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Sun W, Hu S, Wang X. Advances and clinical applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hematological malignancies. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 39073258 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are differentially expressed on various immune cells to regulate immune responses in tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells can activate the immune checkpoint pathway to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and inhibit the anti-tumor immune response, which may lead to tumor progression by evading immune surveillance. Interrupting co-inhibitory signaling pathways with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) could reinvigorate the anti-tumor immune response and promote immune-mediated eradication of tumor cells. As a milestone in tumor treatment, ICIs have been firstly used in solid tumors and subsequently expanded to hematological malignancies, which are in their infancy. Currently, immune checkpoints have been investigated as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies, and novel immune checkpoints, such as signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-inducible protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2), are constantly being discovered. Numerous ICIs have received clinical approval for clinical application in the treatment of hematological malignancies, especially when used in combination with other strategies, including oncolytic viruses (OVs), neoantigen vaccines, bispecific antibodies (bsAb), bio-nanomaterials, tumor vaccines, and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. Moreover, the proportion of individuals with hematological malignancies benefiting from ICIs remains lower than expected due to multiple mechanisms of drug resistance and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Close monitoring and appropriate intervention are needed to mitigate irAEs while using ICIs. This review provided a comprehensive overview of immune checkpoints on different immune cells, the latest advances of ICIs and highlighted the clinical applications of immune checkpoints in hematological malignancies, including biomarkers, targets, combination of ICIs with other therapies, mechanisms of resistance to ICIs, and irAEs, which can provide novel insight into the future exploration of ICIs in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shunfeng Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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2
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Wang H, Medina R, Ye J, Zhang Y, Chakraborty S, Valenzuela A, Uher O, Hadrava Vanova K, Sun M, Sang X, Park DM, Zenka J, Gilbert MR, Pacak K, Zhuang Z. rWTC-MBTA Vaccine Induces Potent Adaptive Immune Responses Against Glioblastomas via Dynamic Activation of Dendritic Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308280. [PMID: 38298111 PMCID: PMC11005728 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite strides in immunotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains challenging due to low inherent immunogenicity and suppressive tumor microenvironment. Converting "cold" GBMs to "hot" is crucial for immune activation and improved outcomes. This study comprehensively characterized a therapeutic vaccination strategy for preclinical GBM models. The vaccine consists of Mannan-BAM-anchored irradiated whole tumor cells, Toll-like receptor ligands [lipoteichoic acid (LTA), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)), and resiquimod (R-848)], and anti-CD40 agonistic antibody (rWTC-MBTA). Intracranial GBM models (GL261, SB28 cells) are used to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. A substantial number of vaccinated mice exhibited complete regression of GBM tumors in a T-cell-dependent manner, with no significant toxicity. Long-term tumor-specific immune memory is confirmed upon tumor rechallenge. In the vaccine-draining lymph nodes of the SB28 model, rWTC-MBTA vaccination triggered a major rise in conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) 12 h post-treatment, followed by an increase in conventional dendritic cell type 2 (cDC2), monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC), and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) on Day 5 and Day 13. Enhanced cytotoxicity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice is verified in co-culture with tumor cells. Analyses of immunosuppressive signals (T-cell exhaustion, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), M2 macrophages) in the GBM microenvironment suggest potential combinations with other immunotherapies for enhanced efficacy. In conclusion, the authors findings demonstrate that rWTC-MBTA induces potent and long-term adaptive immune responses against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herui Wang
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
- Present address:
Staff Scientist Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer Institute Center for Cancer ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBuilding 37 Room 100437 Convent Dr.BethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Rogelio Medina
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | - Juan Ye
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | | | - Alex Valenzuela
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | - Ondrej Uher
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of Health9000 Rockville PikeBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Katerina Hadrava Vanova
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of Health9000 Rockville PikeBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Mitchell Sun
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | - Xueyu Sang
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | - Deric M. Park
- John Theurer Cancer CenterHUMCHackensack Meridian School of Medicine92 2nd StHackensackNJ07601USA
| | - Jan Zenka
- Department of Medical BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské Budějovice37005Czech Republic
| | - Mark R. Gilbert
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
| | - Karel Pacak
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of Health9000 Rockville PikeBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland10022USA
- Present address:
Senior Investigator Neuro‐Oncology BranchNational Cancer Institute Center for Cancer ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBuilding 37 Room 100037 Convent DrBethesdaMD20892USA
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3
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Yan X, Ols S, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Lenart K, Hellgren F, Ye K, Cagigi A, Buggert M, Nimmerjahn F, Falkesgaard Højen J, Parera D, Pessara U, Fischer S, Loré K. Cell targeting and immunostimulatory properties of a novel Fcγ-receptor-independent agonistic anti-CD40 antibody in rhesus macaques. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:189. [PMID: 37353664 PMCID: PMC10289945 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting CD40 by agonistic antibodies used as vaccine adjuvants or for cancer immunotherapy is a strategy to stimulate immune responses. The majority of studied agonistic anti-human CD40 antibodies require crosslinking of their Fc region to inhibitory FcγRIIb to induce immune stimulation although this has been associated with toxicity in previous studies. Here we introduce an agonistic anti-human CD40 monoclonal IgG1 antibody (MAB273) unique in its specificity to the CD40L binding site of CD40 but devoid of Fcγ-receptor binding. We demonstrate rapid binding of MAB273 to B cells and dendritic cells resulting in activation in vitro on human cells and in vivo in rhesus macaques. Dissemination of fluorescently labeled MAB273 after subcutaneous administration was found predominantly at the site of injection and specific draining lymph nodes. Phenotypic cell differentiation and upregulation of genes associated with immune activation were found in the targeted tissues. Antigen-specific T cell responses were enhanced by MAB273 when given in a prime-boost regimen and for boosting low preexisting responses. MAB273 may therefore be a promising immunostimulatory adjuvant that warrants future testing for therapeutic and prophylactic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Yan
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kewei Ye
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jesper Falkesgaard Højen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Visionsgatan 4, BioClinicum J7:30, 171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Barry ST, Gabrilovich DI, Sansom OJ, Campbell AD, Morton JP. Therapeutic targeting of tumour myeloid cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:216-237. [PMID: 36747021 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are pivotal within the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. The accumulation of tumour-modified myeloid cells derived from monocytes or neutrophils - termed 'myeloid-derived suppressor cells' - and tumour-associated macrophages is associated with poor outcome and resistance to treatments such as chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Unfortunately, there has been little success in large-scale clinical trials of myeloid cell modulators, and only a few distinct strategies have been used to target suppressive myeloid cells clinically so far. Preclinical and translational studies have now elucidated specific functions for different myeloid cell subpopulations within the tumour microenvironment, revealing context-specific roles of different myeloid cell populations in disease progression and influencing response to therapy. To improve the success of myeloid cell-targeted therapies, it will be important to target tumour types and patient subsets in which myeloid cells represent the dominant driver of therapy resistance, as well as to determine the most efficacious treatment regimens and combination partners. This Review discusses what we can learn from work with the first generation of myeloid modulators and highlights recent developments in modelling context-specific roles for different myeloid cell subtypes, which can ultimately inform how to drive more successful clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Hägerbrand K, Varas L, Deronic A, Nyesiga B, Sundstedt A, Ljung L, Sakellariou C, Werchau D, Thagesson M, Gomez Jimenez D, Greiff L, Celander M, Smedenfors K, Rosén A, Bölükbas D, Carlsson F, Levin M, Säll A, von Schantz L, Lindstedt M, Ellmark P. Bispecific antibodies targeting CD40 and tumor-associated antigens promote cross-priming of T cells resulting in an antitumor response superior to monospecific antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005018. [PMID: 36323431 PMCID: PMC9660648 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indications with poor T-cell infiltration or deficiencies in T-cell priming and associated unresponsiveness to established immunotherapies represent an unmet medical need in oncology. CD40-targeting therapies designed to enhance antigen presentation, generate new tumor-specific T cells, and activate tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells to remodel the tumor microenvironment, represent a promising opportunity to meet this need. In this study, we present the first in vivo data supporting a role for tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-mediated uptake and cross-presentation of tumor antigens to enhance tumor-specific T-cell priming using CD40×TAA bispecific antibodies, a concept we named Neo-X-Prime. METHODS Bispecific antibodies targeting CD40 and either of two cell-surface expressed TAA, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEA) or epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), were developed in a tetravalent format. TAA-conditional CD40 agonism, activation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, antitumor efficacy and the role of delivery of tumor-derived material such as extracellular vesicles, tumor debris and exosomes by the CD40×TAA bispecific antibodies were demonstrated in vitro using primary human and murine cells and in vivo using human CD40 transgenic mice with different tumor models. RESULTS The results showed that the CD40×TAA bispecific antibodies induced TAA-conditional CD40 activation both in vitro and in vivo. Further, it was demonstrated in vitro that they induced clustering of tumor debris and CD40-expressing cells in a dose-dependent manner and superior T-cell priming when added to dendritic cells (DC), ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cells and OVA-containing tumor debris or exosomes. The antitumor activity of the Neo-X-Prime bispecific antibodies was demonstrated to be significantly superior to the monospecific CD40 antibody, and the resulting T-cell dependent antitumor immunity was directed to tumor antigens other than the TAA used for targeting (EpCAM). CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein support the hypothesis that CD40×TAA bispecific antibodies can engage tumor-derived vesicles containing tumor neoantigens to myeloid cells such as DCs resulting in an improved DC-mediated cross-priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, this principle may offer therapeutics strategies to enhance tumor-specific T-cell immunity and associated clinical benefit in indications characterized by poor T-cell infiltration or deficiencies in T-cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Varas
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adnan Deronic
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lill Ljung
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mia Thagesson
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Lennart Greiff
- Department of ORL, Head & Neck Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mona Celander
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Rosén
