatory cytokine production and tumor lysis. Because the iNK cell derivation process uses a renewable starting material and enables the manufacturing of large numbers of doses from a single manufacture, iNK cells represent an "off-the-shelf" source of cells for immunotherapy with the capacity to target tumors and engage the adaptive arm of the immune system to make a "cold" tumor "hot" by promoting the influx of activated T cells to augment checkpoint inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katie Tuininga
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martin Felices
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zachary B Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laura Bendzick
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | - Moyar Ge
- Fate Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tom T Lee
- Fate Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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10
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Bhardwaj N, Farkas AM, Gul Z, Sfakianos JP. Harnessing Natural Killer Cell Function for Genitourinary Cancers. Urol Clin North Am 2020; 47:433-442. [PMID: 33008494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potently cytolytic innate lymphocytes involved in the immune surveillance of tumors and virally infected cells. Although much progress has been made in manipulating the ability of T cells to recognize and eliminate tumors, a comprehensive understanding of NK-cell infiltration into solid tumors, and their amenability to immunomodulation, remains incomplete. This article discusses recent studies showing that urologic tumors are infiltrated by NK cells and that these NK cells are often dysfunctional, but that strategies interfering with inhibitory axes have significant potential to alleviate this dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bhardwaj
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Hess CSM Building 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Adam M Farkas
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zeynep Gul
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John P Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1272, New York, NY 10029, USA
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11
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Díaz-Montero CM, Rini BI, Finke JH. The immunology of renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:721-735. [PMID: 32733094 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and comprises several subtypes with unique characteristics. The most common subtype (~70% of cases) is clear-cell RCC. RCC is considered to be an immunogenic tumour but is known to mediate immune dysfunction in large part by eliciting the infiltration of immune-inhibitory cells, such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, into the tumour microenvironment. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain how these multiple tumour-infiltrating cell types block the development of an effective anti-tumour immune response, including inhibition of the activity of effector T cells and of antigen presenting cells via upregulation of suppressive factors such as checkpoint molecules. Targeting immune suppression using checkpoint inhibition has resulted in clinical responses in some patients with RCC and combinatorial approaches involving checkpoint blockade are now standard of care in patients with advanced RCC. However, a substantial proportion of patients do not benefit from checkpoint blockade. The identification of reliable biomarkers of response to checkpoint blockade is crucial to facilitate improvements in the clinical efficacy of these therapies. In addition, there is a need for the development of other immune-based strategies that address the shortcomings of checkpoint blockade, such as adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marcela Díaz-Montero
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Brian I Rini
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James H Finke
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Terrén I, Orrantia A, Mikelez-Alonso I, Vitallé J, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020316. [PMID: 32013092 PMCID: PMC7072691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that are able to kill tumor cells without prior sensitization. It has been shown that NK cells play a pivotal role in a variety of cancers, highlighting their relevance in tumor immunosurveillance. NK cell infiltration has been reported in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most frequent kidney cancer in adults, and their presence has been associated with patients’ survival. However, the role of NK cells in this disease is not yet fully understood. In this review, we summarize the biology of NK cells and the mechanisms through which they are able to recognize and kill tumor cells. Furthermore, we discuss the role that NK cells play in renal cell carcinoma, and review current strategies that are being used to boost and exploit their cytotoxic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Idoia Mikelez-Alonso
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-600-6000 (ext. 7079)
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13
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Mass cytometry dissects T cell heterogeneity in the immune tumor microenvironment of common dysproteinemias at diagnosis and after first line therapies. Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:72. [PMID: 31462637 PMCID: PMC6713712 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysproteinemias progress through a series of clonal evolution events in the tumor cell along with the development of a progressively more “permissive” immune tumor microenvironment (iTME). Novel multiparametric cytometry approaches, such as cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) combined with novel gating algorithms can rapidly characterize previously unknown phenotypes in the iTME of tumors and better capture its heterogeneity. Here, we used a 33-marker CyTOF panel to characterize the iTME of dysproteinemia patients (MGUS, multiple myeloma—MM, smoldering MM, and AL amyloidosis) at diagnosis and after standard of care first line therapies (triplet induction chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant—ASCT). We identify novel subsets, some of which are unique to the iTME and absent from matched peripheral blood samples, with potential roles in tumor immunosurveillance as well as tumor immune escape. We find that AL amyloidosis has a distinct iTME compared to other dysproteinemias with higher myeloid and “innate-like” T cell subset infiltration. We show that T cell immune senescence might be implicated in disease pathogenesis in patients with trisomies. Finally, we demonstrate that the early post-ASCT period is associated with an increase of senescent and exhausted subsets, which might have implications for the rational selection of post-ASCT therapies.
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14
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Labriola MK, Batich KA, Zhu J, McNamara MA, Harrison MR, Armstrong AJ, George DJ, Zhang T. Immunotherapy Is Changing First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e513-e521. [PMID: 30858035 PMCID: PMC7004481 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of renal-cell carcinoma has been increasing each year, with nearly one third of new cases diagnosed at advanced or metastatic stage. The advent of targeted therapies for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) has underscored the need to subtype tumors according to tumor-immune expression profiles that may more reliably predict treatment outcomes. Over the past 2 decades, several vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been the mainstay for first- and second-line treatment of mRCC. Very recently, immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors have significantly changed the treatment landscape for patients with mRCC, particularly for first-line treatment of intermediate to poor risk mRCC patients. Now, combination immunotherapy as well as combinations of immunotherapy with targeted agents can significantly alter disease outcomes. The field of immuno-oncology for mRCC has unveiled a deeper understanding of the immunoreactivity inherent to these tumors, and as a result combination therapy is evolving as a first-line modality. This review provides a timeline of advances and controversies in first-line treatment of mRCC, describes recent advances in understanding the immunoreactivity of these tumors, and addresses the future of combination anti-VEGF and immunotherapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Labriola
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Kristen A Batich
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Jason Zhu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Megan A McNamara
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Michael R Harrison
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel J George
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
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15
