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Barrera G, Martella D, Celegato F, Fuochi N, Coïsson M, Parmeggiani C, Wiersma DS, Tiberto P. Light-Controlled Magnetic Properties: An Energy-Efficient Opto-Mechanical Control over Magnetic Films by Liquid Crystalline Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2408273. [PMID: 39373716 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202408273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Magnetostrictive materials are essential components in sensors, actuators, and energy-storage devices due to their ability to convert mechanical stress into changes in magnetic properties and vice-versa. However, their operation typically requires physical contact to apply stress or relies on magnetic field sources to control magnetic properties. This poses significant limitations to devices miniaturization and their integration into contactless technologies. This work reports on an approach that overcomes these limitations by using light to transfer mechanical stress to a magnetostrictive device, thereby achieving non-contact and reversible opto-mechanical control of its magnetic and electrical properties. The proposed solution combines a magnetostrictive Fe70Ga30 thin film with a photo-responsive Liquid Crystalline Network (LCN). Magnetic properties are modulated by changing the light wavelength and illumination time. Remarkably, the stable shape change of the LCN induced by ultraviolet (UV) light leads to the retention of magnetic properties even after the light is switched off, resulting in a magnetic memory effect with an energy consumption advantage over the use of conventional magnetic field applicators. The memory effect is erased by visible light, which releases the mechanical stress in the photoresponsive layer. Therefore, this new composite material creates a fully reconfigurable magnetic system controlled by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Barrera
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via N. Carrara 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Federica Celegato
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Neri Fuochi
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via N. Carrara 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Marco Coïsson
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Camilla Parmeggiani
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via N. Carrara 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Diederik S Wiersma
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, 50019, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Paola Tiberto
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
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Tkachenko IM, Kurioz YI, Kravchuk RM, Kobzar YL, Litoshenko DV, Glushchenko AV, Shevchenko VV, Nazarenko VG. Photoinduced Birefringence and Liquid Crystal Orientation on Polymers with Different Azobenzene Content in the Main Chain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52945-52957. [PMID: 39287937 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we give an overview of novel main-chain azobenzene-based fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s with different content of azo groups, aiming at providing a better understanding of the link between a number of N═N bonds and the macroscopic response of the material. We discuss chemical synthesis and molecular structure and report on a comprehensive analysis of the polymer properties, thermal behavior, and mechanical strength. We show that a higher content of azobenzene moieties reduces the mechanical strength of the polymer materials. On the other hand, polymers with a higher content of azobenzene demonstrate higher values of induced birefringence due to a larger number of azobenzene in the trans form. The photoisomerization constants of all polymers fall within a very close range. The minor variations are attributed to the number of azobenzene groups in the polymer composition and the conformational arrangements of the polymer chain packing. The developed light-sensitive polymers were employed for dynamic control and manipulation of the liquid crystal orientation by polarization of the incident light. After the double irradiation of the substrates using appropriate photomasks, we made patterned cells that consist of domains with different high-resolution liquid crystal director orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor M Tkachenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkivske Shosse 48, Kyiv 02160, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy I Kurioz
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Ruslan M Kravchuk
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yaroslav L Kobzar
- UMR 6270, CNRS, Polymerès Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Dmytro V Litoshenko
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Anatoliy V Glushchenko
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918, United States
| | - Valery V Shevchenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkivske Shosse 48, Kyiv 02160, Ukraine
| | - Vassili G Nazarenko
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Arakawa Y, Arai Y. Photoinduced Phase Transitions of Imine-Based Liquid Crystal Dimers with Twist-Bend Nematic Phases. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3278. [PMID: 38998360 PMCID: PMC11243583 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Photoisomerizable molecules in liquid crystals (LCs) allow for photoinduced phase transitions, facilitating applications in a wide variety of photoresponsive materials. In contrast to the widely investigated azobenzene structure, research on the photoinduced phase-transition behavior of imine-based LCs is considerably limited. We herein report the thermal and photoinduced phase-transition behaviors of photoisomerizable imine-based LC dimers with twist-bend nematic (NTB) phases. We synthesize two homologous series of ester- and thioether-linked N-(4-cyanobenzylidene)aniline-based bent-shaped LC dimers with an even number of carbon atoms (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) in the central alkylene spacers, namely, CBCOOnSBA(CN) and CBOCOnSBA(CN), possessing oppositely directed ester linkages, C=OO and OC=O, respectively. Their thermal phase-transition behavior is examined using polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. All dimers form a monotropic NTB phase below the temperature of the conventional nematic (N) phase upon cooling. Remarkably, the NTB phases of CBCOOnSBA(CN) (n = 2, 4, 6, and 8) and CBOCOnSBA(CN) (n = 6 and 8) supercool to room temperature and vitrify without crystallization. In addition, the phase-transition temperatures and entropy changes of CBCOOnSBA(CN) are lower than those of CBOCOnSBA(CN) at the same n. Under UV light irradiation, the NTB and N phases transition to the N and isotropic phases, respectively, and reversibly return to their initial LC phases when the UV light is turned off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuto Arai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan
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Ma Z, Wu J, Tan Y, Tan C. Azobenzene-Based Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Biological Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400048. [PMID: 38521990 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been developed quickly as an emerging functional material with applications in optical and electronic devices, owing to their highly electron-delocalized backbones and versatile side groups for facile processibility, high mechanical strength, and environmental stability. CPs exhibit multistimuli responsive behavior and fluorescence quenching properties by incorporating azobenzene functionality into their molecular structures. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in developing functional azobenzene-based conjugated polymers (azo-CPs), utilizing diverse molecular design strategies and synthetic pathways. This article comprehensively reviews the rapidly evolving research field of azo-CPs, focusing on the structural characteristics and synthesis methods of general azo-CPs, as well as the applications of charged azo-CPs, specifically azobenzene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes (azo-CPEs). Based on their molecular structures, azo-CPs can be broadly categorized into three primary types: linear CPs with azobenzene incorporated into the side chain, linear CPs with azobenzene integrated into the main chain, and branched CPs containing azobenzene moieties. These systems are promising for biomedical applications in biosensing, bioimaging, targeted protein degradation, and cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiatao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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Peelikuburage BGD, Martens WN, Waclawik ER. Light switching for product selectivity control in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10168-10207. [PMID: 38722105 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial switchable catalysis is a new, rapidly expanding field that offers great potential advantages for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Light irradiation is widely accepted as the best stimulus to artificial switchable chemical systems. In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and application of photo-switchable catalysts that can control when and where bond formation and dissociation take place in reactant molecules. Photo-switchable catalysis is a niche area in current catalysis, on which systematic analysis and reviews are still lacking in the scientific literature, yet it offers many intriguing and versatile applications, particularly in organic synthesis. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in photo-switchable catalyst systems that can result in two different chemical product outcomes and thus achieve a degree of control over organic synthetic reactions. Furthermore, this review evaluates different approaches that have been employed to achieve dynamic control over both the catalytic function and the selectivity of several different types of synthesis reactions, along with the remaining challenges and potential opportunities. Owing to the great diversity of the types of reactions and conditions adopted, a quantitative comparison of efficiencies between considered systems is not the focus of this review, instead the review showcases how insights from successful adopted strategies can help better harness and channel the power of photoswitchability in this new and promising area of catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan G D Peelikuburage
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Wayde N Martens
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Eric R Waclawik