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mattias Levin
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Säll
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden,Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden,Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Proksch SF, Matthysen CP, Jardine JE, Wyatt KM, Finlay JR, Nelson DJ. Developing a translational murine-to-canine pathway for an IL-2/agonist anti-CD40 antibody cancer immunotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:602-612. [PMID: 35315197 PMCID: PMC9540797 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human and canine sarcomas are difficult to treat soft tissue malignancies with an urgent need for new improved therapeutic options. Local recurrence rates for humans are between 10%-30%, and 30%-40% develop metastases. Outcomes for dogs with sarcoma vary with grade but can be similar. Pet dogs share the human environment and represent human cancer with genetic variation in hosts and tumours. We asked if our murine studies using genetically identical mice and cloned tumour cells were translatable to larger, genetically diverse domestic dogs with naturally occurring tumours, to (i) develop a canine cancer therapeutic, and (ii) to use as a translational pathway to humans. Our murine studies showed that intra-tumoral delivery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus an agonist anti-CD40 antibody (Ab) induces long-term curative responses ranging from 30% to 100%, depending on tumour type. We developed an agonist anti-canine-CD40 Ab and conducted a phase I dose finding/toxicology 3 + 3 clinical trial in dogs (n = 27) with soft tissue sarcomas on account of suitability for intratumoral injection and straightforward monitoring. Dogs were treated with IL-2 plus anti-CD40 antibody for 2 weeks. Three dose levels induced tumour regression with minimal side effects, measured by monitoring, haematological and biochemical assays. Importantly, our mouse and canine studies provide encouraging fundamental proof-of-concept data upon which we can develop veterinary and human immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Francis Proksch
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- CHIRI BiosciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Selvax Pty LtdWest PerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Clinton Petrus Matthysen
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- CHIRI BiosciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Ken Mark Wyatt
- Perth Veterinary Specialists (PVS)Osborne ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Delia Jane Nelson
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- CHIRI BiosciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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7
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Rigamonti N, Veitonmäki N, Domke C, Barsin S, Jetzer S, Abdelmotaleb O, Bessey R, Lekishvili T, Malvezzi F, Gachechiladze M, Behe M, Levitsky V, Trail PA. A multispecific anti-CD40 DARPin® construct induces tumor-selective CD40 activation and tumor regression. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:626-640. [PMID: 35319751 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Although a modest pharmacodynamic effect is seen in patients following administration of CD40-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the doses that could be safely administered do not result in a meaningful clinical response, most likely due to the limited therapeutic window associated with systemic CD40 activation. To overcome this issue, we developed a multispecific DARPin® construct, α-FAPxCD40, which has conditional activity at the site of disease. α-FAPxCD40 activation of CD40 depends on binding to fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a cell surface protease overexpressed in the stroma of solid tumors. In vitro studies demonstrated that α-FAPxCD40 potently activates human antigen-presenting cells in the presence, but not in the absence, of FAP-positive cells. After intravenous injection, a murine surrogate construct (α-mFAPxCD40) accumulated in FAP-positive tumors, elicited rejection of 88% of these tumors and induced memory anti-tumor immunity. Importantly, in contrast to the mouse anti-CD40 tested in parallel, the in vivo anti-tumor activity of α-mFAPxCD40 was neither associated with elevated blood cytokines nor with hepatotoxicity, both of which contribute to the clinical dose-limiting toxicities of several CD40 mAb. This study demonstrates that α-(m)FAPxCD40 engages CD40 in an FAP-restricted manner leading to tumor eradication without signs of peripheral toxicity. This distinct preclinical profile indicates that a favorable therapeutic index may be achieved in humans. It further supports the development of α-FAPxCD40, currently tested in a first-in-human clinical study in patients with solid tumors (NCT05098405).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clara Domke
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Barsin
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Jetzer
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralph Bessey
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Martin Behe
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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8
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Ceglia V, Zurawski S, Montes M, Bouteau A, Wang Z, Ellis J, Igyártó BZ, Lévy Y, Zurawski G. Anti-CD40 Antibodies Fused to CD40 Ligand Have Superagonist Properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2060-2076. [PMID: 34551965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD40 is a potent activating receptor within the TNFR family expressed on APCs of the immune system, and it regulates many aspects of B and T cell immunity via interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L; CD154) expressed on the surface of activated T cells. Soluble CD40L and agonistic mAbs directed to CD40 are being explored as adjuvants in therapeutic or vaccination settings. Some anti-CD40 Abs can synergize with soluble monomeric CD40L. We show that direct fusion of CD40L to certain agonistic anti-CD40 Abs confers superagonist properties, reducing the dose required for efficacy, notably greatly increasing total cytokine secretion by human dendritic cells. The tetravalent configuration of anti-CD40-CD40L Abs promotes CD40 cell surface clustering and internalization and is the likely mechanism of increased receptor activation. CD40L fused to either the L or H chain C termini, with or without flexible linkers, were all superagonists with greater potency than CD40L trimer. The increased anti-CD40-CD40L Ab potency was independent of higher order aggregation. Moreover, the anti-CD40-CD40L Ab showed higher potency in vivo in human CD40 transgenic mice compared with the parental anti-CD40 Ab. To broaden the concept of fusing agonistic Ab to natural ligand, we fused OX40L to an agonistic OX40 Ab, and this resulted in dramatically increased efficacy for proliferation and cytokine production of activated human CD4+ T cells as well as releasing the Ab from dependency on cross-linking. This work shows that directly fusing antireceptor Abs to ligand is a useful strategy to dramatically increase agonist potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ceglia
- Baylor Scott & White Immunology Research, Dallas, TX.,Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Baylor Scott & White Immunology Research, Dallas, TX.,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Monica Montes
- Baylor Scott & White Immunology Research, Dallas, TX.,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- Baylor Scott & White Immunology Research, Dallas, TX.,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Jerome Ellis
- Baylor Scott & White Immunology Research, Dallas, TX.,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yves Lévy
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Scott & White Immunology Research, Dallas, TX; .,Vaccine Research Institute, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
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9
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Byrne KT, Betts CB, Mick R, Sivagnanam S, Bajor DL, Laheru DA, Chiorean EG, O'Hara MH, Liudahl SM, Newcomb C, Alanio C, Ferreira AP, Park BS, Ohtani T, Huffman AP, Väyrynen SA, Dias Costa A, Kaiser JC, Lacroix AM, Redlinger C, Stern M, Nowak JA, Wherry EJ, Cheever MA, Wolpin BM, Furth EE, Jaffee EM, Coussens LM, Vonderheide RH. Neoadjuvant Selicrelumab, an Agonist CD40 Antibody, Induces Changes in the Tumor Microenvironment in Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4574-4586. [PMID: 34112709 PMCID: PMC8667686 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD40 activation is a novel clinical opportunity for cancer immunotherapy. Despite numerous active clinical trials with agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), biological effects and treatment-related modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remain poorly understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS Here, we performed a neoadjuvant clinical trial of agonistic CD40 mAb (selicrelumab) administered intravenously with or without chemotherapy to 16 patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) before surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and CD40 mAb. RESULTS The toxicity profile was acceptable, and overall survival was 23.4 months (95% confidence interval, 18.0-28.8 months). Based on a novel multiplexed immunohistochemistry platform, we report evidence that neoadjuvant selicrelumab leads to major differences in the TME compared with resection specimens from treatment-naïve PDAC patients or patients given neoadjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy only. For selicrelumab-treated tumors, 82% were T-cell enriched, compared with 37% of untreated tumors (P = 0.004) and 23% of chemotherapy/chemoradiation-treated tumors (P = 0.012). T cells in both the TME and circulation were more active and proliferative after selicrelumab. Tumor fibrosis was reduced, M2-like tumor-associated macrophages were fewer, and intratumoral dendritic cells were more mature. Inflammatory cytokines/sec CXCL10 and CCL22 increased systemically after selicrelumab. CONCLUSIONS This unparalleled examination of CD40 mAb therapeutic mechanisms in patients provides insights for design of subsequent clinical trials targeting CD40 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Courtney B Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shamilene Sivagnanam
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Daniel A Laheru
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E Gabriela Chiorean
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark H O'Hara
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon M Liudahl
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Craig Newcomb
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana P Ferreira
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Byung S Park
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon
| | - Takuya Ohtani
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Austin P Huffman
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andressa Dias Costa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Colleen Redlinger
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Stern
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E John Wherry
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma E Furth
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Enell Smith K, Deronic A, Hägerbrand K, Norlén P, Ellmark P. Rationale and clinical development of CD40 agonistic antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1635-1646. [PMID: 34043482 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1934446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: CD40 signaling activates dendritic cells leading to improved T cell priming against tumor antigens. CD40 agonism expands the tumor-specific T cell repertoire and has the potential to increase the fraction of patients that respond to established immunotherapies.Areas covered: This article reviews current as well as emerging CD40 agonist therapies with a focus on antibody-based therapies, including next generation bispecific CD40 agonists. The scientific rationale for different design criteria, binding epitopes, and formats are discussed.Expert opinion: The ability of CD40 agonists to activate dendritic cells and enhance antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells provides an opportunity to elevate response rates of cancer immunotherapies. While there are many challenges left to address, including optimal dose regimen, CD40 agonist profile, combination partners and indications, we are confident that CD40 agonists will play an important role in the challenging task of reprogramming the immune system to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Sweden.,Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Antibody therapy in pancreatic cancer: mAb-ye we're onto something? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188557. [PMID: 33945846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains an extremely deadly disease, with little improvement seen in treatment or outcomes over the last 40 years. Targeted monoclonal antibody therapy is one area that has been explored in attempts to tackle this disease. This review examines antibodies that have undergone clinical evaluation in pancreatic cancer. These antibodies target a wide variety of molecules, including tumour cell surface, stromal, immune and embryonic pathway targets. We discuss the therapeutic utility of these therapies both as monotherapeutics and in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy. While antibody therapy for pancreatic cancer has yet to yield significant success, lessons learned from research thus far highlights future directions that may help overcome observed hurdles to yield clinically efficacious results.
