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Mukami A, Juma BS, Mweu C, Ngugi M, Oduor R, Mbinda WM. Plant regeneration from leaf mesophyll derived protoplasts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278717. [PMID: 36454974 PMCID: PMC9714804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A high yield of isolated protoplast and reliable regeneration system are prerequisite for successful somatic hybridization and genome editing research. However, reproducible plant regeneration from protoplasts remains a bottleneck for many crops, including cassava. We evaluated several factors that influence isolation of viable protoplasts form leaf mesophyll, induction of embryogenic calli, and regeneration of plants in three cassava cultivars; Muchericheri, TMS60444 and Karibuni. A relatively higher protoplast yield was obtained with enzyme mixture containing 5 g/L Macerozyme and 10 g/L cellulase. Muchericheri recorded relatively higher protoplast yield of 20.50±0.50×106 whereas TMS60444 (10.25±0.25×106) had the least protoplast yield in 10 g/L cellulase and 4 g/L cellulase. Freshly isolated protoplast cells were plated on callus induction medium (CIM) solid medium containing MS basal salt, 60 g/L D-glucose, 30 g/L sucrose, B5 vitamins, 100 mg/L myo-inositol, 0.5 mg/L copper sulphate, 100 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 4.55 g/L mannitol, 0.1 g/L MES, 10 mg/L picloram and 3 g/L gelrite to induce protoplast growth and development. The three cultivars reached colony formation but no further development was observed in this culture method. Protoplast growth and development was further evaluated in suspension culture using varying cell densities (1, 2 and 3× 105 p/mL). Development with highest number of minicalli was observed in cell density of 3× 105 p/mL. Minicalli obtained were cultured on CIM supplemented with 10mg/L picloram. Callus induction was observed in all cell densities with the cultivars. Highest somatic embryogenesis was observed in 2× 105 p/ml while no somatic embryogenesis was observed in cell density of 1×105 p/mL. Somatic embryos were matured in EMM medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, 0.02 mg/L NAA and 1.5 mg/L GA3 then germinated in hormone free medium for plant regeneration. This protocol which used simple mixture of commercial enzymes is highly reproducible and can be applied in biotechnology research on cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunta Mukami
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Bicko Steve Juma
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cecilia Mweu
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Ngugi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Oduor
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wilton Mwema Mbinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- * E-mail: ,
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Murray-Watson RE, Hamelin FM, Cunniffe NJ. How growers make decisions impacts plant disease control. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010309. [PMID: 35994449 PMCID: PMC9394827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the spread of plant disease depends strongly on biological factors driving transmission, it also has a human dimension. Disease control depends on decisions made by individual growers, who are in turn influenced by a broad range of factors. Despite this, human behaviour has rarely been included in plant epidemic models. Considering Cassava Brown Streak Disease, we model how the perceived increase in profit due to disease management influences participation in clean seed systems (CSS). Our models are rooted in game theory, with growers making strategic decisions based on the expected profitability of different control strategies. We find that both the information used by growers to assess profitability and the perception of economic and epidemiological parameters influence long-term participation in the CSS. Over-estimation of infection risk leads to lower participation in the CSS, as growers perceive that paying for the CSS will be futile. Additionally, even though good disease management can be achieved through the implementation of CSS, and a scenario where all controllers use the CSS is achievable when growers base their decision on the average of their entire strategy, CBSD is rarely eliminated from the system. These results are robust to stochastic and spatial effects. Our work highlights the importance of including human behaviour in plant disease models, but also the significance of how that behaviour is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Utsumi Y, Utsumi C, Tanaka M, Okamoto Y, Takahashi S, Huong TT, Nguyen AV, Van Dong N, Tokunaga H, Taylor N, Seki M. Agrobacterium-mediated cassava transformation for the Asian elite variety KU50. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:271-282. [PMID: 34825349 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cassava genetic transformation has mostly been reported for African cassava varieties, but not for Asian varieties. This is the first report of cassava transformation in Asian elite varieties using friable embryogenic calli. Agrobacterium-mediated cassava transformation via friable embryogenic calli (FEC) has enabled the robust production of transgenic cassava. So far, mostly the model cassava variety 60444 and African varieties have been transformed because of their good production and regeneration from embryogenic tissues. It is important to develop transformation methods for elite Asian cassava varieties to meet the changing needs in one of the world's major cassava production areas. However, a suitable transformation method for the Asian elite variety Kasetsart 50 (KU50) has not been developed. Here, we report a transformation method for KU50, the cultivar with the highest planting area in Thailand and Vietnam. In cassava transformation, the preparation of FEC as the target tissue for transgene integration is a key step. FEC induction from KU50 was improved by using media with reduced nutrients and excess vitamin B1, and somatic embryo and plant regeneration optimized by manipulation of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and benzylamino purine (BAP). The transformation efficiency for KU50 was 22%, approximately half that of 60444 at 45%. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression of genes related to cell-wall loosening was upregulated in FEC from KU50 compared with 60444, indicating that cell-wall production and assembly were disproportionate in the Asian variety. The transformation system for KU50 reported here will contribute to the molecular breeding of cassava plants for Asian farmers using transgenic and genome-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Utsumi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Chikako Utsumi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshie Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tong Thi Huong
- Agricultural Genetic Institute, Km 2, Pham Van Dong Road, Tuliem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Vu Nguyen
- Agricultural Genetic Institute, Km 2, Pham Van Dong Road, Tuliem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Dong
- Agricultural Genetic Institute, Km 2, Pham Van Dong Road, Tuliem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroki Tokunaga
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nigel Taylor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Genomic Network Research Team, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan.
