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Zakzak K, Semenescu AD, Moacă EA, Predescu I, Drăghici G, Vlaia L, Vlaia V, Borcan F, Dehelean CA. Comprehensive Biosafety Profile of Carbomer-Based Hydrogel Formulations Incorporating Phosphorus Derivatives. Gels 2024; 10:477. [PMID: 39057500 PMCID: PMC11276259 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the safety of a newly developed experimental product is a crucial condition for its medical use, especially for clinical trials. In this regard, four hydrogel-type formulations were manufactured, all of which were based on carbomer (Blank-CP940) and encapsulated with caffeine (CAF-CP940), phosphorus derivatives (phenyl phosphinic (CAF-S1-CP940) and 2-carboxyethyl phenyl phosphinic acids (CAF-S2-CP940)). The main aim of this research was to provide a comprehensive outline of the biosafety profile of the above-mentioned hydrogels. The complex in vitro screening (cell viability, cytotoxicity, morphological changes in response to exposure, and changes in nuclei morphology) on two types of healthy skin cell lines (HaCaT-human keratinocytes and JB6 Cl 41-5a-murine epidermal cells) exhibited a good biosafety profile when both cell lines were treated for 24 h with 150 μg/mL of each hydrogel. A comprehensive analysis of the hydrogel's impact on the genetic profile of HaCaT cells sustains the in vitro experiments. The biosafety profile was completed with the in vivo and in ovo assays. The outcome revealed that the developed hydrogels exerted good biocompatibility after topical application on BALB/c nude mice's skin. It also revealed a lack of toxicity after exposure to the hen's chicken embryo. Further investigations are needed, regarding the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy and safety for long-term use and potential clinical translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Zakzak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (K.Z.); (L.V.)
| | - Alexandra-Denisa Semenescu
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-D.S.); (I.P.); (G.D.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-D.S.); (I.P.); (G.D.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina Predescu
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-D.S.); (I.P.); (G.D.); (C.-A.D.)
| | - George Drăghici
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-D.S.); (I.P.); (G.D.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Vlaia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (K.Z.); (L.V.)
- Formulation and Technology of Drugs Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Vicenţiu Vlaia
- Formulation and Technology of Drugs Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin Borcan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cristina-Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-D.S.); (I.P.); (G.D.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Suvarna E, Setlur AS, K C, M S, Niranjan V. Computational molecular perspectives on novel carbazole derivative as an anti-cancer molecule against CDK1 of breast and colorectal cancers via gene expression studies, novel two-way docking strategies, molecular mechanics and dynamics. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 108:107979. [PMID: 37989072 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
With increase in cancer incidences, alternative strategies for disease management are of utmost importance. Carbazole, is a compound that is being studied extensively as an anti-cancer compound. In this work, we aimed to investigate a carbazole derivative against specific cancer types such as breast and colorectal, based on the off-target analyses of carbazole derivative. The present work shortlisted 6 proteins that have an association in both cancer types, and then employed two different molecular docking strategies to examine the binding stability of carbazole derivative: a blind-docking state, where the pockets were undefined and mutation-docking state, where possible mutations were induced within the proteins. The results showed that CDK1 bound best in both states to carbazole derivative, and performed better than an array of positive controls. Molecular dynamic simulations at 100 ns further proved its stability, with carbazole derivative-CDK1-blind and mutated complex having RMSD values between 3.2 and 3.6 Å, and 2.8-3.2 Å respectively. Molecular-mechanics generalized born and surface area solvation disclosed free energy of binding for the complexes as -28.79 ± 3.97 kcal/mol and -31.86 ± 5.09 kcal/mol respectively, with carbazole derivative bound stably within the binding pocket at every 10 ns of the 100 ns trajectory. Radial distribution functions showed that the bell curve was well within 6 Å, thus showing that carbazole derivative and its atoms do not deviate away from the pocket, suggesting its ability to be used as a good anti-cancer compound against breast and colorectal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eashita Suvarna
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410206, India
| | - Anagha S Setlur
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560059, India
| | - Chandrashekar K
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560059, India
| | - Sridharan M
- Department of Chemistry, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560059, India.
| | - Vidya Niranjan
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560059, India.