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Schnell A, Schmidl C, Herr W, Siska PJ. The Peripheral and Intratumoral Immune Cell Landscape in Cancer Patients: A Proxy for Tumor Biology and a Tool for Outcome Prediction. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E25. [PMID: 29495308 PMCID: PMC5874682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional systemic and local immunity is required for effective anti-tumor responses. In addition to an active engagement with cancer cells and tumor stroma, immune cells can be affected and are often found to be dysregulated in cancer patients. The impact of tumors on local and systemic immunity can be assessed using a variety of approaches ranging from low-dimensional analyses that are performed on large patient cohorts to multi-dimensional assays that are technically and logistically challenging and are therefore confined to a limited sample size. Many of these strategies have been established in recent years leading to exciting findings. Not only were analyses of immune cells in tumor patients able to predict the clinical course of the disease and patients' survival, numerous studies also detected changes in the immune landscape that correlated with responses to novel immunotherapies. This review will provide an overview of established and novel tools for assessing immune cells in tumor patients and will discuss exemplary studies that utilized these techniques to predict patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schnell
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Schmidl
- Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology and University Medical Center of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
- Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology and University Medical Center of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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16
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Löfroos AB, Kadivar M, Resic Lindehammer S, Marsal J. Colorectal cancer-infiltrating T lymphocytes display a distinct chemokine receptor expression profile. Eur J Med Res 2017; 22:40. [PMID: 29020986 PMCID: PMC5637168 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-017-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T lymphocytes exert important homeostatic functions in the healthy intestinal mucosa, whereas in case of colorectal cancer (CRC), infiltration of T lymphocytes into the tumor is crucial for an effective anti-tumor immune response. In both situations, the recruitment mechanisms of T lymphocytes into the tissues are essential for the immunological functions deciding the outcome. The recruitment of T lymphocytes is largely dependent on their expression of various chemokine receptors. The aim of this study was to identify potential chemokine receptors involved in the recruitment of T lymphocytes to normal human colonic mucosa and to CRC tissue, respectively, by examining the expression of 16 different chemokine receptors on T lymphocytes isolated from these tissues. Methods Tissues were collected from patients undergoing bowel resection for CRC. Lymphocytes were isolated through enzymatic tissue degradation of CRC tissue and nearby located unaffected mucosa, respectively. The expression of a broad panel of chemokine receptors on the freshly isolated T lymphocytes was examined by flow cytometry. Results In the normal colonic mucosa, the frequencies of cells expressing CCR2, CCR4, CXCR3, and CXCR6 differed significantly between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms mediating T lymphocyte recruitment to the gut differ between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In CRC, the frequencies of cells expressing CCR2 and CXCR5 were significantly lower in both the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte populations compared to unaffected colonic mucosa, and the frequency of CCR9+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes was significantly decreased in CRC tissue. Conclusions With regard to the normal gut mucosa, the results suggest that the molecular mechanisms mediating T lymphocyte recruitment differ between CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are important for understanding gut homeostasis. Importantly, T lymphocytes from CRC compared to normal colonic tissue displayed a distinct chemokine receptor expression profile, suggesting that mechanisms for recruitment of T lymphocytes to CRC tissue are skewed compared to normal colonic mucosa. Understanding these mechanisms could help in developing new strategies in cancer immunotherapy and to optimize already available alternatives such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Britt Löfroos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sabina Resic Lindehammer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Marsal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Skane University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Croxatto D, Martini S, Chiossone L, Scordamaglia F, Simonassi CF, Moretta L, Mingari MC, Vacca P. IL15 induces a potent antitumor activity in NK cells isolated from malignant pleural effusions and overcomes the inhibitory effect of pleural fluid. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1293210. [PMID: 28507797 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1293210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are capable of recognizing and killing cancer cells and play an important role in tumor immunosurveillance. However, tumor-infiltrating NK cells are frequently impaired in their functional capability. A remarkable exception is represented by NK cells isolated from malignant pleural effusions (PE) that are not anergic and, upon IL2-induced activation, efficiently kill tumor cells. Although IL2 is used in various clinical trials, severe side effects may occur in treated patients. In this study, we investigated whether also other clinical-grade cytokines could induce strong cytotoxicity in NK cells isolated from pleural fluid of patients with primary or metastatic tumors of different origins. We show that PE-NK cells, cultured for short-time intervals with IL15, maintain the CD56bright phenotype, a high expression of the main activating receptors, produce cytokines and kill tumor cells in vitro similarly to those treated with IL2. Moreover, IL15-activated PE-NK cells could greatly reduce the growth of established tumors in mice. This in vivo antitumor effect correlated with the ability of IL15-activated PE-NK cells to traffic from periphery to the tumor site. Finally, we show that IL15 can counteract the inhibitory effect of the tumor pleural microenvironment. Our study suggests that IL15-activated NK cells isolated from pleural fluid (otherwise discarded after thoracentesis) may represent a suitable source of effector cells to be used in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Croxatto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Martini
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Chiossone
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | | | - C F Simonassi
- Department of Pneumology, AO Villa Scassi, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Goding SR, Yu S, Bailey LM, Lotze MT, Basse PH. Adoptive transfer of natural killer cells promotes the anti-tumor efficacy of T cells. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:76-86. [PMID: 27377534 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The density of NK cells in tumors correlates positively with prognosis in many types of cancers. The average number of infiltrating NK cells is, however, quite modest (approximately 30 NK cells/sq.mm), even in tumors deemed to have a "high" density of infiltrating NK cells. It is unclear how such low numbers of tumor-infiltrating NK cells can influence outcome. Here, we used ovalbumin-expressing tumor cell lines and TCR transgenic, OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (OT-I-CTLs) to determine whether the simultaneous attack by anti-tumor CTLs and IL-2-activated NK (A-NK) cells synergistically increases the overall tumor cell kill and whether upregulation of tumor MHC class-I by NK cell-derived interferon-gamma (IFNγ) improves tumor-recognition and kill by anti-tumor CTLs. At equal E:T ratios, A-NK cells killed OVA-expressing tumor cells better than OT-I-CTLs. The cytotoxicity against OVA-expressing tumor cells increased by combining OT-I-CTLs and A-NK cells, but the increase was additive rather than synergistic. A-NK cells adenovirally-transduced to produce IL-12 (A-NKIL-12) produced high amounts of IFNγ. The addition of a low number of A-NKIL-12 cells to OT-I-CTLs resulted in a synergistic, albeit modest, increase in overall cytotoxicity. Pre-treatment of tumor cells with NK cell-conditioned medium increased tumor MHC expression and sensitivity to CTL-mediated killing. Pre-treatment of CTLs with NK cell-conditioned medium had no effect on CTL cytotoxicity. In vivo, MHC class-I expression by OVA-expressing B16 melanoma lung metastases increased significantly within 24-48h after adoptive transfer of A-NKIL-12 cells. OT-I-CTLs and A-NKIL-12 cells localized selectively and equally well into OVA-expressing B16 lung metastases and treatment of mice bearing 7-days-old OVA-B16 lung metastases with both A-NKIL-12 cells and OT-I-CTLs lead to a significant prolongation of survival. Thus, an important function of tumor-infiltrating NK cells may be to increase tumor cell expression of MHC class-I through secretion of IFNγ, to prepare them for recognition by tumor-specific CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Goding
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Shaohong Yu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa M Bailey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPCI Cell and Tissue Imaging facility at HCC, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, The Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, USA.
