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Okamoto K, Araki Y, Aizaki Y, Tanaka S, Kadono Y, Mimura T. Regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression by histone lysine methyltransferase MLL1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10610. [PMID: 38719857 PMCID: PMC11078978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methylation is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously reported aberrant expression of the gene encoding mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), which catalyzes methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4), in RA synovial fibroblasts (SFs). The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of MLL1 in the activated phenotype of RASFs. SFs were isolated from synovial tissues obtained from patients with RA or osteoarthritis (OA) during total knee joint replacement. MLL1 mRNA and protein levels were determined after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). We also examined changes in trimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3) levels in the promoters of RA-associated genes (matrix-degrading enzymes, cytokines, and chemokines) and the mRNA levels upon small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of MLL1 in RASFs. We then determined the levels of H3K4me3 and mRNAs following treatment with the WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5)/MLL1 inhibitor MM-102. H3K4me3 levels in the gene promoters were also compared between RASFs and OASFs. After TNFα stimulation, MLL1 mRNA and protein levels were higher in RASFs than OASFs. Silencing of MLL1 significantly reduced H3K4me3 levels in the promoters of several cytokine (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-15) and chemokine (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 [CCL2], CCL5, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 [CXCL9], CXCL10, CXCL11, and C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 [CX3CL1]) genes in RASFs. Correspondingly, the mRNA levels of these genes were significantly decreased. MM-102 significantly reduced the promoter H3K4me3 and mRNA levels of the CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 genes in RASFs. In addition, H3K4me3 levels in the promoters of the IL-6, IL-15, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CX3CL1 genes were significantly higher in RASFs than OASFs. Our findings suggest that MLL1 regulates the expression of particular cytokines and chemokines in RASFs and is associated with the pathogenesis of RA. These results could lead to new therapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Okamoto
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-chou, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yasuto Araki
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-chou, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Aizaki
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-chou, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-chou, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization Saitama Northern Medical Center, 1-851, Miyahara-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 331-8625, Japan
| | - Yuho Kadono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-chou, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Toshihide Mimura
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-chou, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
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Dillemans L, Yu K, De Zutter A, Noppen S, Gouwy M, Berghmans N, Verhallen L, De Bondt M, Vanbrabant L, Brusselmans S, Martens E, Schols D, Verschueren P, Rosenkilde MM, Marques PE, Struyf S, Proost P. Natural carboxyterminal truncation of human CXCL10 attenuates glycosaminoglycan binding, CXCR3A signaling and lymphocyte chemotaxis, while retaining angiostatic activity. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38308278 PMCID: PMC10835923 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10/CXCL10) is a dual-function CXC chemokine that coordinates chemotaxis of activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells via interaction with its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). As a consequence of natural posttranslational modifications, human CXCL10 exhibits a high degree of structural and functional heterogeneity. However, the biological effect of natural posttranslational processing of CXCL10 at the carboxy (C)-terminus has remained partially elusive. We studied CXCL10(1-73), lacking the four endmost C-terminal amino acids, which was previously identified in supernatant of cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. METHODS Relative levels of CXCL10(1-73) and intact CXCL10(1-77) were determined in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through tandem mass spectrometry. The production of CXCL10(1-73) was optimized through Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and a strategy to efficiently generate human CXCL10 proteoforms was introduced. CXCL10(1-73) was compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) using surface plasmon resonance for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding affinity, assays for cell migration, second messenger signaling downstream of CXCR3, and flow cytometry of CHO cells and primary human T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Leukocyte recruitment in vivo upon intraperitoneal injection of CXCL10(1-73) was also evaluated. RESULTS Natural CXCL10(1-73) was more abundantly present compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) in synovial fluids of patients with RA. CXCL10(1-73) had diminished affinity for GAG including heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A. Moreover, CXCL10(1-73) exhibited an attenuated capacity to induce CXCR3A-mediated signaling, as evidenced in calcium mobilization assays and through quantification of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B/Akt. Furthermore, CXCL10(1-73) incited significantly less primary human T lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and peritoneal ingress of CXCR3+ T lymphocytes in mice. In contrast, loss of the four endmost C-terminal residues did not affect the inhibitory properties of CXCL10 on migration, proliferation, wound closure, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and sprouting of human microvascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our study shows that the C-terminal residues Lys74-Pro77 of CXCL10 are important for GAG binding, signaling through CXCR3A, T lymphocyte chemotaxis, but dispensable for angiostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra De Zutter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1042, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Verhallen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirre De Bondt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stef Brusselmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1042, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Reijm S, Kwekkeboom JC, Blomberg NJ, Suurmond J, van der Woude D, Toes RE, Scherer HU. Autoreactive B cells in rheumatoid arthritis include mainly activated CXCR3+ memory B cells and plasmablasts. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172006. [PMID: 37725442 PMCID: PMC10619489 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by the persistence of autoreactive B cell responses, which have been directly implicated in disease pathogenesis. How and why these cells are generated or how they are maintained for years is largely unknown. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the most common AIDs and is characterized by autoantibodies recognizing proteins with posttranslational modifications (PTMs). This PTM-directed autoreactive B cell compartment is ill defined. Here, we visualized the B cell response against the three main types of PTM antigens implicated in RA by spectral flow cytometry. Our results showed extensive cross-reactivity of PTM-directed B cells against all three PTM antigens (citrulline, homocitrulline, and acetyllysine). Unsupervised clustering revealed several distinct memory B cell (mBC) populations. PTM-directed cells clustered with the most recently activated class-switched mBC phenotype, with high CD80, low CD24, and low CD21 expression. Notably, patients also harbored large fractions of PTM-directed plasmablasts (PBs). Both PTM-directed mBCs and PBs showed high expression of CXCR3, a receptor for chemokines present in abundance in arthritic joints. Together, our data provide detailed insight into the biology of B cell autoreactivity and its remarkable, seemingly exhaustless persistence in a prominent human AID.
