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Fratantonio D, Munir J, Shu J, Howard K, Baier SR, Cui J, Zempleni J. The RNA cargo in small extracellular vesicles from chicken eggs is bioactive in C57BL/6 J mice and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1162679. [PMID: 37305095 PMCID: PMC10249500 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1162679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their RNA cargo in milk are bioavailable in humans, pigs, and mice, and their dietary depletion and supplementation elicits phenotypes. Little is known about the content and biological activity of sEVs in foods of animal origin other than milk. Here we tested the hypothesis that sEVs in chicken eggs (Gallus gallus) facilitate the transfer of RNA cargo from an avian species to humans and mice, and their dietary depletion elicits phenotypes. sEVs were purified from raw egg yolk by ultracentrifugation and authenticated by transmission electron microscopy, nano-tracking device, and immunoblots. The miRNA profile was assessed by RNA-sequencing. Bioavailability of these miRNAs in humans was assessed by egg feeding study in adults, and by culturing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with fluorophore-labeled egg sEVs ex vivo. To further assess bioavailability, fluorophore-labeled miRNAs, encapsulated in egg sEVs, were administered to C57BL/6 J mice by oral gavage. Phenotypes of sEV RNA cargo depletion were assessed by feeding egg sEV and RNA-defined diets to mice and using spatial learning and memory in the Barnes and water mazes as experimental readouts. Egg yolk contained 6.30 × 1010 ± 6.06 × 109 sEVs/mL, which harbored eighty-three distinct miRNAs. Human PBMCs internalized sEVs and their RNA cargo. Egg sEVs, loaded with fluorophore-labeled RNA and administered orally to mice, accumulated primarily in brain, intestine and lungs. Spatial learning and memory (SLM) was compromised in mice fed on egg sEV- and RNA-depleted diet compared to controls. Egg consumption elicited an increase of miRNAs in human plasma. We conclude that egg sEVs and their RNA cargo probably are bioavailable. The human study is registered as a clinical trial and accessible at https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN77867213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fratantonio
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Javaria Munir
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jiang Shu
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Katherine Howard
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Scott R. Baier
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Juan Cui
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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2
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Liu R, Wang Y, Bai L, Wang R, Wu Y, Liu M, Li Q, Ba Y, Zhang H, Zhou G, Cheng X, Huang H. Time-course miRNA alterations and SIRT1 inhibition triggered by adolescent lead exposure in mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:667-676. [PMID: 34484659 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase, has been extensively investigated due to its cognitive protective effect. Studies suggest microRNAs (miRNAs) and histone modifications are key epigenetic regulators of gene expression and play important role in brain development. We previously showed that cognitive impairment by lead (Pb) was associated with downregulation of SIRT1, but the epigenetic role of this is unclear. Thus, we exposed 4-week-old male mice to 0.2% lead acetate solution for three months, and subsequently extracted brain homogenate from mice cortex and hippocampus at the age of 1, 4, and 16 months, respectively. In this study, we found that the protein level of SIRT1 was inhibited in the hippocampus and cortex of 16-month-old aged mice exposed to Pb. Moreover, changes in the levels of miR-138-5p and miR-141-3p, which were considered to the mechanistic target of SIRT1 by bioinformatic analysis, were negative correlations SIRT1 protein expression. We also found miR-34c-3p expression was increased in the cortex of mice at the age of 16 months. Collectively, our results showed the expression of neural SIRT1 and three selected microRNAs at different age nodes of mice for the first time of following Pb exposure. Our results suggest that additional efforts should focus on the consequences of early Pb exposure from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruike Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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3
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Narayanan R, Schratt G. miRNA regulation of social and anxiety-related behaviour. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4347-4364. [PMID: 32409861 PMCID: PMC11104968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and anxiety disorders are characterized by a complex range of symptoms, including social behaviour and cognitive deficits, depression and repetitive behaviours. Although the mechanisms driving pathophysiology are complex and remain largely unknown, advances in the understanding of gene association and gene networks are providing significant clues to their aetiology. In recent years, small noncoding RNA molecules known as microRNA (miRNA) have emerged as a new gene regulatory layer in the pathophysiology of mental illness. These small RNAs can bind to the 3'-UTR of mRNA thereby negatively regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Their ability to regulate hundreds of target mRNAs simultaneously predestines them to control the activity of entire cellular pathways, with obvious implications for the regulation of complex processes such as animal behaviour. There is growing evidence to suggest that numerous miRNAs are dysregulated in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, and there is strong genetic support for the association of miRNA genes and their targets with several of these conditions. This review attempts to cover the most relevant microRNAs for which an important contribution to the control of social and anxiety-related behaviour has been demonstrated by functional studies in animal models. In addition, it provides an overview of recent expression profiling and genetic association studies in human patient-derived samples in an attempt to highlight the most promising candidates for biomarker discovery and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Narayanan