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Beyene G, Chauhan RD, Gehan J, Siritunga D, Taylor N. Cassava shrunken-2 homolog MeAPL3 determines storage root starch and dry matter content and modulates storage root postharvest physiological deterioration. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:283-299. [PMID: 32270429 PMCID: PMC9163024 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the five cassava isoforms (MeAPL1-MeAPL5), MeAPL3 is responsible for determining storage root starch content. Degree of storage root postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is directly correlated with starch content. AGPase is heterotetramer composed of two small and two large subunits each coded by small gene families in higher plants. Studies in cassava (Manihot esculenta) identified and characterized five isoforms of Manihot esculenta ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit (MeAPL1-MeAPL5) and employed virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) to show that MeAPL3 is the key isoform responsible for starch and dry matter accumulation in cassava storage roots. Silencing of MeAPL3 in cassava through stable transgenic lines resulted in plants displaying significant reduction in storage root starch and dry matter content (DMC) and induced a distinct phenotype associated with increased petiole/stem angle, resulting in a droopy leaf phenotype. Plants with reduced starch and DMC also displayed significantly reduced or no postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) compared to controls and lines with high DMC and starch content. This provides strong evidence for direct relationships between starch/dry matter content and its role in PPD and canopy architecture traits in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Beyene
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Jackson Gehan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
| | - Nigel Taylor
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Nyirakanani C, Bizimana JP, Kwibuka Y, Nduwumuremyi A, Bigirimana VDP, Bucagu C, Lassois L, Malice E, Gengler N, Massart S, Bragard C, Habtu M, Brostaux Y, Thonar C, Vanderschuren H. Farmer and Field Survey in Cassava-Growing Districts of Rwanda Reveals Key Factors Associated With Cassava Brown Streak Disease Incidence and Cassava Productivity. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.699655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a vital crop in Rwanda where it ranks as the third most consumed staple. However, cassava productivity remains below its yield potential due to several constraints, including important viral diseases, such as cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Because various factors can be addressed to mitigate the impact of viral diseases, it is essential to identify routes of virus contamination in the cassava agrosystems from the seed system to farmer's practices and knowledge. The present study aimed at (1) assessing the current cassava seed system and farmers' practices and their knowledge of the biotic constraints to cassava production, (2) determining the status of CBSD as well as critical factors associated with its spread through the seed system channels, and (3) determining factors that influence cassava productivity in Rwanda. A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2019 in 13 districts of Rwanda. A total of 130 farmers and cassava fields were visited, and the incidence and severity of CBSD were evaluated. CBSD was detected in all cassava-producing districts. The highest field incidence of CBSD was recorded in the Nyanza district (62%; 95% CI = 56–67%) followed by the Bugesera district (60%; 95% CI = 54–65%), which recorded the highest severity score of 3.0 ± 0.6. RT-PCR revealed the presence of CBSD at the rate of 35.3%. Ugandan cassava brown streak virus was predominant (21.5%) although cassava brown streak virus was 4% and mixed infection was 10%. An informal cassava seed system was dominant among individual farmers, whereas most cooperatives used quality seeds. Cassava production was found to be significantly influenced by the use of fertilizer, size of the land, farming system, cassava viral disease, and type of cassava varieties grown (p < 0.001). Disease management measures were practiced by a half of participants only. Factors found to be significantly associated with CBSD infection (p < 0.05) were the source of cuttings, proximity to borders, age of cassava, and knowledge of CBSD transmission and management.
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6
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Hu W, Ji C, Liang Z, Ye J, Ou W, Ding Z, Zhou G, Tie W, Yan Y, Yang J, Ma L, Yang X, Wei Y, Jin Z, Xie J, Peng M, Wang W, Guo A, Xu B, Guo J, Chen S, Wang M, Zhou Y, Li X, Li R, Xiao X, Wan Z, An F, Zhang J, Leng Q, Li Y, Shi H, Ming R, Li K. Resequencing of 388 cassava accessions identifies valuable loci and selection for variation in heterozygosity. Genome Biol 2021; 22:316. [PMID: 34784936 PMCID: PMC8594203 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygous genomes are widespread in outcrossing and clonally propagated crops. However, the variation in heterozygosity underlying key agronomic traits and crop domestication remains largely unknown. Cassava is a staple crop in Africa and other tropical regions and has a highly heterozygous genome. Results We describe a genomic variation map from 388 resequenced genomes of cassava cultivars and wild accessions. We identify 52 loci for 23 agronomic traits through a genome-wide association study. Eighteen allelic variations in heterozygosity for nine candidate genes are significantly associated with seven key agronomic traits. We detect 81 selective sweeps with decreasing heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity, harboring 548 genes, which are enriched in multiple biological processes including growth, development, hormone metabolisms and responses, and immune-related processes. Artificial selection for decreased heterozygosity has contributed to the domestication of the large starchy storage root of cassava. Selection for homozygous GG allele in MeTIR1 during domestication contributes to increased starch content. Selection of homozygous AA allele in MeAHL17 is associated with increased storage root weight and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) susceptibility. We have verified the positive roles of MeTIR1 in increasing starch content and MeAHL17 in resistance to CBB by transient overexpression and silencing analysis. The allelic combinations in MeTIR1 and MeAHL17 may result in high starch content and resistance to CBB. Conclusions This study provides insights into allelic variation in heterozygosity associated with key agronomic traits and cassava domestication. It also offers valuable resources for the improvement of cassava and other highly heterozygous crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-021-02524-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China. .,Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China. .,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Changmian Ji
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhe Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqiu Ye
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zehong Ding
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Liming Ma
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Anping Guo
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jianchun Guo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | | | - Yang Zhou
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xinhui Xiao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhongqing Wan
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Feifei An
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qingyun Leng
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yin Li
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China. .,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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7