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Yang X, Yang Y, Yu H, Zhou Y. Self-Assembled Polymers for Gastrointestinal Tract Targeted Delivery through the Oral Route: An Update. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3538. [PMID: 37688164 PMCID: PMC10490001 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) targeted drug delivery systems have gained growing attention as potential carriers for the treatment of different diseases, especially local colonic diseases. They have lower side effects as well as enhanced oral delivery efficiency because of various therapeutics that are vulnerable to acidic and enzymatic degradation in the upper GIT are protected. The novel and unique design of self-assembled nanostructures, such as micelles, hydrogels, and liposomes, which can both respond to external stimuli and be further modified, making them ideal for specific, targeted medical needs and localized drug delivery treatments through the oral route. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize and critically discuss the pharmaceutical significance and therapeutic feasibility of a wide range of natural and synthetic biomaterials for efficient drug targeting to GIT using the self-assembly method. Among various types of biomaterials, natural and synthetic polymer-based nanostructures have shown promising targeting potential due to their innate pH responsiveness, sustained and controlled release characteristics, and microbial degradation in the GIT that releases the encapsulated drug moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Pingshan General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Pingshan District Peoples’ Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Pingshan General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Pingshan District Peoples’ Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Thamilselvan G, David H, Sajeevan A, Rajaramon S, Solomon AP, Durai RD, Narayanan VHB. Polymer based dual drug delivery system for targeted treatment of fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus aureus mediated infections. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11373. [PMID: 37452106 PMCID: PMC10349073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study attempts to treat S. aureus-induced soft skin infections using a combinatorial therapy with an antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin (CIP), and an efflux pump inhibitor 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropoxy) pyridine (5-NPPP) through a smart hydrogel delivery system. The study aims to reduce the increasing rates of infections and antimicrobial resistance; therefore, an efflux pump inhibitor molecule is synthesized and delivered along with an antibiotic to re-sensitize the pathogen towards antibiotics and treat the infections. CIP-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels at varying concentrations were fabricated and optimized by a chemical cross-linking process, which exhibited sustained drug release for 5 days. The compound 5-NPPP loaded hydrogels provided linear drug release for 2 days, necessitating the need for the development of polymeric nanoparticles to alter the release drug pattern. 5-NPPP loaded Eudragit RSPO nanoparticles were prepared by modified nanoprecipitation-solvent evaporation method, which showed optimum average particle size of 230-280 nm with > 90% drug entrapment efficiency. The 5-NPPP polymeric nanoparticles loaded PVA hydrogels were fabricated to provide a predetermined sustained release of the compound to provide a synergistic effect. The selected 7% PVA hydrogels loaded with the dual drugs were evaluated using Balb/c mice models induced with S. aureus soft skin infections. The results of in vivo studies were evidence that the dual drugs loaded hydrogels were non-toxic and reduced the bacterial load causing re-sensitization towards antibiotics, which could initiate re-epithelization. The research concluded that the PVA hydrogels loaded with CIP and 5-NPPP nanoparticles could be an ideal and promising drug delivery system for treating S. aureus-induced skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Thamilselvan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Helma David
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Anusree Sajeevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Shobana Rajaramon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - Ramya Devi Durai
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - Vedha Hari B Narayanan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
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Development and Evaluation of Sodium Alginate/Carbopol 934P-Co-Poly (Methacrylate) Hydrogels for Localized Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020311. [PMID: 36679191 PMCID: PMC9864554 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was carried out to create a pH-responsive polymeric system for the targeted drug delivery of Diloxanide furoate. It relied on sodium alginate (Na-Alg) and Carbopol 934P as building blocks. Using an aqueous free radical polymerization method, SCH1-SCH12 was created with varying polymer, MAA, and MBA input ratios. Positive outcomes were seen in the swelling and release profiles at higher pH levels. Hydrogel formation, as well as component compatibility, thermal stability, and Diloxanide furoate loading, were all validated by instrumental characterization. A drug loading percentage of 83.56% was determined, with the swelling reaching 743.19%. For the formulation with MBA, the gel fraction was 94.58%. The release of diloxanide furoate increased to 91.77% at neutral pH. The formulation containing Carbopol 934P provided the highest mucoadhesion force (3993.42 dynes/cm2). The created hydrogel has been shown to be biocompatible by toxicological testing of the network. Based on the findings, the created polymeric nexus proved promising for pH-dependent localized and regulated delivery of Diloxanide furoate.