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19
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Murphy KA, James BR, Guan Y, Torry DS, Wilber A, Griffith TS. Exploiting natural anti-tumor immunity for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1612-20. [PMID: 25996049 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1035849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations of spontaneous disease regression in some renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients implicate a role for tumor immunity in controlling this disease. Puzzling, however, are findings that high levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are common to RCC. Despite expression of activation markers by TILs, functional impairment of innate and adaptive immune cells has been consistently demonstrated contributing to the failure of the immune system to control RCC. Immunotherapy can overcome the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor and provide an opportunity for long-term disease free survival. Unfortunately, complete response rates remain sub-optimal indicating the effectiveness of immunotherapy remains limited by tumor-specific factors and/or cell types that inhibit antitumor immune responses. Here we discuss immunotherapies and the function of multiple immune system components to achieve an effective response. Understanding these complex interactions is essential to rationally develop novel therapies capable of renewing the immune system's ability to respond to these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- a Department of Urology; University of Minnesota ; Minneapolis , MN , USA
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20
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Comparative study of various subpopulations of cytotoxic cells in blood and ascites from patients with ovarian carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:290-9. [PMID: 26557777 PMCID: PMC4631306 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2015.54388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY A number of observations have indicated that the immune system plays a significant role in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In cases of EOC, the prognostic significance of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes has not been clearly explained yet. The aim is to determine the phenotype and activation molecules of cytotoxic T cell and NK cell subpopulations and to compare their representation in malignant ascites and peripheral blood in patients with ovarian cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cytotoxic cells taken from blood samples of the cubital vein and malignant ascites were obtained from 53 patients with EOC. Their surface and activation characteristics were determined by means of a flow cytometer. Immunophenotype multiparametric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was carried out. RESULTS CD3(+) T lymphocytes were the main population of TILs (75.9%) and PBLs (70.9%). The number of activating T cells was significantly higher in TILs: CD3(+)/69(+) 6.7% vs. 0.8% (p < 0.001). The representation of (CD3(-)/16(+)56(+)) NK cells in TILs was significantly higher: 11.0% vs. 5.6% (p = 0.041); likewise CD56(bright) and CD-56(bright) from CD56(+) cells were higher in TILs (both p < 0.001). The activation receptor NKG2D was present in 45.1% of TILs vs. 32.3% of PBLs (p = 0.034), but we did not find a significant difference in the numbers of CD56(+)/NKG2D(+) in TILs and PBLs. CONCLUSIONS These results prove that the characteristics and intensity of anti-tumour responses are different in compared compartments (ascites/PBLs). The knowledge of phenotype and functions of effector cells is the basic precondition for understanding the anti-tumour immune response.
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22
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De Wolf K, Vermaelen K, De Meerleer G, Lambrecht BN, Ost P. The potential of radiotherapy to enhance the efficacy of renal cell carcinoma therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1042198. [PMID: 26464810 PMCID: PMC4590014 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1042198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an immunogenic tumor, but uses several immune-suppressive mechanisms to shift the balance from tumor immune response toward tumor growth. Although RCC has traditionally been considered to be radiation resistant, recent evidence suggests that hypofractionated radiotherapy contributes to systemic antitumor immunity. Because the efficacy of antitumor immune responses depends on the complex balance between diverse immune cells and progressing tumor cells, radiotherapy alone is unlikely to induce persistent antitumor immunity. Therefore, the combination of radiotherapy with drugs having synergistic immunomodulatory properties holds great promise with the optimal timing and sequence of modalities depending on the agent used. We highlight the immunomodulatory properties of targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibodies, and will suggest a combination schedule with radiotherapy based on the available literature. We also address the combination of radiotherapy with innovative treatments in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien De Wolf
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karim Vermaelen
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory; Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Unit Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Inflammation Research Center ; Ghent, Belgium ; GROUP-ID Consortium; Ghent University and University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Respiratory Medicine; Ghent University ; Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus MC ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research; Ghent University Hospital ; Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Weinstock M, McDermott DF. Emerging role for novel immunotherapy agents in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: from bench to bedside. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:e291-e297. [PMID: 25993188 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that augment the antitumor immune response have been an established treatment modality for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) since the 1980s. An improved understanding of the factors that limit the immune response to cancer have led to the development of novel therapeutic agents. Most notably, monoclonal antibodies that block the programmed death (PD)-1 immune checkpoint pathway have demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity against mRCC in phase I and II clinical trials. However, as monotherapy these agents are unlikely to offer substantial clinical benefit for the majority of patients with mRCC. Combination approaches and improvements in patient selection will be essential to enhance their efficacy and ensure the rational application of immunotherapy. This review summarizes the clinical and preclinical data that support the use of novel immunotherapies for mRCC and looks forward to future directions for this promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weinstock
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David F McDermott
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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24
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Abstract
The presence of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment correlates with outcome in a variety of cancers. However, the role of intratumoral NK cells is unclear. Preclinical studies have shown that, while NK cells efficiently kill circulating tumor cells of almost any origin, they seem to have very little effect against the same type of tumor cells when these have extravasated. The ability to kill extravasated tumor cells is, however, is dependent of the level of activation of the NK cells, as more recent published and unpublished studies, discussed below, have demonstrated that interleukin-2-activated NK cells are able to attack well-established solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine K Larsen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Department of Hematology, 54P4, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Yanhua Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Per H Basse
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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Oghumu S, Varikuti S, Terrazas C, Kotov D, Nasser MW, Powell CA, Ganju RK, Satoskar AR. CXCR3 deficiency enhances tumor progression by promoting macrophage M2 polarization in a murine breast cancer model. Immunology 2014; 143:109-19. [PMID: 24679047 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages play a vital role in determining the outcome of breast cancer. We investigated the contribution of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 to antitumor immune responses using a cxcr3 deficient mouse orthotopically injected with a PyMT breast cancer cell line. We observed that cxcr3 deficient mice displayed increased IL-4 production and M2 polarization in the tumors and spleens compared to WT mice injected with PyMT cells. This was accompanied by larger tumor development in cxcr3(-/-) than in WT mice. Further, tumor-promoting myeloid derived immune cell populations accumulated in higher proportions in the spleens of cxcr3 deficient mice. Interestingly, cxcr3(-/-) macrophages displayed a deficiency in up-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase after stimulation by either IFN-γ or PyMT supernatants. Stimulation of bone marrow derived macrophages by PyMT supernatants also resulted in greater induction of arginase-1 in cxcr3(-/-) than WT mice. Further, cxcr3(-/-) T cells activated with CD3/CD28 in vitro produced greater amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 than T cells from WT mice. Our data suggests that a greater predisposition of cxcr3 deficient macrophages towards M2 polarization contributes to an enhanced tumor promoting environment in cxcr3 deficient mice. Although CXCR3 is known to be expressed on some macrophages, this is the first report that demonstrates a role for CXCR3 in macrophage polarization and subsequent breast tumor outcomes. Targeting CXCR3 could be a potential therapeutic approach in the management of breast cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA
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Morandi F, Rouas-Freiss N, Pistoia V. The emerging role of soluble HLA-G in the control of chemotaxis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:327-35. [PMID: 24882150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HLA-G is an immunosuppressive molecule, that impairs the function of different immune cell populations, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we have analyzed data obtained by our group and others regarding sHLA-G concentration in plasma from patients with different diseases. Next, we have summarized novel data regarding the impairment of chemotaxis of different immune effector cells mediated by sHLA-G. Finally, we have discussed the impact of this function on the immune response during cancer, viral infection, autoimmunity, and on B cell differentiation in secondary lymphoid organs. In conclusion, we have delineated a role of sHLA-G in the control of chemotaxis of immune effector cells, that may be relevant to modulate immune responses in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 1, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (iMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis, Avenue Claude Vellefaux 1, 75010 Paris, France.