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Filippini F, Giacomelli M, Bazzani C, Fredi M, Semeraro P, Tomasi C, Franceschini F, Caruso A, Cavazzana I, Giagulli C. Efficacy of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in patients with autoimmune disorders: humoral and cellular immune response. BMC Med 2023; 21:210. [PMID: 37316832 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of immunosuppressive therapies on the efficacy of vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 is not completely clarified. We analyzed humoral and T cell-mediated response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in immunosuppressed patients and patients with common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID). PATIENTS We enrolled 38 patients and 11 healthy sex- and age-matched controls (HC). Four patients were affected by CVID and 34 by chronic rheumatic diseases (RDs). All patients with RDs were treated by corticosteroid therapy and/or immunosuppressive treatment and/or biological drugs: 14 patients were treated with abatacept, 10 with rituximab, and 10 with tocilizumab. METHODS Total antibody titer to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, CD4 and CD4-CD8 T cell-mediated immune response was analyzed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay, the production of IFN-γ-inducible (CXCL9 and CXCL10) and innate-immunity chemokines (MCP-1, CXCL8, and CCL5) by cytometric bead array after stimulation with different spike peptides. The expression of CD40L, CD137, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-17 on CD4 and CD8 T cells, evaluating their activation status, after SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides stimulation, was analyzed by intracellular flow cytometry staining. Cluster analysis identified cluster 1, namely the "high immunosuppression" cluster, and cluster 2, namely the "low immunosuppression" cluster. RESULTS After the second dose of vaccine, only abatacept-treated patients, compared to HC, showed a reduced anti-spike antibody response (mean: 432 IU/ml ± 562 vs mean: 1479 IU/ml ± 1051: p = 0.0034), and an impaired T cell response, compared with HC. In particular, we found a significantly reduced release of IFN-γ from CD4 and CD4-CD8 stimulated T cells, compared with HC (p = 0.0016 and p = 0.0078, respectively), reduced production of CXCL10 and CXCL9 from stimulated CD4 (p = 0.0048 and p = 0.001) and CD4-CD8 T cells (p = 0.0079 and p = 0.0006). Multivariable General Linear Model analysis confirmed a relationship between abatacept exposure and impaired production of CXCL9, CXCL10, and IFN-γ from stimulated T cells. Cluster analysis confirms that cluster 1 (including abatacept and half of rituximab treated cases) showed a reduced IFN-γ response, as well as reduced monocyte-derived chemokines All groups of patients demonstrated the ability to generate specific CD4 T activated cells after spike proteins stimulation. After the third dose of vaccine, abatacept-treated patients acquired the ability to produce a strong antibody response, showing an anti-S titer significantly higher compared to that obtained after the second dose (p = 0.0047), and comparable with the anti-S titer of the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with abatacept showed an impaired humoral immune response to two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The third vaccine dose has been demonstrated to be useful to induce a more robust antibody response to balance an impaired T cell-mediated one. All patients, exposed to different immunosuppressive drugs, were able to produce specific CD4-activated T cells, after spike proteins stimulation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Local Ethical Committee NP4187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Filippini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacomelli
- Section of Microbiology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzani
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Micaela Fredi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Semeraro
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cesare Tomasi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Franceschini
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cavazzana
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Giagulli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Gauthier V, Kyriazi M, Nefla M, Pucino V, Raza K, Buckley CD, Alsaleh G. Fibroblast heterogeneity: Keystone of tissue homeostasis and pathology in inflammation and ageing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137659. [PMID: 36926329 PMCID: PMC10011104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, derived from the embryonic mesenchyme, are a diverse array of cells with roles in development, homeostasis, repair, and disease across tissues. In doing so, fibroblasts maintain micro-environmental homeostasis and create tissue niches by producing a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) including various structural proteins. Although long considered phenotypically homogenous and functionally identical, the emergence of novel technologies such as single cell transcriptomics has allowed the identification of different phenotypic and cellular states to be attributed to fibroblasts, highlighting their role in tissue regulation and inflammation. Therefore, fibroblasts are now recognised as central actors in many diseases, increasing the need to discover new therapies targeting those cells. Herein, we review the phenotypic heterogeneity and functionality of these cells and their roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gauthier
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kyriazi
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Meriam Nefla
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Pucino
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Raza
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West, Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ghada Alsaleh
- Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Mahmoud DE, Kaabachi W, Sassi N, Tarhouni L, Rekik S, Jemmali S, Sehli H, Kallel-Sellami M, Cheour E, Laadhar L. The synovial fluid fibroblast-like synoviocyte: A long-neglected piece in the puzzle of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942417. [PMID: 35990693 PMCID: PMC9388825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease during which fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) contribute to both joint inflammation and destruction. FLS represent the core component of the synovial membrane. Following inflammation of this membrane, an effusion of cell-rich synovial fluid (SF) fills the joint cavity. Unlikely, SF has been shown to contain fibroblasts with some shared phenotypic traits with the synovial membrane FLS. These cells are called SF-FLS and their origin is still unclear. They are either brought into the synovium via migration through blood vessels, or they could originate within the synovium and exist in projections of the synovial membrane. SF-FLS function and phenotype are poorly documented compared to recently well-characterized synovial membrane FLS subsets. Furthermore, no study has yet reported a SF-FLS single-cell profiling analysis. This review will discuss the origin and cellular characteristics of SF-FLS in patients with RA. In addition, recent advances on the involvement of SF-FLS in the pathogenesis of RA will be summarized. Current knowledge on possible relationships between SF-FLS and other types of fibroblasts, including synovial membrane FLS, circulating fibrocytes, and pre- inflammatory mesenchymal (PRIME) cells will also be addressed. Finally, recent therapeutic strategies employed to specifically target SF-FLS in RA will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorra Elhaj Mahmoud
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Recherche Infections Respiratoires Fongiques (IRF), Structure Fédérative de Recherche “Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques” (SFR ICAT), Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Wajih Kaabachi
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Sassi
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamjed Tarhouni
- Department of Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Kassab Institute of Traumatic and Orthopedic Surgery, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Rekik
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samia Jemmali
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Sehli
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maryam Kallel-Sellami
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Elhem Cheour
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Laadhar
- Immuno-Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Rheumatology Department, La Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- *Correspondence: Lilia Laadhar,
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Németh T, Nagy G, Pap T. Synovial fibroblasts as potential drug targets in rheumatoid arthritis, where do we stand and where shall we go? Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:annrheumdis-2021-222021. [PMID: 35715191 PMCID: PMC9279838 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-222021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes or synovial fibroblasts (FLS) are important cellular components of the inner layer of the joint capsule, referred to as the synovial membrane. They can be found in both layers of this synovial membrane and contribute to normal joint function by producing extracellular matrix components and lubricants. However, under inflammatory conditions like in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), they may start to proliferate, undergo phenotypical changes and become central elements in the perpetuation of inflammation through their direct and indirect destructive functions. Their importance in autoimmune joint disorders makes them attractive cellular targets, and as mesenchymal-derived cells, their inhibition may be carried out without immunosuppressive consequences. Here, we aim to give an overview of our current understanding of the target potential of these cells in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Nagy
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, Münster, Germany
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Marsh LJ, Kemble S, Reis Nisa P, Singh R, Croft AP. Fibroblast pathology in inflammatory joint disease. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:163-183. [PMID: 34096076 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease in which fibroblasts contribute to both joint damage and inflammation. Fibroblasts are a major cell constituent of the lining of the joint cavity called the synovial membrane. Under resting conditions, fibroblasts have an important role in maintaining joint homeostasis, producing extracellular matrix and joint lubricants. In contrast, during joint inflammation, fibroblasts contribute to disease pathology by producing pathogenic levels of inflammatory mediators that drive the recruitment and retention of inflammatory cells within the joint. Recent advances in single-cell profiling techniques have transformed our ability to examine fibroblast biology, leading to the identification of specific fibroblast subsets, defining a previously underappreciated heterogeneity of disease-associated fibroblast populations. These studies are challenging the previously held dogma that fibroblasts are homogeneous and are providing unique insights into their role in inflammatory joint pathology. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of how fibroblast heterogeneity contributes to joint pathology in rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, we address how these insights could lead to the development of novel therapies that directly target selective populations of fibroblasts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy-Jayne Marsh
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Kemble
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patricia Reis Nisa
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruchir Singh
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam P Croft
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Identification of hub genes and therapeutic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:3299-3309. [PMID: 33604823 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that causes great morbidity and shortens life expectancy; however, the precise pathogenesis of RA remains unclear. This study aimed to select hub genes correlated with the development of RA. METHODS Two gene expression profiles, GSE55235 and GSE12021, obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in control and RA samples using GEO2R, followed by other bioinformatics methods, including functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, miRNA-hub gene network, and drug-hub gene interactions. In addition, qRT-PCR was finally conducted to confirm the reliability and validity of the expression level of the novel DEGs via freshly collected heparinized blood samples of healthy controls and RA patients. RESULTS A sum of 136 upregulated and 37 downregulated DEGs were selected. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that all the upregulated DEGs were correlated with immune response, B cell receptor signalling pathway, and adaptive immune response. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated DEGs were mostly related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, primary immunodeficiency, chemokine signalling pathways, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In total, 12 hub genes (IL15, KLRK1, GZMA, CXCR6, IGHV4-38-2, IGLL5, CXCL13, CXCL11, MS4A1, SDC1, SLAMF1, and PDCD1LG2) were identified and all these hub genes were upregulated, of which IGLL5 and IGHV4-38-2 were first reported to be correlated with the pathogenic mechanism and prognosis of RA. Furthermore, we also used qRT-PCR to validate the overexpression of IGLL5 and IGHV4-38-2 in RA patients compared to the healthy controls. In the miRNA-hub gene network, hsa-miR-1185-5p and hsa-miR-3679-5p might inhibit the expression of IGLL5 during the progression of RA. The 15 most promising candidate drugs, which were all approved by the Food and Drug Administration, may assist with the treatment of RA. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings may assist with developing diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for RA. Key Points • IGLL5 and IGHV4-38-2 were first reported to be correlated with the pathogenic mechanism and prognosis of RA. • Besides, hsa-miR-1185-5p and hsa-miR-3679-5p may inhibit the expression of IGLL5 during the progression of RA.