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Li C, Dong G, Bian M, Liu X, Gong J, Hao J, Wang W, Li K, Ou W, Xia T. Brewing rich 2-phenylethanol beer from cassava and its producing metabolisms in yeast. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4050-4058. [PMID: 33349937 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava is rich in nutrition and has high edible value, but the development of the cassava industry is limited by the traditional low added value processing and utilization mode. In this study, cassava tuber was used as beer adjunct to develop a complete set of fermentation technology for manufacturing cassava beer. RESULTS The activities of transaminase, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and dehydrogenase in 2-phenylethanol Ehrlich biosynthesis pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were higher in cassava beer than that of malt beer. Aminotransferase ARO9 gene and phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 gene were up-regulated in the late stage of fermentation, which indicated that they were the main regulated genes of 2-phenylethanol Ehrlich pathway with phenylalanine as substrate in cassava beer preparation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with traditional wheat beer, cassava beer was similar in the content of nutrition elements, diacetyl, total acid, alcohol and carbon dioxide, but has the characteristics of fresh fragrance and better taste. The hydrocyanic acid contained in cassava root tubes was catabolized during fermentation and compliant with the safety standard of beverage. Further study found that the content of 2-phenylethanol in cassava beer increased significantly, which gave cassava beer a unique elegant and delicate rose flavor. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Geyu Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Bian
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- TsingTao Brewery (Jinan) Co. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Hao
- TsingTao Brewery (Jinan) Co. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haiko, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetics Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haiko, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crops Genetics Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haiko, China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
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8
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De Bauw P, Birindwa D, Merckx R, Boeraeve M, Munyahali W, Peeters G, Bolaji T, Honnay O. Improved genotypes and fertilizers, not fallow duration, increase cassava yields without compromising arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus richness or diversity. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:483-496. [PMID: 34173082 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous in agroecosystems, but their role in mediating agricultural yield remains contested. Field experiments testing effects of realistic agronomic practices of intensification on AM fungus composition and yields are scarce, especially in the low-input systems of sub-Saharan Africa. A large, full-factorial field experiment was conducted in South-Kivu (DR Congo), testing effects of fallow duration (6 vs. 12 months), genotype (landrace vs. improved), and fertilizer management (control vs. five combinations omitting N, P, K, and/or secondary macro- and micronutrients) on yields of cassava, an important staple crop strongly colonized by AMF. Furthermore, we used DNA-metabarcoding to evaluate effects of these agronomic practices on the AM fungal communities on the roots. The shorter fallow duration strongly increased diversity and richness of AMF, but this did not correspond with increased yields. Cassava yield was mainly determined by genotype, being largest for the improved genotype, which coincided with a significantly higher sum of AM fungal sequences. Effects of fertilizer or genotype on community composition were minor to absent. We found no evidence that increased AMF richness and diversity enhanced cassava yields. In contrast, the use of the improved genotype and mineral fertilizers strongly benefitted yields, without compromising richness or diversity of AMF. Cassava-AMF associations in this work appear robust to fertilizer amendments and modern genotype improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan De Bauw
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 20-3001, Leuven, KU, Belgium.
| | - Damas Birindwa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 20-3001, Leuven, KU, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roel Merckx
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 20-3001, Leuven, KU, Belgium
| | - Margaux Boeraeve
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wivine Munyahali
- Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gerrit Peeters
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thanni Bolaji
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Anjanappa RB, Gruissem W. Current progress and challenges in crop genetic transformation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 261:153411. [PMID: 33872932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation remains the most sought-after technology for functional genomics and crop genetic improvement, especially for introducing specific new traits and to modify or recombine already existing traits. Along with many other agricultural technologies, the global production of genetically engineered crops has steadily grown since they were first introduced 25 years ago. Since the first transfer of DNA into plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, different transformation methods have enabled rapid advances in molecular breeding approaches to bring crop varieties with novel traits to the market that would be difficult or not possible to achieve with conventional breeding methods. Today, transformation to produce genetically engineered crops is the fastest and most widely adopted technology in agriculture. The rapidly increasing number of sequenced plant genomes and information from functional genomics data to understand gene function, together with novel gene cloning and tissue culture methods, is further accelerating crop improvement and trait development. These advances are welcome and needed to make crops more resilient to climate change and to secure their yield for feeding the increasing human population. Despite the success, transformation remains a bottleneck because many plant species and crop genotypes are recalcitrant to established tissue culture and regeneration conditions, or they show poor transformability. Improvements are possible using morphogenetic transcriptional regulators, but their broader applicability remains to be tested. Advances in genome editing techniques and direct, non-tissue culture-based transformation methods offer alternative approaches to enhance varietal development in other recalcitrant crops. Here, we review recent developments in plant transformation and regeneration, and discuss opportunities for new breeding technologies in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi B Anjanappa
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Xue S, Wang W, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H, Li S. Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava ( Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020307. [PMID: 33530353 PMCID: PMC7912291 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue is a by-product of cassava processing. Although it contains residual nutrients, it is highly perishable. Decayed cassava residue pollutes the environment and leads to major losses in feed. If cassava residue could be utilized as a dairy cow feedstuff, these problems could be solved. Our study showed that cassava residue is a good alternative to concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. Furthermore, our data demonstrate the efficacy of the application of cassava residue as a feed for dairy cows and could help solve the shortage of feed resources in China. Abstract The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shengli Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-1254