- Centre of Materials Science & School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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Kawakami C, Hara M, Nagano S, Shimomoto H, Yorimoto Y, Yamada T, Oda S, Ihara E, Seki T. Assembly Structure Formation in Bulk and Ultrathin Films of Poly(substituted methylene) Having an Azobenzene Side Chain. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11297-11306. [PMID: 38755745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The density of the side chain introduced to a polymer main chain greatly influences the properties and functions of the polymer. This work first reports on the packing structure and properties at an interface of a poly(substituted methylene) where an azobenzene side chain is introduced at every carbon atom in the main chain (C1PAz). The structure and properties are compared with those of a conventional vinyl polymer [poly(methacrylate)] possessing an identical side-chain structure (C2PAz). The packing structure in the bulk state analyzed by X-ray measurements revealed that C1PAz adopts a highly ordered rectangular unit cell structure, whereas C2PAz shows a less ordered lamellar one. Langmuir film balance experiments indicated that both polymers with the trans-azobenzene give essentially the identical 2D side-chain occupying area on water, which agrees well with the smectic B (hexatic packing) model based on the X-ray data. Upon transfer onto a solid substrate, only C1PAz shows a conformational transformation to a spread bilayer-type layer, most probably due to conformational frustration stemming from the crowding of the side chains. This study proposes new insights into the effects of side-chain density on the self-assembly and photoreaction of azobenzene-containing polymers, which are expected to expand the possibilities of polymer design for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Kawakami
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20, Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toyoshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimomoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunko-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yorimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunko-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunko-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Oda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunko-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eiji Ihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunko-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Das P, Grinalds NJ, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Dobrzycki Ł, Xue J, Castellano RK. Dicyanorhodanine-Pyrrole Conjugates for Visible Light-Driven Quantitative Photoswitching in Solution and the Solid State. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11932-11943. [PMID: 38629510 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule photoswitches capable of toggling between two distinct molecular states in response to light are versatile tools to monitor biological processes, control photochemistry, and design smart materials. In this work, six novel dicyanorhodanine-based pyrrole-containing photoswitches are reported. The molecular design avails both the Z and E isomers from synthesis, where each can be isolated using chromatographic techniques. Inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) interactions available to the E and Z isomers, respectively, uniquely impart thermal stability to each isomer over long time periods. Photoisomerization could be assessed by solution NMR and UV-vis spectroscopic techniques along with complementary ground- and excited-state computational studies, which show good agreement. Quantitative E → Z isomerization occurs upon 523 nm irradiation of the parent compound (where R = H) in solution, whereas Z → E isomerization using 404 nm irradiation offers a photostationary state (PSS) ratio of 84/16 (E/Z). Extending the π-conjugation of the pyrrole unit (where R = p-C6H4-OMe) pushes the maximum absorption to the yellow-orange region of the visible spectrum and allows bidirectional quantitative isomerization with 404 and 595 nm excitation. Comparator molecules have been prepared to report how the presence or absence of H-bonding affects the photoswitching behavior. Finally, studies of the photoswitches in neat films and photoinactive polymer matrices reveal distinctive structural and optical properties of the Z and E isomers and ultimately afford reversible photoswitching to spectrally unique PSSs using visible light sources including the Sun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nathan J Grinalds
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jiangeng Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P. O. Box 116400, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ronald K Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P. O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Maranata GJ, Megantara S, Hasanah AN. An Update in Computational Methods for Environmental Monitoring: Theoretical Evaluation of the Molecular and Electronic Structures of Natural Pigment-Metal Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:1680. [PMID: 38611959 PMCID: PMC11013237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metals are beneficial to life, but the presence of these elements in excessive amounts can harm both organisms and the environment; therefore, detecting the presence of metals is essential. Currently, metal detection methods employ powerful instrumental techniques that require a lot of time and money. Hence, the development of efficient and effective metal indicators is essential. Several synthetic metal detectors have been made, but due to their risk of harm, the use of natural pigments is considered a potential alternative. Experiments are needed for their development, but they are expensive and time-consuming. This review explores various computational methods and approaches that can be used to investigate metal-pigment interactions because choosing the right methods and approaches will affect the reliability of the results. The results show that quantum mechanical methods (ab initio, density functional theory, and semiempirical approaches) and molecular dynamics simulations have been used. Among the available methods, the density functional theory approach with the B3LYP functional and the LANL2DZ ECP and basis set is the most promising combination due to its good accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Various experimental studies were also in good agreement with the results of computational methods. However, deeper analysis still needs to be carried out to find the best combination of functions and basis sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Josephine Maranata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, 5, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia (S.M.)
| | - Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, 5, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia (S.M.)
- Drug Development Study Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Aliya Nur Hasanah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, 5, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia (S.M.)
- Drug Development Study Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Deng Y, Long G, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Zhou G, Feringa BL, Chen J. Photo-responsive functional materials based on light-driven molecular motors. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:63. [PMID: 38429259 PMCID: PMC10907585 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the research and development of light-triggered molecular machines have mainly focused on developing molecular devices at the nanoscale. A key scientific issue in the field is how to amplify the controlled motion of molecules at the nanoscale along multiple length scales, such as the mesoscopic or the macroscopic scale, or in a more practical perspective, how to convert molecular motion into changes of properties of a macroscopic material. Light-driven molecular motors are able to perform repetitive unidirectional rotation upon irradiation, which offers unique opportunities for responsive macroscopic systems. With several reviews that focus on the design, synthesis and operation of the motors at the nanoscale, photo-responsive macroscopic materials based on light-driven molecular motors have not been comprehensively summarized. In the present review, we first discuss the strategy of confining absolute molecular rotation into relative rotation by grafting motors on surfaces. Secondly, examples of self-assemble motors in supramolecular polymers with high internal order are illustrated. Moreover, we will focus on building of motors in a covalently linked system such as polymeric gels and polymeric liquid crystals to generate complex responsive functions. Finally, a perspective toward future developments and opportunities is given. This review helps us getting a more and more clear picture and understanding on how complex movement can be programmed in light-responsive systems and how man-made adaptive materials can be invented, which can serve as an important guideline for further design of complex and advanced responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Deng
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Long
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhang
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Schmitt T, Huck C, Oberhof N, Hsu LY, Blasco E, Dreuw A, Tegeder P. Characteristics and long-term kinetics of an azobenzene derivative and a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct as orthogonal photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7190-7202. [PMID: 38349743 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered molecular switches are extensively researched for their applications in medicine, chemistry and material science and, if combined, particularly for their use in multifunctional smart materials, for which orthogonally, i.e. individually, addressable photoswitches are needed. In such a multifunctional mixture, the switching properties, efficiencies and the overall performance may be impaired by undesired mutual dependences of the photoswitches on each other. Within this study, we compare the performance of the pure photoswitches, namely an azobenzene derivative (Azo) and a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA), with the switching properties of their mixture using time-resolved temperature-dependent UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved IR absorption spectroscopy at room temperature and quantum mechanical calculations to determine effective cross sections, switching kinetics as well as activation energies of thermally induced steps. We find slightly improved effective cross sections, percentages of switched molecules and no increased activation barriers of the equimolar mixture compared to the single compounds. Thus, the studied mixture Azo + DASA is very promising for future applications in multifunctional smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schmitt