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11
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Masoumi M, Bashiri H, Khorramdelazad H, Barzaman K, Hashemi N, Sereshki HA, Sahebkar A, Karami J. Destructive Roles of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes in Chronic Inflammation and Joint Damage in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation 2020; 44:466-479. [PMID: 33113036 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are important non-immune cells located mostly in the inner layer of the synovium. Indeed, these cells are specialized mesenchymal cells, implicated in collagen homeostasis of the articular joint and provide extracellular matrix (ECM) materials for cartilage and contribute to joint destruction via multiple mechanisms. RA FLS interactions with immune and non-immune cells lead to the development and organization of tertiary structures such as ectopic lymphoid-like structures (ELSs), tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The interaction of RA FLS cells with immune and non-immune cells leads to stimulation and activation of effector immune cells. Pathological role of RA FLS cells has been reported for many years, while molecular and cellular mechanisms are not completely understood yet. In this review, we tried to summarize the latest findings about the role of FLS cells in ELS formation, joint destruction, interactions with immune and non-immune cells, as well as potential therapeutic options in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. Our study revealed data about interactions between RA FLS and immune/non-immune cells as well as the role of RA FLS cells in joint damage, ELS formation, and neoangiogenesis, which provide useful information for developing new approaches for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Masoumi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Bashiri
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Barzaman
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Hashemi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hale Abdoli Sereshki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jafar Karami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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12
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Van Raemdonck K, Umar S, Shahrara S. The pathogenic importance of CCL21 and CCR7 in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:86-93. [PMID: 32499193 PMCID: PMC10018533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity regulate the inflammatory and erosive phenotypes observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Hence, identifying novel pathways that participate in different stages of RA pathology will provide valuable insights concerning the mechanistic behavior of different joint leukocytes and the strategy to restrain their activity. Recent findings have revealed that CCL21 poses as a risk factor for RA and expression of its receptor, CCR7, on circulating monocytes is representative of the patient's disease activity score. Expression of CCR7 was found to be the hallmark of RA synovial fluid (SF) M1 macrophages (MФs) and its levels were potentiated in response to M1 mediating factors and curtailed by M2 mediators in naïve MФs. Intriguingly, although both CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, are elevated in RA specimens, only CCL21 was predominately responsible for CCR7's pathological manifestation of RA. Unique subset of MФs differentiated in response to CCL21 stimulation, exhibited upregulation in Th17-polarizing monokines. Moreover, CCL21-activated monokines were capable of differentiating naïve T cells into joint Th17 cells, which also partook in RA osteoclastogenesis. Finally, to conserve chronic inflammation, SF CCL21 amplified RA neovascularization directly and indirectly by promoting RA FLS and MΦs to secrete proangiogenic factors, VEGF and IL-17. This review aims to shed light on the broad pathogenic impact of CCL21, linking immunostimulatory MФs with Th17 cells, while concurrently advancing RA bone destruction and neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Raemdonck
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Sadiq Umar
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shiva Shahrara
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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13
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Yoshitomi H. Regulation of Immune Responses and Chronic Inflammation by Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1395. [PMID: 31275325 PMCID: PMC6593115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial tissue is a membranous non-immune organ lining joint cavities where it supports local immune responses, and functions directly and indirectly in joint destruction due to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), the dominant non-immune cells of synovial tissues, mainly contribute to joint destruction via multiple mechanisms. In RA, FLS respond to endogenous ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammatory cytokines as non-immune cells. In addition, FLS aid in the activation of immune responses by interacting with immune cells and by supporting ectopic lymphoid-like structure (ELS) formation in synovial tissues. Moreover, FLS directly cause the pathogenicity of RA i.e., joint deformities. Here, we describe new findings and review the mechanisms underlying the regulation of immune reactions by non-immune FLS and their roles in inflammatory diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Bergström B, Lundqvist C, Vasileiadis GK, Carlsten H, Ekwall O, Ekwall AKH. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Gene AIRE Is Induced by Cytokines in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes and Augments the Pro-inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1384. [PMID: 31275320 PMCID: PMC6591464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator AIRE controls the negative selection of self-reactive T-cells as well as the induction of regulatory T-cells in the thymus by mastering the transcription and presentation of tissue restricted antigens (TRAs) in thymic cells. However, extrathymic AIRE expression of hitherto unknown clinical significance has also been reported. Genetic polymorphisms of AIRE have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but no specific disease-mediating mechanism has been identified. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a systemic immune activation and arthritis. Activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are key effector cells, mediating persistent inflammation, and destruction of joints. In this study, we identified AIRE as a cytokine-induced RA risk gene in RA FLS and explored its role in these pathogenic stroma cells. Using RNA interference and RNA sequencing we show that AIRE does not induce TRAs in FLS, but augments the pro-inflammatory response induced by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1β by promoting the transcription of a set of genes associated with systemic autoimmune disease and annotated as interferon-γ regulated genes. In particular, AIRE promoted the production and secretion of a set of chemokines, amongst them CXCL10, which have been associated with disease activity in RA. Finally, we demonstrate that AIRE is expressed in podoplanin positive FLS in the lining layer of synovial tissue from RA patients. These findings support a novel pro-inflammatory role of AIRE at peripheral inflammatory sites and provide a potential pathological mechanism for its association with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bergström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Lundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Georgios K. Vasileiadis
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Carlsten
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin H. Ekwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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FOXO3 is involved in the tumor necrosis factor-driven inflammatory response in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. J Transl Med 2019; 99:648-658. [PMID: 30679758 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are major contributors to joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Forkhead box O 3 (FOXO3) perturbations in immune cells are increasingly linked to RA pathogenesis. Here, we show that FOXO3 is distinctly inactivated/phosphorylated in the FLS of rheumatoid synovitis. In vitro, stimulation of FLS with tumor necrosis factor-alpha α (TNFα) induced a rapid and sustained inactivation of FOXO3. mRNA profiling revealed that the inactivation of FOXO3 is important for the sustained pro-inflammatory interferon response to TNFα (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and TNFSF18). Mechanistically, our studies demonstrate that the inactivation of FOXO3 results from TNF-induced downregulation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein 1 (PIK3IP1). Thus, we identified FOXO3 and its modulator PIK3IP1 as a critical regulatory circuit for the inflammatory response of the resident mesenchymal cells to TNFα and contribute insight into how the synovial tissue brings about chronic inflammation that is driven by TNFα.
