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Banerjee S, Mukherjee A, Kundu A. The current scenario and future perspectives of transgenic oilseed mustard by CRISPR-Cas9. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7705-7728. [PMID: 37432544 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Production of a designer crop having added attributes is the primary goal of all plant biotechnologists. Specifically, development of a crop with a simple biotechnological approach and at a rapid pace is most desirable. Genetic engineering enables us to displace genes among species. The newly incorporated foreign gene(s) in the host genome can create a new trait(s) by regulating the genotypes and/or phenotypes. The advent of the CRISPR-Cas9 tools has enabled the modification of a plant genome easily by introducing mutation or replacing genomic fragment. Oilseed mustard varieties (e.g., Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica napus, and Brassica carinata) are one such plants, which have been transformed with different genes isolated from the wide range of species. Current reports proved that the yield and value of oilseed mustard has been tremendously improved by the introduction of stably inherited new traits such as insect and herbicide resistance. However, the genetic transformation of oilseed mustard remains incompetent due to lack of potential plant transformation systems. To solve numerous complications involved in genetically modified oilseed mustard crop varieties regeneration procedures, scientific research is being conducted to rectify the unwanted complications. Thus, this study provides a broader overview of the present status of new traits introduced in each mentioned varieties of oilseed mustard plant by different genetical engineering tools, especially CRISPR-Cas9, which will be useful to improve the transformation system of oilseed mustard crop plants. METHODS This review presents recent improvements made in oilseed mustard genetic engineering methodologies by using CRISPR-Cas9 tools, present status of new traits introduced in oilseed mustard plant varieties. RESULTS The review highlighted that the transgenic oilseed mustard production is a challenging process and the transgenic varieties of oilseed mustard provide a powerful tool for enhanced mustard yield. Over expression studies and silencing of desired genes provide functional importance of genes involved in mustard growth and development under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Thus, it can be expected that in near future CRISPR can contribute enormously in improving the mustard plant's architecture and develop stress resilient oilseed mustard plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Ananya Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, WB, 700091, India
| | - Atreyee Kundu
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Saltlake City, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India.
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Maliga P. Engineering the plastid and mitochondrial genomes of flowering plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:996-1006. [PMID: 36038655 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the plastid genome based on homologous recombination is well developed in a few model species. Homologous recombination is also the rule in mitochondria, but transformation of the mitochondrial genome has not been realized in the absence of selective markers. The application of transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-based tools brought about a dramatic change because they can be deployed from nuclear genes and targeted to plastids or mitochondria by an N-terminal targeting sequence. Recognition of the target site in the organellar genomes is ensured by the modular assembly of TALE repeats. In this paper, I review the applications of TAL effector nucleases and TAL effector cytidine deaminases for gene deletion, base editing and mutagenesis in plastids and mitochondria. I also review emerging technologies such as post-transcriptional RNA modification to regulate gene expression, Agrobacterium- and nanoparticle-mediated organellar genome transformation, and self-replicating organellar vectors as production platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Ren W, Jiang Z, Zhang M, Kong L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Fu Q, Ma W. The chloroplast genome of Salix floderusii and characterization of chloroplast regulatory elements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987443. [PMID: 36092427 PMCID: PMC9459086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salix floderusii is a rare alpine tree species in the Salix genus. Unfortunately, no extensive germplasm identification, molecular phylogeny, and chloroplast genomics of this plant have been conducted. We sequenced the chloroplast (cp) genome of S. floderusii for the first time using second-generation sequencing technology. The cp genome was 155,540 bp long, including a large single-copy region (LSC, 84,401 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 16,221 bp), and inverted repeat regions (IR, 54,918 bp). A total of 131 genes were identified, including 86 protein genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The S. floderusii cp genome contains 1 complement repeat, 24 forward repeats, 17 palindromic repeats, and 7 reverse repeats. Analysis of the IR borders showed that the IRa and IRb regions of S. floderusii and Salix caprea were shorter than those of Salix cinerea, which may affect plastome evolution. Furthermore, four highly variable regions were found, including the rpl22 coding region, psbM/trnD-GUC non-coding region, petA/psbJ non-coding region, and ycf1 coding region. These high variable regions can be used as candidate molecular markers and as a reference for identifying future Salix species. In addition, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the cp genome of S. floderusii is sister to Salix cupularis and belongs to the Subgenus Vetrix. Genes (Sf-trnI, Sf-PpsbA, aadA, Sf-TpsbA, Sf-trnA) obtained via cloning were inserted into the pBluescript II SK (+) to yield the cp expression vectors, which harbored the selectable marker gene aadA. The results of a spectinomycin resistance test indicated that the cp expression vector had been successfully constructed. Moreover, the aadA gene was efficiently expressed under the regulation of predicted regulatory elements. The present study provides a solid foundation for establishing subsequent S. floderusii cp transformation systems and developing strategies for the genetic improvement of S. floderusii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhehui Jiang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Houliang Zhang
- Yichun Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Yichun, China
| | - Yunwei Liu
- Yichun Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Yichun, China
| | - Qifeng Fu
- Experimental Teaching and Training Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- Experimental Teaching and Training Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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4
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Elshikh MS, Ajmal Ali M, Al-Hemaid F, Yong Kim S, Elangbam M, Bahadur Gurung A, Mukherjee P, El-Zaidy M, Lee J. Insights into plastome of Fagonia indica Burm.f. (Zygophyllaceae) : organization, annotation and phylogeny. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1313-1321. [PMID: 35280582 PMCID: PMC8913386 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced understanding of chloroplast genomics would facilitate various biotechnology applications; however, the chloroplast (cp) genome / plastome characteristics of plants like Fagonia indica Burm.f. (family Zygophyllaceae), which have the capability to grow in extremely hot sand desert, have been rarely understood. The de novo genome sequence of F. indica using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology determined 128,379 bp long cp genome, encode 115 unique coding genes. The present study added the evidence of the loss of a copy of the IR in the cp genome of the taxa capable to grow in the hot sand desert. The maximum likelihood analysis revealed two distinct sub-clades i.e. Krameriaceae and Zygophyllaceae of the order Zygophyllales, nested within fabids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Hemaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soo Yong Kim
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Meena Elangbam
- Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Studies in Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur 795 003, India
| | - Arun Bahadur Gurung
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Prasanjit Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Kumar Kalidas Memorial College, Pakur-816107, Jharkhand, India
| | - Mohamed El-Zaidy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Valkov VT, Gargano D, Cardi T, Scotti N. Plastid Transformation in Potato: An Important Source of Nutrition and Industrial Materials. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2317:247-256. [PMID: 34028773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1472-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, plastid transformation has been a routine technology only in tobacco due to lack of effective selection and regeneration protocols, and, for some species, due to inefficient recombination using heterologous flanking regions in transformation vectors. Nevertheless, the availability of this technology to economically important crops offers new possibilities in plant breeding to manage pathogen resistance or improve nutritional value. Herein we describe an efficient plastid transformation protocol for potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum), achieved by the optimization of the tissue culture procedures and using transformation vectors carrying homologous potato flanking sequences. This protocol allowed to obtain up to one shoot per shot, an efficiency comparable to that usually accomplished in tobacco. Further, the method described in this chapter has been successfully used to regenerate potato transplastomic plants expressing recombinant GFP protein in chloroplasts and amyloplasts or long double-stranded RNAs for insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir T Valkov
- CNR-IBBR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Daniela Gargano
- CNR-IBBR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Teodoro Cardi
- CNR-IBBR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, Portici (NA), Italy.,CREA-OF, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano (SA), Italy
| | - Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IBBR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, Portici (NA), Italy.