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12
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Kimm MA, Klenk C, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Kästle S, Stechele M, Ricke J, Eisenblätter M, Wildgruber M. Tumor-Associated Macrophages-Implications for Molecular Oncology and Imaging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040374. [PMID: 33918295 PMCID: PMC8066018 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest group of leukocytes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors and orchestrate the composition of anti- as well as pro-tumorigenic factors. This makes TAMs an excellent target for novel cancer therapies. The plasticity of TAMs resulting in varying membrane receptors and expression of intracellular proteins allow the specific characterization of different subsets of TAMs. Those markers similarly allow tracking of TAMs by different means of molecular imaging. This review aims to provides an overview of the origin of tumor-associated macrophages, their polarization in different subtypes, and how characteristic markers of the subtypes can be used as targets for molecular imaging and theranostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Marianna Alunni-Fabbroni
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Sophia Kästle
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Matthias Stechele
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Michel Eisenblätter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Freiburg University Hospital, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0-89-4400-76640
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang P, Wang T, Fang Y, Ding Y, Qian Q. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells engineered to secrete CD40 agonist antibodies enhance antitumor efficacy. J Transl Med 2021; 19:82. [PMID: 33602263 PMCID: PMC7890961 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been remarkably successful for haematological malignancies, its efficacy against solid tumors is limited. The combination of CAR-T cell therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 antibodies, is a promising strategy for enhancing the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cells. However, because most patients acquire resistance to CPIs, investigating other strategies is necessary to further improve the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors. Recently, CD40 agonist antibodies showed potential antitumor efficacy by activating the CD40 pathway. Results Based on the piggyBac transposon system, rather than the widely used viral vectors, we constructed a meso3-CD40 CAR-T targeting region III of mesothelin (MSLN) that possessed the ability to secrete anti-CD40 antibodies. Compared with meso3 CAR-T cells, which did not secrete the anti-CD40 antibody, meso3-CD40 CAR-T cells secreted more cytokines and had a relatively higher proportion of central memory T (TCM) cells after stimulation by the target antigen. In addition, compared with meso3 CAR-T cells, meso3-CD40 CAR-T cells had a more powerful cytotoxic effect on target cells at a relatively low effector-to-target ratio. More importantly, we demonstrated that the antitumor activity of meso3-CD40 CAR-T cells was enhanced in a human ovarian cancer xenograft model in vivo. Conclusions In conclusion, these results highlight anti-CD40-secreting CAR-T cells generated by nonviral vectors as a potential clinical strategy for improving the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Translational Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, 201805, China.,College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongmei Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Qijun Qian
- Department of Biotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 201805, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shanghai, 201805, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201805, China. .,Shanghai University Cell Therapy Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai, 201805, China.
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14
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Chen D, Zhao Y, Li M, Shang H, Li N, Li F, Wang W, Wang Y, Jin R, Liu S, Li X, Gao S, Tian Y, Li R, Li H, Zhang Y, Du M, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Huang Y, Hu LA, Li F, Zhang H. A general Fc engineering platform for the next generation of antibody therapeutics. Theranostics 2021; 11:1901-1917. [PMID: 33408788 PMCID: PMC7778609 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Fc engineering has become the focus of antibody drug development. The current mutagenesis and in silico protein design methods are confined by the limited throughput and high cost, while the high-throughput phage display and yeast display technologies are not suitable for screening glycosylated Fc variants. Here we developed a mammalian cell display-based Fc engineering platform. Methods: By using mammalian cell display and next generation sequencing, we screened millions of Fc variants for optimized affinity and specificity for FcγRIIIa or FcγRIIb. The identified Fc variants with improved binding to FcγRIIIa were substituted into trastuzumab and rituximab and the effector function of antibodies were examined in the PBMC-based assay. On the other hand, the identified Fc variants with selectively enhanced FcγRIIb binding were applied to CD40 agonist antibody and the activities of the antibodies were measured on different cell assays. The immunostimulatory activity of CD40 antibodies was also evaluated by OVA-specific CD8+ T cell response model in FcγR/CD40-humanized mice. Results: Using this approach, we screened millions of Fc variant and successfully identified several novel Fc variants with enhanced FcγRIIIa or FcγRIIb binding. These identified Fc variants displayed a dramatic increase in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in PBMC-based assay. Novel variants with selectively enhanced FcγRIIb binding were also identified. CD40 agonist antibodies substituted with these Fc variants displayed activity more potent than the parental antibody in the in vitro and in vivo models.Conclusions: This approach increased the throughput of Fc variant screening from thousands to millions magnitude, enabled screening variants containing multiple mutations and could be integrated with glycoengineering technology, represents an ideal platform for Fc engineering. The initial efforts demonstrated the capability of the platform and the novel Fc variants could be substituted into nearly any antibody for the next generation of antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ruina Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xun Li
- Amgen Research, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yujie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mingjuan Du
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Youjia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Analytical Science, Zhenge Biotech, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Liaoyuan A. Hu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fubin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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15
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Li DK, Wang W. Characteristics and clinical trial results of agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies in the treatment of malignancies. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:176. [PMID: 32934743 PMCID: PMC7471753 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) mediates many immune activities. Preclinical studies have shown that activation of CD40 can evoke massive antineoplastic effects in several tumour models in vivo, providing a rationale for using CD40 agonists in cancer immunotherapy. To date, several potential agonistic antibodies that target CD40 have been investigated in clinical trials. Early clinical trials have shown that the adverse events associated with agonists of CD40 thus far have been largely transient and clinically controllable, including storms of cytokine release, hepatotoxicity and thromboembolic events. An antitumour effect of targeting CD40 for monotherapy or combination therapy has been observed in some tumours. However, these antitumour effects have been moderate. The present review aimed to provide updated details of the clinical results of these agonists, and offer information to further investigate the strategies of combining CD40 activation with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunomodulators. Furthermore, biomarkers should be identified for monitoring and predicting responses and informing resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Li
- Department of Clinical Science, Shanghai R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Clinical Science, Shanghai R&D Center, State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
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16
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Lapcik P, Pospisilova A, Janacova L, Grell P, Fabian P, Bouchal P. How Different Are the Molecular Mechanisms of Nodal and Distant Metastasis in Luminal A Breast Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2638. [PMID: 32947901 PMCID: PMC7563588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node status is one of the best prognostic factors in breast cancer, however, its association with distant metastasis is not straightforward. Here we compare molecular mechanisms of nodal and distant metastasis in molecular subtypes of breast cancer, with major focus on luminal A patients. We analyze a new cohort of 706 patients (MMCI_706) as well as an independent cohort of 836 primary tumors with full gene expression information (SUPERTAM_HGU133A). We evaluate the risk of distant metastasis, analyze targetable molecular mechanisms in Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and identify relevant inhibitors. Lymph node positivity is generally associated with NF-κB and Src pathways and is related to high risk (OR: 5.062 and 2.401 in MMCI_706 and SUPERTAM_HGU133A, respectively, p < 0.05) of distant metastasis in luminal A patients. However, a part (≤15%) of lymph node negative tumors at the diagnosis develop the distant metastasis which is related to cell proliferation control and thrombolysis. Distant metastasis of lymph node positive patients is mostly associated with immune response. These pro-metastatic mechanisms further vary in other molecular subtypes. Our data indicate that the management of breast cancer and prevention of distant metastasis requires stratified approach based on targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Lapcik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Anna Pospisilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Lucia Janacova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
| | - Peter Grell
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Bouchal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.L.); (A.P.); (L.J.)