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Schratt
- Lab of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Kalpachidou T, Kummer K, Kress M. Non-coding RNAs in neuropathic pain. Neuronal Signal 2020; 4:NS20190099. [PMID: 32587755 PMCID: PMC7306520 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune alterations in the peripheral and central nervous system play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic pain in general, and members of the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) family, specifically the short, 22 nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) and the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as master switches orchestrating both immune as well as neuronal processes. Several chronic disorders reveal unique ncRNA expression signatures, which recently generated big hopes for new perspectives for the development of diagnostic applications. lncRNAs may offer perspectives as candidates indicative of neuropathic pain in liquid biopsies. Numerous studies have provided novel mechanistic insight into the role of miRNAs in the molecular sequelae involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain along the entire pain pathway. Specific processes within neurons, immune cells, and glia as the cellular components of the neuropathic pain triad and the communication paths between them are controlled by specific miRNAs. Therefore, nucleotide sequences mimicking or antagonizing miRNA actions can provide novel therapeutic strategies for pain treatment, provided their human homologues serve the same or similar functions. Increasing evidence also sheds light on the function of lncRNAs, which converge so far mainly on purinergic signalling pathways both in neurons and glia, and possibly even other ncRNA species that have not been explored so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai K. Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Trattnig C, Üçal M, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Bucko A, Zefferer U, Grünbacher G, Absenger-Novak M, Öhlinger KA, Kraitsy K, Hamberger D, Schaefer U, Patz S. MicroRNA-451a overexpression induces accelerated neuronal differentiation of Ntera2/D1 cells and ablation affects neurogenesis in microRNA-451a-/- mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207575. [PMID: 30462722 PMCID: PMC6248975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-451a is best known for its role in erythropoiesis and for its tumour suppressor features. Here we show a role for miR-451a in neuronal differentiation through analysis of endogenous and ectopically expressed or silenced miR-451a in Ntera2/D1 cells during neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, we compared neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus of miR-451a-/- and wild type mice. MiR-451a overexpression in lentiviral transduced Ntera2/D1 cells was associated with a significant shifting of mRNA expression of the developmental markers Nestin, βIII Tubulin, NF200, DCX and MAP2 to earlier developmental time points, compared to control vector transduced cells. In line with this, accelerated neuronal network formation in AB.G.miR-451a transduced cells, as well as an increase in neurite outgrowth both in number and length was observed. MiR-451a targets genes MIF, AKT1, CAB39, YWHAZ, RAB14, TSC1, OSR1, POU3F2, TNS4, PSMB8, CXCL16, CDKN2D and IL6R were, moreover, either constantly downregulated or exhibited shifted expression profiles in AB.G.miR-451a transduced cells. Lentiviral knockdown of endogenous miR-451a expression in Ntera2/D1 cells resulted in decelerated differentiation. Endogenous miR-451a expression was upregulated during development in the hippocampus of wildtype mice. In situ hybridization revealed intensively stained single cells in the subgranular zone and the hilus of the dentate gyrus of wild type mice, while genetic ablation of miR-451a was observed to promote an imbalance between proliferation and neuronal differentiation in neurogenic brain regions, suggested by Ki67 and DCX staining. Taken together, these results provide strong support for a role of miR-451a in neuronal maturation processes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Trattnig
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Angela Bucko
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Zefferer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerda Grünbacher
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Kraitsy
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Hamberger
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Schaefer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Silke Patz
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria
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6
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Miya Shaik M, Tamargo IA, Abubakar MB, Kamal MA, Greig NH, Gan SH. The Role of microRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040174. [PMID: 29561798 PMCID: PMC5924516 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by base pairing with mRNA targets. Altered miRNA expression profiles have been observed in several diseases, including neurodegeneration. Multiple studies have reported altered expressions of miRNAs in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as compared to those of healthy elderly adults. Some of the miRNAs found to be dysregulated in AD have been reported to correlate with neuropathological changes, including plaque and tangle accumulation, as well as altered expressions of species that are known to be involved in AD pathology. To examine the potentially pathogenic functions of several dysregulated miRNAs in AD, we review the current literature with a focus on the activities of ten miRNAs in biological pathways involved in AD pathogenesis. Comprehensive understandings of the expression profiles and activities of these miRNAs will illuminate their roles as potential therapeutic targets in AD brain and may lead to the discovery of breakthrough treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munvar Miya Shaik