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Mbanjo EGN, Rabbi IY, Ferguson ME, Kayondo SI, Eng NH, Tripathi L, Kulakow P, Egesi C. Technological Innovations for Improving Cassava Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Front Genet 2021; 11:623736. [PMID: 33552138 PMCID: PMC7859516 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.623736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava is crucial for food security of millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. The crop has great potential to contribute to African development and is increasing its income-earning potential for small-scale farmers and related value chains on the continent. Therefore, it is critical to increase cassava production, as well as its quality attributes. Technological innovations offer great potential to drive this envisioned change. This paper highlights genomic tools and resources available in cassava. The paper also provides a glimpse of how these resources have been used to screen and understand the pattern of cassava genetic diversity on the continent. Here, we reviewed the approaches currently used for phenotyping cassava traits, highlighting the methodologies used to link genotypic and phenotypic information, dissect the genetics architecture of key cassava traits, and identify quantitative trait loci/markers significantly associated with those traits. Additionally, we examined how knowledge acquired is utilized to contribute to crop improvement. We explored major approaches applied in the field of molecular breeding for cassava, their promises, and limitations. We also examined the role of national agricultural research systems as key partners for sustainable cassava production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ng Hwa Eng
- CGIAR Excellence in Breeding Platform, El Batan, Mexico
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Kulakow
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chiedozie Egesi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
- National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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12
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Himani, Kumar N, Prabhakar PK, Pant V. Physical, Mechanical, Functional, and Thermal Characterization of Chitosan: Maltodextrin Blends Edible Oral Film Incorporated with Aqueous Clove Extract. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Himani
- Department of Food Business Management and Entrepreneurship Development National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management Plot No. 97, Secotor‐56, Kundli Sonipat Haryana 131028 India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management Plot No. 97, Secotor‐56, Kundli Sonipat Haryana 131028 India
| | - Pramod K Prabhakar
- Department of Food Science and Technology National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management Plot No. 97, Secotor‐56, Kundli Sonipat Haryana 131028 India
| | - Vimal Pant
- Department of Food Business Management and Entrepreneurship Development National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management Plot No. 97, Secotor‐56, Kundli Sonipat Haryana 131028 India
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Sessou AF, Kahia JW, Houngue JA, Ateka EM, Dadjo C, Ahanhanzo C. In vitro propagation of three mosaic disease resistant cassava cultivars. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:51. [PMID: 32993601 PMCID: PMC7526170 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cassava is a staple food for over 800 million people globally providing a cheap source of carbohydrate. However, the cultivation of cassava in the country is facing to viral diseases, particularly cassava mosaic disease (CMD) which can cause up to 95% yield losses. With aim to supply farmers demand for clean planting materials, there is need to accelerate the production of the elite cultivars by use of tissue culture in order to cope with the demand. Methods Nodal explants harvested from the greenhouse grown plants were sterilised using different concentrations of a commercial bleach JIK (3.85% NaOCl) and varying time intervals. Microshoots induction was evaluated using thidiazuron (TDZ), benzyl amino purine (BAP), and kinetin. Rooting was evaluated using different auxins (Naphthalene acetic acid NAA and Indole-3-butyricacid IBA). PCR-based SSR and SCAR markers were used to verify the presence of CMD2 gene in the regenerated plantlets. Results The highest level of sterility in explants (90%) was obtained when 20% Jik was used for 15 min. The best cytokinin for microshoots regeneration was found to be kinetin with optimum concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 μM for Agric-rouge, Atinwewe, and Agblehoundo respectively. Medium without growth regulators was the best for rooting the three cultivars. A survival rate of 100, 98, and 98% was recorded in the greenhouse for Agric-rouge, Atinwewe, and Agblehoundo respectively and the plantlets appeared to be morphologically normal. The SSR and SCAR analysis of micropropagated plants showed a profile similar to that of the mother plants indicating that the regenerated plantlets retained the CMD2 gene after passing through in vitro culture, as expected with micropropagation. Conclusion The nodal explants was established to be 20% of Jik (3.85% NaOCl) with an exposure time of 15 min. Kinetin was proved to be the best cytokinins for microshoot formation with the optimum concentration of 5, 10 and 20 μM for Agric-rouge, Atinwewe, and Agblehoundo respectively. The protocol developed during this study will be useful for mass propagation of the elite cassava cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitchihoué Franck Sessou
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin. .,Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Pan African University, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Jane W Kahia
- Coffee Research Institute, P.O. Box 4, Ruiru, Kenya
| | - Jerome Anani Houngue
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Elijah Miinda Ateka
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Colombe Dadjo
- Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Pan African University, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Corneille Ahanhanzo
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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Gaffney J, Tibebu R, Bart R, Beyene G, Girma D, Kane NA, Mace ES, Mockler T, Nickson TE, Taylor N, Zastrow-Hayes G. Open access to genetic sequence data maximizes value to scientists, farmers, and society. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Suhag R, Kumar N, Petkoska AT, Upadhyay A. Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109582. [PMID: 32846613 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The greatest challenge encountered by the food manufacturer is the loss of quality of food products during storage, which eventually adds to the waste. Edible packaging is known as a potential alternative to protecting food quality and improving shelf life by delaying microbial spoilage and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. Developments in edible packaging and technology have shown promising results in enhancing the shelf life of food products. In 2016, the edible packaging market was valued at $697 million and by 2023 is expected to hit $1097 million growing at a compound annual growth rate (CGAR) of 6.81% from 2017 to 2023 at global level. In global edible packaging markets specific industries including MonoSol LLC, Tate & Lyle Plc, WikiCell Designs Inc., JRF Technology LLC, Safetraces, Inc., BluWrap, Skipping Rocks Lab, Tipa Corp., Watson Inc., and Devro plc have played a key role. Edible packaging can be applied in two forms: (i) edible coating applied directly on the food product or (ii) preformed film wrapped around the food product. The aim of this study is to review different methods of film formation and edible coating depositions. Edible films can be produced using two methods, wet (casting) and dry (extrusion) processes; and methods such as dipping, spraying, fluidized-bed, and panning are used for deposition of edible coatings on the surface of food product. Casting and dipping methods for film formation and coating deposition, respectively, are easy to use and are preferred methods on a lab scale; whereas extrusion and spraying are preferred methods for film formation and coating deposition, respectively, on a commercial scale. This work can help researchers and industries to select an efficient and cost-effective method for the development of edible film/coating for specific application. Further study and evaluation of practical applications of methods of edible packaging should be carried out within the main purpose of keeping food safe with acceptable quality for extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Suhag
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India.