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Rascón-Cruz Q, González-Barriga CD, Iglesias-Figueroa BF, Trejo-Muñoz JC, Siqueiros-Cendón T, Sinagawa-García SR, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Espinoza-Sánchez EA. Plastid transformation: Advances and challenges for its implementation in agricultural crops. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Yarra R. Plastome engineering in vegetable crops: current status and future prospects. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8061-8074. [PMID: 32880066 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastome (plastid genome) engineering has grown up and got smarter for the transgene expression. Plastid transformation has profound benefits over nuclear transformation, includes a higher level of transgene expression, integration via homologous recombination, transgene containment, lack of gene silencing, and position effect. Substantial and fruitful progress has been achieved in plastome engineering of vegetable crops through the use of improved regeneration/selection procedures, plastid transformation vectors with efficient promoters, and 3/, 5/regulatory sequences. Plastid transformation technology developed for vegetable crops being used as a platform for the production of industrially important proteins and some of the genes of agronomic importance has been stably integrated and expressed in plastome. Although great progress has been accomplished in the plastid transformation of vegetable crops, still it is restricted to few species because of the unavailability of whole plastome sequencing. In this review, the author focus on the technology, progress, and advancements in plastid transformation of vegetable plants such as lettuce, tomato, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, eggplant, carrot, soybean, and bitter melon are reviewed. The conclusions, future prospects, and expansion of plastid transformation technology to other vegetable crops for genetic improvement and production of edible vaccines are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Yarra
- Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Plastid Transformation: How Does it Work? Can it Be Applied to Crops? What Can it Offer? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144854. [PMID: 32659946 PMCID: PMC7402345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plant genetic engineering has advanced agriculture in terms of crop improvement, stress and disease resistance, and pharmaceutical biosynthesis. Cells from land plants and algae contain three organelles that harbor DNA: the nucleus, plastid, and mitochondria. Although the most common approach for many plant species is the introduction of foreign DNA into the nucleus (nuclear transformation) via Agrobacterium- or biolistics-mediated delivery of transgenes, plastid transformation offers an alternative means for plant transformation. Since there are many copies of the chloroplast genome in each cell, higher levels of protein accumulation can often be achieved from transgenes inserted in the chloroplast genome compared to the nuclear genome. Chloroplasts are therefore becoming attractive hosts for the introduction of new agronomic traits, as well as for the biosynthesis of high-value pharmaceuticals, biomaterials and industrial enzymes. This review provides a comprehensive historical and biological perspective on plastid transformation, with a focus on current and emerging approaches such as the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as DNA delivery vehicles, overexpressing morphogenic regulators to enhance regeneration ability, applying genome editing techniques to accelerate double-stranded break formation, and reconsidering protoplasts as a viable material for plastid genome engineering, even in transformation-recalcitrant species.
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Farooq N, Nawaz MA, Mukhtar Z, Ali I, Hundleby P, Ahmad N. Investigating the In Vitro Regeneration Potential of Commercial Cultivars of Brassica. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E558. [PMID: 31795525 PMCID: PMC6963692 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro regeneration is a pre-requisite for developing transgenic plants through tissue culture-based genetic engineering approaches. Huge variations among different genotypes of the genus Brassica necessitate the identification of a set of regeneration conditions for a genotype, which can be reliably used in transformation experiments. In this study, we evaluated the morphogenesis potential of four commercial cultivars (Faisal canola, Punjab canola, Aari canola, Nifa Gold) and one model, Westar, from four different explants namely cotyledons, hypocotyls, petioles and roots on three different Brassica regeneration protocols, BRP-I, -II and -III. The regeneration efficiency was observed in the range of 6-73%, 4-79.3%, 0-50.6%, and 0-42.6% from cotyledons, petioles, hypocotyls and roots, respectively, whereas, the regeneration response in terms of average shoots per explant was found to be 0.76-10.9, 0.2-3.2, 0-3.4 and 0-2.7 from these explants. Of the commercial varieties tested, almost all varieties showed poorer regeneration than Westar except Aari canola. In comparison to Westar, its regeneration frequency from cotyledons was up to 7.5-fold higher on BRP-I, while it produced up to 21.9-fold more shoots per explant. Our data show that the explant has strong influence on the regeneration response, ranging from 24% to 92%. While the growth of commercial cultivars was least affected by the regeneration conditions provided, the effect on Westar was twice that of the commercial cultivars. After determining the optimal explant type and regeneration conditions, we also determined the minimum kanamycin concentration levels required to selectively inhibit the growth of untransformed cells for these cultivars. Regenerated shoots of Aari canola could be successfully grown to maturity within 16-18 weeks, with no altered phenotype noted and normal seed yields obtained. Therefore, the commercial variety, Aari canola, could be a good candidate for future genetic transformation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisma Farooq
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Mukhtar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Penny Hundleby
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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van Eerde A, Gottschamel J, Bock R, Hansen KEA, Munang'andu HM, Daniell H, Liu Clarke J. Production of tetravalent dengue virus envelope protein domain III based antigens in lettuce chloroplasts and immunologic analysis for future oral vaccine development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1408-1417. [PMID: 30578710 PMCID: PMC6576073 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is a mosquito (Aedes aegypti) -transmitted viral disease that is endemic in more than 125 countries around the world. There are four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV 1-4) and a safe and effective dengue vaccine must provide protection against all four serotypes. To date, the first vaccine, Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV), is available after many decades' efforts, but only has moderate efficacy. More effective and affordable vaccines are hence required. Plants offer promising vaccine production platforms and food crops offer additional advantages for the production of edible human and animal vaccines, thus eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold storage and sterile delivery. Oral vaccines can elicit humoural and cellular immunity via both the mucosal and humoral immune systems. Here, we report the production of tetravalent EDIII antigen (EDIII-1-4) in stably transformed lettuce chloroplasts. Transplastomic EDIII-1-4-expressing lettuce lines were obtained and homoplasmy was verified by Southern blot analysis. Expression of EDIII-1-4 antigens was demonstrated by immunoblotting, with the EDIII-1-4 antigen accumulating to 3.45% of the total protein content. Immunological assays in rabbits showed immunogenicity of EDIII-1-4. Our in vitro gastrointestinal digestion analysis revealed that EDIII-1-4 antigens are well protected when passing through the oral and gastric digestion phases but underwent degradation during the intestinal phase. Our results demonstrate that lettuce chloroplast engineering is a promising approach for future production of an affordable oral dengue vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- André van Eerde
- NIBIO – Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchDivision of Biotechnology and Plant HealthÅsNorway
| | - Johanna Gottschamel
- NIBIO – Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchDivision of Biotechnology and Plant HealthÅsNorway
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | | | | | - Henry Daniell
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- NIBIO – Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchDivision of Biotechnology and Plant HealthÅsNorway
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Kota S, Lakkam R, Kasula K, Narra M, Qiang H, Rao Allini V, Zanmin H, Abbagani S. Construction of a species-specific vector for improved plastid transformation efficiency in Capsicum annuum L. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:226. [PMID: 31139541 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we focused on designing a species-specific chloroplast vector for Capsicum annuum L. and finding out its transformation efficiency compared to a heterologous vector. The plastid transformation vector (CaIA) was designed to target homologous regions trnA and trnI of IR region. A selectable marker gene aadA, whose expression is controlled by psbA promoter and terminator, was cloned between two flanking regions. A heterologous vector pRB95, which targets trnfM and trnG of LSC region along with aadA driven by rrn promoter and psbA terminator, was also used for developing plastid transformation in Capsicum. Cotyledonary explants were bombarded with stabilized biolistic parameters: 900 psi pressure and 9 cm flight distance, and optimized regeneration protocol (0.7 mg/L TDZ + 0.2 mg/L IAA) was used to obtain transplastomic lines on selection medium (300 mg/L spectinomycin). The aadA integration and homoplasmy were confirmed by obtaining 1.2 and 3.7 kb amplicons in CaIA transformants and subsequently verified by Southern blotting, whereas in pRB95 transformants, integration was confirmed by PCR with 1.45 kb and 255 bp amplicons corresponding to aadA integration and flanks, respectively. The transformation efficiencies attained with two plastid vectors were found to be 20%, i.e., 10 transplastomic lines in 50 bombarded plates, with CaIA and 2%, i.e., 1 transplastomic line in 50 bombarded plates, with heterologous pRB95, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Kota