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16
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Karonitsch T, Kandasamy RK, Kartnig F, Herdy B, Dalwigk K, Niederreiter B, Holinka J, Sevelda F, Windhager R, Bilban M, Weichhart T, Säemann M, Pap T, Steiner G, Smolen JS, Kiener HP, Superti-Furga G. mTOR Senses Environmental Cues to Shape the Fibroblast-like Synoviocyte Response to Inflammation. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2157-2167. [PMID: 29768212 PMCID: PMC5972226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that metabolic master regulators, including mTOR, regulate adaptive and innate immune responses. Resident mesenchymal tissue components are increasingly recognized as key effector cells in inflammation. Whether mTOR also controls the inflammatory response in fibroblasts is insufficiently studied. Here, we show that TNF signaling co-opts the mTOR pathway to shift synovial fibroblast (FLS) inflammation toward an IFN response. mTOR pathway activation is associated with decreased NF-κB-mediated gene expression (e.g., PTGS2, IL-6, and IL-8) but increased STAT1-dependent gene expression (e.g., CXCL11 and TNFSF13B). We further demonstrate how metabolic inputs, such as amino acids, impinge on TNF-mTORC1 signaling to differentially regulate pro-inflammatory signaling circuits. Our results define a critical role for mTOR in the regulation of the pro-inflammatory response in FLSs and unfold its pathogenic involvement in TNF-driven diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karonitsch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Herdy
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karolina Dalwigk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Niederreiter
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Holinka
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Sevelda
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Säemann
- Department of Medicine VI, Wilhelminenspital, 1160 Vienna, Austria; Sigmund Freud Private University, Medical School, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Günter Steiner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans P Kiener
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Ohta K, Naruse T, Kato H, Ishida Y, Nakagawa T, Ono S, Shigeishi H, Takechi M. Differential regulation by IFN‑γ on TNF‑α‑induced chemokine expression in synovial fibroblasts from temporomandibular joint. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6850-6857. [PMID: 28901435 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interferon (IFN)‑γ, are inflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD). However, it remains unknown whether they participate in the regulation of various chemokine expression levels associated with TMD. The effects of TNF‑α and IFN‑γ on the expression of several different inflammatory chemokines, including interleukin (IL)‑8, C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)1, C‑C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)20, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in synovial fibroblasts obtained from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were examined. The results demonstrated that TNF‑α increased the mRNA levels of all examined chemokines in synovial fibroblasts obtained from the TMJ. IFN‑γ treatment alone increased the mRNA expression levels of CXCR3 chemokines, including CXCL10, while they were significantly enhanced when administered in combination with TNF‑α compared with either treatment alone. However, the combination of IFN‑γ and TNF‑α resulted in lower mRNA expression levels of IL‑8 and CXCL1 as compared with those induced by TNF‑α alone. The nuclear factor‑κB inhibitor, Bay 11‑7082, decreased the TNF‑α‑mediated expression of IL‑8 and CXCL10 in the absence, and presence of IFN‑γ. In addition, the JAK2 inhibitor, AG490, decreased CXCL10 expression when administered with TNF‑α and IFN‑γ. Finally, the decrease in TNF‑α‑induced IL‑8 caused by IFN‑γ was recovered by AG490. The results of the present study suggest that TNF‑α and IFN‑γ function in a cooperative manner to regulate inflammatory chemokine expression in synovial fibroblasts, which may contribute to the pathological condition of the TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Ohta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico‑Gnathostmatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima 734‑8553, Japan
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18
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The β4GalT1 affects the fibroblast-like synoviocytes invasion in rheumatoid arthritis by modifying N-linked glycosylation of CXCR3. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:172-181. [PMID: 28215986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The level of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (β4GalT1) is up-regulated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. It is reported that CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) can enhance the invasiveness of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aims to investigate the specific mechanism of β4GalT1 and relationship between β4GalT1 and CXCR3 in RA. METHODS The model of CIA mice was established to explore the role of β4GalT1. The N-glycosylation of CXCR3 was detected by mass spectrometry and western-blot. The interaction between β4GalT1 and CXCR3 was tested by immunoprecipitation. The truncted MMP-1 was detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry analysis was applied to measure ligand-receptor interaction between CXCR3 and CXCL10. RESULTS β4GalT1 can promote the inflammatory process of arthritis. CXCR3 was N-glycosylated and its glycosylation regulated by β4GalT1. β4GalT1 can enhance the invasiveness of FLS by modifying CXCR3. N-glycosylation of CXCR3 influences the ligand-receptor interaction between CXCR3 and CXCL10. CONCLUSIONS β4GalT1 can regulate N-glycans of CXCR3 in RA. N-glycans of CXCR3 affects CXCL10/CXCR3 ligand-binding which enhancing FLS invasion.
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19
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Pandya JM, Lundell AC, Andersson K, Nordström I, Theander E, Rudin A. Blood chemokine profile in untreated early rheumatoid arthritis: CXCL10 as a disease activity marker. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:20. [PMID: 28148302 PMCID: PMC5289001 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently analyzed the profile of T-cell subtypes based on chemokine receptor expression in blood from untreated early rheumatoid arthritis (ueRA) patients compared to healthy controls (HC). Here, we compared the levels of the respective chemokines in blood plasma of ueRA patients with those of HC. We also studied the association of chemokine levels with the proportions of circulating T-cell subsets and the clinical disease activity. Methods Peripheral blood was obtained from 43 patients with ueRA satisfying the ACR 2010 criteria and who had not received any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) or prednisolone, and from 14 sex- and age-matched HC. Proportions of T helper cells in blood, including Th0, Th1, Th2, Th17, Th1Th17, TFh, and regulatory T cells, were defined by flow cytometry. Fifteen chemokines, including several CXCL and CCL chemokines related to the T-cell subtypes as well as to other major immune cells, were measured in blood plasma using flow cytometry bead-based immunoassay or ELISA. Clinical disease activity in patients was evaluated by assessing the following parameters: Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), swollen joint counts (SJC), tender joint counts (TJC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The data were analyzed using multivariate factor analyses followed by univariate analyses. Results Multivariate discriminant analysis showed that patients with ueRA were separated from HC based on the blood plasma chemokine profile. The best discriminators were CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, CCL4, and CCL22, which were significantly higher in ueRA compared to HC in univariate analyses. Among the chemokines analyzed, only CXCL10 correlated with multiple disease activity measures, including DAS28-CRP, DAS28-ESR, CDAI, SJC in 66 joints, CRP, and ESR. Conclusions High circulating levels of CXCL10 in the plasma of ueRA patients and the association with the clinical disease activity suggests that CXCL10 may serve as a disease activity marker in early rheumatoid arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1224-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh M Pandya
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Carin Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inger Nordström
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elke Theander
- Department of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital Lund and Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rudin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of University of Gothenburg, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Mundra JJ, Jian J, Bhagat P, Liu CJ. Progranulin inhibits expression and release of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in a TNFR1 dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21115. [PMID: 26892362 PMCID: PMC4759551 DOI: 10.1038/srep21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a pleiotrophic growth factor, is known to play an important role in the maintenance and regulation of the homeostatic dynamics of normal tissue development, proliferation, regeneration, and host-defense. PGRN also has potent anti-inflammatory functionality, and deregulated PGRN is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously reported that PGRN directly binds to TNFR and significantly enhances Treg population and stimulates IL-10 production. To further investigate PGRN's function in the immune system we performed a gene array analysis on CD4+ T cells from wild type B6 mice and PGRN -/- mice. We identified many chemokines and their receptors, among which CXCL9 and CXCL10 were most prominent, that were significantly induced in PGRN null mice. Administration of recombinant PGRN protein strongly inhibited TNF and IFN-γ-induced CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression. In addition, CXCL9 expression is strongly upregulated in PGRN KO mice and its level is correlated with severity of inflammation in a dermatitis model. Further, we have demonstrated that PGRN-mediated inhibition of chemokine expression largely depends on TNFR1. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying PGRN mediated regulation of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10003, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10003, USA
| | - Priyal Bhagat