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 1, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
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Specific Associations Between Clinical Signs, Immune Cells, Disease Genetic Background and Burden in a Group of Patients with B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2014-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fluhr H, Seitz T, Zygmunt M. Heparins modulate the IFN-γ-induced production of chemokines in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 137:109-18. [PMID: 23160925 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparins seem to improve survival in patients with advanced malignancies independently of their anticoagulatory function. As the treatment options in advanced and metastatic breast cancer are still very limited, heparins might be an interesting addition to the existing systemic therapies. The interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 play an essential role in the regulation of the immune milieu in malignant tumours, thereby being interesting targets for an immunological intervention. We therefore wanted to test whether heparins have an impact on the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 as well as the IFN-γ signalling in human breast cancer cells in vitro. The well-established cell lines BT-474, MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 were incubated with IFN-γ, unfractionated heparin (UFH), different low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) and the heparin-related polyanions danaparoid and dextran sulphate. The production of CXCL9 and CXCL10 was measured by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 was detected by an in-cell western assay and the amount of cellular bound IFN-γ was analysed by a high sensitivity ELISA. We observed that IFN-γ induced CXCL9 and CXCL10 production in MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells but not in BT-474. UFH dose dependently inhibited the effect of IFN-γ on the secretion and expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10. LMWHs and heparin-related compounds differentially modulated IFN-γ-effects-the results depended on their molecular size and charge, but were independent of their anticoagulatory properties. As a reason for these heparin effects, we could show that the IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 was modulated by heparins, caused by an interaction with the cellular binding of IFN-γ. In conclusion, these results support the significance of the immunomodulatory properties of heparins independently of their classical anticoagulatory function. Heparin-derived sulphated polysaccharides with distinct molecular properties might thus be interesting candidates for new therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Fluhr
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Sauerbruchstr., 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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Bernal M, García-Alcalde F, Concha A, Cano C, Blanco A, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. Genome-wide differential genetic profiling characterizes colorectal cancers with genetic instability and specific routes to HLA class I loss and immune escape. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:803-16. [PMID: 22072317 PMCID: PMC11029079 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM We compared the expression of genes related to inflammatory and cytotoxic functions between MSI and MSS (HLA-class I-negative and HLA-class I-positive) colorectal cancers (CRCs), seeking evidence of differences in inflammatory mediators and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Twenty-two CRCs were divided into three study groups as a function of HLA class I expression and MSI phenotype: 8 MSI tumours, 6 MSS/HLA- tumours and 6 MSS/HLA+ tumours (controls). FINDINGS A first comparison between eight MSI and six MSS/HLA-positive (control) cancers, based on microarray analysis on an Affymetrix(®) HG-U133-Plus-PM plate, identified 1974 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05). We grouped genes in Gene Ontology functional categories: apoptotic programme (72 genes, P = 5.5·10(-3)), leucocyte activation (43 genes, P = 1.8·10(-5)), T-cell activation (24 genes, P = 6.3·10(-4)), inflammatory response (40 genes, 2.3·10(-2)) and cytokine production (10 genes, P = 1.9·10(-2)). Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical evaluation were used to validate the data, finding that increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic mediators were associated with greater infiltration by CD8+T lymphocytes in the MSI group (P < 0.001). Finally, HLA-class I-negative tumours were not grouped together but rather in accordance with features of the gene expression profile of MSI or MSS tumours. As expected, genes associated with antigen processing machinery and MHC class I molecules (TAP2, B2m) were downregulated in MSS/HLA-class I-negative CRCs (n = 6) in comparison to controls. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, microarray and immunohistochemical data may be useful to comprehensively assess tumour-host interactions and differentiate MSI from MSS cancers. The two types of tumour, MSI/HLA-class I-negative and MSS/HLA-class I-negative, showed marked differences in the composition and intensity of infiltrating leucocytes, suggesting that their immune escape strategies involve distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Bernal
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Alcalde
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Príncipe Felipe Research Centre, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Concha
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Cano
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Armando Blanco
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
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Bronger H, Kraeft S, Schwarz-Boeger U, Cerny C, Stöckel A, Avril S, Kiechle M, Schmitt M. Modulation of CXCR3 ligand secretion by prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R30. [PMID: 22333315 PMCID: PMC3496148 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In murine breast cancer models, the two interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) inducible chemokines and CXC-chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) receptor ligands, monokine induced by γ-interferon (CXCL9) and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (CXCL10) impair tumor growth and metastasis formation through recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells and tumor-suppressive T lymphocytes. In human breast cancer, CXCL9 mRNA overexpression correlates with the number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and predicts response to different chemotherapeutic regimens. Raising the intratumoral CXCR3 ligand concentration is therefore a possible way to enhance immune intervention in breast cancer. Little is known, however, about expression levels and regulation of these chemokines in human breast cancer. Since the inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) has been shown to reduce tumor growth and incidence of metastases in a lymphocytic and IFN-γ dependent manner, we argued that COX isoenzymes are a pharmacologic target to increase intratumoral CXCR3 ligand concentration in human breast cancer. Methods CXCL9 was visualized in breast cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry, expression levels of CXCL9 and cyclooxygenases were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. For regulation studies, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast 231 (MDA-MB 231) breast cancer cells were stimulated with IFN-γ with or without prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or COX inhibitors (indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), celecoxib). CXCR3 ligand release from cells was measured by ELISA. Results Within the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells are the major source of CXCL9. PGE2 impairs IFN-γ mediated CXCL9 and CXCL10 release from MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 cells, and inhibition of endogenous cyclooxygenases by indomethacin or ASA correspondingly increases this secretion. Otherwise, high concentrations of the Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) specific antagonist celecoxib have opposite effects and impair CXCL9 and CXCL10 release. In human breast cancer tissue specimens there is an inverse correlation between COX-2 overexpression and CXCL9 concentration, suggesting that the observed in vitro effects are of importance in vivo as well. Conclusions Suppressing endogenous PGE2 synthesis by cyclooxygenase inhibition increases