- 1Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana 506009 India
- 2Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Raghuvardhan Lakkam
- 1Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana 506009 India
| | - Kirnamayee Kasula
- 1Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana 506009 India
- 3Department of Biotechnology, Telangana University, Nizamabad, Telangana 503322 India
| | - Muralikrishna Narra
- 1Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana 506009 India
| | - Hao Qiang
- 2Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - V Rao Allini
- 1Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana 506009 India
| | - Hu Zanmin
- 2Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Sadanandam Abbagani
- 1Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana 506009 India
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Gerszberg A. Tissue culture and genetic transformation of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata): an overview. PLANTA 2018; 248:1037-1048. [PMID: 30066219 PMCID: PMC6182314 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The main goal of this publication is an overview of the biotechnological achievements concerning in vitro cultures and transformation of Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Faced with the requirements of the global food market, intensified work on the genetic transformation of economically important plants is carried out in laboratories around the world. The development of efficient procedures for their regeneration and transformation could be a good solution for obtaining, in a shorter time than by traditional methods, plants with desirable traits. Furthermore, conventional breeding methods are insufficient for crop genetic improvement not only because of being time-consuming but also because they are severely limited by sexual incompatibility barriers. This problem has been overcome by genetic engineering, which seems to be a very good technique for cabbage improvement. Despite the huge progress that has been made in the field of plant regeneration and transformation methods, up to now, no routine transformation procedure has been developed in the case of cabbage. This problem stems from the fact that the efficiency of cabbage transformation is closely related to the genotype and some varieties are recalcitrant to transformation. It is obvious that it is not possible to establish one universal regeneration and transformation protocol for all varieties of cabbage. Therefore, it seems fully justified to develop the above-mentioned procedures for individual economically important cultivars. Despite the obstacles of cabbage transformation in laboratories of many countries, especially those where this vegetable is extremely popular (e.g., China, India, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan), such attempts are made. This article reviews the achievements in the field of tissue culture and cabbage transformation from the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gerszberg
- Department of Genetics, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Rastogi S, Shasany AK. Ocimum Genome Sequencing—A Futuristic Therapeutic Mine. THE OCIMUM GENOME 2018. [PMCID: PMC7124093 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97430-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms from the past decade are in the continuous efforts of changing the impact of sequencing on our current knowledge about plant genes, genomes, and their regulation. Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or sanctum L.) genome sequencing has also paved the path for deeper exploration of the medicinal properties of this beneficial herb making it a true ‘elixir of life.’ The draft genome sequence of the holy basil has not only opened the avenues for the drug discovery but has also widened the prospects of the molecular breeding for development of new improved plant varieties.
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Horn P, Nausch H, Baars S, Schmidtke J, Schmidt K, Schneider A, Leister D, Broer I. Paternal inheritance of plastid-encoded transgenes in Petunia hybrida in the greenhouse and under field conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 16:26-31. [PMID: 29159138 PMCID: PMC5684430 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As already demonstrated in greenhouse trials, outcrossing of transgenic plants can be drastically reduced via transgene integration into the plastid. We verified this result in the field with Petunia, for which the highest paternal leakage has been observed. The variety white 115 (W115) served as recipient and Pink Wave (PW) and the transplastomic variant PW T16, encoding the uidA reporter gene, as pollen donor. While manual pollination in the greenhouse led to over 90% hybrids for both crossings, the transgenic donor resulted only in 2% hybrids in the field. Nevertheless paternal leakage was detected in one case which proves that paternal inheritance of plastid-located transgenes is possible under artificial conditions. In the greenhouse, paternal leakage occurred in a frequency comparable to published results. As expected natural pollination reduced the hybrid formation in the field from 90 to 7.6% and the transgenic donor did not result in any hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Horn
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio- und Gene Technology, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 8, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Henrik Nausch
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio- und Gene Technology, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 8, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Baars
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio- und Gene Technology, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 8, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidtke
- BioMath GmbH, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Str. 8, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmidt
- BioMath GmbH, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Str. 8, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Chair of Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Chair of Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Inge Broer
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio- und Gene Technology, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 8, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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15
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Jia R, Zhao H, Huang J, Kong H, Zhang Y, Guo J, Huang Q, Guo Y, Wei Q, Zuo J, Zhu YJ, Peng M, Guo A. Use of RNAi technology to develop a PRSV-resistant transgenic papaya. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12636. [PMID: 28974762 PMCID: PMC5626737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) seriously limits papaya (Carica papaya L.) production in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Coat protein (CP)- transgenic papaya lines resistant to PRSV isolates in the sequence-homology-dependent manner have been developed in the U.S.A. and Taiwan. A previous investigation revealed that genetic divergence among Hainan isolates of PRSV has allowed the virus to overcome the CP-mediated transgenic resistance. In this study, we designed a comprehensive RNAi strategy targeting the conserved domain of the PRSV CP gene to develop a broader-spectrum transgenic resistance to the Hainan PRSV isolates. We used an optimized particle-bombardment transformation system to produce RNAi-CP-transgenic papaya lines. Southern blot analysis and Droplet Digital PCR revealed that line 474 contained a single transgene insert. Challenging this line with different viruses (PRSV I, II and III subgroup) under greenhouse conditions validated the transgenic resistance of line 474 to the Hainan isolates. Northern blot analysis detected the siRNAs products in virus-free transgenic papaya tissue culture seedlings. The siRNAs also accumulated in PRSV infected transgenic papaya lines. Our results indicated that this transgenic papaya line has a useful application against PRSV in the major growing area of Hainan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizong Jia
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, 96797, Waipahu, HI, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
- School of Basic and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, Hainan, China
| | - Hua Kong
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jingyuan Guo
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qixing Huang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yunling Guo
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Institute of Banana and Plantain, Haikou Substation, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 570102, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiao Zuo
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yun J Zhu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China.
- Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, 96797, Waipahu, HI, USA.
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Anping Guo
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, 571101, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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16
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Kong F, Zhao H, Liu W, Li N, Mao Y. Construction of Plastid Expression Vector and Development of Genetic Transformation System for the Seaweed Pyropia yezoensis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:147-156. [PMID: 28233074 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyropia yezoensis, belonging to the Rhodophyta, is an economically important seaweed. In this study, we developed a high-efficiency plastid transformation platform for P. yezoensis. In the plastid transformation vector, psbA UTR of P. yezoensis, including the promoter and 3' UTR, was used to express foreign genes. The integration site was a transcriptionally active intergenic region between the rrsB and trnI genes, located in the inverted repeat regions of the plastid genome. The CAT and eGFP genes were integrated into the plastid genome at this site. The expression of CAT in the transformants confers resistance to chloramphenicol through the action of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which inactivates the drug, thereby allowing the plant to grow well under selective pressure. The eGFP fluorescence signal was also observed in transformed cells and the transformants. The average survival rate of treated cells was estimated to be approximately 4.2‰ (4 transplastomic colonies per 1000 gametophyte cells). Multiple-PCR analyses confirmed that the CAT and eGFP genes were successfully integrated in the site between rrsB and trnI. Western blot also showed eGFP expression in the cells of transformants. Thus, this study presents the first convenient plastid gene expression system for P. yezoensis and provides an important platform for studying gene function in P. yezoensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanna Kong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Hailong Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weixun Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yunxiang Mao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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17
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Zienkiewicz M, Krupnik T, Drożak A, Golke A, Romanowska E. Transformation of the Cyanidioschyzon merolae chloroplast genome: prospects for understanding chloroplast function in extreme environments. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:171-183. [PMID: 27796719 PMCID: PMC5243890 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully transformed an exthemophilic red alga with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, rendering this organism insensitive to its toxicity. Our work paves the way to further work with this new modelorganism. Here we report the first successful attempt to achieve a stable, under selectable pressure, chloroplast transformation in Cyanidioschizon merolae-an extremophilic red alga of increasing importance as a new model organism. The following protocol takes advantage of a double homologous recombination phenomenon in the chloroplast, allowing to introduce an exogenous, selectable gene. For that purpose, we decided to use chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), as chloroplasts are particularly vulnerable to chloramphenicol lethal effects (Zienkiewicz et al. in Protoplasma, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00709-015-0936-9 ). We adjusted two methods of DNA delivery: the PEG-mediated delivery and the biolistic bombardment based delivery, either of these methods work sufficiently with noticeable preference to the former. Application of a codon-optimized sequence of the cat gene and a single colony selection yielded C. merolae strains, capable of resisting up to 400 µg/mL of chloramphenicol. Our method opens new possibilities in production of site-directed mutants, recombinant proteins and exogenous protein overexpression in C. merolae-a new model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Zienkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Krupnik
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Drożak
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Golke
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Romanowska
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Ahmad N, Michoux F, Lössl AG, Nixon PJ. Challenges and perspectives in commercializing plastid transformation technology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5945-5960. [PMID: 27697788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation has emerged as an alternative platform to generate transgenic plants. Attractive features of this technology include specific integration of transgenes-either individually or as operons-into the plastid genome through homologous recombination, the potential for high-level protein expression, and transgene containment because of the maternal inheritance of plastids. Several issues associated with nuclear transformation such as gene silencing, variable gene expression due to the Mendelian laws of inheritance, and epigenetic regulation have not been observed in the plastid genome. Plastid transformation has been successfully used for the production of therapeutics, vaccines, antigens, and commercial enzymes, and for engineering various agronomic traits including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these demonstrations have usually focused on model systems such as tobacco, and the technology per se has not yet reached the market. Technical factors limiting this technology include the lack of efficient protocols for the transformation of cereals, poor transgene expression in non-green plastids, a limited number of selection markers, and the lengthy procedures required to recover fully segregated plants. This article discusses the technology of transforming the plastid genome, the positive and negative features compared with nuclear transformation, and the current challenges that need to be addressed for successful commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Franck Michoux
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91058 Evry, France
| | - Andreas G Lössl
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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19
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Daniell H, Lin CS, Yu M, Chang WJ. Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering. Genome Biol 2016; 17:134. [PMID: 27339192 PMCID: PMC4918201 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800 sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our understanding of chloroplast biology, intracellular gene transfer, conservation, diversity, and the genetic basis by which chloroplast transgenes can be engineered to enhance plant agronomic traits or to produce high-value agricultural or biomedical products. In this review, we discuss the impact of chloroplast genome sequences on understanding the origins of economically important cultivated species and changes that have taken place during domestication. We also discuss the potential biotechnological applications of chloroplast genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, South 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6030, USA.
| | - Choun-Sea Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, South 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6030, USA
| | - Wan-Jung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Quétier F. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology: Closer to the ultimate toolkit for targeted genome editing. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 242:65-76. [PMID: 26566825 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The first period of plant genome editing was based on Agrobacterium; chemical mutagenesis by EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) and ionizing radiations; each of these technologies led to randomly distributed genome modifications. The second period is associated with the discoveries of homing and meganuclease enzymes during the 80s and 90s, which were then engineered to provide efficient tools for targeted editing. From 2006 to 2012, a few crop plants were successfully and precisely modified using zinc-finger nucleases. A third wave of improvement in genome editing, which led to a dramatic decrease in off-target events, was achieved in 2009-2011 with the TALEN technology. The latest revolution surfaced in 2013 with the CRISPR-Cas9 system, whose high efficiency and technical ease of use is really impressive; scientists can use in-house kits or commercially available kits; the only two requirements are to carefully choose the location of the DNA double strand breaks to be induced and then to order an oligonucleotide. While this close-to- ultimate toolkit for targeted editing of genomes represents dramatic scientific progress which allows the development of more complex useful agronomic traits through synthetic biology, the social acceptance of genome editing remains regularly questioned by anti-GMO citizens and organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Quétier
- University of Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry 91025, France; Genopole, Evry 91025, France.