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Huck
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li-Yun Hsu
- Institute for Molecular System Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular System Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wycisk V, Wagner MC, Urner LH. Trends in the Diversification of the Detergentome. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300386. [PMID: 37668309 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Detergents are amphiphilic molecules that serve as enabling steps for today's world applications. The increasing diversity of the detergentome is key to applications enabled by detergent science. Regardless of the application, the optimal design of detergents is determined empirically, which leads to failed preparations, and raising costs. To facilitate project planning, here we review synthesis strategies that drive the diversification of the detergentome. Synthesis strategies relevant for industrial and academic applications include linear, modular, combinatorial, bio-based, and metric-assisted detergent synthesis. Scopes and limitations of individual synthesis strategies in context with industrial product development and academic research are discussed. Furthermore, when designing detergents, the selection of molecular building blocks, i. e., head, linker, tail, is as important as the employed synthesis strategy. To facilitate the design of safe-to-use and tailor-made detergents, we provide an overview of established head, linker, and tail groups and highlight selected scopes and limitations for applications. It becomes apparent that most recent contributions to the increasing chemical diversity of detergent building blocks originate from the development of detergents for membrane protein studies. The overview of synthesis strategies and molecular blocks will bring us closer to the ability to predictably design and synthesize optimal detergents for challenging future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Wycisk
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc-Christian Wagner
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonhard H Urner
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Zhao Y, Zheng Z, Yu CY, Wei H. Engineered cyclodextrin-based supramolecular hydrogels for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 12:39-63. [PMID: 38078497 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD)-based supramolecular hydrogels are polymer network systems with the ability to rapidly form reversible three-dimensional porous structures through multiple cross-linking methods, offering potential applications in drug delivery. Although CD-based supramolecular hydrogels have been increasingly used in a wide range of applications in recent years, a comprehensive description of their structure, mechanical property modulation, drug loading, delivery, and applications in biomedical fields from a cross-linking perspective is lacking. To provide a comprehensive overview of CD-based supramolecular hydrogels, this review systematically describes their design, regulation of mechanical properties, modes of drug loading and release, and their roles in various biomedical fields, particularly oncology, wound dressing, bone repair, and myocardial tissue engineering. Additionally, this review provides a rational discussion on the current challenges and prospects of CD-based supramolecular hydrogels, which can provide ideas for the rapid development of CD-based hydrogels and foster their translation from the laboratory to clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhao
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Cui-Yun Yu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Hua Wei
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study & School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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13
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Du W, Tang P, Yang B, Yang L, Li X, Duan M, Gou S, Ma Q. Metal-Free Hybrid Energetic Composites Based on Donor-Acceptor π-Conjugated Organic Energetic Catalysts with Enlightening the Laser Ignition Performance of Multi-Scale Ammonium Perchlorate. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303678. [PMID: 37475508 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitive materials, such as energetic complexes, usually have high sensitivity and cause heavy-metal pollution, whereas others, like carbon black and dye, do not contain energy, which affects energy output and mechanical properties. In this work, donor-acceptor π-conjugated energetic catalysts, denoted as D-n, are designed and synthesized. Nonmetallic hybrid energetic composites are prepared by assembling the as-synthesized catalysts into multiscale ammonium perchlorate (AP). Composites containing catalysts and APs can be successfully ignited without the involvement of metals. The new ignition mechanism is further analyzed using experimental and theoretical analyses such as UV-vis-near-infrared (NIR) spectra, electron-spin resonance spectroscopy, and energy-gap analysis. The shortest ignition delay time is 56 ms under the experimental condition of a NIR wavelength of 1064 nm and a laser power of 10 W. At the voltage of 1 kV and the electric field of 500 V mm-1 , the laser-ignition delay time of D-2/AP hybrid composite decreases from 56 to 35 ms because D-2 also exhibits organic semiconductor-like properties. D-2/AP and D-12/AP can also be used to successfully laser ignite other common energetic materials. This study can guide the development of advanced metal-free laser-ignitable energetic composites to address challenges in the field of aerospace engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Pengfei Tang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Ming Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
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14
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Noh Y, Son E, Cha C. Exploring stimuli-responsive elastin-like polypeptide for biomedicine and beyond: potential application as programmable soft actuators. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1284226. [PMID: 37965051 PMCID: PMC10642932 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1284226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of soft robotics, there is a growing need to develop actuator systems that are lightweight, mechanically compliant, stimuli-responsive, and readily programmable for precise and intelligent operation. Therefore, "smart" polymeric materials that can precisely change their physicomechanical properties in response to various external stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, electromagnetic force) are increasingly investigated. Many different types of polymers demonstrating stimuli-responsiveness and shape memory effect have been developed over the years, but their focus has been mostly placed on controlling their mechanical properties. In order to impart complexity in actuation systems, there is a concerted effort to implement additional desired functionalities. For this purpose, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), a class of genetically-engineered thermoresponsive polypeptides that have been mostly utilized for biomedical applications, is being increasingly investigated for stimuli-responsive actuation. Herein, unique characteristics and biomedical applications of ELP, and recent progress on utilizing ELP for programmable actuation are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaenyung Cha
- Center for Multidimensional Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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15
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Schultzke S, Scheuring N, Puylaert P, Lehmann M, Staubitz A. A Photomechanical Film in which Liquid Crystal Design Shifts the Absorption into the Visible Light Range. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302692. [PMID: 37661584 PMCID: PMC10602558 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline polymer networks (LCN) with azobenzene monomers bend reversibly under UV-light irradiation, combining photomechanical and photothermal effects. However, the harmful nature of UV-light limits their use in biology and soft robotics. Although visible light-absorbing tetra-ortho-fluoro-substituted azobenzenes exist, liquid crystalline monomers have never been prepared. Previously, such azobenzenes were added as photoactive additives (up to 10%) to otherwise passive liquid crystalline polymer networks. In this work, a molecular design of a liquid crystalline, polymerizable azobenzene switchable by visible light is presented. The monomer assembles in a highly fluid nematic phase, but polymerizes in a layered smectic C phase. The films are produced solely from the monomer without additional liquid crystalline components and are actuated with visible light. Bending experiments in air and under water differentiate photomechanical and photothermal effects. Remarkably, a 60 µm splay aligned film maintains its deformation for hours, slowly reverting over days. Monomer liquid crystallinity is characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and polarized optical microscopy (POM); polymer films are analyzed using WAXS and DSC on a homogeneously aligned film. The synthetic procedure is high yielding and polymer film fabrication is scalable, which enables the use of safe and efficient photomechanical LCNs in soft robotics, engineering and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schultzke
- University of BremenInstitute for Analytical and Organic ChemistryLeobener Straße 7D‐28359BremenGermany
- University of BremenMAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesBibliothekstraße 1D‐28359BremenGermany
| | - Nikolai Scheuring
- University of WürzburgInstitute of Organic ChemistryAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Pim Puylaert
- University of BremenInstitute for Inorganic Chemistry and CrystallographyLeobener Straße 7D‐28359‐BremenGermany
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- University of WürzburgInstitute of Organic ChemistryAm HublandD‐97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of BremenInstitute for Analytical and Organic ChemistryLeobener Straße 7D‐28359BremenGermany
- University of BremenMAPEX Center for Materials and ProcessesBibliothekstraße 1D‐28359BremenGermany
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16