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17
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Cha YJ, Koo JS. Role of Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells in Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E1785. [PMID: 32726950 PMCID: PMC7464644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal immune cells constitute the tumor microenvironment. These immune cell subsets include myeloid cells, the so-called tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs), which are of two types: tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Breast tumors, particularly those in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, are solid tumors containing immune cell stroma. TAMCs drive breast cancer progression via immune mediated, nonimmune-mediated, and metabolic interactions, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. TAMC-associated breast cancer treatment approaches potentially involve the inhibition of TAM recruitment, modulation of TAM polarization/differentiation, reduction of TAM products, elimination of MDSCs, and reduction of MDSC products. Furthermore, TAMCs can enhance or restore immune responses during cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the role of TAMs and MDSCs in breast cancer and elucidates the clinical implications of TAMs and MDSCs as potential targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
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18
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Singh MP, Sethuraman SN, Ritchey J, Fiering S, Guha C, Malayer J, Ranjan A. In-situ vaccination using focused ultrasound heating and anti-CD-40 agonistic antibody enhances T-cell mediated local and abscopal effects in murine melanoma. Int J Hyperthermia 2020; 36:64-73. [PMID: 31795832 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1663280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of melanoma immunotherapy is dependent on the presence of activated and functional T-cells in tumors. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of local-focused ultrasound (FUS) heating (∼42-45 °C) and in-situ anti-CD-40 agonistic antibody in enhancing T-cell function for melanoma immunotherapy. We compared the following groups of mice with bilateral flank B16 F10 melanoma: (1) Control, (2) FUS, (3) CD-40, and (4) CD-40 + FUS (FUS40). FUS heating was applied for ∼15 min in right flank tumor, and intratumoral injections of CD-40 were performed sequentially within 4 h. A total of 3 FUS and 4 anti-CD-40 treatments were administered unilaterally 3 days apart. Mice were sacrificed 30 days post-inoculation, and the treated tumor and spleen tissues were profiled for T-cell function and macrophage polarization. Compared to all other groups, histology and flow cytometry showed that FUS40 increased the population of tumor-specific CD-4+ and CD-8+ T cells rich in Granzyme B+, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IFN-γ production and poor in PD-1 expression. In addition, FUS40 promoted the infiltration of tumor-suppressing M1 phenotype macrophages in the treated mice. The resultant immune-enhancing effects of FUS40 suppressed B16 melanoma growth at the treated site by 2-3-folds compared to control, FUS, and CD-40, and also achieved significant abscopal effects in untreated tumors relative to CD40 alone. Additionally, the local FUS40 prevented adverse liver toxicities in the treated mice. Our study suggests that combined FUS and CD-40 can enhance T-cell and macrophage functions to aid effective melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Pratap Singh
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Jerry Ritchey
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jerry Malayer
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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19
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Neeve SC, Robinson BWS, Fear VS. The role and therapeutic implications of T cells in cancer of the lung. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1076. [PMID: 31485330 PMCID: PMC6712517 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The disease is classified into two major subtypes, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and the more prevalent non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First-line conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, have offered limited benefit, and patient prognosis remains poor with post-treatment recurrences representing a major cause of morbidity. Consequently, there is an urgent need for improved therapeutic options. Historically, NSCLC has been considered a non-immunogenic disease. However, increased understanding of tumor-immune interactions has challenged this paradigm in both lung and other malignancies, with cancer elimination by tumor-specific T cells increasingly well described in a myriad of solid tumors. Recent evidence has demonstrated that absent or weak anticancer responses are likely a product of tumor-derived immunosuppression. This knowledge, along with a greater appreciation for the role of T cells in lung cancer elimination, has driven development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches which are demonstrating remarkable clinical efficacy. This review examines the role of T cells in lung cancer, discussing the direction and clinical significance of current and future immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Neeve
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD)Lv5 QQ Block (M503)QEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Bruce WS Robinson
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD)Lv5 QQ Block (M503)QEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Centre for Respiratory HealthThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD)Lv5 QQ Block (M503)QEII Medical CentreThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Telethon Kids InstitutePerthWAAustralia
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20
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Abstract
CD40 is a cell-surface member of the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor superfamily. Upon activation, CD40 can license dendritic cells to promote antitumor T cell activation and re-educate macrophages to destroy tumor stroma. Numerous agonist CD40 antibodies of varying formulations have been evaluated in the clinic and found to be tolerable and feasible. Administration is associated with mild to moderate (but transient) cytokine release syndrome, readily managed in the outpatient setting. Antitumor activity with or without anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has been observed in patients with melanoma, and major tumor regressions have been observed in patients with pancreatic cancer, mesothelioma, and other tumors in combination with chemotherapy. In a recent study of chemotherapy plus CD40 mAb, with or without PD-1 mAb, the objective response rate in patients with untreated, metastatic pancreatic cancer was >50%. Mechanistically, the combination of chemotherapy followed by CD40 mAb functions as an in situ vaccine; in addition, destruction of stroma by CD40-activated macrophages may enhance chemotherapy delivery. Evidence to date suggests that CD40 activation is a critical and nonredundant mechanism to convert so-called cold tumors to hot ones (with prominent tumor infiltration of T cells), sensitizing them to checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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21
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Argiriadi MA, Benatuil L, Dubrovska I, Egan DA, Gao L, Greischar A, Hardman J, Harlan J, Iyer RB, Judge RA, Lake M, Perron DC, Sadhukhan R, Sielaff B, Sousa S, Wang R, McRae BL. CD40/anti-CD40 antibody complexes which illustrate agonist and antagonist structural switches. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:29. [PMID: 31382872 PMCID: PMC6683420 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD40 is a 48 kDa type I transmembrane protein that is constitutively expressed on hematopoietic cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Engagement of CD40 by CD40L expressed on T cells results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, induces T helper cell function, and promotes macrophage activation. The involvement of CD40 in chronic immune activation has resulted in CD40 being proposed as a therapeutic target for a range of chronic inflammatory diseases. CD40 antagonists are currently being explored for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and several anti-CD40 agonist mAbs have entered clinical development for oncological indications. Results To better understand the mode of action of anti-CD40 mAbs, we have determined the x-ray crystal structures of the ABBV-323 (anti-CD40 antagonist, ravagalimab) Fab alone, ABBV-323 Fab complexed to human CD40 and FAB516 (anti-CD40 agonist) complexed to human CD40. These three crystals structures 1) identify the conformational CD40 epitope for ABBV-323 recognition 2) illustrate conformational changes which occur in the CDRs of ABBV-323 Fab upon CD40 binding and 3) develop a structural hypothesis for an agonist/antagonist switch in the LCDR1 of this proprietary class of CD40 antibodies. Conclusions The structure of ABBV-323 Fab demonstrates a unique method for antagonism by stabilizing the proposed functional antiparallel dimer for CD40 receptor via novel contacts to LCDR1, namely residue position R32 which is further supported by a closely related agonist antibody FAB516 which shows only monomeric recognition and no contacts with LCDR1 due to a mutation to L32 on LCDR1. These data provide a structural basis for the full antagonist activity of ABBV-323. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-019-0213-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Argiriadi
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Benatuil
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - David A Egan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Amy Greischar
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Jennifer Hardman
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - John Harlan
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ramesh B Iyer
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Russell A Judge
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Marc Lake
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Denise C Perron
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Bernhard Sielaff
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Silvino Sousa
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Bradford L McRae
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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22
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Selection and expression of CD40 single chain variable fragment by phage display and evaluation of tumor specific immune activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:224-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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23
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Vitale LA, Thomas LJ, He LZ, O'Neill T, Widger J, Crocker A, Sundarapandiyan K, Storey JR, Forsberg EM, Weidlick J, Baronas AR, Gergel LE, Boyer JM, Sisson C, Goldstein J, Marsh HC, Keler T. Development of CDX-1140, an agonist CD40 antibody for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:233-245. [PMID: 30382327 PMCID: PMC11028348 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of immunotherapy include poorly functioning events early in the immune response cycle, such as efficient antigen presentation and T cell priming. CD40 signaling in dendritic cells leads to upregulation of cell surface costimulatory and MHC molecules and the generation of cytokines, which promotes effective priming of CD8+ effector T cells while minimizing T cell anergy and the generation of regulatory T cells. This naturally occurs through interaction with CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed on CD4+ T-helper cells. CD40 signaling can also be achieved using specific antibodies, leading to several agonist CD40 antibodies entering clinical development. Our approach to select a CD40 agonist antibody was to define a balanced profile between sufficiently strong immune stimulation and the untoward effects of systemic immune activation. CDX-1140 is a human IgG2 antibody that activates DCs and B cells and drives NFkB stimulation in a CD40-expressing reporter cell line. These activities are Fc-independent and are maintained using an F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody. CDX-1140 binds outside of the CD40L binding site, and addition of recombinant CD40L greatly enhances DC and B activation by CDX-1140, suggesting that CDX-1140 may act synergistically with naturally expressed CD40L. CDX-1140 also has both direct and immune-mediated anti-tumor activity in xenograft models. CDX-1140 does not promote cytokine production in whole blood assays and has good pharmacodynamic and safety profiles in cynomolgus macaques. These data support the potential of CDX-1140 as part of a cancer therapy regimen, and a phase 1 trial has recently commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Vitale
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Thomas O'Neill
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Jenifer Widger
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Andrea Crocker
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Weidlick
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | | | | | - Crystal Sisson
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | - Joel Goldstein
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA
| | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, 53 Frontage Road, Suite 220, Hampton, NJ, 08827, USA.