- Touro College of Medicine New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10003, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Broeren MGA, de Vries M, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Blom AB, Koenders MI, van Lent PLEM, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ. Disease-Regulated Gene Therapy with Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10 Under the Control of the CXCL10 Promoter for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:244-54. [PMID: 26711533 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-inducible promoters for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have the potential to provide regulated expression of therapeutic proteins in arthritic joints. In this study, we set out to identify promoters of human genes that are upregulated during RA and are suitable to drive the expression of relevant amounts of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10. Microarray analysis of RA synovial biopsies compared with healthy controls yielded a list of 22 genes upregulated during RA. Of these genes, CXCL10 showed the highest induction in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated synovial cells. The CXCL10 promoter was obtained from human cDNA and cloned into a lentiviral vector carrying firefly luciferase to determine the promoter inducibility in primary synovial cells and in THP-1 cells. The promoter activation was strongest 8-12 hr after stimulation with the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and was reinducible after 96 hr. In addition, the CXCL10 promoter showed a significant response to RA patient serum, compared with sera from healthy individuals. The luciferase gene was replaced with IL-10 to determine the therapeutic properties of the CXCL10p-IL10 lentiviral vector. Primary synovial cells transduced with CXCL10p-IL10 showed a great increase in IL-10 production after stimulation, which reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. We conclude that the selected proximal promoter of the CXCL10 gene responds to inflammatory mediators present in the serum of patients with RA and that transduction with the lentiviral CXCL10p-IL10 vector reduces inflammatory cytokine production by primary synovial cells from patients with RA. CXCL10 promoter-regulated IL-10 overexpression can thus provide disease-inducible local gene therapy suitable for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs G A Broeren
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke de Vries
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda B Bennink
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen B Blom
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Van Raemdonck K, Van den Steen PE, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S. CXCR3 ligands in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:311-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yost EA, Hynes TR, Hartle CM, Ott BJ, Berlot CH. Inhibition of G-protein βγ signaling enhances T cell receptor-stimulated interleukin 2 transcription in CD4+ T helper cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116575. [PMID: 25629163 PMCID: PMC4309538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling modulates the expression of cytokines that are drug targets for immune disorders. However, although GPCRs are common targets for other diseases, there are few GPCR-based pharmaceuticals for inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting G-protein βγ (Gβγ) complexes could provide a useful new approach for modulating interleukin 2 (IL-2) levels in CD4+ T helper cells. Gallein, a small molecule inhibitor of Gβγ, increased levels of T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated IL-2 mRNA in primary human naïve and memory CD4+ T helper cells and in Jurkat human CD4+ leukemia T cells. Gβ1 and Gβ2 mRNA accounted for >99% of Gβ mRNA, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Gβ1 but not Gβ2 enhanced TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA increases. Blocking Gβγ enhanced TCR-stimulated increases in IL-2 transcription without affecting IL-2 mRNA stability. Blocking Gβγ also enhanced TCR-stimulated increases in nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), NFAT transcriptional activity, and levels of intracellular Ca2+. Potentiation of IL-2 transcription required continuous Gβγ inhibition during at least two days of TCR stimulation, suggesting that induction or repression of additional signaling proteins during T cell activation and differentiation might be involved. The potentiation of TCR-stimulated IL-2 transcription that results from blocking Gβγ in CD4+ T helper cells could have applications for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Yost
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Hynes
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Cassandra M. Hartle
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Braden J. Ott
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Catherine H. Berlot
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Toyoda Y, Tabata S, Kishi J, Kuramoto T, Mitsuhashi A, Saijo A, Kawano H, Goto H, Aono Y, Hanibuchi M, Horikawa H, Nakajima T, Furukawa T, Sone S, Akiyama SI, Nishioka Y. Thymidine phosphorylase regulates the expression of CXCL10 in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:560-8. [PMID: 24574215 DOI: 10.1002/art.38263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) is induced by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and other cytokines that have been reported to be major inflammation mediators in RA. We previously demonstrated that TP plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the role of TP in the pathogenesis of RA is similar to its role in tumors. METHODS In FLS obtained from 2 patients with RA, the expression of TP, interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10), and other cytokines was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Microarray analysis was performed using FLS transfected with TYMP complementary DNA and treated with a TP inhibitor. RESULTS The expression of TP in FLS was up-regulated by TNFα, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17, IFNγ, and lipopolysaccharide. Microarray analysis of FLS overexpressing TP identified CXCL10 as a thymidine phosphorylase-related gene. The expression of CXCL10 was induced by TNFα, and this induction was suppressed by TYMP small interfering RNA and TP inhibitor. Furthermore, the combination of TNFα and IFNγ synergistically augmented the expression of TP and CXCL10. TP-induced CXCL10 expression was suppressed by the antioxidant EUK-8. In the synovial tissue of patients with RA, TP levels were significantly correlated with CXCL10 expression. CONCLUSION The combination of TNFα and IFNγ strongly induced the expression of thymidine phosphorylase in RA FLS. The induction of thymidine phosphorylase enhanced the expression of CXCL10, which may contribute to the Th1 phenotype and bone destruction observed in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Toyoda
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of alphavirus-induced arthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:973516. [PMID: 24069610 PMCID: PMC3771267 DOI: 10.1155/2013/973516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Sindbis virus (SINV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), and Barmah Forest virus (BFV), cause incapacitating and long lasting articular disease/myalgia. Outbreaks of viral arthritis and the global distribution of these diseases point to the emergence of arthritogenic alphaviruses as an important public health problem. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in alphavirus-induced arthritis, exploring the recent data obtained with in vitro systems and in vivo studies using animal models and samples from patients. The factors associated to the extension and persistence of symptoms are highlighted, focusing on (a) virus replication in target cells, and tissues, including macrophages and muscle cells; (b) the inflammatory and immune responses with recruitment and activation of macrophage, NK cells and T lymphocytes to the lesion focus and the increase of inflammatory mediators levels; and (c) the persistence of virus or viral products in joint and muscle tissues. We also discuss the importance of the establishment of novel animal models to test new molecular targets and to develop more efficient and selective drugs to treat these diseases.
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Laragione T, Brenner M, Sherry B, Gulko PS. CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 regulate synovial fibroblast invasion in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3274-83. [PMID: 21811993 DOI: 10.1002/art.30573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CXCL10 is expressed in increased levels in highly invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from arthritic DA rats and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to analyze the role of CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in regulation of the invasive properties of FLS. METHODS FLS were isolated from synovial tissue of RA patients and from DA rats and arthritis-resistant DA.F344(Cia5d) rats with pristane-induced arthritis. We used an in vitro model of invasion through Matrigel, which has been shown to correlate with articular damage in RA and in rat arthritis. FLS were cultured in the presence or absence of CXCL10, anti-CXCR3 antibody, or the CXCR3 inhibitor AMG487 and then studied for invasion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production (MMPs 1-3), intracellular calcium influx, and cell morphology. RESULTS DA rat FLS produced higher levels of CXCL10 compared with minimally invasive FLS from DA.F344(Cia5d) rats. CXCL10 treatment increased the invasiveness of FLS from DA.F344(Cia5d) rats by 2-fold, and this increase was blocked by anti-CXCR3. Both anti-CXCR3 and AMG487 reduced invasiveness of FLS from DA rats, by as much as 77%. AMG487 significantly reduced invasiveness of RA FLS (by 58%). CXCR3 blockade reduced levels of MMP-1 by 65%, inhibited receptor signaling (64-100% reduction in intracellular calcium influx), and interfered with actin cytoskeleton reorganization and lamellipodia formation in FLS from rats and RA patients. CONCLUSION We describe and characterize a new autocrine/paracrine role of CXCL10/CXCR3 in the regulation of FLS invasion in rats with arthritis and in RA patients. These observations suggest that the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis is a potential new target for therapies aimed at reducing FLS invasion and its associated joint damage and pannus invasion and destruction in RA.
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Yellin M, Paliienko I, Balanescu A, Ter-Vartanian S, Tseluyko V, Xu LA, Tao X, Cardarelli PM, Leblanc H, Nichol G, Ancuta C, Chirieac R, Luo A. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human anti-CXCL10 monoclonal antibody, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1730-9. [PMID: 22147649 DOI: 10.1002/art.34330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CXCL10 (also known as interferon-γ-inducible 10-kd protein [IP-10]) is a chemokine that potentially plays a role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human, anti-CXCL10 (anti-IP-10) monoclonal antibody, in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to methotrexate (MTX). METHODS Patients with active RA receiving stable doses of MTX (10-25 mg weekly) were randomized to receive intravenous doses of 10 mg/kg MDX-1100 (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35) every other week. The primary end point was the proportion of patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (achieving an ACR20 response) on day 85, and patients were followed up for safety to day 141. RESULTS The ACR20 response rate was significantly higher among MDX-1100-treated patients than among placebo-treated patients (54% versus 17%; P = 0.0024). Statistically significant differences in the ACR20 response rate between treatments were observed starting on day 43 (P < 0.05). The ACR50 and ACR70 response rates on day 85 did not differ between the groups. Overall, 51.4% of MDX-1100-treated patients and 30.3% of placebo-treated patients experienced at least 1 adverse event (AE). No study drug-related serious AEs were reported. CONCLUSION MDX-1100 was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical efficacy in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to MTX. This is the first study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a chemokine inhibitor in RA and supports the notion of a potential role of IP-10 in the immunopathogenesis of RA.