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Zheng S, Lin YL, Chang CC, Lee MJ, Chen YF, Lee LR, Chang MH, Chen JT. Boosting Ion Conductivities: Light-Modulated Azobenzene-Based Ionic Liquids in Vertical Nanochannels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45418-45425. [PMID: 37677063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Exploring stimuli-responsive ion-conductive materials is a challenging task, but it has gained increasing attention because of their enormous potential applications in actuators, sensors, and smart electronics. Here, we demonstrate a distinctive photoresponsive ion-conductive device that utilizes azobenzene-based ionic liquids ([AzoCnMIM][Br], where n = 2, 6, and 10), confined in nanochannels of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates for photoisomerization. The structure of [AzoCnMIM][Br] comprises photoresponsive and hydrophobic azobenzene moieties, hydrophilic imidazolium cations, and negatively charged bromide ions. Therefore, [AzoCnMIM][Br] can form micelles and exhibit photoresponsive ion conductivities. The nanochannels of AAO templates exhibit a confinement effect on the formation of azobenzene-based ionic liquid micelles due to the pore size, thereby preventing the formation of larger micelles that could lead to a decrease in conductivity. Consequently, the ion conductivities of the azobenzene-based ionic liquids are higher in the nanochannels of the AAO templates. The effects of the length of carbon chains on the azobezene-based ionic liquids and the pore size of the AAO templates have also been investigated. Additionally, through irradiation with UV/vis light, [AzoCnMIM][Br] can undergo reversible isomerization, thereby reversibly changing the sizes of the micelles and subsequently altering the ion conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jie Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ruei Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
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17
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Pawlik G, Mitus AC. Complex Monte Carlo Light-Driven Dynamics of Monomers in Functionalized Bond Fluctuation Model Polymer Chains. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4373. [PMID: 37374556 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We study Monte Carlo dynamics of the monomers and center of mass of a model polymer chain functionalized with azobenzene molecules in the presence of an inhomogeneous linearly polarized laser light. The simulations use a generalized Bond Fluctuation Model. The mean squared displacements of the monomers and the center of mass are analyzed in a period of Monte Carlo time typical for a build-up of Surface Relief Grating. Approximate scaling laws for mean squared displacements are found and interpreted in terms of sub- and superdiffusive dynamics for the monomers and center of mass. A counterintuitive effect is observed, where the monomers perform subdiffusive motion but the resulting motion of the center of mass is superdiffusive. This result disparages theoretical approaches based on an assumption that the dynamics of single monomers in a chain can be characterized in terms of independent identically distributed random variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Pawlik
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antoni C Mitus
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- Social and Technical Sciences Faculty, Jan Wyzykowski University, 59-101 Polkowice, Poland
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18
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Wang H, Yang J, Zheng X. Elucidation of the key role of isomerization in the self-assembly and luminescence properties of AIEgens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14387-14399. [PMID: 37183990 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00797a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the hierarchical nature of the self-assembly process, it is effective to control assembled nanostructures by tuning the spatial configurations of the building blocks through Z-/E-isomerization. A pair of AIE stereoisomers termed (Z)-/(E)-TPE-UPy was reported with different self-assembly mechanisms, morphologies and luminescence properties. In this study, we present a multiscale modeling combining MD simulations, hybrid QM/MM calculations and the PCM model, to systematically clarify the molecular configuration-molecular assembly-photophysical property relationship of (Z)-/(E)-TPE-UPy. Our study shows that (Z)-TPE-UPy follows a concentration-dependent ring-chain polymerization mechanism. At low concentration, (Z)-TPE-UPy tends to form ring-like (Z)-close-dimers with all H-bond sites occupied, while at high concentration, the H-bond backbone in the chain-like structures is more planar and stronger, making the zig-zag chain-like conformations more favorable. For the (E)-isomer, the H-bond backbone is quite planar and rigid, which makes it linearly elongate one-by-one at the whole range of concentrations via the isodesmic polymerization mechanism. (Z)-TPE-UPy oligomers exhibit large flexibility and diverse conformations, leading to sharply enhanced viscosity at high concentration in experiments. Moreover, the fluorescence spectrum of (Z)-/(E)-TPE-UPy aggregate is conformation-dependent and the enhanced emission in the aggregated state is attributed to the restriction of the low-frequency intramolecular rotations of the phenyl rings and the distortion of the CC plane, as well as the reduction of electron-vibration couplings. Our work not only offers valuable insights into the key role of stereoisomerism in assembled morphologies and luminescence properties, but also provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of new building blocks based on stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, 510640, China
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19
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Zhang P, Debije MG, de Haan LT, Schenning APHJ. Switching between 3D Surface Topographies in Liquid Crystal Elastomer Coatings Using Two-Step Imprint Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2302051. [PMID: 37189212 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
While dynamic surface topographies are fabricated using liquid crystal (LC) polymers, switching between two distinct 3D topographies remains challenging. In this work, two switchable 3D surface topographies are created in LC elastomer (LCE) coatings using a two-step imprint lithography process. A first imprinting creates a surface microstructure on the LCE coating which is polymerized by a base catalyzed partial thiol-acrylate crosslinking step. The structured coating is then imprinted with a second mold to program the second topography, which is subsequently fully polymerized by light. The resulting LCE coatings display reversible surface switching between the two programmed 3D states. By varying the molds used during the two imprinting steps, diverse dynamic topographies can be achieved. For example, by using grating and rough molds sequentially, switchable surface topographies between a random scatterer and an ordered diffractor are achieved. Additionally, by using negative and positive triangular prism molds consecutively, dynamic surface topographies switching between two 3D structural states are achieved, driven by differential order/disorder transitions in the different areas of the film. It is anticipated that this platform of dynamic 3D topological switching can be used for many applications, including antifouling and biomedical surfaces, switchable friction elements, tunable optics, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Interactive Polymer Materials (IPM), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T de Haan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Interactive Polymer Materials (IPM), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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20
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Thomas T, Govindharaj M, Unni HN, Kumari N, Rath SN. On-chip mixing of cancer cells and drug using LED enabled 2D opto-wetting droplet platforms. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2023; 9. [PMID: 37171088 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/acd009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Droplets of microliter size serve as miniaturized reaction chambers for practical lab on a chip (LoC) applications. The transportation and coalescence of droplets are indispensable for realizing microfluidic mixing. Light can be used as an effective tool for droplet manipulation. We report a novel platform for LED-based transport and mixing of cell-encapsulated microdroplets for evaluating dose response of cancer drugs. Microcontroller enabled LEDs (Light-emitting diodes) were used to actuate droplet movement on Azobenzene coated planar silicon substrates. Droplet transport was initiated by the spatial gradient in solid-liquid interfacial tension developed through LED triggered photoisomerization of Azobenzene substrate. Detailed UV-Visible characterization of Azobenzene molecule was performed for different LED light intensities and wavelengths. A complete standalone opto-wetting toolbox was developed by integrating various components such as a microcontroller, UV LED (385 nm), blue LED (465 nm), and Azobenzene coated photoresponsive substrate. 2D transport of DI water droplets (10-30μl) along simple trajectories was demonstrated using this device. Subsequently, the proposed opto-wetting platform was used for performing drug evaluation through on-chip mixing of droplets containing cancer cells (A549-Lung cancer cells) and cancer drug (paclitaxel). Separate cell viability analysis was performed using MTT assays, where the cytocompatibility of Azobenzene and UV light (385 nm) on A549 cells were studied. The dosage response of paclitaxel drug was studied using both MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and live-dead cell assays. The results obtained indicate the potential use of our device as a cost-effective, reliable opto-wetting microfluidic platform for drug screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Thomas
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, IITH Main Road, Near NH-65, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Mano Govindharaj
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, IITH Main Road, Near NH-65, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Harikrishnan Narayanan Unni
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, IITH Main Road, Near NH-65, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Neema Kumari
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, IITH Main Road, Near NH-65, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Subha Narayan Rath