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24
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Bajor DL, Mick R, Riese MJ, Huang AC, Sullivan B, Richman LP, Torigian DA, George SM, Stelekati E, Chen F, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, Xu X, Wherry EJ, Gangadhar TC, Amaravadi RK, Schuchter LM, Vonderheide RH. Long-term outcomes of a phase I study of agonist CD40 antibody and CTLA-4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1468956. [PMID: 30288340 PMCID: PMC6169575 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1468956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report long-term clinical outcomes and immune responses observed from a phase 1 trial of agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and blocking CTLA-4 mAb in patients with metastatic melanoma. Twenty-four patients previously untreated with checkpoint blockade were enrolled. The agonistic CD40 mAb CP-870,893 and the CTLA-4 blocking mAb tremelimumab were dosed concomitantly every 3 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively, across four dose combinations. Two patients developed dose-limiting grade 3 immune-mediated colitis that led to the definition of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Other immune-mediated toxicity included uveitis (n = 1), hypophysitis (n = 1), hypothyroidism (n = 2), and grade 3 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) (n = 1). The estimated MTD was 0.2 mg/kg of CP-870,893 and 10 mg/kg of tremelimumab. In 22 evaluable patients, the objective response rate (ORR) was 27.3%: two patients (9.1%) had complete responses (CR) and four (18.2%) patients had partial responses (PR). With a median follow-up of 45 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.2 months (95% CI, 1.3–5.1 months) and median overall survival (OS) was 23.6 months (95% CI, 11.7–35.5 months). Nine patients are long-term survivors (> 3 years), 8 of whom subsequently received other therapy including PD-1 mAb, surgery, or radiation therapy. Elevated baseline soluble CD25 was associated with shorter OS. Immunologically, treatment was associated with evidence of T cell activation and increased tumor T cell infiltration that was accomplished without therapeutic PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. These results suggest opportunities for immune activation and cancer immunotherapy beyond PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bajor
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alex C Huang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Brendan Sullivan
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lee P Richman
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Drew A Torigian
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sangeeth M George
- Departments of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Erietta Stelekati
- Departments of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tara C Gangadhar
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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25
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Ishihara J, Ishihara A, Potin L, Hosseinchi P, Fukunaga K, Damo M, Gajewski TF, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Improving Efficacy and Safety of Agonistic Anti-CD40 Antibody Through Extracellular Matrix Affinity. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2399-2411. [PMID: 30097487 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD40 is an immune costimulatory receptor expressed by antigen-presenting cells. Agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies have demonstrated considerable antitumor effects yet can also elicit serious treatment-related adverse events, such as liver toxicity, including in man. We engineered a variant that binds extracellular matrix through a super-affinity peptide derived from placenta growth factor-2 (PlGF-2123-144) to enhance anti-CD40's effects when administered locally. Peritumoral injection of PlGF-2123-144-anti-CD40 antibody showed prolonged tissue retention at the injection site and substantially decreased systemic exposure, resulting in decreased liver toxicity. In four mouse tumor models, PlGF-2123-144-anti-CD40 antibody demonstrated enhanced antitumor efficacy compared with its unmodified form and correlated with activated dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells in the tumor and in the tumor-draining lymph node. Moreover, in a genetically engineered BrafV600E βCatSTA melanoma model that does not respond to checkpoint inhibitors, PlGF-2123-144-anti-CD40 antibody treatment enhanced T-cell infiltration into the tumors and slowed tumor growth. Together, these results demonstrate the marked therapeutic advantages of engineering matrix-binding domains onto agonistic anti-CD40 antibody as a therapeutic given by tumori-regional injection for cancer immunotherapy.Implications: Extracellular matrix-binding peptide conjugation to agonistic anti-CD40 antibody enhances antitumor efficacy and reduces treatment-related adverse events. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2399-411. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishihara
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ako Ishihara
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lambert Potin
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peyman Hosseinchi
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kazuto Fukunaga
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Martina Damo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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26
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Orr CM, Dadas O, Booth SG, Dahal LN, Penfold CA, O'Brien L, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez P, Douglas LR, Pearson AR, Cragg MS, Tews I, Glennie MJ, White AL. Complex Interplay between Epitope Specificity and Isotype Dictates the Biological Activity of Anti-human CD40 Antibodies. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:664-675.e4. [PMID: 29576376 PMCID: PMC5896247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote or inhibit receptor function hold promise as therapeutics for cancer and autoimmunity. Rules governing their diverse range of functions, however, are lacking. Here we determined characteristics of nine hCD40 mAbs engaging epitopes throughout the CD40 extracellular region expressed as varying isotypes. All mAb formats were strong agonists when hyper-crosslinked; however, only those binding the membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) retained agonistic activity with physiological Fc gamma receptor crosslinking or as human immunoglobulin G2 isotype; agonistic activity decreased as epitopes drew closer to the membrane. In addition, all CRD2-4 binding mAbs blocked CD40 ligand interaction and were potent antagonists. Thus, the membrane distal CRD1 provides a region of choice for selecting CD40 agonists while CRD2-4 provides antagonistic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian M Orr
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lyn O'Brien
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging & Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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27
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The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in Solid Tumors: Emerging Treatment Opportunities. Target Oncol 2017; 12:139-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Martin C, Waghela SD, Lokhandwala S, Ambrus A, Bray J, Vuong C, Vinodkumar V, Dominowski PJ, Rai S, Mwangi D, Foss DL, Mwangi W. Characterization of a Broadly Reactive Anti-CD40 Agonistic Monoclonal Antibody for Potential Use as an Adjuvant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170504. [PMID: 28107431 PMCID: PMC5249191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of safe and effective adjuvants is a major hindrance to the development of efficacious vaccines. Signaling via CD40 pathway leads to enhanced antigen processing and presentation, nitric oxide expression, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by antigen presenting cells, and stimulation of B-cells to undergo somatic hypermutation, immunoglobulin class switching, and proliferation. Agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies have shown promising adjuvant qualities in human and mouse vaccine studies. An anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated 2E4E4, was identified and shown to have strong agonistic effects on primary cells from multiple livestock species. The mAb recognize swine, bovine, caprine, and ovine CD40, and evoked 25-fold or greater proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these species relative to cells incubated with an isotype control (p<0.001). In addition, the mAb induced significant nitric oxide (p<0.0001) release by bovine macrophages. Furthermore, the mAb upregulated the expression of MHC-II by PBMCs, and stimulated significant (p<0.0001) IL-1α, IL6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression by PBMCs. These results suggest that the mAb 2E4E4 can target and stimulate cells from multiple livestock species and thus, it is a potential candidate for adjuvant development. This is the first study to report an anti-swine CD40 agonistic mAb that is also broadly reactive against multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suryakant D. Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andy Ambrus
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina Vuong
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vanitha Vinodkumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Sharath Rai
- Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Duncan Mwangi
- Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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29
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Colangelo T, Polcaro G, Muccillo L, D'Agostino G, Rosato V, Ziccardi P, Lupo A, Mazzoccoli G, Sabatino L, Colantuoni V. Friend or foe? The tumour microenvironment dilemma in colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1867:1-18. [PMID: 27864070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The network of bidirectional homotypic and heterotypic interactions established among parenchymal tumour cells and surrounding mesenchymal stromal cells generates the tumour microenvironment (TME). These intricate crosstalks elicit both beneficial and adverse effects on tumour initiation and progression unbalancing the signals and responses from the neighbouring cells. Here, we highlight the structure, activities and evolution of TME cells considering a novel colorectal cancer (CRC) classification based on differential stromal composition and gene expression profiles. In this scenario, we scrutinise the molecular pathways that either change or become corrupted during CRC development and their relative prognostic value. Finally, we survey the therapeutic molecules directed against TME components currently available in clinical trials as well as those with stronger potential in preclinical studies. Elucidation of dynamic variations in the CRC TME cell composition and their relative contribution could provide novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and allow more personalised therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Colangelo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; present address: Institute for Stem-cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza-IRCCS, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Giovanna Polcaro
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Livio Muccillo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Agostino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Valeria Rosato
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Pamela Ziccardi
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Angelo Lupo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute and Regional General Hospital "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Lina Sabatino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Colantuoni
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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30
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Dovedi SJ, Lipowska-Bhalla G, Beers SA, Cheadle EJ, Mu L, Glennie MJ, Illidge TM, Honeychurch J. Antitumor Efficacy of Radiation plus Immunotherapy Depends upon Dendritic Cell Activation of Effector CD8+ T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:621-630. [PMID: 27241845 PMCID: PMC5348028 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells dying after cytotoxic therapy are a potential source of antigen for T-cell priming. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) can cross-present MHC I-restricted peptides after the uptake of dying cells. Depending on the nature of the surrounding environmental signals, APCs then orchestrate a spectrum of responses ranging from immune activation to inhibition. Previously, we had demonstrated that combining radiation with either agonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD40 or a systemically administered TLR7 agonist could enhance CD8 T-cell-dependent protection against syngeneic murine lymphoma models. However, it remains unknown how individual APC populations affect this antitumor immune response. Using APC depletion models, we now show that dendritic cells (DC), but not macrophages or B cells, were responsible for the generation of long-term immunologic protection following combination therapy with radiotherapy and either agonistic CD40 mAb or systemic TLR7 agonist therapy. Novel immunotherapeutic approaches that augment antigen uptake and presentation by DCs may further enhance the generation of therapeutic antitumor immune responses, leading to improved outcomes after radiotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(7); 621-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Dovedi