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Sarfraz M, Iqbal R, Khan KU, Minhas MU. Carbopol Based Hydrogels for ITOPRIDE Hydrochloride Delivery; Synthesis, Characterization and Comparative Assessment with Various Monomers. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040295. [PMID: 36547555 PMCID: PMC9785656 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to synthesize and characterize carbopol containing hydrogels with different monomers such as methacrylic acid (MAA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and itaconic acid (ITA). Free radical polymerization method was optimized for the preparation of different formulations using N,N-methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) as cross linking agent. Different studies were performed to evaluate the effect of different monomers on swelling, drug loading and drug release. Itopride Hydrochloride was used as model drug. FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM were performed to probe the characteristics of fabricated hydrogels. Swelling studies of different fabricated hydrogels were performed in three pH conditions (1.2, 4.5 & 6.8). Higher swelling was observed at pH 6.8. An in-vitro release study was performed on pH 1.2 and 6.8. The synthesized hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical strength, higher drug loading, pH sensitive and time dependent release up to 30 h. The excellent mechanical strength and extended drug release of Carbopol-co-poly-MAA-ITA hydrogels make them a potential candidate for controlled delivery of Itopride hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabia Iqbal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Usman Minhas
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +92-33-1975-0053
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Shafiq A, Ahmad M, Minhas MU, Shoukat H, Pervaiz F, Shafique M, Ashraf S. Tolterodine tartrate loaded biodegradable and pH-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer (PF127) hydrogels: synthesis, characterization, and acute toxicity evaluation. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2075274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Afifa Shafiq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hina Shoukat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mamuna Shafique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
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Mehra A, Tharmatt A, Saini N, Singh G, Kaur K, Singh G, Bedi N. In situ Hydrogels for Effective Treatment of Cancer: Strategies and Polymers Used. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2022; 16:RADDF-EPUB-126772. [PMID: 36200152 DOI: 10.2174/2667387816666221005102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide health ailment with no known boundaries in terms of mortality and occurrence rates, thus is one of the biggest threats to humankind. Hence, there is an absolute need to develop novel therapeutics to bridge the infirmities associated with chemotherapy and conventional surgical methodologies including impairment of normal tissue, compromised drug efficiency and an escalation in side effects. In lieu of this, there's been a surge in curiosity towards development of injectable hydrogels for cancer therapy because local administration of the active pharmaceutical agent offers encouraging advantages such as providing higher effective dose at target site, prolonged retention time of drug, ease of administration, mitigation of dose in vivo ,improved patient compliance. Furthermore, due to its biocompatible nature such systems can significantly reduce the side effects that occur on long-term exposure to chemotherapy. The present review details the most recent advancements in in-situ gel forming polymers (natural and synthetic), polymeric cross-linking methodologies and in-situ gelling mechanisms, focusing on their clinical benefits in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshula Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Abhay Tharmatt
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Navdeep Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Neena Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
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Mahmood A, Mahmood A, Sarfraz RM, Ijaz H, Zafar N, Ashraf MU. Hydrogel-based intelligent delivery system for controlled release of diloxanide furoate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Farjadian F, Moghadam M, Monfared M, Mohammadi‐Samani S. Mesoporous Silica Nanostructure Modified with Azo Gatekeepers for Colon Targeted Delivery of
5‐Fluorouracil. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
| | - Maryam Moghadam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohammad Monfared
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi‐Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
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Noreen S, Pervaiz F, Ijaz M, Shoukat H. Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive chemically crosslinked block copolymer [Hyaluronic acid/Poloxamer 407-co-poly (Methacrylic acid)] hydrogels for colon targeting. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2033771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Noreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hina Shoukat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