CXCL9 and CXCL10 release from breast cancer cells and is therefore a pharmacologic candidate to enhance intratumoral immune infiltration. Yet, to this end the unselective COX inhibitors ASA and indomethacin seem preferable to celecoxib that at higher concentrations reduces CXCR3 ligand release most probably due to COX independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bronger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str, 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Oldham KA, Parsonage G, Bhatt RI, Wallace DMA, Deshmukh N, Chaudhri S, Adams DH, Lee SP. T lymphocyte recruitment into renal cell carcinoma tissue: a role for chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR6, CCR5, and CCR6. Eur Urol 2012; 61:385-94. [PMID: 22079021 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that some patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) respond to immunomodulatory therapies that activate T lymphocytes. A prerequisite for effective T cell therapy is efficient targeting of effector T cells to the tumour site, yet the molecular basis of T cell recruitment to RCC is unknown. Furthermore, some T cells that naturally infiltrate this cancer are regulatory T cells (Tregs) that may suppress antitumour immune responses. OBJECTIVE Determine the mechanisms of effector and regulatory T cell recruitment to RCC to allow targeted therapy that promotes local anti-tumour immunity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Tumour-infiltrating and peripheral blood T cells were collected from 70 patients undergoing nephrectomy for RCC. MEASUREMENTS T cells were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry for expression of 19 chemokine receptors and 7 adhesion molecules. Receptors that were expressed at higher levels on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) compared with matched peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were analysed further for their ability to mediate migration responses in TILs and for expression of corresponding ligands in tumour tissue. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Three chemokine receptors-CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6-were significantly overexpressed on TILs compared with matched PBLs (n=16 cases) and were capable of promoting migration in vitro. Their corresponding ligands CCL4-5, CXCL9-11, and CXCL16 were all detected in RCC tissue. However, since they were present in all cases studied, it was not possible to correlate ligand expression with levels of T cell infiltration. Foxp3(+) Tregs were enriched within TILs compared with matched PBLs and expressed high levels of CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6, as well as CCR6, the ligand for which (CCL20) was detectable in RCC tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6 in the selective recruitment of T cells into RCC tissue and, together with CCR6, in the recruitment of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Oldham
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Prognostic Factors and Predictive Models in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Contemporary Review. Eur Urol 2011; 60:644-61. [PMID: 21741163 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Alpizar YA, Chain B, Collins MK, Greenwood J, Katz D, Stauss HJ, Mitchison NA. Ten years of progress in vaccination against cancer: the need to counteract cancer evasion by dual targeting in future therapies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1127-35. [PMID: 21479639 PMCID: PMC11028423 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer immunology has made vigorous progress over the last decade, its future remains uncertain. Tumors have clearly proved subject to immune surveillance, leading to antigenic editing, and means of activating both T and B arms of the immune system have been devised. Therapeutic vaccination and monoclonal antibody therapy have so far proved disappointing, because tumors prove adept at evasion from immune control. Dual targeting could well counteract evasion, provided that the two targets are independent and are attacked simultaneously. This stage has nearly but not quite been reached in several forms of immunotherapy, particularly of B-cell cancers, although such treatment also carries hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mary K. Collins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - John Greenwood
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - David Katz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Hans J. Stauss
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL UK
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the characteristics of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have brought to our attention many prognostic markers that affect and predict the survival outcome of patients with the disease. For the moment, however, patients with RCC have not received any benefit from such markers. If a patient is diagnosed as “high risk” by using such prognostic markers, there is no promising systemic therapy available. In this review we mainly focus on biomarkers of RCC that can be applied for therapeutic use reported in recent publications. Several issues and limitations in the reported studies are also highlighted and discussed. Developing biomarkers from the viewpoint of therapeutic application will lead to improvement of the prognosis of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Bernal M, Concha A, Sáenz-López P, Rodríguez AI, Cabrera T, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. Leukocyte infiltrate in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas is strongly associated with tumor microsatellite instability but not with tumor immunogenicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:869-82. [PMID: 21400022 PMCID: PMC11029771 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the correlation of genomic instability with leukocyte infiltrate in gastrointestinal carcinomas (GIACs) and with tumor immunogenicity, e.g., HLA class I cell surface expression defects and galectin-3 and PDL-1 expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrations were immunohistochemically studied in HLA class I negative GIACs with sporadic high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or microsatellite stability (MSS). RESULTS Tumors with MSI-H were associated with the following: dense infiltration (CD45, P < 0.001); cytotoxic CD8-positive lymphocytes (P < 0.001); and a complete absence of HLA class I cell surface expression, due to inactivating β2-microglobulin (β2-m) mutation in 50% of cases. In contrast, HLA class I negative tumors with MSS were significantly associated with fewer CD8-positive lymphocytes. There was no association between microsatellite instability and other molecular features of the tumor cells, including expression of galectin-3. Finally, macrophage infiltrate in the tumors was not correlated with microsatellite instability or HLA class I cell surface expression (CD64, P = 0.63; CD163, P = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS Microsatellite instability appears to be the most important factor determining the composition, density, and localization of leukocyte infiltrate, which is independent of other molecular features such expression of HLA class I cells, galectin-3, or programmed death ligand-1. Accordingly, the strong intratumoral CD8+ T infiltration of MSI-H tumors may be produced by elevated levels of specific inflammatory chemokines in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Bernal
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Concha
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Sáenz-López
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Rodríguez
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