| | - Anka Trajkovska Petkoska
- St. Kliment Ohridski University - Bitola, Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences, Dimitar Vlahov, 4000 Veles, The Former Yugolav Republic of Macedonia, Macedonia
| | - Ashutosh Upadhyay
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
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Brand A, Quimbaya M, Tohme J, Chavarriaga-Aguirre P. Arabidopsis LEC1 and LEC2 Orthologous Genes Are Key Regulators of Somatic Embryogenesis in Cassava. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:673. [PMID: 31191582 PMCID: PMC6541005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High genotype-dependent variation in friable embryogenic callus (FEC) induction and subsequent somaclonal variation constitute bottlenecks for the application and scaling of genetic transformation (GT) technology to more farmer- and industry-preferred cassava varieties. The understanding and identification of molecular factors underlying embryogenic development in cassava may help to overcome these constraints. Here, we described the Arabidopsis thaliana LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC) LEC1 and LEC2 orthologous genes in cassava, designated as MeLEC1 and MeLEC2, respectively. Expression analyses showed that both, MeLEC1 and MeLEC2, are expressed at higher levels in somatic embryogenic (SE) tissues in contrast with differentiated mature tissues. The rapid expression increase of MeLEC genes at early SE induction times strongly suggests that they are involved in the transition from a somatic to an embryonic state, and probably, in the competence acquisition for SE development in cassava. The independent overexpression of the MeLEC genes resulted in different regenerated events with embryogenic characteristics such as MeLEC1OE plants with cotyledon-like leaves and MeLEC2OE plants with somatic-like embryos that emerged over the surface of mature leaves. Transcript increases of other embryo-specific regulating factors were also detected in MeLECOE plants, supporting their mutual interaction in the embryo development coordination. The single overexpression of MeLEC2 was enough to reprogram the vegetative cells and induce direct somatic embryogenesis, which converts this gene into a tool that could improve the recovery of transformed plants of recalcitrant genotypes. The identification of MeLEC genes contributes not only to improve our understanding of SE process in cassava, but also provides viable alternatives to optimize GT and advance in gene editing in this crop, through the development of genotype-independent protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brand
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Quimbaya
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Joe Tohme
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Paul Chavarriaga-Aguirre
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Paul Chavarriaga-Aguirre,
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Kidulile CE, Miinda Ateka E, Alakonya AE, Ndunguru JC. Efficacy of chemotherapy and thermotherapy in elimination of East African cassava mosaic virus from Tanzanian cassava landrace. JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY (1986) 2018; 166:739-745. [PMID: 31031544 PMCID: PMC6473628 DOI: 10.1111/jph.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cassava mosaic disease is caused by cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) and can result in crop losses up to 100% in cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Tanzania. We investigated the efficacy of chemotherapy and thermotherapy for elimination of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) of Tanzanian cassava. In vitro plantlets from EACMV-infected plants obtained from coastal Tanzania were established in the greenhouse. Leaves were sampled from the plants and tested to confirm the presence of EACMV. Plantlets of plants positive for EACMV were initiated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. On the second subculture, they were subjected into chemical treatment in the medium containing salicylic acid (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) and ribavirin (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L). In the second experiment, EACMV-infected plantlets were subjected to temperatures between 35 and 40°C with 28°C as the control. After 42 days of growth, DNA was extracted from plant leaves and PCR amplification was performed using EACMV specific primers. It was found that plant survival decreased with increasing levels of both salicylic acid and ribavirin concentrations. In general, plants treated with salicylic acid exhibited a lower plant survival % than those treated with ribavirin. However, the percentage of virus-free plants increased with an increase in the concentration of both ribavirin and salicylic acid. The most effective concentrations were 20 mg/L of ribavirin and 30 mg/L of salicylic acid; these resulted in 85.0% and 88.9% virus-free plantlets, respectively. With regard to thermotherapy, 35°C resulted in 79.5% virus-free plantlets compared to 69.5% at 40°C. Based on virus elimination, ribavirin at 20 mg/L, salicylic acid 30 mg/L and thermotherapy at 35°C are recommended for production of EACMV free cassava plantlets from infected cassava landraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Edward Kidulile
- Department of BiotechnologyMikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania
- Institute for Biotechnology ResearchJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Elijah Miinda Ateka
- Department of HorticultureJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Amos Emitati Alakonya
- Institute for Biotechnology ResearchJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureIbadanNigeria
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18
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Key factors influencing food security of smallholder farmers in Tanzania and the role of cassava as a strategic crop. Food Secur 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-018-0814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Beyene G, Solomon FR, Chauhan RD, Gaitán‐Solis E, Narayanan N, Gehan J, Siritunga D, Stevens RL, Jifon J, Van Eck J, Linsler E, Gehan M, Ilyas M, Fregene M, Sayre RT, Anderson P, Taylor NJ, Cahoon EB. Provitamin A biofortification of cassava enhances shelf life but reduces dry matter content of storage roots due to altered carbon partitioning into starch. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1186-1200. [PMID: 29193665 PMCID: PMC5978869 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a major subsistence crop of sub-Saharan Africa, are calorie rich but deficient in essential micronutrients, including provitamin A β-carotene. In this study, β-carotene concentrations in cassava storage roots were enhanced by co-expression of transgenes for deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and bacterial phytoene synthase (crtB), mediated by the patatin-type 1 promoter. Storage roots harvested from field-grown plants accumulated carotenoids to ≤50 μg/g DW, 15- to 20-fold increases relative to roots from nontransgenic plants. Approximately 85%-90% of these carotenoids accumulated as all-trans-β-carotene, the most nutritionally efficacious carotenoid. β-Carotene-accumulating storage roots displayed delayed onset of postharvest physiological deterioration, a major constraint limiting utilization of cassava products. Large metabolite changes were detected in β-carotene-enhanced storage roots. Most significantly, an inverse correlation was observed between β-carotene and dry matter content, with reductions of 50%-60% of dry matter content in the highest carotenoid-accumulating storage roots of different cultivars. Further analysis confirmed a concomitant reduction in starch content and increased levels of total fatty acids, triacylglycerols, soluble sugars and abscisic acid. Potato engineered to co-express DXS and crtB displayed a similar correlation between β-carotene accumulation, reduced dry matter and starch content and elevated oil and soluble sugars in tubers. Transcriptome analyses revealed a reduced expression of genes involved in starch biosynthesis including ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase genes in transgenic, carotene-accumulating cassava roots relative to nontransgenic roots. These findings highlight unintended metabolic consequences of provitamin A biofortification of starch-rich organs and point to strategies for redirecting metabolic flux to restore starch production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Beyene