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Department of Biomedical Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, IITH Main Road, Near NH-65, Sangareddy, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
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21
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Zhang HY, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Jiang HH, Zeng YL, Tang SY, Li PF, Tang YY, Xiong RG. Ferroelectric Phase Transition Driven by Switchable Covalent Bonds. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:176802. [PMID: 37172248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.176802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism on ferroelectric phase transitions is mainly attributed to the displacive and/or order-disorder transition of internal components since the discovery of the ferroelectricity in 1920, rather than the breaking and recombination of chemical bonds. Here, we demonstrate how to utilize the chemical bond rearrangement in a diarylethene-based crystal to realize the light-driven mm2F1-type ferroelectric phase transition. Such a photoinduced phase transition is entirely driven by switchable covalent bonds with breaking and reformation, enabling the reversible light-controllable ferroelectric polarization switching, dielectric and nonlinear optical bistability. Moreover, light as quantized energy can achieve contactless, nondestructive, and remote-control operations. This work proposes a new mechanism of ferroelectric phase transition, and highlights the significance of photochromic molecules in designing new ferroelectrics for photocontrol data storage and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Huan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ling Zeng
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yu Tang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Tang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Gen Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ceamanos L, Mulder DJ, Kahveci Z, López-Valdeolivas M, Schenning APHJ, Sánchez-Somolinos C. Photomechanical response under physiological conditions of azobenzene-containing 4D-printed liquid crystal elastomer actuators. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:4083-4094. [PMID: 37092961 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02757g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Soft and mechanically responsive actuators hold the promise to revolutionize the design and manufacturing of devices in the areas of microfluidics, soft robotics and biomedical engineering. In many of these applications, the actuators need to operate in a wet environment that can strongly affect their performance. In this paper, we report on the photomechanical response in a biological buffer of azobenzene-containing liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)-based actuators, prepared by four-dimensional (4D) printing. Although the photothermal contribution to the photoresponse is largely cancelled by the heat withdrawing capacity of the employed buffer, a significant photoinduced reversible contraction, in the range of 7% of its initial length, has been achieved under load, taking just a few seconds to reach half of the maximum contraction. Effective photomechanical work performance under physiological conditions has, therefore, been demonstrated in the 4D-printed actuators. Advantageously, the photomechanical response is not sensitive to salts present in the buffer differently to hydrogels with responses highly dependent on the fluid composition. Our work highlights the capabilities of photomechanical actuators, created using 4D printing, when operating under physiological conditions, thus showing their potential for application in the microfluidics and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ceamanos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Dirk J Mulder
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zehra Kahveci
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - María López-Valdeolivas
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Somolinos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Kuntze K, Viljakka J, Virkki M, Huang CYD, Hecht S, Priimagi A. Red-light photoswitching of indigos in polymer thin films. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2482-2488. [PMID: 36908950 PMCID: PMC9993840 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Through simple synthetic derivatisation, the parent indigo dye becomes a red-light E-Z photoswitch exhibiting negative photochromism and tuneable thermal isomerisation kinetics. These attributes make indigo derivatives extremely attractive for applications related to materials and living systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge in translating indigo photoswitching dynamics from solution to solid state - the environment crucial for most applications. Herein, we study the photoswitching performance of six structurally distinct indigo derivatives in five polymers of varying rigidity. Three key strategies are identified to enable efficient photoswitching under red (660 nm) light: (i) choosing a soft polymer matrix to minimise its resistance toward the isomerisation, (ii) creating free volume around the indigo molecules through synthetic modifications, and (iii) applying low dye loading (<1% w/w) to inhibit aggregation. These strategies are shown to improve both photostationary state distributions and the thermal stability of the Z isomer. When all three strategies are implemented, the isomerisation performance (>80% Z form in the photostationary state) is nearly identical to that in solution. These findings thus pave the way for designing new red-light photochromic materials based on indigos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Jani Viljakka
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Chung-Yang Dennis Huang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany .,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
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24
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Yari MR, Zakerhamidi MS, Ghomi H. Plasma immobilization of azobenzene dye on polyamide 6 polymer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:983. [PMID: 36653399 PMCID: PMC9849228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma treatment of polymeric materials is a cost-effective and efficient technique to modify the surface and change the constituent unit configuration. This research investigates the effects of argon DC glow discharge plasma on pure and DR1 dye-loaded polyamide 6 polymer films and stabilization of dye on the surface. Plasma breaks some bonds and activates the surface through creating reactive structures such as free radical sites on the surface and increases tertiary amides on the surface of polymer. Besides, this process alters surface topographical characteristics and conformation of azobenzene dye which are effective on the durability of the dye on the surface. Plasma causes interactions of the dye with the polymer and immobilizes the dye on the polymer. On the other hand, these interactions lead to changes in the dye's optical and geometric isomeric activity and stability. This work studies the chemical and morphological changes of polyamide 6 by plasma with AFM and spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the aging of nylon 6 films loaded with DR1 dye is measured, and the conformational changes of the dye are investigated. Plasma stabilizes the dye on the polymer surface through making changes of chemical and physical properties on the surface components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Yari
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Zakerhamidi
- grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412831.d0000 0001 1172 3536Photonics Center of Excellence, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghomi
- grid.412502.00000 0001 0686 4748Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Photo-Ordering and Deformation in Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Networks under Irradiation with Elliptically Polarized Light. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene-containing polymers (azo-polymers) have been a subject of extensive investigations during the last two and half decades, due to their remarkable ability to undergo pronounced alignment and deformation under irradiation with light. The molecular ordering and deformation in azo-polymers of various structures under irradiation with linearly polarized light was described in a series of theoretical works, based on the effect of the reorientation of azobenzene moieties due to the anisotropic character of the photoisomerization processes. In the present study, we generalize the previous orientation approach to describe the photo-alignment and deformation of azo-polymer networks under irradiation with elliptically polarized light. We demonstrate that, in general, the light-induced ordering and deformation have a biaxial symmetry defined by the polarization ellipse. Azobenzene chromophores have a tendency to align along the direction of light propagation, the orientation in the other two directions being dependent of the aspect ratio of the polarization ellipse. This causes deformation of azo-polymer networks along the direction of light propagation, the sign of which (expansion/contraction) is defined by a chemical structure of network strands. Theoretical results are in agreement with experiments and have a practical importance to predict the photo-mechanical response of azo-polymers depending on their structure and on the polarization of light.
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26
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Complex selective manipulations of thermomagnetic programmable matter. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20767. [PMID: 36513660 PMCID: PMC9747806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmable matter can change its shape, stiffness or other physical properties upon command. Previous work has shown contactless optically controlled matter or magnetic actuation, but the former is limited in strength and the latter in spatial resolution. Here, we show an unprecedented level of control combining light patterns and magnetic fields. A mixture of thermoplastic and ferromagnetic powder is heated up at specific locations that become malleable and are attracted by magnetic fields. These heated areas solidify on cool down, and the process can be repeated. We show complex control of 3D slabs, 2D sheets, and 1D filaments with applications in tactile displays and object manipulation. Due to the low transition temperature and the possibility of using microwave heating, the compound can be manipulated in air, water, or inside biological tissue having the potential to revolutionize biomedical devices, robotics or display technologies.