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Grazyna Lipowska-Bhalla
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J. Cheadle
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Lijun Mu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Illidge
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
- Christie NHS Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
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31
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Yamniuk AP, Suri A, Krystek SR, Tamura J, Ramamurthy V, Kuhn R, Carroll K, Fleener C, Ryseck R, Cheng L, An Y, Drew P, Grant S, Suchard SJ, Nadler SG, Bryson JW, Sheriff S. Functional Antagonism of Human CD40 Achieved by Targeting a Unique Species-Specific Epitope. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2860-79. [PMID: 27216500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical anti-CD40 biologic agents include both antagonist molecules for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and agonist molecules for immuno-oncology, yet the relationship between CD40 epitope and these opposing biological outcomes is not well defined. This report describes the identification of potent antagonist domain antibodies (dAbs) that bind to a novel human CD40-specific epitope that is divergent in the CD40 of nonhuman primates. A similarly selected anti-cynomolgus CD40 dAb recognizing the homologous epitope is also a potent antagonist. Mutagenesis, biochemical, and X-ray crystallography studies demonstrate that the epitope is distinct from that of CD40 agonists. Both the human-specific and cynomolgus-specific molecules remain pure antagonists even when formatted as bivalent Fc-fusion proteins, making this an attractive therapeutic format for targeting hCD40 in autoimmune indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Yamniuk
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | - Anish Suri
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Stanley R Krystek
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - James Tamura
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Robert Kuhn
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Karen Carroll
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Catherine Fleener
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Rolf Ryseck
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Yongmi An
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Philip Drew
- Domantis, 315 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Steven Grant
- Domantis, 315 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Suzanne J Suchard
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven G Nadler
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - James W Bryson
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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32
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Jensen JL, Hope C, Asimakopoulos F. Deploying myeloid cells against myeloma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1090076. [PMID: 27141348 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1090076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloma remains incurable despite recent therapeutic advances. We propose that minimal residual disease following cytoreductive therapy may be controlled through re-education of myeloid cells to elicit tumoricidal activity. We review work from our laboratory and others highlighting aspects of macrophage-myeloma cell crosstalk as well as strategies for therapeutic macrophage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea Hope
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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33
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Thompson EA, Liang F, Lindgren G, Sandgren KJ, Quinn KM, Darrah PA, Koup RA, Seder RA, Kedl RM, Loré K. Human Anti-CD40 Antibody and Poly IC:LC Adjuvant Combination Induces Potent T Cell Responses in the Lung of Nonhuman Primates. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1015-24. [PMID: 26123354 PMCID: PMC4506869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonlive vaccine platforms that induce potent cellular immune responses in mucosal tissue would have broad application for vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. Induction of cellular immunity could be optimized by targeted activation of multiple innate and costimulatory signaling pathways, such as CD40 or TLRs. In this study, we evaluated immune activation and elicitation of T cell responses in nonhuman primates after immunization with peptide Ags adjuvanted with an agonistic anti-CD40Ab, with or without the TLR3 ligand poly IC:LC. We found that i.v. administration of the anti-CD40Ab induced rapid and transient innate activation characterized by IL-12 production and upregulated costimulatory and lymph node homing molecules on dendritic cells. Using fluorescently labeled Abs for in vivo tracking, we found that the anti-CD40Ab bound to all leukocytes, except T cells, and disseminated to multiple organs. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses were significantly enhanced when the anti-CD40Ab was coadministered with poly IC:LC compared with either adjuvant given alone and were almost exclusively compartmentalized to the lung. Notably, Ag-specific T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage were sustained at ∼5-10%. These data indicate that systemic administration of anti-CD40Ab may be particularly advantageous for vaccines and/or therapies that require T cell immunity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Thompson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Frank Liang
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Karin Loré
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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34
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Richman LP, Vonderheide RH. Role of crosslinking for agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies as immune therapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:19-26. [PMID: 24416732 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of the TNF superfamily of receptors hold promise as novel therapy for cancer. Recent data on agonistic anti-murine TNF receptors (TNFR) such as CD40 suggest that the specific engagement of Fc-receptor (FcR) is required for optimal antitumor effects, prompting calls to engineer anti-human CD40 and other TNFR mAb accordingly. CP-870,893 is a fully human anti-CD40 mAb, selected in part because it is an IgG2 which is presumed to have poor reactivity with FcR; however, CP-870,893 has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials with beneficial activity in patients with melanoma, pancreatic and other cancers. Here, we confirmed that the activity of anti-murine CD40 mAb was dependent on FcγRIIB engagement, was decreased significantly in FcγRIIB (-/-) mice, and upon Fc-crosslinking anti-mouse CD40 mAb enhanced the activation of antigen presenting cells. In contrast, the CP-870,893-mediated activation of human B cells was not enhanced with anti-IgG-crosslinking nor abrogated when used as an F(ab)'2 reagent. Crosslinking of CP-870,893 using the CD32-expressing K562 cells yielded an Fc-dependent modest increase in the expression of some activation markers relative to that of the soluble CP-870,893 mAb. Classic Fc-dependent functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) were minimal for CP-870,893 as compared to the IgG1 anti-CD20 mAb rituximab, which mediated both ADCC and CMC in parallel assays. Anti-mouse CD40 mAb competed for the CD40 ligand binding site, but CP-870,893 did not. Thus, Fc-crosslinking is not an essential requirement for agonistic anti-human CD40 mAb, whose potency is more dependent on the CD40 epitope recognized and the strength of the signal achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee P Richman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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35
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Vonderheide RH, Burg JM, Mick R, Trosko JA, Li D, Shaik MN, Tolcher AW, Hamid O. Phase I study of the CD40 agonist antibody CP-870,893 combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23033. [PMID: 23483678 PMCID: PMC3583942 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40 is a cell-surface molecule that critically regulates immune responses. CP-870,893 is a fully human, CD40-specific agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) exerting clinical antineoplastic activity. Here, the safety of CP-870,893 combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel was assessed in a Phase I study. Patients with advanced solid tumors received standard doses of paclitaxel and carboplatin on day 1 followed by either 0.1 mg/Kg or 0.2 mg/Kg CP-870,893 on day 3 (Schedule A) or day 8 (Schedule B), repeated every 21 d. The primary objective was to determine safety and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of CP-870,893. Secondary objectives included the evaluation of antitumor responses, pharmacokinetics and immune modulation. Thirty-two patients were treated with CP-870,893, 16 patients on each schedule. Two dose-limiting toxicities were observed (grade 3 cytokine release and transient ischemic attack), each at the 0.2 mg/Kg dose level, which was estimated to be the MTD. The most common treatment-related adverse event was fatigue (81%). Of 30 evaluable patients, 6 (20%) exhibited partial responses constituting best responses as defined by RECIST. Following CP-870,893 infusion, the peripheral blood manifested an acute depletion of B cells associated with upregulation of immune co-stimulatory molecules. T-cell numbers did not change significantly from baseline, but transient tumor-specific T-cell responses were observed in a small number of evaluable patients. The CD40 agonist mAb CP-870,893, given on either of two schedules in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin, was safe for patients affected with advanced solid tumors. Biological and clinical responses were observed, providing a rationale for Phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
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36
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Mangsbo SM, Broos S, Fletcher E, Veitonmäki N, Furebring C, Dahlén E, Norlén P, Lindstedt M, Tötterman TH, Ellmark P. The human agonistic CD40 antibody ADC-1013 eradicates bladder tumors and generates T-cell-dependent tumor immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1115-26. [PMID: 25316820 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local administration of immune-activating antibodies may increase the efficacy and reduce the immune-related adverse events associated with systemic immunotherapy of cancer. Here, we report the development and affinity maturation of a fully human agonistic CD40 antibody (IgG1), ADC-1013. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used molecular engineering to generate an agonistic antibody with high affinity for CD40. The functional activity of ADC-1013 was investigated in human and murine in vitro models. The in vivo effect was investigated in two separate bladder cancer models, both using human xenograft tumors in immune deficient NSG mice and using a syngeneic bladder cancer model in a novel human CD40 transgenic mouse. RESULTS Activation of dendritic cells (DC) by ADC-1013 results in upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and secretion of IL12. ADC-1013 also activates DCs from human CD40 transgenic mice, and peptide-pulsed and ADC-1013-stimulated DCs induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, treatment with ADC-1013 in a syngeneic bladder cancer model, negative for hCD40, induces significant antitumor effects and long-term tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, ADC-1013 demonstrates significant antitumor effects in a human bladder cancer transplanted into immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that ADC-1013 induces long-lasting antitumor responses and immunologic memory mediated by CD40 stimulation. To the best of our knowledge, ADC-1013 represents the first immunomodulatory antibody developed for local immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sissela Broos
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Fletcher
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas H Tötterman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Alligator Bioscience AB, Lund, Sweden.