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Yu H, Lu C, Tan MT, Moudgil KD. The gene expression profile of preclinical autoimmune arthritis and its modulation by a tolerogenic disease-protective antigenic challenge. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R143. [PMID: 21914168 PMCID: PMC3308071 DOI: 10.1186/ar3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoimmune inflammation is a characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. In the natural course of human autoimmune diseases, it is rather difficult to pinpoint the precise timing of the initial event that triggers the cascade of pathogenic events that later culminate into clinically overt disease. Therefore, it is a challenge to examine the early preclinical events in these disorders. Animal models are an invaluable resource in this regard. Furthermore, considering the complex nature of the pathogenic immune events in arthritis, microarray analysis offers a versatile tool to define the dynamic patterns of gene expression during the disease course. Methods In this study, we defined the profiles of gene expression at different phases of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in Lewis rats and compared them with those of antigen mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 (Bhsp65)-tolerized syngeneic rats. Purified total RNA (100 ng) extracted from the draining lymph node cells was used to generate biotin-labeled fragment cRNA, which was then hybridized with an oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray chip. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to compare gene expression levels between the two different groups by limiting the false discovery rate to < 5%. Some of the data were further analyzed using a fold change ≥2.0 as the cutoff. The gene expression of select genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Intriguingly, the most dramatic changes in gene expression in the draining lymphoid tissue ex vivo were observed at the preclinical (incubation) phase of the disease. The affected genes represented many of the known proteins that participate in the cellular immune response. Interestingly, the preclinical gene expression profile was significantly altered by a disease-modulating, antigen-based tolerogenic regimen. The changes mostly included upregulation of several genes, suggesting that immune tolerance suppressed disease by activating disease-regulating pathways. We identified a molecular signature comprising at least 12 arthritis-related genes altered by Bhsp65-induced tolerance. Conclusions This is the first report of microarray analysis in the rat AA model. The results of this study not only advance our understanding of the early phase events in autoimmune arthritis but also help in identifying potential targets for the immunomodulation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kelvin AA, Banner D, Silvi G, Moro ML, Spataro N, Gaibani P, Cavrini F, Pierro A, Rossini G, Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Paquette SG, Xu L, Danesh A, Farooqui A, Borghetto I, Kelvin DJ, Sambri V, Rubino S. Inflammatory cytokine expression is associated with chikungunya virus resolution and symptom severity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1279. [PMID: 21858242 PMCID: PMC3156690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus infection zones have now quickly spread from Africa to parts of Asia, North America and Europe. Originally thought to trigger a disease of only mild symptoms, recently Chikungunya virus caused large-scale fatalities and widespread economic loss that was linked to recent virus genetic mutation and evolution. Due to the paucity of information on Chikungunya immunological progression, we investigated the serum levels of 13 cytokines/chemokines during the acute phase of Chikungunya disease and 6- and 12-month post-infection follow-up from patients of the Italian outbreak. We found that CXCL9/MIG, CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6 and CXCL10/IP-10 were significantly raised in the acute phase compared to follow-up samples. Furthermore, IL-1β, TNF-α, Il-12, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-5 had low initial acute phase levels that significantly increased at later time points. Analysis of symptom severity showed association with CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10 and IgG levels. These data give insight into Chikungunya disease establishment and subsequent convalescence, which is imperative to the treatment and containment of this quickly evolving and frequently re-emerging disease. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes a human disease clinically characterized by sudden appearance of high fever, rash, headache, nausea, and severe joint pain (the defining symptom). Chikungunya was identified in Africa and the word Chikungunya means that which bends up, describing the bent posture of CHIKV patients while in severe pain. CHIKV, a current problem in Africa, Indian Ocean region, and Southeast Asia, is now spreading to temperate regions of North America, France and Italy. Presently, the immune response for CHIKV infection remains largely uninvestigated and no treatment is available. We investigated cytokine profiles at diagnosis and follow-up of CHIKV infected patients during the Italian 2007 outbreak and associated cytokine levels with antibody level and symptom severity. Cytokines, important immune mediators, are often drug targets. Since CHIKV symptoms can persist for months or years following infection it is important to investigate possible drug targets to alleviate discomfort. We found cytokine profiles that describe the initial infection and recovery phase. We determined the cytokines CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 as well as antibody levels were associated with symptom severity. These results reflect previously unreported cytokine profiles which may be important for the development of future therapeutics for CHIKV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson A Kelvin
- Sardinia Research and Development (SaRD), University di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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McGettrick HM, Buckley CD, Filer A, Rainger GE, Nash GB. Stromal cells differentially regulate neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment through the endothelium. Immunology 2011; 131:357-70. [PMID: 20518822 PMCID: PMC2992690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts modify the initial recruitment of leucocytes by endothelial cells (EC), but their effects on subsequent transendothelial migration remain unclear. Here, EC and dermal or synovial fibroblasts were cultured on opposite surfaces of 3-μm pore filters and incorporated in static or flow-based migration assays. Fibroblasts had little effect on tumour necrosis factor-α-induced transendothelial migration of neutrophils, but tended to increase the efficiency of migration away from the endothelium. Surprisingly, similar close contact between EC and fibroblasts strongly reduced lymphocyte migration in static assays, and nearly abolished stable lymphocyte adhesion from flow. Fibroblasts did not alter endothelial surface expression of adhesion molecules or messenger RNA for chemokines. Inhibition of attachment did not occur when EC-fibroblast contact was restricted by using 0.4-μm pore filters, but under these conditions pre-treatment with heparinase partially inhibited adhesion. In the 3-μm pore co-cultures, inhibition of metalloproteinase activity partially recovered lymphocyte adhesion, but addition of CXCL12 (SDF-1α) to the endothelial surface did not. Hence, the ability of EC to present activating chemokines for lymphocytes may have been enzymatically inhibited by direct contact with fibroblasts. To avoid contact, we cultured EC and fibroblasts on separate 3-μm pore filters one above the other. Here, fibroblasts promoted the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes. Fibroblasts generate CXCL12, but blockade of CXCL12 receptor had no effect on lymphocyte migration. While stromal cells can provide signal(s) promoting leucocyte migration away from the sub-endothelial space, direct cell contact (which might occur in damaged tissue) may cause disruption of chemokine signalling, specifically inhibiting lymphocyte rather than neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M McGettrick
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Nanki T, Takada K, Komano Y, Morio T, Kanegane H, Nakajima A, Lipsky PE, Miyasaka N. Chemokine receptor expression and functional effects of chemokines on B cells: implication in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R149. [PMID: 19804625 PMCID: PMC2787286 DOI: 10.1186/ar2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulation of B cells in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium has been reported, and it has been thought that these cells might contribute to the pathogenesis of RA by antigen presentation, autoantibody production, and/or inflammatory cytokine production. Chemokines could enhance the accumulation of B cells in the synovium. The aims of this study were to determine chemokine receptor expression by B cells both in the peripheral blood of normal donors and subjects with RA, and at the inflammatory site in RA, and the effects of chemokines on B cell activation. Methods Cell surface molecule expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cellular migration was assessed using chemotaxis chambers. Cellular proliferation was examined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Significant numbers of peripheral blood B cells of healthy donors and subjects with RA expressed CC chemokine receptor (CCR)5 and CXCR3, and most B cells expressed CCR6, CCR7, CXCR4 and CXCR5. CCR5 expression was more frequent on CD27+ than CD27- peripheral blood B cells of healthy donors and RA. Synovial B cells more frequently expressed CCR5, but less often expressed CCR6, CCR7 and CXCR5 compared to peripheral blood in RA. Further functional analyses were performed on peripheral blood B cells from healthy donors. Migration of peripheral blood B cells, especially CD27+ B cells, was enhanced by CC chemokine ligand (CCL)20, CCL19, CCL21 and CXCL12. All four chemokines alone induced B cell proliferation; with CCL21 being the most effective. CCL21 also enhanced the proliferation of anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)M-stimulated B cells and blockade of CCR7 inhibited this effect. CCL20, CCL21 and CXCL12 enhanced TNF production by anti-IgM mAb-stimulated B cells. Finally, stimulation with CXCL12, but not CCL20, CCL19 and CCL21, enhanced inducible costimulator-ligand (ICOSL) expression by peripheral blood B cells of healthy donors and RA, but did not increase B cell-activating factor receptor or transmembrane activator and CAML-interactor. Conclusions The data suggest that CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR4 and CXCR5 may be important for the B cell migration into the synovium of RA patients, and also their local proliferation, cytokine production and ICOSL expression in the synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nanki