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27
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Application of the pyrazolone derivatives as effective modulators in the opto-electronic networks. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Obloy LM, El-Khoury PZ, Tarnovsky AN. Excited-State-Selective Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics and Photoisomerization of trans-4,4'-Azopyridine. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10863-10870. [PMID: 36384033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state dynamics of trans-4,4'-azopyridine in ethanol is studied using femtosecond transient absorption with 30 fs temporal resolution. Exciting the system at three different wavelengths, 460 and 290 (275) nm, to access the S1 nπ* and S2 ππ* electronic states, respectively, reveals a 195 cm-1 vibrational coherence, which suggests that the same mode is active in both nπ* and ππ* relaxation channels. Following S1-excitation, relaxation proceeds via a nonrotational pathway, where a fraction of the nπ* population is trapped in a planar minimum (lifetime, 2.1 ps), while the remaining population travels further to a second shallow minimum (lifetime, 300 fs) prior to decay into the ground state. Population of the S2 state leads to 30 fs nonrotational relaxation with a concurrent buildup of nπ* population and nearly simultaneous formation of hot ground-state species. An increase in the cis-isomer quantum yield upon ππ* versus nπ* excitation is observed, which is opposite to trans-azobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Obloy
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander N Tarnovsky
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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29
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Wu Q, Zhang H, Jia D, Liu T. Recent Development of Tunable Optical Devices Based on Liquid. Molecules 2022; 27:8025. [PMID: 36432123 PMCID: PMC9694320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid opens up a new stage of device tunability and gradually replaced solid-state devices and mechanical tuning. It optimizes the control method and improves the dynamic range of many optical devices, exhibiting several attractive features, such as rapid prototyping, miniaturization, easy integration and low power consumption. The advantage makes optical devices widely used in imaging, optical control, telecommunications, autopilot and lab-on-a-chip. Here, we review the tunable liquid devices, including isotropic liquid and anisotropic liquid crystal devices. Due to the unique characteristics of the two types of liquids, the tuning principles and tuning methods are distinguished and demonstrated in detail firstly and then some recent progress in this field, covering the adaptive lens, beam controller, beam filter, bending waveguide, iris, resonator and display devices. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of the current liquid devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dagong Jia
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiegen Liu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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30
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Glow discharge plasma stabilization of azo dye on PMMA polymer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18358. [PMID: 36319721 PMCID: PMC9626643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of argon gas glow discharge plasma on the surface of DR1 dye-loaded PMMA polymer films are examined in this work. Plasma immobilizes the dye on the surface of polymer without using stabilizers. Argon plasma activates the surface through breaking some bonds and generation of radical sites. It affects the acrylate groups of PMMA leading to covalent bonds between dye and surface of polymer. In addition, plasma treatment and contact with ambient air may result in the creation of new polar components, such as carbonyl and carboxyl compounds and links that enhance the dye attachment to the polymer matrix. Besides, the dye adsorption on the polymer film is impacted by changes in surface topography. Furthermore, plasma modifies the dye conformation, which affects the adherence of the dye to the polymer surface through bringing the dye to the higher energy state. The chemical and topographical modification of dye-loaded PMMA films by plasma are investigated by spectroscopic and AFM methods. Furthermore, aging process was used to confirm dye retention on the polymer film after plasma modification as opposed to dye-loaded polymer film that was left untreated as a reference sample. Finally, investigated method suggests a novel and very affordable technique for fabrication of poly(MMA-co-DR1) copolymer in the form of a homogeneous surface layer.
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31
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Mihai LA, Mistry D, Raistrick T, Gleeson HF, Goriely A. A mathematical model for the auxetic response of liquid crystal elastomers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210326. [PMID: 36031830 PMCID: PMC9421376 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We develop a mathematical model that builds on the surprising nonlinear mechanical response observed in recent experiments on nematic liquid crystal elastomers. Namely, under uniaxial tensile loads, the material, rather than thinning in the perpendicular directions, becomes thicker in one direction for a sufficiently large strain, while its volume remains unchanged. Motivated by this unusual large-strain auxetic behaviour, we model the material using an Ogden-type strain-energy function and calibrate its parameters to available datasets. We show that Ogden strain-energy functions are particularly suitable for modelling nematic elastomers because of their mathematical simplicity and their clear formulation in terms of the principal stretches, which have a direct kinematic interpretation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The Ogden model of rubber mechanics: Fifty years of impact on nonlinear elasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Angela Mihai
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - Devesh Mistry
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Raistrick
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen F. Gleeson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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32
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Derkowska-Zielinska B, Kozanecka-Szmigiel A, Chomicki D, Smokal V, Kawabe Y, Krupka O. Effect of 2-Methylthiazole Group on Photoinduced Birefringence of Thiazole-Azo Dye Host-Guest Systems at Different Wavelengths of Irradiation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196655. [PMID: 36235192 PMCID: PMC9573466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced birefringence behaviors of host-guest systems based on heterocyclic thiazole-azo dyes with different substituents, dispersed into PMMA matrix, were investigated under three excitation wavelengths, i.e., 405 nm, 445 nm or 532 nm. The wavelengths fell on the blue side, near the maximum or on the red side of the absorption bands of trans-azo dyes, respectively. We found that photoinduced birefringence was generated at a similar extent in all studied systems, except the system containing a 2-methyl-5-benzothiazolyl as thiazole-azo dye substituent. For this material, the achieved birefringence value was the highest among the whole series, regardless of the excitation wavelength. Moreover, we identified the optimal irradiation wavelength for efficient birefringence generation and showed that large absorption of excitation light by trans isomer does not account for achieving a significant degree of molecular alignment. The obtained results indicate that thiazole-azo dye with a 2-methyl-5-benzothiazolyl substituent shows promising photoinduced birefringence, and can be considered a dye potentially suitable for optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Derkowska-Zielinska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kozanecka-Szmigiel
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa Str., 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chomicki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Vitaliy Smokal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrska St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yutaka Kawabe
- Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, 758-65 Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Oksana Krupka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13 Volodymyrska St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Micro et Nanomédecines translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1066, CNRS 6021, F-49000 Angers, France
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Erekath S, Chordiya K, Vidhya KV, Kahaly MU, Kalpathy SK. Self-aggregation, H-bonding, and photoresponse in film and solution states of azobenzene containing polyurea. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23447-23459. [PMID: 36128935 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01200f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We critically understand the hydrogen bonding interactions and electronic transitions occurring in a thin film as well as in solution of a photo-responsive polymer, azo-polyurea (azo-PU). We synthesize azo-PU by covalent attachment of the azobenzene chromophore to the main chain of polyurea. Azo-PU shows reversible photoisomerization between trans and cis states upon light exposure, the occurrence of which is typically analysed using the π-π* and n-π* electronic transition peaks in the UV-visible absorption spectrum. We find that the π-π* and n-π* bands undergo a redshift and blueshift respectively on dissolving azo-PU in DMF solvent, resulting in a single overlapped peak in the spectrum. However, upon UV irradiation, these bands split into two independent transitions that are characteristic of azo-PU solid films. These observations are explained based on the changes in polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions through hydrogen bonding and self-aggregation tendency. The experimental findings are corroborated using DFT simulations which provide useful insights into electronic orbital transitions, electron distribution, and hydrogen bonding interaction through IR vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Erekath
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Kalyani Chordiya
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Wolfgang Sandner utca 3., Szeged, H-6728, Hungary. .,Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - K V Vidhya
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Mousumi Upadhyay Kahaly
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Wolfgang Sandner utca 3., Szeged, H-6728, Hungary. .,Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sreeram K Kalpathy
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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The Matrix Effect on Nonlinear Optical Responses of Disperse Orange 25: Optical Bistability and Z-Scan. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2281-2286. [PMID: 36076114 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear behaviours of an azo dye, Disperse Orange 25 (DO25), doped on two polymers (PVP and PMMA), with different weight percentages are investigated under irradiation of 300mW continuous Nd-YAG Laser (λ = 532 nm). The optical bistability (OB) of samples was examined using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The obtained results show that the PVP matrix doped with DO25 has better nonlinear responses due to their efficiency and stability depend on the properties of the matrix such as the glass transition temperature which is higher for PVP and the structural properties. Also, the third-order refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient are measured by (CA) and (OA) Z-scan techniques, respectively.