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Yang YM, Feng AL, Zhou CJ, Liang XH, Mao HT, Deng BP, Yan S, Sun JT, Du LT, Liu J, Wang QJ, Neckenig MR, Yang QF, Qu X. Aberrant expression of chemokine receptor CCR4 in human gastric cancer contributes to tumor-induced immunosuppression. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1264-71. [PMID: 21443538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR4 is preferentially expressed on certain immune cells and some hematological tumor cells, which play pivotal roles in suppression of host immune response. However, the reasons for the upmodulation of CCR4 and its immune functions in solid tumors remain unclear. Herein, we aimed to determine the expression profiles of CCR4 in gastric cancer cells and its role in regulating antitumor immunity. CCR4 expression was assessed in 63 cases of gastric carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. We found cancer cells in lymphocyte-rich carcinomas more frequently showed moderate to strong positive staining for CCR4 than those in conventional carcinomas (P = 0.041), and also found a positive relationship between expression of CCR4 and tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.012). Stimulation of gastric cell lines with various cytokines showed that tumor necrosis factor-α uniquely upmodulated CCR4 expression through activation of nuclear factor-κB. Additional coculture experiments showed the forced expression of CCR4 in SGC-7901 cells caused a significant reduction of γ-interferon and elevation of interleukin-10 secretion in the supernatants from cocultured SGC-7901 cells and PBMCs. In addition, granzyme A production in cancer cell-cocultured CD56(+) natural killer cells was significantly downregulated. Inhibition of the overexpressed CCR4 in cancer cells by an inhibitor of CCR4, compound 39, proved to partly restore the antitumor immunity in respect of the inverse changes in those factors. Our studies suggest that the aberrant expression of CCR4 in human gastric cancer could contribute to tumor-induced immunosuppression. Conceivably, downmodulation of CCR4 expression could be a promising immunotherapy for human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau gene confer increased susceptibility to natural killer cells of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2011; 30:2622-32. [PMID: 21258414 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is involved in the development of sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL interferes with angiogenesis and also controls cell adhesion and invasion. Therapies that target VHL-controlled genes are currently being evaluated in RCC patients. RCC is a immunogenic tumor and treatment with interleukin-2 (IL2) or interferon (IFN)-α results in regression in some patients. We used two renal tumor cell lines (RCC6 and RCC4) carrying VHL loss-of-function mutations to investigate the role of mutant VHL in susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. The RCC6 and RCC4 cell lines were transfected with the wild-type gene to restore the function of VHL. The presence of the gene in RCC cells downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and subsequently decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Relative to control transfectants and parental cells, pVHL-transfected cell lines activated resting and IL2-activated NK cells less strongly, as assessed by IFNγ secretion, NK degranulation and cell lysis. NKG2A, a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I-specific inhibitory NK receptor, controls the lysis of tumor targets. We show that HLA-I expression in RCC-pVHL cells is stronger than that in parental and controls cells, although the expression of activating receptor NK ligands remains unchanged. Blocking NKG2A/HLA-I interactions substantially increased lysis of RCC-pVHL, but had little effect on the lysis of VHL-mutated RCC cell lines. In addition, in response to IFNα, the exponential growth of RCC-pVHL was inhibited more than that of RCC-pE cells, indicating that VHL mutations may be involved in IFNα resistance. These results indicate that a decreased expression of HLA-I molecules in mutated VHL renal tumor cells sensitizes them to NK-mediated lysis. These results suggest that combined immunotherapy with anti-angiogenic drugs may be beneficial for patients with mutated VHL.
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Chan T, Wiltrout RH, Weiss JM. Immunotherapeutic modulation of the suppressive liver and tumor microenvironments. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:879-89. [PMID: 21241810 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an immunologically unique organ, consisting of resident hematopoietic and parenchymal cells which often contribute to a relatively tolerant microenvironment. It is also becoming increasingly clear that tumor-induced immunosuppression occurs via many of the same cellular mechanisms which contribute to the tolerogenic liver microenvironment. Myeloid cells, consisting of dendritic cells (DC), macrophages and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), have been implicated in providing a tolerogenic liver environment and immune dysfunction within the tumor microenvironment which can favor tumor progression. As we increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved for each phenotypic and/or functionally distinct leukocyte subset, immunotherapeutic strategies can be developed to overcome the inherent barriers to the development of improved strategies for the treatment of liver disease and tumors. In this review, we discuss the principal myeloid cell-based contributions to immunosuppression that are shared between the liver and tumor microenvironments. We further highlight immune-based strategies shown to modulate immunoregulatory cells within each microenvironment and enhance anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Chan
- NCI Frederick, Building 560, Room 31-18 Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Godin-Ethier J, Pelletier S, Hanafi LA, Gannon PO, Forget MA, Routy JP, Boulassel MR, Krzemien U, Tanguay S, Lattouf JB, Arbour N, Lapointe R. Human activated T lymphocytes modulate IDO expression in tumors through Th1/Th2 balance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7752-60. [PMID: 19933867 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous cancer vaccination approaches have shown some efficiency in generating measurable immune responses, but they have rarely led to tumor regression. It is therefore possible that tumors emerge with the capacity to down-regulate immune counterparts, through the local production of immunosuppressive molecules, such as IDO. Although it is known that IDO exerts suppressive effects on T cell functions, the mechanisms of IDO regulation in tumor cells remain to be characterized. Here, we demonstrate that activated T cells can induce functional IDO expression in breast and kidney tumor cell lines, and that this is partly attributable to IFN-gamma. Moreover, we found that IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, has a negative modulatory effect on IDO expression. Furthermore, we report IDO expression in the majority of breast and kidney carcinoma samples, with infiltration of activated Th1-polarized T cells in human tumors. These findings demonstrate complex control of immune activity within tumors. Future immune therapeutic interventions should thus include strategies to counteract these negative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Godin-Ethier
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Successful immunotherapy with IL-2/anti-CD40 induces the chemokine-mediated mitigation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19455-60. [PMID: 19892741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909474106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of mice bearing orthotopic, metastatic tumors with anti-CD40 antibody resulted in only partial, transient anti-tumor effects whereas combined treatment with IL-2/anti-CD40, induced tumor regression. The mechanisms for these divergent anti-tumor responses were examined by profiling tumor-infiltrating leukocyte subsets and chemokine expression within the tumor microenvironment after immunotherapy. IL-2/anti-CD40, but not anti-CD40 alone, induced significant infiltration of established tumors by NK and CD8(+) T cells. To further define the role of chemokines in leukocyte recruitment into tumors, we evaluated anti-tumor responses in mice lacking the chemokine receptor, CCR2. The anti-tumor effects and leukocyte recruitment mediated by anti-CD40 alone, were completely abolished in CCR2(-/-) mice. In contrast, IL-2/anti-CD40-mediated leukocyte recruitment and reductions in primary tumors and metastases were maintained in CCR2(-/-) mice. Treatment of mice with IL-2/anti-CD40, but not anti-CD40 alone, also caused an IFN-gamma-dependent increase in the expression of multiple Th1 chemokines within the tumor microenvironment. Interestingly, although IL-2/anti-CD40 treatment increased Tregs in the spleen, it also caused a coincident IFN-gamma-dependent reduction in CD4(+)/FoxP3(+) Tregs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Th2 chemokine expression specifically within the tumor microenvironment that was not observed after treatment with anti-CD40 alone. Similar effects were observed using IL-15 in combination with anti-CD40. Taken together, our data demonstrate that IL-2/anti-CD40, but not anti-CD40 alone, can preferentially reduce the overall immunosuppressive milieu within the tumor microenvironment. These results suggest that the use of anti-CD40 in combination with IL-2 or IL-15 may hold substantially more promise for clinical cancer treatment than anti-CD40 alone.