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Guo H, Fan S, Liu J, Wang Y. A dual-pH sensitive drug release system for combinatorial delivery of 5‑fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium in colon cancer therapy. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abid U, Pervaiz F, Shoukat H, Rehman S, Abid S. Fabrication and characterization of novel semi-IPN hydrogels based on xanthan gum and polyvinyl pyrrolidone-co-poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid) for the controlled delivery of venlafaxine. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1995421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Abid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hina Shoukat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Abid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Designing of pH-Sensitive Hydrogels for Colon Targeted Drug Delivery; Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030155. [PMID: 35323268 PMCID: PMC8951511 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current research work, pH-sensitive hydrogels were prepared via a free radical polymerization technique for the targeted delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid to the colon. Various proportions of chitosan, β-Cyclodextrin, and acrylic acid were cross-linked by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Ammonium persulfate was employed as an initiator. The development of a new polymeric network and the successful encapsulation of the drug were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated high thermal stability of the hydrogel compared to pure chitosan and β-Cyclodextrin. A rough and hard surface was revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Similarly, the crystallinity of the chitosan, β-Cyclodextrin, and fabricated hydrogel was evaluated using powder X-ray diffraction. The swelling and drug release studies were performed in both acidic and basic medium (pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively) at 37 °C. High swelling and drug release was observed at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2. The increased incorporation of chitosan, β-Cyclodextrin, and acrylic acid led to an increase in porosity, swelling, loading, drug release, and gel fraction of the hydrogel, whereas a decrease in sol fraction was observed. Thus, we can conclude from the results that a developed pH-sensitive network of hydrogel could be employed as a promising carrier for targeted drug delivery systems.
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Formulation and evaluation of polyethylene glycol/Xanthan gum-co-poly (Acrylic acid) interpenetrating network for controlled release of venlafaxine. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shoukat H, Pervaiz F, Rehman S. Pluronic F127-co-poly (2 acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid) crosslinked matrices as potential controlled release carrier for an anti-depressant drug: in vitro and in vivo attributes. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Formulation and In-Vitro Characterization of pH-Responsive Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Ketorolac Tromethamine. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040167. [PMID: 34698162 PMCID: PMC8544598 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the management of severe pain. The half-life of Ketorolac tromethamine is within the range of 2.5–4 h. Hence, repeated doses of Ketorolac tromethamine are needed in a day to maintain the therapeutic level. However, taking several doses of Ketorolac tromethamine in a day generates certain complications, such as acute renal failure and gastrointestinal ulceration. Therefore, a polymeric-controlled drug delivery system is needed that could prolong the release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Therefore, in the current study, pH-responsive carbopol 934/sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-poly(acrylic acid) (CP/SpScPAA) hydrogels were developed by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Monomer acrylic acid was crosslinked with the polymers carbopol 934 and sodium polystyrene sulfonate by the cross-linker N’,N’-methylene bisacrylamide. Various studies were conducted to evaluate and assess the various parameters of the fabricated hydrogels. The compatibility of the constituents used in the preparation of hydrogels was confirmed by FTIR analysis, whereas the thermal stability of the unreacted polymers and developed hydrogels was analyzed by TGA and DSC, respectively. A smooth and porous surface was indicated by SEM. The crystallinity of carbopol 934, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, and the prepared hydrogels was evaluated by PXRD, which revealed a reduction in the crystallinity of reactants for the developed hydrogels. The pH sensitivity of the polymeric hydrogel networks was confirmed by dynamic swelling and in vitro release studies with two different pH media i.e., pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Maximum swelling was exhibited at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2 and, likewise, a greater percent drug release was perceived at pH 7.4. Conclusively, we can demonstrate that the developed pH-sensitive hydrogel network could be employed as a suitable carrier for the controlled delivery of Ketorolac tromethamine.