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Felix R. Solomon
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationDepartment of BiochemistryE318 Beadle CenterUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Puerto RicoMayaguezPuerto Rico
| | | | - John Jifon
- Department of Horticultural SciencesTexas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension CenterWeslacoTXUSA
| | | | | | - Malia Gehan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Martin Fregene
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
- Present address:
African Development BankAbidjan 01Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Richard T. Sayre
- New Mexico ConsortiumLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNMUSA
| | | | | | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationDepartment of BiochemistryE318 Beadle CenterUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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Li S, Cui Y, Zhou Y, Luo Z, Liu J, Zhao M. The industrial applications of cassava: current status, opportunities and prospects. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2282-2290. [PMID: 28233322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a drought-tolerant, staple food crop that is grown in tropical and subtropical areas. As an important raw material, cassava is a valuable food source in developing countries and is also extensively employed for producing starch, bioethanol and other bio-based products (e.g. feed, medicine, cosmetics and biopolymers). These cassava-based industries also generate large quantities of wastes/residues rich in organic matter and suspended solids, providing great potential for conversion into value-added products through biorefinery. However, the community of cassava researchers is relatively small and there is very limited information on cassava. Therefore this review summarizes current knowledge on the system biology, economic value, nutritional quality and industrial applications of cassava and its wastes in an attempt to accelerate understanding of the basic biology of cassava. The review also discusses future perspectives with respect to integrating and utilizing cassava information resources for increasing the economic and environmental sustainability of cassava industries. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiting Luo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Chavarriaga-Aguirre P, Brand A, Medina A, Prías M, Escobar R, Martinez J, Díaz P, López C, Roca WM, Tohme J. The potential of using biotechnology to improve cassava: a review. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2016; 52:461-478. [PMID: 27818605 PMCID: PMC5071364 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-016-9776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cassava as the fourth largest source of calories in the world requires that contributions of biotechnology to improving this crop, advances and current challenges, be periodically reviewed. Plant biotechnology offers a wide range of opportunities that can help cassava become a better crop for a constantly changing world. We therefore review the state of knowledge on the current use of biotechnology applied to cassava cultivars and its implications for breeding the crop into the future. The history of the development of the first transgenic cassava plant serves as the basis to explore molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis and friable embryogenic callus production. We analyze complex plant-pathogen interactions to profit from such knowledge to help cassava fight bacterial diseases and look at candidate genes possibly involved in resistance to viruses and whiteflies-the two most important traits of cassava. The review also covers the analyses of main achievements in transgenic-mediated nutritional improvement and mass production of healthy plants by tissue culture and synthetic seeds. Finally, the perspectives of using genome editing and the challenges associated to climate change for further improving the crop are discussed. During the last 30 yr, great advances have been made in cassava using biotechnology, but they need to scale out of the proof of concept to the fields of cassava growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chavarriaga-Aguirre
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Brand
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - Adriana Medina
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - Mónica Prías
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - Roosevelt Escobar
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan Martinez
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - Paula Díaz
- Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03. Edificio 421, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo López
- Biology Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03. Edificio 421, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Willy M Roca
- International Potato Center-CIP, Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, P.O. Box 1558, Lima, Perú
| | - Joe Tohme
- Agrobiodiversity Research Area, International Center for tropical Agriculture-CIAT, AA 6713 Cali, Colombia
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Participatory appraisal of preferred traits, production constraints and postharvest challenges for cassava farmers in Rwanda. Food Secur 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-016-0556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Characters related to higher starch accumulation in cassava storage roots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19823. [PMID: 26892156 PMCID: PMC4759534 DOI: 10.1038/srep19823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is valued mainly for high content starch in its roots. Our understanding of mechanisms promoting high starch accumulation in the roots is, however, still very limited. Two field-grown cassava cultivars, Huanan 124(H124) with low root starch and Fuxuan 01(F01) with high root starch, were characterised comparatively at four main growth stages. Changes in key sugars in the leaves, stems and roots seemed not to be strongly associated with the final amount of starch accumulated in the roots. However, when compared with H124, F01 exhibited a more compact arrangement of xylem vascular bundles in the leaf axils, much less callose around the phloem sieve plates in the stems, higher starch synthesis-related enzymatic activity but lower amylase activity in the roots, more significantly up-regulated expression of related genes, and a much higher stem flow rate (SFR). In conclusion, higher starch accumulation in the roots results from the concurrent effects of powerful stem transport capacity highlighted by higher SFR, high starch synthesis but low starch degradation in the roots, and high expression of sugar transporter genes in the stems. A model of high starch accumulation in cassava roots was therefore proposed and discussed.