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Ian A Tamargo
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Murtala B Abubakar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2254 Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Metabolomics and Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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7
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Huang Y, Liu X, Liao Y, Liao Y, Zou D, Wei X, Huang Q, Wu Y. Role of miR-34c in the cognitive function of epileptic rats induced by pentylenetetrazol. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4173-4180. [PMID: 29344671 PMCID: PMC5802187 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that microRNA (miR)-34c may serve a role in cognitive function in rodent and primate groups. A previous study demonstrated an increase in miR-34c expression in chronic epileptic rats with memory disorders, induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). However, the mechanism underlying the effects of miR-34c on cognitive function in epileptic rats remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated alterations in cognitive function in temporal lobe epileptic rats, induced by repeated injections of PTZ, following treatment with an miR-34c agomir compared with a scramble group. Increased expression of miR-34c was observed in the agomir group, in addition to an increased deficit in learning and memory function in the Morris water maze test. Glutamate receptor ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 2B (NR2B), phosphorylated (p)-reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase 1 (NR1) and p-glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) protein expression was detected in the hippocampus using western blotting. Additionally, the downregulation of NR2B, p-NR1 and p-GluR1 in the miR-34c agomir group demonstrated that miR-34c may serve a negative role in cognitive function in epileptic seizures, by dysregulating NMDA and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, which are associated with long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xixia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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8
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Kiessling S, Ucar A, Chowdhury K, Oster H, Eichele G. Genetic background-dependent effects of murine micro RNAs on circadian clock function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176547. [PMID: 28448626 PMCID: PMC5407787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are important regulators of a wide range of biological processes. Antagomir studies suggest an implication of miR-132 in the functionality of the mammalian circadian clock. miR-212 and miR-132 are tandemly processed from the same transcript and share the same seed region. We found the clock modulator miR-132 and miR-212 to be expressed rhythmically in the central circadian clock. Consequently, mRNAs implicated in circadian functions may likely be targeted by both miRs. To further characterize the circadian role we generated mice with stable deletion of the miR-132/212 locus and compared the circadian behavior of mutant and wild-type control animals on two genetic backgrounds frequently used in chronobiological research, C57BL/6N and 129/Sv. Surprisingly, the wheel-running activity phenotype of miR mutant mice was highly background specific. A prolonged circadian free-running period in constant darkness was found in 129/Sv, but not in C57BL/6N miR-132/212 knockout mice. In contrast, in C57BL/6N, but not in 129/Sv miRNA-132/212 knockout mice a lengthened free-running period was observed in constant light conditions. Furthermore, miR-132/212 knockout mice on 129/Sv background exhibited enhanced photic phase shifts of locomotor activity accompanied by reduced light induction of Period gene transcription in the SCN. This phenotype was absent in miRNA-132/212 knockout mice on a C57BL/6N background. Together, our results reveal a strain and light regimen-specific function of miR-132/212 in the circadian clock machinery suggesting that miR-132 and miR-212 act as background-dependent circadian rhythm modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kiessling
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ahmet Ucar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Clinical and Molecular Cancer Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Malan-Müller S, Hemmings S. The Big Role of Small RNAs in Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders. ANXIETY 2017; 103:85-129. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Rao YS, Pak TR. microRNAs and the adolescent brain: Filling the knowledge gap. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:313-322. [PMID: 27328787 PMCID: PMC5074866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over two decades ago the discovery of microRNAs (miRNA) broadened our understanding of the diverse molecular pathways mediating post-transcriptional control over gene expression. These small non-coding RNAs dynamically fluctuate, temporally and spatially, throughout the lifespan of all organisms. The fundamental role that miRNAs have in shaping embryonic neurodevelopment provides strong evidence that adolescent brain remodeling could be rooted in the changing miRNA landscape of the cell. Few studies have directly measured miRNA gene expression changes in the brain across pubertal development, and even less is known about the functional impact of those miRNAs on the maturational processes that occur in the developing adolescent brain. This review summarizes miRNA biogenesis and function in the brain in the context of normal (i.e. not diseased) physiology. These landmark studies can guide predictions about the role of miRNAs in facilitating maturation of the adolescent brain. However, there are clear indicators that adolescence/puberty is a unique life stage, suggesting miRNA function during adolescence is distinct from those in any other previously described system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathindar S Rao
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, United States
| | - Toni R Pak
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, United States.