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Tang D, Huang W, Yang Z, Wu X, Sang X, Wang K, Cao G. Identification and validation of 12 immune-related genes as a prognostic signature for colon adenocarcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22852. [PMID: 34396630 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract that threatens human health seriously. Thus, it is urgent to explore biomarkers that can be used to evaluate a patient's survival prognosis overall as a supplementary treatment. RNA-seq expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus, and Lasso and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used for developing the prognostic model. Finally, a nomogram comprising the prognostic model was established to evaluate survival overall. A risk model comprised of a total of 12 immune-related gene pairs was constructed. Further analysis revealed the model's independent prognostic ability in relation to other clinical characteristics. This model's nomogram could help clinicians choose personalized treatment for COAD patients. This model has significant potential to complement COAD's clinical identifying characteristics, and also provide new insights into the identification of colon cancer patients with a high risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Synthesis and Characterization of New Biodegradable Injectable Thermosensitive Smart Hydrogels for 5-Fluorouracil Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158330. [PMID: 34361098 PMCID: PMC8347305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, injectable, thermosensitive smart hydrogel local drug delivery systems (LDDSs) releasing the model antitumour drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were developed. The systems were based on biodegradable triblock copolymers synthesized via ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (CL) in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate (Zr(acac)4), as co-initiator and catalyst, respectively. The structure, molecular weight (Mn) and molecular weight distribution (Đ) of the synthesized materials was studied in detail using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques; the optimal synthesis conditions were determined. The structure corresponded well to the theoretical assumptions. The produced hydrogels demonstrated a sharp sol–gel transition at temperature close to physiological value, forming a stable gel with good mechanical properties at 37 °C. The kinetics and mechanism of in vitro 5-FU release were characterized by zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas mathematical models. The obtained results indicate good release control; the kinetics were generally defined as first order according to the predominant diffusion mechanism; and the total drug release time was approximately 12 h. The copolymers were considered to be biodegradable and non-toxic; the resulting hydrogels appear to be promising as short-term LDDSs, potentially useful in antitumor therapy.
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Ajaz N, Khan IU, Asghar S, Khalid SH, Irfan M, Asif M, Chatha SAS. Assessing the pH responsive and mucoadhesive behavior of dexamethasone sodium phosphate loaded itaconic acid-grafted-poly(acrylamide)/carbopol semi-interpenetrating networks. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Malik NS, Ahmad M, Alqahtani MS, Mahmood A, Barkat K, Khan MT, Tulain UR, Rashid A. β-cyclodextrin chitosan-based hydrogels with tunable pH-responsive properties for controlled release of acyclovir: design, characterization, safety, and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1093-1108. [PMID: 34114907 PMCID: PMC8205001 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1921074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, series of pH-responsive hydrogels (FMA1–FMA9) were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as potential carrier for oral delivery of an antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV). Different proportions of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), chitosan (CS), methacrylic acid (MAA) and N′ N′-methylenebis-acrylamide (MBA) were used to fabricate hydrogels via free radical polymerization technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed fabrication of new polymeric network, with successful incorporation of ACV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated presence of slightly porous structure. Thermal analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability of polymeric network. Swelling studies were carried out at 37 °C in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The drug release data was found best fit to zero-order kinetics. The preliminary investigation of developed hydrogels showed a pH-dependent swelling behavior and drug release pattern. Acute oral toxicity study indicated no significant changes in behavioral, clinical, or histopathological parameters of Wistar rats. Pharmacokinetic study indicated that developed hydrogels caused a significant increase in oral bioavailability of ACV in rabbit plasma as compared to oral suspension when both were administered at a single oral dose of 20 mg kg−1 bodyweight. Hence, developed hydrogel formulation could be used as potential candidate for controlled drug delivery of an antiviral drug acyclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Shamshad Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanobiotechnology Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kashif Barkat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ayesha Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan