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35
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Berdin A, Gill JR, Perivolari E, Kauppo J, Apostolopoulos V, D'Alessandro G, Kaczmarek M, Priimagi A. Analysis of light diffraction by azobenzene-based photoalignment layers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29495-29506. [PMID: 36299123 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoalignment materials, such as the azobenzene-based PAAD series studied here, are becoming increasingly important in liquid crystal-based optical devices and displays. Yet their properties and, in particular, their response to light, are still not fully understood. We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the photoinduced birefringence, the order parameter and the formation of surface relief gratings, as well as the diffraction caused by them. We show that some of the azobenzene PAAD materials are suitable for the formation of surface relief gratings with high modulation depth, while others exhibit strong photoinduced birefringence. The two effects are inversely correlated: the stronger the surface relief grating is, the weaker is photoinduced birefringence. Analytical formulas based on the Raman-Nath approximation and numerical simulations of Maxwell's equations are used to quantify the diffraction caused by the induced diffraction gratings, showing excellent agreement between theory and experiment.
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36
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Fedele C, Ruoko TP, Kuntze K, Virkki M, Priimagi A. New tricks and emerging applications from contemporary azobenzene research. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1719-1734. [PMID: 35896915 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzenes have many faces. They are well-known as dyes, but most of all, azobenzenes are versatile photoswitchable molecules with powerful photochemical properties. Azobenzene photochemistry has been extensively studied for decades, but only relatively recently research has taken a steer towards applications, ranging from photonics and robotics to photobiology. In this perspective, after an overview of the recent trends in the molecular design of azobenzenes, we highlight three research areas where the azobenzene photoswitches may bring about promising technological innovations: chemical sensing, organic transistors, and cell signaling. Ingenious molecular designs have enabled versatile control of azobenzene photochemical properties, which has in turn facilitated the development of chemical sensors and photoswitchable organic transistors. Finally, the power of azobenzenes in biology is exemplified by vision restoration and photactivation of neural signaling. Although the selected examples reveal only some of the faces of azobenzenes, we expect the fields presented to develop rapidly in the near future, and that azobenzenes will play a central role in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fedele
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, FI-33720, Tampere, Finland.
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Singh H, Virga EG. A Ribbon Model for Nematic Polymer Networks. JOURNAL OF ELASTICITY 2022; 153:613-634. [PMID: 37293564 PMCID: PMC10244295 DOI: 10.1007/s10659-022-09900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a theory of deformation of ribbons made of nematic polymer networks (NPNs). These materials exhibit properties of rubber and nematic liquid crystals, and can be activated by external stimuli of heat and light. A two-dimensional energy for a sheet of such a material has already been derived from the celebrated neo-classical energy of nematic elastomers in three space dimensions. Here, we use a dimension reduction method to obtain the appropriate energy for a ribbon from the aforementioned sheet energy. We also present an illustrative example of a rectangular NPN ribbon that undergoes in-plane serpentine deformations upon activation under an appropriate set of boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Singh
- Laboratory for Computation and Visualization in Mathematics and Mechanics, Institute of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Babu D, Katsonis N, Lancia F, Plamont R, Ryabchun A. Motile behaviour of droplets in lipid systems. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:377-388. [PMID: 37117430 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motility is the capacity for living organisms to move autonomously and with purpose, and is essential to life. The transition from abiotic chemistry into motile cellular compartments has yet to be understood, but motile behaviour likely followed chemical evolution because primeval cell survival depended on scouting for resources effectively. Minimalistic motile systems provide an experimental framework to delineate the emergence mechanisms of such an evolutionary asset. In this Review, we discuss frontier developments in controlling the movement of droplets in lipid systems, in particular, chemotactic behaviours driven by fluctuations in interfacial tension, because of its simple mechanism and prebiotic relevance. Although most efforts have focused on designing oil droplet motility in lipid-rich aqueous solutions, we highlight that water droplets can also move in lipid-enriched oils. First, we describe how droplets evolve chemotactic motility in lipid systems. Next, we review how these oil droplets can adapt their movement to illumination conditions. Finally, we discuss examples where chemical reactivity brings complexity to motility. This work contributes to systems chemistry, where chemical reactions combined with physicochemical phenomena can yield new functions, such that a limited set of molecules can promote complex movement at larger functional scales by following the rules of molecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Babu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Federico Lancia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Remi Plamont
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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39
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Fan S, Lam Y, He L, Xin J. Synthesis and photochromism of catechol-containing symmetrical azobenzene compounds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211894. [PMID: 35706672 PMCID: PMC9174713 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symmetrical azobenzene derivatives with two catechol groups, 1d-4d, were synthesized as kinds of novel compounds, and the structures were confirmed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These compounds could attain photostationary state rapidly in solution upon UV irradiation, and their photochromism had good reversibility. Substituents and their positions on azobenzene chromophore had obvious influence on the maximum absorption and photochromic performances of these as-synthesized compounds. Electron-donating group on ortho positions could contribute to the redshift π-π* band. The sulfonamide group that is bonded to dopamine molecules and azobenzene rings caused a negligible n-π* transition of cis isomer, resulting in photobleaching upon UV irradiation. Among the four compounds, 4d had the strongest electron-donating ortho-methoxy substituents and lower planarity; thus its absorption could decrease more significantly upon UV irradiation of the same intensity, and its cis-to-trans conversion could be up to 63%. Furthermore, owing to the presence of catechol groups, 4d showed an effective affinity and adhesion to substrate, and on the surface of substrate, a weak colour change could be observed upon UV irradiation, but the reversibility was poorer than that in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suju Fan
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Hong Kong
| | - Yintung Lam
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Hong Kong
| | - Liang He
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Hong Kong
| | - John H. Xin
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, Hong Kong
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40
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Luo C, Zhu H, Yao B, Liu Y, Li D, Song M, Zhuang W, Chen Y, Chen F, Wang J. Glassy cholesteric liquid crystal siloxane photonic coatings in response to temperature and reflection angles. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Novel Azocoumarin Derivatives—Synthesis and Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105767. [PMID: 35628586 PMCID: PMC9147163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper presents synthesis and characterization of nine new thiazolyl-(phenyldiazenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one dyes. The impact of substituent structure in thiazole ring in the synthesized azocoumarin derivatives on electrochemical properties, photoisomerization process and photovoltaic response was examined. The dyes were electrochemically active and undergo reduction and oxidation processes. They showed low electrochemically estimated energy band gap in the range of 1.71–2.13 eV. Photoisomerization process of the synthesized molecules was studied in various solvents such as ethanol, chloroform and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) upon the UV illumination. It was found that novel azodyes showed reversible trans-cis-trans isomerization and exhibited long thermal back to the trans form, that was even 7 days in DMF. Selected azocoumarin were molecularly dispersed in polystyrene for preparation of guest-host azopolymer systems to study the cis-trans thermal isomerization of obtained dyes in solid state. The photovoltaic activity of the azochromophores was tested in bulk-heterojunction solar cells. They acting as weak donors in device with structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/dye:PC70BM/Al. No photovoltaic response of cells with azocoumarin derivatives bearing 4-fluorobenzene, 3,4-dichlorobenzene, or 4-(1-adamantyl) unit was found. Additionally, dye which showed the best activity was examined in three-component solar cells ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTB7:PC70BM:dye/PFN/Al.