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11
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Meydan C, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Soreq H. MicroRNA Regulators of Anxiety and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:798-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Effects of lack of microRNA-34 on the neural circuitry underlying the stress response and anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:305-316. [PMID: 27026110 PMCID: PMC5573597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, are complex diseases that have genetic, and environmental causes. Stressful experiences increase the release of prefrontal amygdala neurotransmitters, a response that is relevant to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral coping. Moreover, exposure to stress elicits anxiety-like behavior and dendritic remodeling in the amygdala. Members of the miR-34 family have been suggested to regulate synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission processes, which mediate stress-related disorders. Using mice that harbored targeted deletions of all 3 members of the miR-34-family (miR-34-TKO), we evaluated acute stress-induced basolateral amygdala (BLA)-GABAergic and medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) aminergic outflow by intracerebral in vivo microdialysis. Moreover, we also examined fear conditioning/extinction, stress-induced anxiety, and dendritic remodeling in the BLA of stress-exposed TKO mice. We found that TKO mice showed resilience to stress-induced anxiety and facilitation in fear extinction. Accordingly, no significant increase was evident in aminergic prefrontal or amygdala GABA release, and no significant acute stress-induced amygdalar dendritic remodeling was observed in TKO mice. Differential GRM7, 5-HT2C, and CRFR1 mRNA expression was noted in the mpFC and BLA between TKO and WT mice. Our data demonstrate that the miR-34 has a critical function in regulating the behavioral and neurochemical response to acute stress and in inducing stress-related amygdala neuroplasticity.
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13
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Nishiyama Y, Nakayama SMM, Watanabe KP, Kawai YK, Ohno M, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. Strain differences in cytochrome P450 mRNA and protein expression, and enzymatic activity among Sprague Dawley, Wistar, Brown Norway and Dark Agouti rats. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:675-80. [PMID: 26806536 PMCID: PMC4873860 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat cytochrome P450 (CYP) exhibits inter-strain differences, but their analysis has been
scattered across studies under different conditions. To identify these strain differences
in CYP more comprehensively, mRNA expression, protein expression and metabolic activity
among Wistar (WI), Sprague Dawley (SD), Dark Agouti (DA) and Brown Norway (BN) rats were
compared. The mRNA level and enzymatic activity of CYP1A1 were highest in SD rats. The
rank order of Cyp3a2 mRNA expression mirrored its protein expression,
i.e., DA>BN>SD>WI, and was similar to the CYP3A2-dependent warfarin metabolic
activity, i.e., DA>SD>BN>WI. These results suggest that the strain differences in
CYP3A2 enzymatic activity are caused by differences in mRNA expression.
Cyp2b1 mRNA levels, which were higher in DA rats, did not correlate
with its protein expression or enzymatic activity. This suggests that the strain
differences in enzymatic activity are not related to Cyp2b1 mRNA
expression. In conclusion, WI rats tended to have the lowest CYP1A1, 2B1 and 3A2 mRNA
expression, protein expression and enzymatic activity among the strains. In addition, SD
rats had the highest CYP1A1 mRNA expression and activity, while DA rats had higher CYP2B1
and CYP3A2 mRNA and protein expression. These inter-strain differences in CYP could
influence pharmacokinetic considerations in preclinical toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Marty V, Labialle S, Bortolin-Cavaillé ML, Ferreira De Medeiros G, Moisan MP, Florian C, Cavaillé J. Deletion of the miR-379/miR-410 gene cluster at the imprintedDlk1-Dio3locus enhances anxiety-related behaviour. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:728-39. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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15
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Stamova B, Ander BP, Barger N, Sharp FR, Schumann CM. Specific Regional and Age-Related Small Noncoding RNA Expression Patterns Within Superior Temporal Gyrus of Typical Human Brains Are Less Distinct in Autism Brains. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1930-46. [PMID: 26350727 PMCID: PMC4647182 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815602067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs play a critical role in regulating messenger RNA throughout brain development and when altered could have profound effects leading to disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We assessed small noncoding RNAs, including microRNA and small nucleolar RNA, in superior temporal sulcus association cortex and primary auditory cortex in typical and ASD brains from early childhood to adulthood. Typical small noncoding RNA expression profiles were less distinct in ASD, both between regions and changes with age. Typical micro-RNA coexpression associations were absent in ASD brains. miR-132, miR-103, and miR-320 micro-RNAs were dysregulated in ASD and have previously been associated with autism spectrum disorders. These diminished region- and age-related micro-RNA expression profiles are in line with previously reported findings of attenuated messenger RNA and long noncoding RNA in ASD brain. This study demonstrates alterations in superior temporal sulcus in ASD, a region implicated in social impairment, and is the first to demonstrate molecular alterations in the primary auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P. Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Barger