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21
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Wang YP, Wei ZY, Zhang YY, Lin CJ, Zhong XF, Wang YL, Ma JY, Ma J, Xing SC. Chloroplast-expressed MSI-99 in tobacco improves disease resistance and displays inhibitory effect against rice blast fungus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4628-41. [PMID: 25739079 PMCID: PMC4394439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast is a major destructive fungal disease that poses a serious threat to rice production and the improvement of blast resistance is critical to rice breeding. The antimicrobial peptide MSI-99 has been suggested as an antimicrobial peptide conferring resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases. Here, a vector harboring the MSI-99 gene was constructed and introduced into the tobacco chloroplast genome via particle bombardment. Transformed plants were obtained and verified to be homoplastomic by PCR and Southern hybridization. In planta assays demonstrated that the transgenic tobacco plants displayed an enhanced resistance to the fungal disease. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity revealed that the crude protein extracts from the transgenic plants manifested an antimicrobial activity against E. coli, even after incubation at 120 °C for 20 min, indicating significant heat stability of MSI-99. More importantly, the MSI-99-containing protein extracts were firstly proved in vitro and in vivo to display significant suppressive effects on two rice blast isolates. These findings provide a strong basis for the development of new biopesticides to combat rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, China.
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Zheng-Yi Wei
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Chun-Jing Lin
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Zhong
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Yue-Lin Wang
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Jing-Yong Ma
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, No. 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Shao-Chen Xing
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1363 Shengtai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
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22
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Bock R. Engineering plastid genomes: methods, tools, and applications in basic research and biotechnology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:211-41. [PMID: 25494465 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The small bacterial-type genome of the plastid (chloroplast) can be engineered by genetic transformation, generating cells and plants with transgenic plastid genomes, also referred to as transplastomic plants. The transformation process relies on homologous recombination, thereby facilitating the site-specific alteration of endogenous plastid genes as well as the precisely targeted insertion of foreign genes into the plastid DNA. The technology has been used extensively to analyze chloroplast gene functions and study plastid gene expression at all levels in vivo. Over the years, a large toolbox has been assembled that is now nearly comparable to the techniques available for plant nuclear transformation and that has enabled new applications of transplastomic technology in basic and applied research. This review describes the state of the art in engineering the plastid genomes of algae and land plants (Embryophyta). It provides an overview of the existing tools for plastid genome engineering, discusses current technological limitations, and highlights selected applications that demonstrate the immense potential of chloroplast transformation in several key areas of plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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23
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Rogalski M, do Nascimento Vieira L, Fraga HP, Guerra MP. Plastid genomics in horticultural species: importance and applications for plant population genetics, evolution, and biotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:586. [PMID: 26284102 PMCID: PMC4520007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, plastids, and mitochondria arose from an endosymbiotic process, which determined the presence of three genetic compartments into the incipient plant cell. After that, these three genetic materials from host and symbiont suffered several rearrangements, bringing on a complex interaction between nuclear and organellar gene products. Nowadays, plastids harbor a small genome with ∼130 genes in a 100-220 kb sequence in higher plants. Plastid genes are mostly highly conserved between plant species, being useful for phylogenetic analysis in higher taxa. However, intergenic spacers have a relatively higher mutation rate and are important markers to phylogeographical and plant population genetics analyses. The predominant uniparental inheritance of plastids is like a highly desirable feature for phylogeny studies. Moreover, the gene content and genome rearrangements are efficient tools to capture and understand evolutionary events between different plant species. Currently, genetic engineering of the plastid genome (plastome) offers a number of attractive advantages as high-level of foreign protein expression, marker gene excision, gene expression in operon and transgene containment because of maternal inheritance of plastid genome in most crops. Therefore, plastid genome can be used for adding new characteristics related to synthesis of metabolic compounds, biopharmaceutical, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we describe the importance and applications of plastid genome as tools for genetic and evolutionary studies, and plastid transformation focusing on increasing the performance of horticultural species in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rogalski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
| | - Leila do Nascimento Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, Brazil
| | - Hugo P. Fraga
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, Brazil
| | - Miguel P. Guerra
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Miguel P. Guerra, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Desenvolvimento e Genética Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346 Florianópolis, SC 88034-000, Brazil,
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24
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Ramundo S, Rochaix JD. Controlling expression of genes in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a vitamin-repressible riboswitch. Methods Enzymol 2014; 550:267-81. [PMID: 25605390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast genomes of land plants and algae contain generally between 100 and 150 genes. These genes are involved in plastid gene expression and photosynthesis and in various other tasks. The function of some chloroplast genes is still unknown and some of them appear to be essential for growth and survival. Repressible and reversible expression systems are highly desirable for functional and biochemical characterization of these genes. We have developed a genetic tool that allows one to regulate the expression of any coding sequence in the chloroplast genome of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our system is based on vitamin-regulated expression of the nucleus-encoded chloroplast Nac2 protein, which is specifically required for the expression of any plastid gene fused to the psbD 5'UTR. With this approach, expression of the Nac2 gene in the nucleus and, in turn, that of the chosen chloroplast gene artificially driven by the psbD 5'UTR, is controlled by the MetE promoter and Thi4 riboswitch, which can be inactivated in a reversible way by supplying vitamin B12 and thiamine to the growth medium, respectively. This system opens interesting possibilities for studying the assembly and turnover of chloroplast multiprotein complexes such as the photosystems, the ribosome, and the RNA polymerase. It also provides a way to overcome the toxicity often associated with the expression of proteins of biotechnological interest in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ramundo
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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25
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Low frequency paternal transmission of plastid genes in Brassicaceae. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:267-77. [PMID: 25343875 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastid-encoded genes are maternally inherited in most plant species. Transgenes located on the plastid genome are thus within a natural confinement system, preventing their distribution via pollen. However, a low-frequency leakage of plastids via pollen seems to be universal in plants. Here we report that a very low-level paternal inheritance in Arabidopsis thaliana occurs under field conditions. As pollen donor an Arabidopsis accession (Ler-Ely) was used, which carried a plastid-localized atrazine resistance due to a point mutation in the psbA gene. The frequency of pollen transmission into F1 plants, based on their ability to express the atrazine resistance was 1.9 × 10(-5). We extended our analysis to another cruciferous species, the world-wide cultivated crop Brassica napus. First, we isolated a fertile and stable plastid transformant (T36) in a commercial cultivar of B. napus (cv Drakkar). In T36 the aadA and the bar genes were integrated in the inverted repeat region of the B. napus plastid DNA following particle bombardment of hypocotyl segments. Southern blot analysis confirmed transgene integration and homoplasmy of plastid DNA. Line T36 expressed Basta resistance from the inserted bar gene and this trait was used to estimate the frequency of pollen transmission into F1 plants. A frequency of <2.6 × 10(-5) was determined in the greenhouse. Taken together, our data show a very low rate of paternal plastid transmission in Brassicacea. Moreover, the establishment of plastid transformation in B. napus facilitates a safe use of this important crop plant for plant biotechnology.