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
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Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Ozaki K, Nakae H, Matsuo T. Cytokines differentially regulate CXCL10 production by interferon-γ-stimulated or tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:225-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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McGettrick HM, Smith E, Filer A, Kissane S, Salmon M, Buckley CD, Rainger GE, Nash GB. Fibroblasts from different sites may promote or inhibit recruitment of flowing lymphocytes by endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:113-25. [PMID: 19130557 PMCID: PMC2821685 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that stromal fibroblasts modulate the ability of endothelial cells (EC) to recruit lymphocytes in a site-specific manner. PBL were perfused over HUVEC that had been cultured with fibroblasts isolated from the inflamed synovium or the skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, or from normal synovium, with or without exposure to the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha+IFN-gamma. Fibroblasts from inflamed synovium, but no others, caused unstimulated HUVEC to bind flowing lymphocytes. This adhesion was supported by alpha(4)beta(1)-VCAM-1 interaction and stabilised by activation of PBL through CXCR4-CXCL12. Antibody neutralisation of IL-6 during co-culture effectively abolished the ability of EC to bind lymphocytes. Cytokine-stimulated EC supported high levels of lymphocyte adhesion, through the presentation of VCAM-1, E-selectin and chemokine(s) acting through CXCR3. Interestingly, co-culture with dermal fibroblasts caused a marked reduction in cytokine-induced adhesion, while synovial fibroblasts had variable effects depending on their source. In the dermal co-cultures, neutralisation of IL-6 or TGF-beta caused partial recovery of cytokine-induced lymphocyte adhesion; this was complete when both were neutralised. Exogenous IL-6 was also found to inhibit response to TNF-alpha+IFN-gamma. Normal stromal fibroblasts appear to regulate the cytokine-sensitivity of vascular endothelium, while fibroblasts associated with chronic inflammation bypass this and develop a directly inflammatory phenotype. Actions of IL-6 might be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, depending on the local milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M McGettrick
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Rioja I, Hughes FJ, Sharp CH, Warnock LC, Montgomery DS, Akil M, Wilson AG, Binks MH, Dickson MC. Potential novel biomarkers of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients: CXCL13, CCL23, transforming growth factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2257-67. [PMID: 18668547 DOI: 10.1002/art.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the plasma levels of a range of inflammatory proteins have utility as biomarkers of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS Plasma proteins (n = 163) were profiled in 44 patients with RA diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria (22 with active and 22 with quiescent disease) and in 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The utility of a subset of differentially expressed proteins as predictors of RA disease activity was investigated using partial least-squares discriminant analysis, and their response to therapeutic intervention was evaluated in plasma from an additional cohort of 16 patients with active RA treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFalpha). RESULTS The protein profiling study identified 25 proteins that were differentially expressed in plasma samples from patients with active RA (P for the false discovery rate < or = 0.01) compared with those with quiescent RA, including the previously described interleukin-6 (IL-6), oncostatin M, and IL-2, and the 5 less-established markers macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9, CCL23, transforming growth factor alpha, and CXCL13. Systemic levels of these 5 markers correlated with the C-reactive protein level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor level, tender joint count in 68 joints, and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and their combined plasma levels were shown to be good predictors of disease activity (kappa = 0.64). In anti-TNFalpha-treated RA patients, plasma levels of CXCL13 were reduced after 1 and 7 days of therapy, and levels of CCL23, M-CSF, and CXCL13 showed a statistically significant positive correlation with the DAS28 score. CONCLUSION This exploratory study for biomarker discovery led to the identification of several proteins predictive of RA disease activity that may be useful in the definition of disease subphenotypes and in the measurement of response to therapy in clinical studies.
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Cia5d regulates a new fibroblast-like synoviocyte invasion-associated gene expression signature. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R92. [PMID: 18706093 PMCID: PMC2575606 DOI: 10.1186/ar2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The in vitro invasive properties of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) have been shown to correlate with disease severity and radiographic damage. We recently determined that FLSs obtained from pristane-induced arthritis (PIA)-susceptible DA rats are also highly invasive in the same in vitro assay through Matrigel. The transfer of alleles derived from the arthritis-resistant F344 strain at the arthritis severity locus Cia5d (RNO10), as in DA.F344(Cia5d) congenics, was enough to significantly and specifically reduce the invasive properties of FLSs. This genetically controlled difference in FLS invasion involves increased production of soluble membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) by DA, and is dependent on increased activation of MMP-2. In the present study we aimed to characterize the pattern of gene expression that correlates with differences in invasion in order to identify pathways regulated by the Cia5d locus. Methods Synovial tissues were collected from DA and DA.F344(Cia5d) rats 21 days after the induction of PIA. Tissues were digested and FLSs isolated. After a minimum of four passages, FLSs were plated on Matrigel-covered dishes at similar densities, followed by RNA extraction. Illumina RatRef-12 expression BeadChip arrays were used. Expression data were normalized, followed by t-test, logistic regression, and cluster analysis. Real-time PCR was used to validate the microarray data. Results Out of the 22,523 RefSeq gene probes present in the array, 7,665 genes were expressed by the FLSs. The expression of 66 genes was significantly different between the DA and DA.F344(Cia5d) FLSs (P < 0.01). Nineteen of the 66 differentially expressed genes (28.7%) are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression or cancer-associated phenotypes, such as invasion and contact inhibition. These included Cxcl10, Vil2 and Nras, three genes that are upregulated in DA and known to regulate MMP-2 expression and activation. Nine of the 66 genes (13.6%) are involved in the regulation of estrogen receptor signaling or transcription. Five candidate genes located within the Cia5d interval were also differentially expressed. Conclusions We have identified a novel FLS invasion associated gene expression signature that is regulated by Cia5d. Many of the genes found to be differentially expressed were previously implicated in cancer cell phenotypes, including invasion. This suggests a parallel in the behavior of arthritis FLSs and cancer cells, and identifies novel pathways and genes for therapeutic intervention and prognostication.
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Ellingsen T, Hornung N, Møller BK, Poulsen JH, Stengaard-Pedersen K. Differential effect of methotrexate on the increased CCR2 density on circulating CD4 T lymphocytes and monocytes in active chronic rheumatoid arthritis, with a down regulation only on monocytes in responders. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:151-7. [PMID: 16905577 PMCID: PMC1798497 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.054056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of orally administered methotrexate (MTX) on the density of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) on circulating monocytes, and the coexpression of CXCR3 and CCR2 on CD4 T lymphocytes in patients with active chronic rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS All 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis fulfilled the 1987 American Rheumatism Association criteria and were followed for 16 weeks after starting MTX. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed for CCR2 and CXCR3 density by three-colour flow cytometry before initiation of MTX and at week 12. RESULTS 22 (65%) patients were non-responders, 12 (35%) patients responded to MTX by American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20% criteria, and 8 (24%) of these patients responded by ACR50%. In patients with active rheumatoid arthritis before starting MTX, CCR2 density on circulating monocytes, CD4(+) CXCR3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR3(-) T lymphocytes was increased compared with controls. During 12 weeks of MTX treatment, the CCR2 density on monocytes decreased significantly in the ACR50% group but not in the ACR20% and non-responder groups. The increased CCR2 density on CD4(+) CXCR3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR3(-) T lymphocytes was unaffected by the reduction in disease activity measured in relation to MTX treatment. The percentage of both monocytes and CD4(+) CXCR3(+) and CD4+ CXCR3(-) T lymphocytes among the peripheral circulating mononuclear cells did not change during MTX treatment. CONCLUSIONS Active chronic rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by enhanced CCR2 density on circulating monocytes and CD4(+) CXCR3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR3(-) T lymphocytes. During MTX treatment, a decrease in CCR2 density on monocytes in the ACR50% responder group was associated with decreased disease activity. The increased CCR2 density on CD4(+) CXCR3(+) and CD4(+) CXCR3(-) T lymphocytes was uninfluenced by MTX and disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ellingsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Arhus University Hospital, Building 3 Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark.