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Mongomake K, Doungous O, Khatabi B, Fondong VN. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces from Cameroon. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:477. [PMID: 26361578 PMCID: PMC4559553 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A procedure to regenerate cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars from Cameroon via somatic embryogenesis (SE) was developed. Shoot apical meristems and immature leaf lobes were used as explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 33 or 50 µM of the auxins Picloram (Pic), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Dicamba (Dic), and α-Naphthalene acetic acid. Cultivar performance was assessed using SE and number of somatic embryos produced. Overall, the frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis (PSE) and the mean number of somatic embryos produced varied considerably with genotype, type of auxin and concentration tested. For example, cultivar (cv.) Ngan Mbada showed the best performance on MS medium supplemented with 50 µM Pic with a SE frequency of 40 % and an average number of somatic embryos of 90. The second best performance was recorded in cv. Local Red on MS medium supplemented with 33 µM 2,4-D, where the SE frequency was 40 % and an average number of somatic embryos of 60.5. Cultivar Ekona Red recorded the best performance on medium supplemented with 50 µM Pic showing a SE frequency of 47 % and an average number of somatic embryos of 45. We further examined secondary and cyclic somatic embryogenesis (SSE, CSE) and both were also observed to vary with genotype, however, both exhibited significantly higher frequencies of SE compared with PSE. SE started to decline at the fourth cycle of embryogenesis. Examination of organogenesis showed that shoot bud induction from green cotyledons varied across cultivars and benzylaminopurine was shown to outperform Thidiazuron in the ability to induce organogenesis. Furthermore, the frequencies of bud induction were identical under light and dark conditions. Finally, regenerated plants grew easily in the greenhouse with 90-100 % survival rate and did not display detectable variation in morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kone Mongomake
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901 USA
- />Laboratory of Crop Breeding, Department of Natural Sciences, University Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte D’Ivoire
| | - Oumar Doungous
- />Laboratory of Crop Breeding, Department of Natural Sciences, University Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte D’Ivoire
- />Ekona Research Center, Institute of Agronomic Research for Development, Buea, South West Region Cameroon
| | - Behnam Khatabi
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901 USA
| | - Vincent N. Fondong
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901 USA
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Abstract
Genetic transformation of plants is an indispensable technique used for fundamental research and crop improvement. Recent advances in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) transformation have facilitated the effective generation of stably transformed cassava plants with favorable traits. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of friable, embryogenic callus has evolved to become the most widely used approach and has been adopted by research laboratories in Africa. This procedure utilizes axillary meristem tissue (buds) to produce primary and secondary somatic embryos and subsequently friable, embryogenic callus. Agrobacterium harboring a binary expression cassette is used to transform this tissue, which is regenerated via cotyledons and shoot organogenesis to produce rooted in vitro plantlets. This chapter details each step of the procedure using the model cultivar 60444 and provides supplementary notes to successfully produce transgenic cassava.