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37
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Bajor DL, Xu X, Torigian DA, Mick R, Garcia LR, Richman LP, Desmarais C, Nathanson KL, Schuchter LM, Kalos M, Vonderheide RH. Immune activation and a 9-year ongoing complete remission following CD40 antibody therapy and metastasectomy in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1051-8. [PMID: 25252722 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct immune activation via agonistic mAbs is a potentially complementary approach to therapeutic blockade of inhibitory immune receptors in cancer. Here, we provide genetic analysis of the immunologic consequences associated with the use of an agonistic CD40 mAb in a patient with metastatic melanoma who responded, underwent a single metastasectomy, and then achieved a complete remission ongoing for more than 9 years after starting therapy. Tumor microenvironment after immunotherapy was associated with proinflammatory modulations and emergence of a de novo T-cell repertoire as detected by next-generation sequencing of T-cell receptors (TCR) in the tumor and blood. The de novo T-cell repertoire identified in the posttreatment metastasectomy sample was also present-and in some cases expanded-in the circulation years after completion of therapy. Comprehensive study of this "exceptional responder" highlights the emerging potential of direct immune agonists in the next wave of cancer immunotherapies and a potential role for TCR deep sequencing in cancer immune assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bajor
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Drew A Torigian
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rosemarie Mick
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Laura R Garcia
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lee P Richman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Michael Kalos
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
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38
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Cicchelero L, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Various ways to improve whole cancer cell vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:721-35. [PMID: 24758597 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on whole cancer cell vaccines is regarded as a promising avenue for cancer treatment. However, limited efficacy in the first human clinical trials calls for more optimized whole cancer cell vaccines and better patient selection. It is suggested that whole cancer cell vaccines consist preferably of immunogenically killed autologous cancer stem cells associated with dendritic cells. Adjuvants should stimulate both immune effector cells and memory cells, which could be achieved through their correct dosage and timing of administration. There are indications that whole cancer cell vaccination is less effective in patients who are immunocompromised, who have specific genetic defects in their immune or cancer cells, as well as in patients in an advanced cancer stage. However, such patients form the bulk of enrolled patients in clinical trials, prohibiting an objective evaluation of the true potential of whole cancer cell immunotherapy. Each key point will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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39
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Chowdhury F, Johnson PW, Glennie M, Williams AP. Ex vivo assays of dendritic cell activation and cytokine profiles as predictors of in vivo effects in an anti-human CD40 monoclonal antibody ChiLob 7/4 phase I trial. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:229-40. [PMID: 24778319 PMCID: PMC4007630 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory antibodies entering the clinic create challenge in terms of not only pharmacodynamics for monitoring anticipated mechanisms but also predetermining cytotoxicity. We show the use of ex vivo whole-blood samples to predict the activation requirements, cytokine signature, and adverse events of an anti-human-CD40 chimeric IgG1 antibody, ChiLob 7/4. Assessments were initially undertaken on human myeloid (mDC1) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells, in which an absolute need for cross-linking was shown through the upregulation of activation markers CD83 and CCR7. Subsequent cytokine secretion evaluations of ex vivo whole blood showed the cross-linked antibody-induced increases in MIP1β, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-12, TNFα, and IL-6. This cytokine signature compared favorably with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in which levels of TNFα and IL-6 were significantly higher, suggesting a less intense proinflammatory response and possible modified cytokine release syndrome when used in human trials. Following first-in-human use of this agent within a dose escalation study, in vivo evaluations of dendritic cell activation and secreted cytokines closely matched the predetermined immunomonitoring endpoints. Patients showed a comparable pattern of MIP1β, IL-8, and IL-12 secretion, but no TNFα and IL-6 were identified. Mild symptoms relating to a cytokine release syndrome were seen at an equivalent dosage to that observed for dendritic cell activation and cytokine release. In summary, ChiLob 7/4 induces a distinctive pattern of dendritic cell activation and cytokine secretion in ex vivo assays that can be predictive of in vivo responses. Such preclinical approaches to monoclonal antibody evaluation may inform both the starting dosages and the anticipated cytokine release events that could occur, providing a valuable adjunct for future first-in-human assessments of immunostimulatory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chowdhury
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
- Southampton NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Mailpoint 824, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - P. W. Johnson
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
- Southampton NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Mailpoint 824, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - M.J. Glennie
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - A. P. Williams
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
- Southampton NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Mailpoint 824, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
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40
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Gangadhar TC, Vonderheide RH. Mitigating the toxic effects of anticancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:91-9. [PMID: 24445516 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune system have led to the development of novel approaches for cancer therapy, including inhibition of immune checkpoints with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. An increasing number of immunomodulatory treatments are under investigation, and are beginning to show promise in clinical trials. As more-effective therapies become available based on modulation of the immune system in order to trigger or enhance antitumour immune responses, clinicians will need to become familiar with recognizing and controlling the adverse effects arising from immune therapy. This Review describes the toxicity profiles for various anticancer therapies based on the use of agents that block immune checkpoints, immunostimulatory agents, and adoptive T-cell therapy (that is, infusion of modified autologous T cells). The management of patients receiving these treatments presents unique challenges for clinicians. Nevertheless, many of the adverse effects associated with these treatments are reversible and can be managed with supportive care either with or without cessation of therapy. This final point is extremely important given the continued development of new cancer immunotherapies, and the importance of safe and effective use of existing effective FDA-approved agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Gangadhar
- Abramson Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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41
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Bhadra R, Cobb DA, Khan IA. CD40 signaling to the rescue: A CD8 exhaustion perspective in chronic infectious diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2013; 33:361-78. [PMID: 23971530 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013007444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infectious diseases such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, among others, cause severe morbidity and mortality globally. Progressive decline in CD8 functionality, survival, and proliferative potential-a phenomenon referred to as CD8 exhaustion-is believed to be responsible for poor pathogen control in chronic infectious diseases. While the role of negative inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 in augmenting CD8 exhaustion has been extensively studied, the role of positive costimulatory receptors remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how one such costimulatory pathway, CD40-CD40L, regulates CD8 dysfunction and rescue. While the significance of this pathway has been extensively investigated in models of autoimmunity, acute infectious diseases, and tumor models, the role played by CD40-CD40L in regulating CD8 exhaustion in chronic infectious diseases is just beginning to be understood. Considering that monotherapy with blocking antibodies targeting inhibitory PD-1-PD-L1 pathway is only partially effective at ameliorating CD8 exhaustion and that humanized CD40 agonist antibodies are currently available, a better understanding of the role of the CD40-CD40L pathway in chronic infectious diseases will pave the way for the development of more robust immunotherapeutic and prophylactic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Bhadra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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42
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Melero I, Grimaldi AM, Perez-Gracia JL, Ascierto PA. Clinical development of immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies and opportunities for combination. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:997-1008. [PMID: 23460531 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune system responses are under the control of extracellular biomolecules, which express functions in receptors present on the surface of cells of the immune system, and thus are amenable to be functionally modulated by monoclonal antibodies. Some of these mechanisms are activating and dictate whether the response ensues, while others play the role of powerful repressors. Antagonist antibodies acting on such repressors result in enhanced immune responses, a goal that is also achieved with agonist antibodies acting on the activating receptors. With these simple logics, a series of therapeutic agents are under clinical development and one of them directed at the CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitory receptor (ipilimumab) has been approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The list of antagonist agents acting on repressors under development includes anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 (B7-H1), anti-KIR, and anti-TGF-β. Agonist antibodies currently being investigated in clinical trials target CD40, CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), and glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR). A blossoming preclinical pipeline suggests that other active targets will also be tested in patients in the near future. All of these antibodies are being developed as conventional monoclonal immunoglobulins, but other engineered antibody formats or RNA aptamers are under preclinical scrutiny. The "dark side" of these immune interventions is that they elicit autoimmune/inflammatory reactions that can be severe in some patients. A critical and, largely, pending subject is to identify reliable predictive biomarkers both for efficacy and immune toxicity. Preclinical and early clinical studies indicate a tremendous potential to further improve efficacy, using combinations from among these new agents that frequently act in a synergistic fashion. Combinations with other more conventional means of treatment such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or cancer vaccines also hold much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melero