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Dame TM, Orenzoff BL, Palmer LE, Furie MB. IFN-γ Alters the Response ofBorrelia burgdorferi-Activated Endothelium to Favor Chronic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1172-9. [PMID: 17202382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, promotes proinflammatory changes in the endothelium that lead to the recruitment of leukocytes. The host immune response to infection results in increased levels of IFN-gamma in the serum and lesions of Lyme disease patients that correlate with greater severity of disease. Therefore, the effect of IFN-gamma on the gene expression profile of primary human endothelial cells exposed to B. burgdorferi was determined. B. burgdorferi and IFN-gamma synergistically augmented the expression of 34 genes, 7 of which encode chemokines. Six of these (CCL7, CCL8, CX3CL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) attract T lymphocytes, and one (CXCL2) is specific for neutrophils. Synergistic production of the attractants for T cells was confirmed at the protein level. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and LPS also cooperated with IFN-gamma to induce synergistic production of CXCL10 by the endothelium, indicating that IFN-gamma potentiates inflammation in concert with a variety of mediators. An in vitro model of the blood vessel wall revealed that an increased number of human T lymphocytes traversed the endothelium exposed to B. burgdorferi and IFN-gamma, as compared with unstimulated endothelial monolayers. In contrast, addition of IFN-gamma diminished the migration of neutrophils across the B. burgdorferi-activated endothelium. IFN-gamma thus alters gene expression by endothelia exposed to B. burgdorferi in a manner that promotes recruitment of T cells and suppresses that of neutrophils. This modulation may facilitate the development of chronic inflammatory lesions in Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah M Dame
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stone Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Holse M, Assing K, Poulsen LK. CCR3, CCR5, CCR8 and CXCR3 expression in memory T helper cells from allergic rhinitis patients, asymptomatically sensitized and healthy individuals. Clin Mol Allergy 2006; 4:6. [PMID: 16623955 PMCID: PMC1524796 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine receptors have been suggested to be preferentially expressed on CD4+ T cells with CCR3 and CCR8 linked to the T helper (Th) 2 subset and CCR5 and CXCR3 to the Th1 subset, however this remains controversial. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare the CCR3, CCR5, CCR8 and CXCR3 expression in memory Th cells from allergic, asymptomatically sensitized and healthy individuals. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 8 pollen allergic rhinitis patients, 10 asymptomatically sensitized and 10 healthy individuals were stimulated for 7 days with allergen or tetanus toxoid. CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, CXCR3, CD4 and CD45RO were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS No differences in chemokine receptor expression were observed between the three groups on day 0, and seven days of unstimulated culture did not change the expression. Both antigenic stimuli increased the chemokine receptor expression, tetanus toxoid being the most potent. No differences in percentage chemokine receptor positive memory Th cells were observed between the three groups on day 7. Only a change in MFI for CCR5 was significantly different between the three groups after allergen stimulation of the Th cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that even though allergen and antigen induced increased chemokine receptor expression, no differences in profiles were identified in memory Th cells from patient groups with different atopic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mille Holse
- Laboratory for Medical Allergology 7542, National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Assing
- Laboratory for Medical Allergology 7542, National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Laboratory for Medical Allergology 7542, National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Humby F, Manzo A, Pitzalis C. Chemokines in arthritis: key molecules in pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460816.1.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tsubaki T, Takegawa S, Hanamoto H, Arita N, Kamogawa J, Yamamoto H, Takubo N, Nakata S, Yamada K, Yamamoto S, Yoshie O, Nose M. Accumulation of plasma cells expressing CXCR3 in the synovial sublining regions of early rheumatoid arthritis in association with production of Mig/CXCL9 by synovial fibroblasts. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:363-71. [PMID: 15996201 PMCID: PMC1809426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of plasma cells in the synovium is one of the diagnostic hallmarks in the histopathological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This seems to be prominent even prior to significant B cell infiltration and/or formation of lymphoid follicles in the synovium. To clarify the mechanism of early plasma cell accumulation, we examined in situ expression of chemokines and their receptors using synovial targeting biopsy specimens, which were obtained under arthroscopy from early RA patients. By immunohistochemical staining, plasma cells were found to express a chemokine receptor CXCR3, while synovial fibroblasts in the synovial sublining regions expressed its ligand, Mig/CXCL9. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using targeted lesions of synovial tissues obtained by laser capture microdissection, expression levels of Mig/CXCL9 in the synovial sublining regions were remarkably high and were likely to be associated with interferon (IFN)-gamma expression. Furthermore, cultured synovial fibroblasts were confirmed to produce Mig/CXCL9 upon stimulation with IFN-gamma. Our results indicate that in the early stage of RA, plasma cells expressing CXCR3 may be recruited directly from the circulation into the synovial sublining regions by its ligand, Mig/CXCL9, produced by synovial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsubaki
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Wysocki CA, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Blazar BR, Serody JS. Leukocyte migration and graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2005; 105:4191-9. [PMID: 15701715 PMCID: PMC1895033 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a significant complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Acute GVHD is mediated by immunocompetent donor T cells, which migrate to lymphoid tissues soon after infusion, recognize host alloantigens, and become activated upon interaction with host antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Recent work from our group and others suggests that activated effector T cells exit lymphoid tissues and traffic to mucosal sites and parenchymal target organs such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, lung, and skin where they cause tissue damage. The molecular interactions necessary for effector cell migration during GVHD have become the focus of a growing body of research, as these interactions represent potential therapeutic targets. In this review we discuss chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions and adhesion molecules that have been shown to play roles in effector cell migration in experimental GVHD models, and we discuss a potential model for the role of chemokines during the activation phase of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Wysocki
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
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Brentano F, Schorr O, Gay RE, Gay S, Kyburz D. RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells activates rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via toll-like receptor 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2656-65. [PMID: 16142732 DOI: 10.1002/art.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) protein in synovial tissues and cultured synovial fibroblasts obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to investigate the consequences of stimulation of cultured synovial fibroblasts with TLR-3 ligands. METHODS TLR-3 expression in synovial tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and expression in cultured RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques. TLR-3 signaling was assessed by incubating RASFs with poly(I-C), lipopolysaccharide, palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4, or necrotic synovial fluid cells from RA patients in the presence or absence of hydroxychloroquine or Benzonase. Subsequent determination of interferon-beta (IFNbeta), CXCL10, CCL5, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein production in the culture supernatants was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS TLR-3 protein expression was found to be higher in RA synovial tissues than in OA synovial tissues. TLR-3 expression was localized predominantly in the synovial lining, with a majority of the TLR-3-expressing cells coexpressing fibroblast markers. Stimulation of cultured RASFs with the TLR-3 ligand poly(I-C) resulted in the production of high levels of IFNbeta, CXCL10, CCL5, and IL-6 protein. Similarly, coincubation of RASFs with necrotic synovial fluid cells from patients with RA resulted in up-regulation of these cytokines and chemokines in a TLR-3-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the expression of TLR-3 in RA synovial tissue and the activation of RASFs in vitro by the TLR-3 ligand poly(I-C) as well as by necrotic RA synovial fluid cells, and indicate that RNA released from necrotic cells might act as an endogenous TLR-3 ligand for the stimulation of proinflammatory gene expression in RASFs.
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