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42
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Kihara Y, Tani S, Higashi Y, Teramoto T, Nagasawa Y. Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of Forward and Reverse trans- cis Photoisomerization of Red-Light-Absorbing Indigo Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3539-3550. [PMID: 35512335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption (TRTA) spectroscopy was carried out to investigate the ultrafast excited state dynamics of both trans → cis and trans ← cis photoisomerization of red-light-absorbing indigo derivatives. For N,N'-bis(tert-butyloxycarbonylmethyl)indigo (tBOMI), the excited state lifetime of the trans-form was measured to be 41 ps while that of the cis-form was as short as 730 fs in acetonitrile (Acn). The excited state lifetime of trans-N,N'-dimethylindigo (DMI) in Acn was also measured to be as short as 10 ps. These values are much shorter than those of the blue-light-absorbing trans-forms of indigo derivatives such as N,N'-diacetylindigo (DAI) and thioindigo (ThI). The chromophore of indigo is composed of two pairs of electron donor and acceptor substituents conjugated in the shape of a letter "H" (so-called "H-chromophore"), although DFT and TDDFT calculations suggest that the charge transfer (CT) character is not very significant. Nevertheless, when a weak CT within the H-chromophore is promoted, the absorption band shifts to longer wavelengths and the excited state lifetime shortens. For the photoisomerization of DAI and ThI, a relatively long excited state lifetime is required for the photoisomerization, while for tBOMI and DMI, a vibrationally hot ground state that overcomes the energy barrier in the ground state is produced by rapid nonradiative decay through conical intersection. In the case of cis-tBOMI, the repulsion between the two adjacent negatively charged carbonyl groups and the weakening of the central C═C double bond in the S1 state twist the molecule, shorten the excited state lifetime, and increase the quantum yield of the trans ← cis photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kihara
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Tani
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yamato Higashi
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teramoto
- Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nagasawa
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Liu F, Qu P, Weck M. Photoresponsive Azobenzene-Functionalized Shell Cross-Linked Micelles for Selective Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2022; 24:4099-4103. [PMID: 35476916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the substrate-selective asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones using rhodium complexes immobilized on a photoresponsive nanoreactor. The nanoreactor switches its morphology upon light irradiation in a wavelength-selective manner. Kinetic studies show that the gated behavior in the cross-linking layer is key to discriminating among substrates and reagents during catalysis. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, the nanoreactor displays substrate selectivity, converting smaller ketone substrates faster to the corresponding secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbei Liu
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Peiyuan Qu
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marcus Weck
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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44
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Hagan JT, Gonzalez A, Shi Y, Han GGD, Dwyer JR. Photoswitchable Binary Nanopore Conductance and Selective Electronic Detection of Single Biomolecules under Wavelength and Voltage Polarity Control. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5537-5544. [PMID: 35286058 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated photoregulated thin-film nanopores by covalently linking azobenzene photoswitches to silicon nitride pores with ∼10 nm diameters. The photoresponsive coatings could be repeatedly optically switched with deterministic ∼6 nm changes to the effective nanopore diameter and of ∼3× to the nanopore ionic conductance. The sensitivity to anionic DNA and a neutral complex carbohydrate biopolymer (maltodextrin) could be photoswitched "on" and "off" with an analyte selectivity set by applied voltage polarity. Photocontrol of nanopore state and mass transport characteristics is important for their use as ionic circuit elements (e.g., resistors and binary bits) and as chemically tuned filters. It expands single-molecule sensing capabilities in personalized medicine, genomics, glycomics, and, augmented by voltage polarity selectivity, especially in multiplexed biopolymer information storage schemes. We demonstrate repeatedly photocontrolled stable nanopore size, polarity, conductance, and sensing selectivity, by illumination wavelength and voltage polarity, with broad utility including single-molecule sensing of biologically and technologically important polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Hagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Alejandra Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Yuran Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Jason R Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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45
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Alaasar M, Cai X, Kraus F, Giese M, Liu F, Tschierske C. Controlling ambidextrous mirror symmetry breaking in photosensitive supramolecular polycatenars by alkyl-chain engineering. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Lea MR, Stavros VG, Maurer RJ. Effect of electron donating/withdrawing groups on molecular photoswitching of functionalized hemithioindigo derivatives: a computational multireference study. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Lea
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UNITED KINGDOM
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47
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Strobelt J, Stolz D, Leven M, Soelen MV, Kurlandski L, Abourahma H, McGee DJ. Optical microstructure fabrication using structured polarized illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7308-7318. [PMID: 35299495 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A versatile system for the fabrication of surface microstructures is demonstrated by combining the photomechanical response of supramolecular azopolymers with structured polarized illumination from a high resolution spatial light modulator. Surface relief structures with periods 900 nm - 16.5 µm and amplitudes up to 1.0 µm can be fabricated with a single 5 sec exposure at 488 nm. Sinusoidal, circular, and chirped surface profiles can be fabricated via direct programming of the spatial light modulator, with no optomechanical realignment required. Surface microstructures can be combined into macroscopic areas by mechanical translation followed by exposure. The surface structures grow immediately in response to illumination, can be visually observed in real time, and require no post-exposure processing.
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48
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Schnack-Petersen AK, Pápai M, Møller KB. Azobenzene photoisomerization dynamics: Revealing the key degrees of freedom and the long timescale of the trans-to-cis process. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Wu K, Wu X, Zhang Y, Chen S, Qiao Z, Wei D, Sun J, Fan H. Semiconvertible Hyaluronic Hydrogel Enabled Red-Light-Responsive Reversible Mechanics, Adhesion, and Self-Healing. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1030-1040. [PMID: 35029368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular hydrogels based on the host-guest interaction between cyclodextrin (CD) and azobenzene (Azo) are highly favored in "on-demand" biological applications. Nevertheless, most Azo/CD-based hydrogels are UV-responsive, exhibiting poor tissue penetrability and potential cytotoxicity; more importantly, the complete gel-sol transition under irradiation makes intelligent systems unstable. Here, we report a red-light-responsive semiconvertible hydrogel based on tetra-ortho-methoxy-substituted Azo (mAzo)- and CD-functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA). By integrating red-shifted-photoisomerized mAzo with HA, a biocompatible 625 nm-light-responsive polymeric guest with strengthened hydrogen bonding and weakened photoisomerization was synthesized. Upon alternating irradiation, mAzo-HA/CD-HA hydrogels obtained here exhibited reversible mechanical and structural dynamics, while avoiding complete gel-sol transition. This improved semiconvertibility remedies the lack of macroscopic resilience for dynamic system so as to endow supramolecular hydrogels with spatial-temporal mechanics, self-healing, and adhesion. Together with excellent cytocompatibility and manufacturability, these hydrogels show potential advantages in tissue engineering, especially for the regeneration of functional multi-tissue complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Suping Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Zi Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
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50
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Zhang L, Yue C, Zhang L, Zhang P, Wang L, Lei M, Pu M. A DFT study on the isomerization mechanism of azobenzene derivatives on silicon substrates. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cis–trans isomerization mechanism of azobenzenesulfonamide derivatives on silicon substrates was investigated using DFT. The most favorable cooperative mode of the N2 inversion of the L followed by the N1 inversion of the R was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Caiwei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Peihuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Luocong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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