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41
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Attig S, Hennenlotter J, Pawelec G, Klein G, Koch SD, Pircher H, Feyerabend S, Wernet D, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Gouttefangeas C. Simultaneous infiltration of polyfunctional effector and suppressor T cells into renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8412-9. [PMID: 19843860 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is frequently infiltrated by cells of the immune system. This makes it important to understand interactions between cancer cells and immune cells so they can be manipulated to bring clinical benefit. Here, we analyze subsets and functions of T lymphocytes infiltrating renal cell tumors directly ex vivo following mechanical disaggregation and without any culture step. Subpopulations of memory and effector CD4(+) Th1, Th2, and Th17 and CD8(+) Tc1 cells were identified based on surface phenotype, activation potential, and multicytokine production. Compared with the same patient's peripheral blood, T lymphocytes present inside tumors were found to be enriched in functional CD4(+) cells of the Th1 lineage and in effector memory CD8(+) cells. Additionally, several populations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) regulatory T cells were identified that may synergize to locally dampen antitumor T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Attig
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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42
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Sáenz López P, Vázquez Alonso F, M. Romero J, Carretero R, Tallada Buñuel M, Ruiz Cabello F, Manuel Cózar Olmo J. [Polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes in metastatic renal cancer]. Actas Urol Esp 2009; 33:474-81. [PMID: 19658300 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(09)74180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated as an etiological factor in different human cancers. Allelic variations in the genes implicated in inflammation are candidates as genetic determinants or markers of renal carcinoma risk. The present stud investigates whether polymorphisms of the genes that give rise to increases in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are associated with an increased risk of renal carcinoma. To this effect, a number of case-control studies were designed to assess the correlation between renal carcinoma and polymorphisms IL10-1082 A/G (rs 1800896), IL10-592 A/C (rs 1800872), IL10-819 C/T (rs 1800871), IL10-1082 A/G, IL4-590 C/T (rs 2243250), TNF-A-308 A/G (rs 1800629), RANTES-403 G/A (rs 2107538), IL1-A-889 C/T (rs 1800587), MCP-1 2518 G/A (rs 1024611), CTLA-4/+49 A/G (rs 231775) and CTLA-4 CT60 A/G (rs 3087243) in 127 renal carcinoma patients and in 176 healthy subjects. The results obtained in relation to cytokine polymorphism IL-10-1082 A/G indicate that AG heterozygosity status is the principal risk factor in relation to locally advanced or metastatic tumor stage and renal carcinoma. In the case of the molecule CTLA4, the results obtained in renal cancer reveal an association between the polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene and an increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma. A high genotypic frequency of polymorphisms CTLA4/CT60-AA and CTLA4/A49G-AA is observed in patients with renal cell carcinoma versus the controls. An association has been established between polymorphism CTLA4/CT60 and tumor grade in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Logistic regression analysis has confirmed these data, demonstrating a high frequency of the AA genotype in patients with high-grade tumors. The results obtained support the hypothesis that different genetic factors implicated in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, stromal cell composition and local cytokine production levels may be crucial elements in the modification of the clinicopathological parameters of renal carcinoma.
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43
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Geiger C, Nößner E, Frankenberger B, Falk CS, Pohla H, Schendel DJ. Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity for adoptive cell therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:595-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Wittnebel S, Da Rocha S, Giron-Michel J, Jalil A, Opolon P, Escudier B, Validire P, Khawam K, Chouaib S, Azzarone B, Caignard A. Membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-15 on renal tumor cells rescues natural killer cells from IL-2 starvation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5594-9. [PMID: 17575122 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma primary tumors and lung metastases are infiltrated by activated natural killer (NK) cells. Interleukin (IL)-15, a major cytokine involved in cross-talk between accessory cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and NK cells, is produced by epithelial renal cells. We show that renal cell carcinoma cells and normal renal cells express IL-15 mRNA and membrane-bound IL-15 (MbIL-15). These cells also express IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha). Silencing of IL-15Ralpha by specific small interfering RNA in renal cell carcinoma had no effect on MbIL-15 production, indicating that the cytokine is not cross-presented by IL-15Ralpha in renal cell carcinoma cells but anchored to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that MbIL-15 from renal cell carcinoma cells is functional and involved in rapid nuclear translocation of phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in IL-2-starved NK cells. MbIL-15 on the target did not interfere with resting NK cell activation and target cell cytolysis but rescued NK cells from IL-2 starvation-induced apoptosis through contact-dependent interaction. Masking of MbIL-15 with soluble IL-15Ralpha molecules restored NK cell apoptosis. These findings suggest that IL-15 produced by renal tumor cells is involved in the maintenance of active NK cells at the tumor site.