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Chen PJ, Senthilkumar R, Jane WN, He Y, Tian Z, Yeh KW. Transplastomic Nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing multiple defence genes encoding protease inhibitors and chitinase display broad-spectrum resistance against insects, pathogens and abiotic stresses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:503-15. [PMID: 24479648 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastid engineering provides several advantages for the next generation of transgenic technology, including the convenient use of transgene stacking and the generation of high expression levels of foreign proteins. With the goal of generating transplastomic plants with multiresistance against both phytopathogens and insects, a construct containing a monocistronic patterned gene stack was transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana plastids harbouring sweet potato sporamin, taro cystatin and chitinase from Paecilomyces javanicus. Transplastomic lines were screened and characterized by Southern/Northern/Western blot analysis for the confirmation of transgene integration and respective expression level. Immunogold localization analyses confirmed the high level of accumulation proteins that were specifically expressed in leaf and root plastids. Subsequent functional bioassays confirmed that the gene stacks conferred a high level of resistance against both insects and phytopathogens. Specifically, larva of Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua either died or exhibited growth retardation after ingesting transplastomic plant leaves. In addition, the inhibitory effects on both leaf spot diseases caused by Alternaria alternata and soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum were markedly observed. Moreover, tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salt/osmotic stress was highly enhanced. The results confirmed that the simultaneous expression of sporamin, cystatin and chitinase conferred a broad spectrum of resistance. Conversely, the expression of single transgenes was not capable of conferring such resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an efficacious stacked combination of plastid-expressed defence genes which resulted in an engineered tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jen Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Valkov VT, Gargano D, Scotti N, Cardi T. Plastid transformation in potato: Solanum tuberosum. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1132:295-303. [PMID: 24599861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-995-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although plastid transformation has attractive advantages and potential applications in plant biotechnology, for long time it has been highly efficient only in tobacco. The lack of efficient selection and regeneration protocols and, for some species, the inefficient recombination using heterologous flanking regions in transformation vectors prevented the extension of the technology to major crops. However, the availability of this technology for species other than tobacco could offer new possibilities in plant breeding, such as resistance management or improvement of nutritional value, with no or limited environmental concerns. Herein we describe an efficient plastid transformation protocol for potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum). By optimizing the tissue culture system and using transformation vectors carrying homologous potato flanking sequences, we obtained up to one transplastomic shoot per bombardment. Such efficiency is comparable to that usually achieved in tobacco. The method described in this chapter can be used to regenerate potato transplastomic plants expressing recombinant proteins in chloroplasts as well as in amyloplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir T Valkov
- CNR-IBBR, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Naples, Italy
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Tseng MJ, Yang MT, Chu WR, Liu CW. Plastid transformation in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) by the biolistic process. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1132:355-66. [PMID: 24599866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-995-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops grown worldwide. Scientists are using biotechnology in addition to traditional breeding methods to develop new cabbage varieties with desirable traits. Recent biotechnological advances in chloroplast transformation technology have opened new avenues for crop improvement. In 2007, we developed a stable plastid transformation system for cabbage and reported the successful transformation of the cry1Ab gene into the cabbage chloroplast genome. This chapter describes the methods for cabbage transformation using biolistic procedures. The following sections are included in this protocol: preparation of donor materials, coating gold particles with DNA, biolistic bombardment, as well as the regeneration and selection of transplastomic cabbage plants. The establishment of a plastid transformation system for cabbage offers new possibilities for introducing new agronomic and horticultural traits into Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menq-Jiau Tseng
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
Basic research has provided a much better understanding of the genetic networks and regulatory hierarchies in plants. To meet the challenges of agriculture, we must be able to rapidly translate this knowledge into generating improved plants. Therefore, in this Review, we discuss advanced tools that are currently available for use in plant biotechnology to produce new products in plants and to generate plants with new functions. These tools include synthetic promoters, 'tunable' transcription factors, genome-editing tools and site-specific recombinases. We also review some tools with the potential to enable crop improvement, such as methods for the assembly and synthesis of large DNA molecules, plant transformation with linked multigenes and plant artificial chromosomes. These genetic technologies should be integrated to realize their potential for applications to pressing agricultural and environmental problems.
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Abstract
Biolistic DNA delivery is an approach to deliver plasmid to culture cells, plants, or animals. Plasmid DNA is usually transferred through bombardment of DNA-coated particles by highly pressurized gas in various kinds of delivery vehicles. The low pressure gene gun can deliver plasmid at lower pressure. Here, we describe methods of biolistic DNA delivery to mice using the low pressure gene gun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chi Yen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Tungsuchat-Huang T, Maliga P. Visual marker and Agrobacterium-delivered recombinase enable the manipulation of the plastid genome in greenhouse-grown tobacco plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:717-25. [PMID: 22268515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Successful manipulation of the plastid genome (ptDNA) has been carried out so far only in tissue-culture cells, a limitation that prevents plastid transformation being applied in major agronomic crops. Our objective is to develop a tissue-culture independent protocol that enables manipulation of plastid genomes directly in plants to yield genetically stable seed progeny. We report that in planta excision of a plastid aurea bar gene (bar(au) ) is detectable in greenhouse-grown plants by restoration of the green pigmentation in tobacco leaves. The P1 phage Cre or PhiC31 phage Int site-specific recombinase was delivered on the Agrobacterium T-DNA injected at the axillary bud site, resulting in the excision of the target-site flanked marker gene. Differentiation of new apical meristems was forced by decapitating the plants above the injection site. The new shoot apex that differentiated at the injection site contained bar(au)-free plastids in 30-40% of the injected plants, of which 7% transmitted the bar(au)-free plastids to the seed progeny. The success of obtaining seed with bar(au)-free plastids depended on repeatedly forcing shoot development from axillary buds, a process that was guided by the size and position of green sectors in the leaves. The success of in planta plastid marker excision proved that manipulation of the plastid genomes is feasible within an intact plant. Extension of the protocol to in planta plastid transformation depends on the development of new protocols for the delivery of transforming DNA encoding visual markers.