- Department of Oncology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Beatty GL, Torigian DA, Chiorean EG, Saboury B, Brothers A, Alavi A, Troxel AB, Sun W, Teitelbaum UR, Vonderheide RH, O'Dwyer PJ. A phase I study of an agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody (CP-870,893) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6286-95. [PMID: 23983255 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I study investigated the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacodynamics, immunologic correlatives, and antitumor activity of CP-870,893, an agonist CD40 antibody, when administered in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-two patients with chemotherapy-naïve advanced PDA were treated with 1,000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine once weekly for three weeks with infusion of CP-870,893 at 0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg on day three of each 28-day cycle. RESULTS CP-870,893 was well-tolerated; one dose-limiting toxicity (grade 4, cerebrovascular accident) occurred at the 0.2 mg/kg dose level, which was estimated as the MTD. The most common adverse event was cytokine release syndrome (grade 1 to 2). CP-870,893 infusion triggered immune activation marked by an increase in inflammatory cytokines, an increase in B-cell expression of costimulatory molecules, and a transient depletion of B cells. Four patients achieved a partial response (PR). 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) showed more than 25% decrease in FDG uptake within primary pancreatic lesions in six of eight patients; however, responses observed in metastatic lesions were heterogeneous, with some lesions responding with complete loss of FDG uptake, whereas other lesions in the same patient failed to respond. Improved overall survival correlated with a decrease in FDG uptake in hepatic lesions (R = -0.929; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS CP-870,893 in combination with gemcitabine was well-tolerated and associated with antitumor activity in patients with PDA. Changes in FDG uptake detected on PET/CT imaging provide insight into therapeutic benefit. Phase II studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Drew A Torigian
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Radiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea B Troxel
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
| | - Weijing Sun
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ursina R Teitelbaum
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
| | - Peter J O'Dwyer
- Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine
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Arens R, van Hall T, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, Melief CJM. Prospects of combinatorial synthetic peptide vaccine-based immunotherapy against cancer. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:182-90. [PMID: 23706598 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The insight that the immune system is involved in tumor resistance is gaining momentum and this has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies aiming at enhancement of immune-mediated tumor destruction. Although some of these strategies have moderate clinical benefit, most stand-alone therapies fail to significantly affect progressive disease and survival or do so only in a minority of patients. Research on the mechanisms underlying the generation of immune responses against tumors and the immune evasion by tumors has emphasized that various mechanisms simultaneously prevent effective immunity against cancer including inefficient presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells and induction of negative immune regulation by regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Thus the design of therapies that simultaneously improve effective tumor immunity and counteract immune evasion by tumors seems most desirable for clinical efficacy. As it is unlikely that a single immunotherapeutic strategy addresses all necessary requirements, combinatorial strategies that act synergistically need to be developed. Here we discuss the current knowledge and prospects of treatment with synthetic peptide vaccines that stimulate tumor-specific T-cell responses combined with adjuvants, immune modulating antibodies, cytokines and chemotherapy. We conclude that combinatorial approaches have the best potency to accomplish the most significant tumor destruction but further research is required to optimize such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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45
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Vonderheide RH, Bajor DL, Winograd R, Evans RA, Bayne LJ, Beatty GL. CD40 immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:949-54. [PMID: 23589109 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a highly aggressive and lethal cancer which is poorly responsive to standard therapies. Although the PDA tumor microenvironment is considered especially immunosuppressive, recent data mostly from genetically engineered and other mouse models of the disease suggest that novel immunotherapeutic approaches hold promise. Here, we describe both laboratory and clinical efforts to target the CD40 pathway for immunotherapy in PDA. Findings suggest that CD40 agonists can mediate both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent immune mechanisms of tumor regression in mice and patients. T-cell-independent mechanisms are associated with macrophage activation and the destruction of PDA tumor stroma, supporting the concept that immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment represents a useful approach in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5156, USA.
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Abstract
Recent success in cancer immunotherapy has reinvigorated the hypothesis that the immune system can control many if not most cancers, in some cases producing durable responses in a way not seen with many small-molecule drugs. Agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) offer a new therapeutic option which has the potential to generate anticancer immunity by various mechanisms. CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member expressed broadly on antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells, B cells, and monocytes as well as many nonimmune cells and a range of tumors. Agonistic CD40 mAb have been shown to activate APC and promote antitumor T-cell responses and to foster cytotoxic myeloid cells with the potential to control cancer in the absence of T-cell immunity. Thus, agonistic CD40 mAb are fundamentally different from mAb which block negative immune checkpoint such as anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1. Initial clinical trials of agonistic CD40 mAb have shown highly promising results in the absence of disabling toxicity, both in single-agent studies and in combination with chemotherapy; however, numerous questions remain about dose, schedule, route of administration, and formulation. Recent findings about the role played by the IgG isotype and the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) in mAb cross-linking, together with insights into mechanisms of action, particularly with regard to the role of myeloid cells, are predicted to help design next-generation CD40 agonistic reagents with greater efficacy. Here, we will review the preclinical and clinical data and discuss the major issues facing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104 USA
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Khong A, Nelson DJ, Nowak AK, Lake RA, Robinson BWS. The use of agonistic anti-CD40 therapy in treatments for cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:246-66. [PMID: 22804570 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.698338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Agonistic anti-CD40 antibody is a potent stimulator of anti-tumor immune responses due to its action on both immune and tumor cells. It has the ability to "precondition" dendritic cells, allowing them to prime effective cytotoxic T-cell responses. Thus, anti-CD40 antibody provides an ideal therapy for combination with traditional cancer treatments (i.e., chemotherapy, surgery) in order to elicit immune-mediated anti-tumor effects. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action of agonistic anti-CD40, the use of mouse models to investigate its effects and combinations with other therapies in vivo, and current clinical trials combining humanized anti-CD40 antibody with chemotherapy and/or other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Khong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Zhou Y, He J, Gou LT, Mu B, Liao WC, Ma C, Tang P, Zhou SJ, Zhou YJ, Yang JL. Expression of CD40 and growth-inhibitory activity of CD40 agonist in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1735-43. [PMID: 22406982 PMCID: PMC11029153 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family and is widely expressed on various cell types. The antitumour activity of CD40 agonist antibody has been observed in B-cell-derived malignancies, but its activity on ovarian cancer remains unclear. However, in this paper, we first confirmed that the anti-CD40 agonist antibody could inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells and induce apoptosis. This study investigated the expression of CD40 by ovarian carcinoma tissues and cell lines, at the same time, we evaluated the effect of a recombinant soluble human CD40L (rshCD40L) and an anti-CD40 agonist antibody on cell growth and apoptosis. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated that CD40 was expressed on ovarian carcinoma cell lines and primary ovarian carcinoma cells derived from ascites, as well as on ovarian carcinoma tissues. The growth inhibition of rshCD40L and the anti-CD40 agonist antibody on ovarian carcinoma cells was examined by MTT assay, and the proportion of apoptotic tumour cells was analysed by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. Our study showed that CD40 was expressed on all ovarian carcinoma cell lines and was examined in 86.2% (162/188) of ovarian cancer tissue samples, but not in normal ovarian tissues (n = 20). Treatment with rshCD40L or anti-CD40 agonist antibody significantly inhibited ovarian carcinoma cell growth and induced apoptosis. Theses results suggest that CD40 is expressed on ovarian carcinoma cells, moreover, that rshCD40L and anti-CD40 agonist antibody have therapeutic potential to inhibit human ovarian cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Lan-tu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Wei-chan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Shi-jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yong-jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jin-liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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Fisher TS, Kamperschroer C, Oliphant T, Love VA, Lira PD, Doyonnas R, Bergqvist S, Baxi SM, Rohner A, Shen AC, Huang C, Sokolowski SA, Sharp LL. Targeting of 4-1BB by monoclonal antibody PF-05082566 enhances T-cell function and promotes anti-tumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1721-33. [PMID: 22406983 PMCID: PMC11028822 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) is a costimulatory receptor expressed on several subsets of activated immune cells. Numerous studies of mouse and human T cells indicate that 4-1BB promotes cellular proliferation, survival, and cytokine production. 4-1BB agonist mAbs have demonstrated efficacy in prophylactic and therapeutic settings in both monotherapy and combination therapy tumor models and have established durable anti-tumor protective T-cell memory responses. PF-05082566 is a fully human IgG2 that binds to the extracellular domain of human 4-1BB with high affinity and specificity. In preclinical studies, this agonist antibody demonstrated its ability to activate NF-κB and induce downstream cytokine production, promote leukocyte proliferation, and inhibit tumor growth in a human PBMC xenograft tumor model. The mechanism of action and robust anti-tumor efficacy of PF-05082566 support its clinical development for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Fisher
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Cris Kamperschroer
- Immunotoxicology Center of Emphasis, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT USA
| | - Theodore Oliphant
- Protein Therapeutics Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA
| | - Victoria A. Love
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Paul D. Lira
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Regis Doyonnas
- Genetically Engineered Models Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Simon Bergqvist
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Sangita M. Baxi
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Allison Rohner
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Amy C. Shen
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Chunli Huang
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Sharon A. Sokolowski
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Leslie L. Sharp
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
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50
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Broos S, Sandin LC, Apel J, Tötterman TH, Akagi T, Akashi M, Borrebaeck CA, Ellmark P, Lindstedt M. Synergistic augmentation of CD40-mediated activation of antigen-presenting cells by amphiphilic poly(γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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