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Chetty C, Rossin C, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H, Rey M. Empowering biotechnology in southern Africa: establishment of a robust transformation platform for the production of transgenic industry-preferred cassava. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Vanderschuren H. Strengthening African R&D through effective transfer of tropical crop biotech to African institutions. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 30:1170-2. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adenle AA, Aworh OC, Akromah R, Parayil G. Developing GM super cassava for improved health and food security: future challenges in Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/2048-7010-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zainuddin IM, Schlegel K, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Robust transformation procedure for the production of transgenic farmer-preferred cassava landraces. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:24. [PMID: 22784378 PMCID: PMC3439245 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in cassava transformation has allowed the robust production of transgenic cassava even under suboptimal plant tissue culture conditions. The transformation protocol has so far been used mostly for the cassava model cultivar 60444 because of its good regeneration capacity of embryogenic tissues. However, for deployment and adoption of transgenic cassava in the field it is important to develop robust transformation methods for farmer- and industry-preferred landraces and cultivars. Because dynamics of multiplication and regeneration of embryogenic tissues differ between cassava genotypes, it was necessary to adapt the efficient cv. 60444 transformation protocol to genotypes that are more recalcitrant to transformation. Here we demonstrate that an improved cassava transformation protocol for cv. 60444 could be successfully modified for production of transgenic farmer-preferred cassava landraces. The modified transformation method reports on procedures for optimization and is likely transferable to other cassava genotypes reportedly recalcitrant to transformation provided production of high quality FEC. Because the three farmer-preferred cassava landraces selected in this study have been identified as resistant or tolerant to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), the adapted protocol will be essential to mobilize improved traits into cassava genotypes suitable for regions where CMD limits production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ima M Zainuddin
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kim Schlegel
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich-LFW E56.1, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nzeduru CV, Ronca S, Wilkinson MJ. DNA barcoding simplifies environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in biodiverse regions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35929. [PMID: 22567120 PMCID: PMC3342289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenes encoding for insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from the soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis have been widely introduced into Genetically Modified (GM) crops to confer protection against insect pests. Concern that these transgenes may also harm beneficial or otherwise valued insects (so-called Non Target Organisms, NTOs) represents a major element of the Environmental Risk Assessments (ERAs) used by all countries prior to commercial release. Compiling a comprehensive list of potentially susceptible NTOs is therefore a necessary part of an ERA for any Cry toxin-containing GM crop. In partly-characterised and biodiverse countries, NTO identification is slowed by the need for taxonomic expertise and time to enable morphological identifications. This limitation represents a potentially serious barrier to timely adoption of GM technology in some developing countries. We consider Bt Cry1A cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria as an exemplar to demonstrate how COI barcoding can provide a simple and cost-effective means of addressing this problem. Over a period of eight weeks, we collected 163 insects from cowpea flowers across the agroecological and geographic range of the crop in Nigeria. These individuals included 32 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) spanning four Orders and that could mostly be assigned to genus or species level. They included 12 Lepidopterans and two Coleopterans (both potentially sensitive to different groups of Cry proteins). Thus, barcode-assisted diagnoses were highly harmonised across groups (typically to genus or species level) and so were insensitive to expertise or knowledge gaps. Decisively, the entire study was completed within four months at a cost of less than 10,000 US$. The broader implications of the findings for food security and the capacity for safe adoption of GM technology are briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere V. Nzeduru
- Biosafety Unit, Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sandra Ronca
- Insitute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J. Wilkinson
- Insitute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Zheng Q, Ma Q, Gadidasu KK, Zhang P. Cassava genetic transformation and its application in breeding. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:552-69. [PMID: 21564542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As a major source of food, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Latin America, and serves as raw material for the production of starches and bioethanol in tropical Asia. Cassava improvement through genetic engineering not only overcomes the high heterozygosity and serious trait separation that occurs in its traditional breeding, but also quickly achieves improved target traits. Since the first report on genetic transformation in cassava in 1996, the technology has gradually matured over almost 15 years of development and has overcome cassava genotype constraints, changing from mode cultivars to farmer-preferred ones. Significant progress has been made in terms of an increased resistance to pests and diseases, biofortification, and improved starch quality, building on the fundamental knowledge and technologies related to planting, nutrition, and the processing of this important food crop that has often been neglected. Therefore, cassava has great potential in food security and bioenergy development worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Niklaus M, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Efficient transformation and regeneration of transgenic cassava using the neomycin phosphotransferase gene as aminoglycoside resistance marker gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:193-200. [PMID: 22179195 DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.2.3.18866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cassava is one of the most important crops in the tropics. Its industrial use for starch and biofuel production is also increasing its importance for agricultural production in tropical countries. In the last decade cassava biotechnology has emerged as a valuable alternative to the breeding constraints of this highly heterozygous crop for improved trait development of cassava germplasm. Cassava transformation remains difficult and time-consuming because of limitations in selecting transgenic tissues and regeneration of transgenic plantlets. We have recently reported an efficient and robust cassava transformation protocol using the hygromycin phosphotransferase II (hptII) gene as selection marker and the aminoglycoside hygromycin at optimal concentrations to maximize the regeneration of transgenic plantlets. In the present work, we expanded the transformation protocol to the use of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene as selection marker. Several aminoglycosides compatible with the use of nptII were tested and optimal concentrations for cassava transformation were determined. Given its efficiency equivalent to hptII as selection marker with the described protocol, the use of nptII opens new possibilities to engineer transgenic cassava lines with multiple T-DNA insertions and to produce transgenic cassava with a resistance marker gene that is already deregulated in several commercial transgenic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Niklaus
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Horn ME, Hahne G, Reski R. Plant biotechnology in support of the Millennium Goals II. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:677-679. [PMID: 21442401 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Sayre R, Beeching JR, Cahoon EB, Egesi C, Fauquet C, Fellman J, Fregene M, Gruissem W, Mallowa S, Manary M, Maziya-Dixon B, Mbanaso A, Schachtman DP, Siritunga D, Taylor N, Vanderschuren H, Zhang P. The BioCassava plus program: biofortification of cassava for sub-Saharan Africa. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:251-72. [PMID: 21526968 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
More than 250 million Africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) as their staple source of calories. A typical cassava-based diet, however, provides less than 30% of the minimum daily requirement for protein and only 10%-20% of that for iron, zinc, and vitamin A. The BioCassava Plus (BC+) program has employed modern biotechnologies intended to improve the health of Africans through the development and delivery of genetically engineered cassava with increased nutrient (zinc, iron, protein, and vitamin A) levels. Additional traits addressed by BioCassava Plus include increased shelf life, reductions in toxic cyanogenic glycosides to safe levels, and resistance to viral disease. The program also provides incentives for the adoption of biofortified cassava. Proof of concept was achieved for each of the target traits. Results from field trials in Puerto Rico, the first confined field trials in Nigeria to use genetically engineered organisms, and ex ante impact analyses support the efficacy of using transgenic strategies for the biofortification of cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sayre
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
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