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45
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Frankenberger B, Noessner E, Schendel DJ. Immune suppression in renal cell carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:330-43. [PMID: 17656104 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clear evidence that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with anti-tumor activity exist in situ raises the question why renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) progress in vivo. A complex array of factors and pathways has been identified that impinges on innate and adaptive effector cells thereby inhibiting their activity against RCCs. The current picture of suppressive mechanisms that contribute to the failure of the immune system to control RCCs is reviewed here. Understanding these complex host-tumor interactions has broad implications for successful application of cytokine therapy and other forms of immunotherapy for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Frankenberger
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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46
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Cozar JM, Romero JM, Aptsiauri N, Vazquez F, Vilchez JR, Tallada M, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. High incidence of CTLA-4 AA (CT60) polymorphism in renal cell cancer. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:698-704. [PMID: 17678726 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism in genes encoding T-cell regulatory proteins and cytokines may influence inflammation and cancer development via regulation of antitumor immune response. In the current study we analyzed genotypic frequencies of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)/CT60, CTLA-4/A49G, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 polymorphisms in 117 renal cell carcinoma patients, 96 patients with colorectal cancer, and 196 healthy controls to test for an association between polymorphism in these genes and the risk of renal and colon cancer in a Spanish group of patients. In the case-control study, DNA samples from cancer patients and controls were analyzed using a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay. The distribution of IL-4 and IL-10 polymorphisms was similar between renal cancer patients and controls. However, a higher incidence of CTLA-4/CT60-AA genotype (p = 0.005; odds ratio (OR)= 2.12 with 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-3.50) and CTLA-4/A49G-AA (p = 0.022; OR = 1.76 with 95% CI: 1.11-2.80) genotype was observed in renal cancer patients than in controls. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between the AA genotype in both CTLA-4 polymorphisms and RCC grade, suggesting a role for the CTLA4 gene in tumor development. Therefore, our data suggest the CTLA-4 gene may be a candidate as a renal adenocarcinoma susceptibility gene, but does not play an important role in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Cozar
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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47
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Reckamp KL, Figlin RA, Moldawer N, Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. Expression of CXCR3 on Mononuclear Cells and CXCR3 Ligands in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in Response to Systemic IL-2 Therapy. J Immunother 2007; 30:417-24. [PMID: 17457216 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31802e089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in regulating tumor-mediated immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. The chemokine receptor, CXCR3, is expressed in various human tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). CXCR3 is also associated with antiangiogenic effects in multiple tumors, and we hypothesized that interleukin-2 (IL-2) treatment of patients with metastatic clear cell RCC could augment CXCR3 levels on circulating mononuclear cells and correlate to outcome. The kinetics of CXCR3 expression on circulating mononuclear cells and its ligands (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) in plasma were evaluated in 20 patients with metastatic clear cell RCC during cycles 1 and 2 of high dose IL-2 therapy. Subpopulations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were studied by dual color flow cytometry. Angiogenic ligands were measured and an "angiogenic ratio" was calculated prehigh and posthigh dose IL-2. CXCR3 expression on PBMC at baseline was similar in patients with metastatic RCC and normal controls. PBMC CXCR3 expression increased during treatment, and peaked during cycle 2. Plasma from RCC patients displayed similar baseline levels of CXCR3 ligands to normal controls. However, the angiogenic ratio was significantly increased in patients with metastatic RCC at baseline. Plasma levels of CXCR3 ligands increased during treatment, resulting in a reversal in the angiogenic ratio to favor angiostatic chemokines. The CXCR3/CXCR3 ligand biologic axis and angiogenic ratio may be important biomarkers in clear cell RCC patients who are undergoing high dose IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Reckamp
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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48
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Dengjel J, Nastke MD, Gouttefangeas C, Gitsioudis G, Schoor O, Altenberend F, Müller M, Krämer B, Missiou A, Sauter M, Hennenlotter J, Wernet D, Stenzl A, Rammensee HG, Klingel K, Stevanović S. Unexpected abundance of HLA class II presented peptides in primary renal cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:4163-70. [PMID: 16857787 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elicit a long-lasting antitumor immune response, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells should be activated. We attempted to isolate HLA-DR-presented peptides directly from dissected solid tumors, in particular from renal cell carcinoma, to identify MHC class II ligands from tumor-associated antigens (TAA) for their use in peptide-based immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for their HLA class II expression. HLA class II peptides were subsequently isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Gene expression analysis was done to detect genes overexpressed in tumor tissue. Peptides from identified TAAs were used to induce peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in healthy donors and in tumor patients. RESULTS In the absence of inflammation, expression of MHC class II molecules is mainly restricted to cells of the immune system. To our surprise, we were able to isolate and characterize hundreds of class II peptides directly from primary dissected solid tumors, especially from renal cell carcinomas, and from colorectal carcinomas and transitional cell carcinomas. Infiltrating leukocytes expressed MHC class II molecules and tumor cells, very likely under the influence of IFNgamma. Our list of identified peptides contains ligands from several TAAs, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. The latter bound promiscuously to HLA-DR molecules and were able to elicit CD4+ T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our direct approach will rapidly expand the limited number of T-helper epitopes from TAAs for their use in clinical vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Dengjel
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, University of Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Neeson P, Paterson Y. Effects of the tumor microenvironment on the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Immunol Invest 2006; 35:359-94. [PMID: 16916758 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600755009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes vaccines targeting tumor antigens or tumor endothelium to prevent or regress tumors. Many cancer vaccines are designed to induce antigen-specific effector T cells that migrate to the tumor site. In an optimal situation, the effector T cells penetrate the tumor, release their effector molecules, induce tumor cell death and tumor regression. However, the tumor microenvironment is frequently immunosuppressive and contributes to a state of immune ignorance, impacting on the vaccine's ability to break tolerance to tumor antigen/s. This review discusses the factors in the tumor microenvironment that can affect the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In particular, the review focuses on pathways leading to effector T cell penetration of tumors or the inhibition of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Neeson
- Microbiology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA
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50
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Romero JM, Aptsiauri N, Vazquez F, Cozar JM, Canton J, Cabrera T, Tallada M, Garrido F, Ruiz-Cabello F. Analysis of the expression of HLA class I, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in primary tumors from patients with localized and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:303-10. [PMID: 17026465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression and cytokine and chemokine production both by cancer cells and by normal surrounding tissue are believed to be responsible for immune escape and tumor progression. In this study, we compared the tumor expression levels of HLA heavy chain (HLAhc), beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m), chemokines (Interferon-gamma-inducible Protein-10 (IP-10), Interferon-inducible T-cell Alpha-Chemoattractant (I-TAC), Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1), Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha) and Regulated upon Activation, Normally T-Expressed, and presumably Secreted (RANTES)) and cytokines (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Tumor Growth Factor-beta (TGB-beta)) in primary tumors and adjacent normal tissues from patients with localized and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. We report that the expression of HLAhc, beta2m and the studied cytokines and chemokines (except for SDF-1) was significantly higher in the tumor (29 samples) than in the normal tissue (14 samples). When we compared the tumor expression levels between patients with localized RCC and patients with advanced metastatic stage, we found that the messenger RNA expression levels of HLAhc and beta2m were much lower in patients with metastatic RCC (6 cases) than in patients with localized cancer (23 cases), with levels similar to those in normal tissue. This was also confirmed on a protein level by immunohistological labeling of tumor tissues. Thirty-nine percent of the analyzed RCC tumors showed partial loss of HLA class I molecules, while 6% of the tumors showed HLA class I total loss. The expression of IP-10, SDF-1 and VEGF-c was also significantly lower in patients with advanced tumor, while the IFN-gamma expression in metastatic RCC was not detectable. Our findings show that primary RCC tumors are characterized by a high expression of HLAhc and a presence of proinflammatory mediators and chemokines. We also observed that disease progression and development of metastasis in RCC are associated with decreased expression of HLAhc, beta2m, IP-10, SDF-1 and IFN-gamma. This microenvironment may suppress the cytotoxic response, creating conditions that favor tumor escape and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Romero
- Servicio de Analisis Clinicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, University of Granada, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
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