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Production of foreign proteins using plastid transformation. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:387-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Wei Z, Liu Y, Lin C, Wang Y, Cai Q, Dong Y, Xing S. Transformation of alfalfa chloroplasts and expression of green fluorescent protein in a forage crop. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:2487-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Clarke JL, Daniell H. Plastid biotechnology for crop production: present status and future perspectives. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:211-20. [PMID: 21437683 PMCID: PMC3482339 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The world population is expected to reach an estimated 9.2 billion by 2050. Therefore, food production globally has to increase by 70% in order to feed the world, while total arable land, which has reached its maximal utilization, may even decrease. Moreover, climate change adds yet another challenge to global food security. In order to feed the world in 2050, biotechnological advances in modern agriculture are essential. Plant genetic engineering, which has created a new wave of global crop production after the first green revolution, will continue to play an important role in modern agriculture to meet these challenges. Plastid genetic engineering, with several unique advantages including transgene containment, has made significant progress in the last two decades in various biotechnology applications including development of crops with high levels of resistance to insects, bacterial, fungal and viral diseases, different types of herbicides, drought, salt and cold tolerance, cytoplasmic male sterility, metabolic engineering, phytoremediation of toxic metals and production of many vaccine antigens, biopharmaceuticals and biofuels. However, useful traits should be engineered via chloroplast genomes of several major crops. This review provides insight into the current state of the art of plastid engineering in relation to agricultural production, especially for engineering agronomic traits. Understanding the bottleneck of this technology and challenges for improvement of major crops in a changing climate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Liu Clarke
- Plant Health and Protection Division, Bioforsk- Norwegian, Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Hoegskoleveien 7, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 336 Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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Rogalski M, Carrer H. Engineering plastid fatty acid biosynthesis to improve food quality and biofuel production in higher plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:554-64. [PMID: 21535359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate plant fatty acid biosynthesis by using new biotechnological approaches has allowed the production of transgenic plants with unusual fatty acid profile and increased oil content. This review focuses on the production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and the increase in oil content in plants using molecular biology tools. Evidences suggest that regular consumption of food rich in VLCPUFAs has multiple positive health benefits. Alternative sources of these nutritional fatty acids are found in cold-water fishes. However, fish stocks are in severe decline because of decades of overfishing, and also fish oils can be contaminated by the accumulation of toxic compounds. Recently, there is also an increase in oilseed use for the production of biofuels. This tendency is partly associated with the rapidly rising costs of petroleum, increased concern about the environmental impact of fossil oil and the attractive need to develop renewable sources of fuel. In contrast to this scenario, oil derived from crop plants is normally contaminant free and less environmentally aggressive. Genetic engineering of the plastid genome (plastome) offers a number of attractive advantages, including high-level foreign protein expression, marker-gene excision and transgene containment because of maternal inheritance of plastid genome in most crops. Here, we describe the possibility to improve fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids, production of new fatty acids and increase their content in plants by genetic engineering of plastid fatty acid biosynthesis via plastid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rogalski
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba-SP. 13418-900, Brazil
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Day A, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. The chloroplast transformation toolbox: selectable markers and marker removal. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:540-53. [PMID: 21426476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation is widely used in basic research and for biotechnological applications. Initially developed in Chlamydomonas and tobacco, it is now feasible in a broad range of species. Selection of transgenic lines where all copies of the polyploid plastid genome are transformed requires efficient markers. A number of traits have been used for selection such as photoautotrophy, resistance to antibiotics and tolerance to herbicides or to other metabolic inhibitors. Restoration of photosynthesis is an effective primary selection method in Chlamydomonas but can only serve as a screening tool in flowering plants. The most successful and widely used markers are derived from bacterial genes that inactivate antibiotics, such as aadA that confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. For many applications, the presence of a selectable marker that confers antibiotic resistance is not desirable. Efficient marker removal methods are a major attraction of the plastid engineering tool kit. They exploit the homologous recombination and segregation pathways acting on chloroplast genomes and are based on direct repeats, transient co-integration or co-transformation and segregation of trait and marker genes. Foreign site-specific recombinases and their target sites provide an alternative and effective method for removing marker genes from plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Day
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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38
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Cui C, Song F, Tan Y, Zhou X, Zhao W, Ma F, Liu Y, Hussain J, Wang Y, Yang G, He G. Stable chloroplast transformation of immature scutella and inflorescences in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:284-91. [PMID: 21343162 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast transformation in wheat was achieved by bombardment of scutella from immature embryos and immature inflorescences, respectively. A wheat chloroplast site-specific expression vector, pBAGNRK, was constructed by placing an expression cassette containing neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and green fluorescent protein (gfp) as selection and reporter genes, respectively, in the intergenic spacer between atpB and rbcL of wheat chloroplast genome. Integration of gfp gene in the plastome was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and Southern blotting using gfp gene as a probe. Expression of GFP protein was examined by western blot. Three positive transformants were obtained and the Southern blot of partial fragment of atpB and rbcL (targeting site) probes verified that one of them was homoplasmic. Stable expression of GFP fluorescence was confirmed by confocal microscopy in the leaf tissues from T(1) progeny seedlings. PCR analysis of gfp gene also confirmed the inheritance of transgene in the T(1) progeny. These results strengthen the feasibility of wheat chloroplast transformation and also give a novel method for the introduction of important agronomic traits in wheat through chloroplast transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Cui
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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Maliga P, Bock R. Plastid biotechnology: food, fuel, and medicine for the 21st century. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1501-10. [PMID: 21239622 PMCID: PMC3091108 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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40
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Filipenko EA, Sidorchuk YV, Titov II, Maltsev VP, Deineko EV. Spontaneous spectinomycin resistance mutations detected after biolistic transformation of Daucus carota L. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 17:79-86. [PMID: 23572997 PMCID: PMC3550566 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-011-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spectinomycin resistant mutant carrot (Daucus carota L.) callus lines detected in the experiments on biolistic transformation of plastome were analyzed. It has been found that this antibiotic resistance is determined by point nucleotide substitutions at two distinct sites of the chloroplast gene rrn16, coding for 16S rRNA, namely, G1012T, G1012C, and A1138G. The detected mutations are localized to the 16S rRNA region forming helix h34, which contains spectinomycin binding site, and lead to its destabilization by several kilocalories per mole. Comparative analysis of rrn16 gene sequences has demonstrated conservation of the positions of the nucleotide substitutions determining this antibiotic resistance in carrot (D. carota L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and bladder pod (Lesquerella fendleri L.), as well as in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Filipenko
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Yuri V. Sidorchuk
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Igor I. Titov
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Valery P. Maltsev
- />Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Elena V. Deineko
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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41
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Lutz KA, Azhagiri A, Maliga P. Transplastomics in Arabidopsis: progress toward developing an efficient method. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 774:133-47. [PMID: 21822837 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-234-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protocols developed for plastome engineering in Nicotiana tabacum rely on biolistic delivery of the transforming DNA to chloroplasts in intact leaf tissue; integration of the foreign DNA into the plastid genome by homologous recombination via flanking plastid DNA (ptDNA) targeting regions; and gradual dilution of non-transformed ptDNA during cultivation in vitro. Plastid transformation in Arabidopsis was obtained by combining the tobacco leaf transformation protocol with Arabidopsis-specific tissue culture and plant regeneration protocols. Because the leaf cells in Arabidopsis are polyploid, this protocol yielded sterile plants. Meristematic cells in a shoot apex or cells of a developing embryo are diploid. Therefore, we developed a regulated embryogenic root culture system that will generate diploid tissue for plastid transformation. This embryogenic culture system is created by steroid-inducible expression of the BABY BOOM transcription factor. Plastid transformation in Arabidopsis will enable the probing of plastid gene function, and the characterization of posttranscriptional mechanisms of gene regulation and the regulatory interactions of plastid and nuclear genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Ann Lutz