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Jalal NR, Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Ghoorchian A. Graphene oxide nanoribbons/polypyrrole nanocomposite film: Controlled release of leucovorin by electrical stimulation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kasiński A, Zielińska-Pisklak M, Oledzka E, Nałęcz-Jawecki G, Drobniewska A, Sobczak M. Hydrogels Based on Poly(Ether-Ester)s as Highly Controlled 5-Fluorouracil Delivery Systems-Synthesis and Characterization. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010098. [PMID: 33379370 PMCID: PMC7795999 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel and promising hydrogel drug delivery system (DDS) capable of releasing 5‑fluorouracil (5-FU) in a prolonged and controlled manner was obtained using ε‑caprolactone‑poly(ethylene glycol) (CL-PEG) or rac‑lactide-poly(ethylene glycol) (rac‑LA-PEG) copolymers. Copolymers were synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) process of cyclic monomers, ε‑caprolactone (CL) or rac-lactide (rac-LA), in the presence of zirconium(IV) octoate (Zr(Oct)4) and poly(ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG 200) as catalyst and initiator, respectively. Obtained triblock copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques; the structure and tacticity of the macromolecules were determined. The relationship between the copolymer structure and the reaction conditions was evaluated. The optimal conditions were specified as 140 °C and 24 h. In the next step, CL-PEG and rac-LA-PEG copolymers were chemically crosslinked using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Selected hydrogels were subjected to in vitro antitumor drug release studies, and the release data were analyzed using zero-order, first-order, and Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical models. Controlled and prolonged (up to 432 h) 5-FU release profiles were observed for all examined hydrogels with first-order or zero-order kinetics. The drug release mechanism was generally denoted as non-Fickian transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kasiński
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.Z.-P.); (E.O.)
| | - Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.Z.-P.); (E.O.)
| | - Ewa Oledzka
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.Z.-P.); (E.O.)
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.N.-J.); (A.D.)
| | - Agata Drobniewska
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (G.N.-J.); (A.D.)
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (M.Z.-P.); (E.O.)
- Correspondence:
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β-Cyclodextrin-based (IA-co-AMPS) Semi-IPNs as smart biomaterials for oral delivery of hydrophilic drugs: Synthesis, characterization, in-Vitro and in-Vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Khan KU, Akhtar N, Minhas MU. Poloxamer-407-Co-Poly (2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid) Cross-linked Nanogels for Solubility Enhancement of Olanzapine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:141. [PMID: 32419084 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current study is focused to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug olanzapine (OLZ) by nanogels drug delivery system, as improved solubility is one of the most important applications of nanosystems. Poor solubility is a major issue, and 40% of marketed and about 75% of new active pharmaceutical ingredients are poorly water soluble which significantly affect the bioavailability and therapeutic effects of these drugs. In this study, nanogels, a promising system for solubility enhancement, were developed by free-radical polymerization technique. Different formulations were synthesized in which poloxamer-407 was cross-linked with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with the help of cross-linker methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). The chemically cross-linked nanogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta size, swelling, sol-gel analysis, drug loading, solubility, and in vitro drug release studies. In order to determine the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of nanogels to biological system, toxicity study on rabbits was also carried out. It was confirmed that the developed nanogels was thermally stable, safe, effective, and compatible to biological system, and the solubility of olanzapine (OLZ) was enhanced up to 38 folds as compared with reference product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayat Ullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Akhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Minhas
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, University Road, Sargodha City, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Guar gum graft polymer-based silver nanocomposite hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and its biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-2026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and their nanocomposites are being studied, and some of them are already used in different medical areas. Among the synthetic ones that can be mentioned are polyolefins, fluorinated polymers, polyesters, silicones, and others. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, alginates) and proteins (silk, fibroin) have also become widely used and investigated for applications in medicine. Besides synthetic polymers and biopolymers, their nanocomposites, which are hybrids formed by a macromolecular matrix and a nanofiller (mineral or organic), have attracted great attention in the last decades in medicine and in other fields due to their outstanding properties. This review covers studies done recently using the polymers, biopolymers, nanocomposites, polymer micelles, nanomicelles, polymer hydrogels, nanogels, polymersomes, and liposomes used in medicine as drugs or drug carriers for cancer therapy and underlines their responses to internal and external stimuli able to make them more active and efficient. They are able to replace conventional cancer drug carriers, with better results.
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Shoukat H, Pervaiz F, Noreen S, Nawaz M, Qaiser R, Anwar M. Fabrication and evaluation studies of novel polyvinylpyrrolidone and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid-based crosslinked matrices for controlled release of acyclovir. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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