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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42
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Maliga P, Svab Z. Engineering the plastid genome of Nicotiana sylvestris, a diploid model species for plastid genetics. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 701:37-50. [PMID: 21181523 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-957-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The plastids of higher plants have their own ∼120-160-kb genome that is present in 1,000-10,000 copies per cell. Engineering of the plastid genome (ptDNA) is based on homologous recombination between the plastid genome and cloned ptDNA sequences in the vector. A uniform population of engineered ptDNA is obtained by selection for marker genes encoded in the vectors. Manipulations of ptDNA include (1) insertion of transgenes in intergenic regions; (2) posttransformation excision of marker genes to obtain marker-free plants; (3) gene knockouts and gene knockdowns, and (4) cotransformation with multiple plasmids to introduce nonselected genes without physical linkage to marker genes. Most experiments on plastome engineering have been carried out in the allotetraploid Nicotiana tabacum. We report here for the first time plastid transformation in Nicotiana sylvestris, a diploid ornamental species. We demonstrate that the protocols and vectors developed for plastid transformation in N. tabacum are directly applicable to N. sylvestris with the advantage that the N. sylvestris transplastomic lines are suitable for mutant screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Wani SH, Haider N, Kumar H, Singh N. Plant plastid engineering. Curr Genomics 2010; 11:500-12. [PMID: 21532834 PMCID: PMC3048312 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793175912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic material in plants is distributed into nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. Plastid has a central role of carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells. Plastid transformation is becoming more popular and an alternative to nuclear gene transformation because of various advantages like high protein levels, the feasibility of expressing multiple proteins from polycistronic mRNAs, and gene containment through the lack of pollen transmission. Recently, much progress in plastid engineering has been made. In addition to model plant tobacco, many transplastomic crop plants have been generated which possess higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and molecular pharming. In this mini review, we will discuss the features of the plastid DNA and advantages of plastid transformation. We will also present some examples of transplastomic plants developed so far through plastid engineering, and the various applications of plastid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir H. Wani
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Srinagar, (J&K), 190 007, India
| | - Nadia Haider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, AECS, Damascus P. O. Box 6091, Syria
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
| | - N.B. Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, COA, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, 795 004, India
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44
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Cardi T, Lenzi P, Maliga P. Chloroplasts as expression platforms for plant-produced vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:893-911. [PMID: 20673012 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Production of recombinant subunit vaccines from genes incorporated in the plastid genome is advantageous because of the attainable expression level due to high transgene copy number and the absence of gene silencing; biocontainment as a consequence of maternal inheritance of plastids and no transgene presence in the pollen; and expression of multiple transgenes in prokaryotic-like operons. We discuss the core technology of plastid transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular alga, and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), a flowering plant species, and demonstrate the utility of the technology for the production of recombinant vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Cardi
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Portici, Italy.
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45
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Cheng L, Li HP, Qu B, Huang T, Tu JX, Fu TD, Liao YC. Chloroplast transformation of rapeseed (Brassica napus) by particle bombardment of cotyledons. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:371-81. [PMID: 20179937 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for chloroplast transformation of an elite rapeseed cultivar (Brassica napus L.) was developed based on optimized conditions for callus induction and regeneration from cotyledonary tissues. Comparison of six different media with three elite cultivars showed that B5 medium plus 3 mg/l AgNO(3) supplemented with 0.6 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.2 mg/l 6-furfurylaminopurine was optimal for callus formation and maintenance without differentiation, while the medium suitable for regeneration was B5 medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine, 1 mg/l 6-furfurylaminopurine and 0.5 mg/l alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid. A rapeseed-specific chloroplast transformation vector was constructed with the trnI and trnA sequences amplified from the rapeseed chloroplast genome using two primers designed according to Arabidopsis homologs. The aadA gene was used as a selection marker regulated by the ribosome-binding site from the bacteriophage T7 gene 10L, the tobacco 16S rRNA promoter and the psbA terminator. After bombardment, cotyledonary segments were cultured for callus formation on media containing 10 mg/l spectinomycin and regeneration was carried out on medium with 20 mg/l spectinomycin. Heteroplasmic plastid transformants were isolated. An overall efficiency for the chloroplast transformation was one transplastomic plant per four bombarded plates. Southern blot analyses demonstrated proper integration of the target sequence into the rapeseed chloroplast genome via homologous recombination. The expression of the aadA gene was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Analysis of T1 transplastomic plants revealed that the transgenes integrated into the chloroplast were inheritable with a ratio of about 8%. These results suggest that rapeseed may be a suitable crop for chloroplast transformation with cotyledons as explants under appropriate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Vegetables. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 2010. [PMCID: PMC7121345 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The conscious promotion of health by an appropriate, balanced diet has become an important social request. Vegetable thereby possesses a special importance due to its high vitamin, mineral and dietary fibre content. Major progress has been made over the past few years in the transformation of vegetables. The expression of several genes has been inhibited by sense gene suppression, and new traits caused by new gene constructs are stably inherited. This chapter reviews advances in various traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality improvement, pharmaceutical and industrial application. Results are presented from most important vegetable families, like Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Liliaceae. Although many research trends in this report are positive, only a few transgenic vegetables have been released from confined into precommercial testing or into use.
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Advances in chloroplast engineering. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:387-98. [PMID: 19631913 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a pivotal organelle in plant cells and eukaryotic algae to carry out photosynthesis, which provides the primary source of the world's food. The expression of foreign genes in chloroplasts offers several advantages over their expression in the nucleus: high-level expression, transgene stacking in operons and a lack of epigenetic interference allowing stable transgene expression. In addition, transgenic chloroplasts are generally not transmitted through pollen grains because of the cytoplasmic localization. In the past two decades, great progress in chloroplast engineering has been made. In this paper, we review and highlight recent studies of chloroplast engineering, including chloroplast transformation procedures, controlled expression of plastid transgenes in plants, the expression of foreign genes for improvement of plant traits, the production of biopharmaceuticals, metabolic pathway engineering in plants, plastid transformation to study RNA editing, and marker gene excision system.
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Singh AK, Verma SS, Bansal KC. Plastid transformation in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Transgenic Res 2009; 19:113-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Villemejane J, Mir LM. Physical methods of nucleic acid transfer: general concepts and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:207-19. [PMID: 19154421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical methods of gene (and/or drug) transfer need to combine two effects to deliver the therapeutic material into cells. The physical methods must induce reversible alterations in the plasma membrane to allow the direct passage of the molecules of interest into the cell cytosol. They must also bring the nucleic acids in contact with the permeabilized plasma membrane or facilitate access to the inside of the cell. These two effects can be achieved in one or more steps, depending upon the methods employed. In this review, we describe and compare several physical methods: biolistics, jet injection, hydrodynamic injection, ultrasound, magnetic field and electric pulse mediated gene transfer. We describe the physical mechanisms underlying these approaches and discuss the advantages and limitations of each approach as well as its potential application in research or in preclinical and clinical trials. We also provide conclusions, comparisons, and projections for future developments. While some of these methods are already in use in man, some are still under development or are used only within clinical trials for gene transfer. The possibilities offered by these methods are, however, not restricted to the transfer of genes and the complementary uses of these technologies are also discussed. As these methods of gene transfer may bypass some of the side effects linked to viral or biochemical approaches, they may find their place in specific clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Villemejane
- CNRS, UMR 8121, Institut Gustave Roussy PR2, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif Cedex, France
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