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank R. Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA,Cynthia M. Schumann, PhD, Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, MIND Institute, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Fiori E, Babicola L, Andolina D, Coassin A, Pascucci T, Patella L, Han YC, Ventura A, Ventura R. Neurobehavioral Alterations in a Genetic Murine Model of Feingold Syndrome 2. Behav Genet 2015; 45:547-59. [PMID: 26026879 PMCID: PMC4561592 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Feingold syndrome (FS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by microcephaly, short stature, digital anomalies, esophageal/duodenal atresia, facial dysmorphism, and various learning disabilities. Heterozygous deletion of the miR-17-92 cluster is responsible for a subset of FS (Feingold syndrome type 2, FS2), and the developmental abnormalities that characterize this disorder are partially recapitulated in mice that harbor a heterozygous deletion of this cluster (miR-17-92∆/+ mice). Although Feingold patients develop a wide array of learning disabilities, no scientific description of learning/cognitive disabilities, intellectual deficiency, and brain alterations have been described in humans and animal models of FS2. The aim of this study was to draw a behavioral profile, during development and in adulthood, of miR-17-92∆/+ mice, a genetic mouse model of FS2. Moreover, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin tissue levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC), and Hippocampus (Hip) of miR-17-92∆/+ mice were analyzed.Our data showed decreased body growth and reduced vocalization during development. Moreover, selective deficits in spatial ability, social novelty recognition and memory span were evident in adult miR-17-92∆/+ mice compared with healthy controls (WT). Finally, we found altered dopamine as well as serotonin tissue levels, in the mpFC and Hip, respectively, of miR-17-92∆/+ in comparison with WT mice, thus suggesting a possible link between cognitive deficits and altered brain neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Fiori
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Babicola
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - D. Andolina
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - A. Coassin
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - T. Pascucci
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro “Daniel Bovet”, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Patella
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Y.-C. Han
- Pfizer- Oncology, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - A. Ventura
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - R. Ventura
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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17
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Sun W, Pei L. microRNA Expression Profiling of Propofol-Treated Developing Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:511-23. [PMID: 26083276 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although propofol exerts toxic effects on the developing central nervous system (CNS), it remains a first-choice anesthetic in the pediatric population. Astrocytes represent a major glial cell population whose role in CNS development is widely appreciated and that has been recently shown to be mediated in large part by microRNAs (miRNAs). In contrast, relatively little is known about the roles of miRNAs in developing astrocytes during propofol treatment. Here, miRNA microarray was used to profile fluctuations in miRNA expression in immature hippocampal astrocytes in response to propofol treatment, and results were subsequently validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Predictive analysis of genes targeted by propofol-regulated miRNAs indicated enrichment of genes in the gene ontology (GO) nervous system development and differentiation category, and in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) apoptotic pathway category. A total of 24 (10 short-term dosage and 14 long-term dosage) miRNAs were significantly regulated, one of which was rno-miR-665. Ectopic overexpression and silencing of rno-miR-665 demonstrated its role in the neurotoxic effects of propofol on hippocampal immature astrocytes. We present evidence that the role of rno-miR-665 in anesthesia-induced disturbances in astroglia development may involve direct downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2l1, and subsequent increased caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Our results shed light on the anesthetic mechanism of propofol and have implications for its use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Pei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University , Shenyang, China
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18
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Scott KA, Hoban AE, Clarke G, Moloney GM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Thinking small: towards microRNA-based therapeutics for anxiety disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:529-42. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.997873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Scott
- 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- 2Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- 2Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- 2Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- 3Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- 2Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- 2Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- 3Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- 2Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Murphy SJ, Lusardi TA, Phillips JI, Saugstad JA. Sex differences in microRNA expression during development in rat cortex. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:24-32. [PMID: 24969725 PMCID: PMC4177314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are important sex differences in the risk and outcome of conditions and diseases between males and females. For example, stroke occurs with greater frequency in men than in women across diverse ethnic backgrounds and nationalities. Work from our lab and others have revealed a sex-specific sensitivity to cerebral ischemia whereby males exhibit a larger extent of brain damage following an ischemic event compared to females. Studies suggest that the difference in male and female susceptibility to ischemia may be triggered by innate variations in gene regulation and protein expression between the sexes that are independent of post-natal exposure to sex hormones. We have shown that there are differences in microRNA (miRNA) expression in adult male and female brain following focal cerebral ischemia in mouse cortex. Herein we examine a role for differential expression of miRNAs during development in male and female rat cortex as potential effectors of the phenotype that leads to sex differences to ischemia. Expression studies in male and female cortices isolated from postnatal day 0 (P0), postnatal day 7 (P7), and adult rats using TaqMan Low Density miRNA arrays and NanoString nCounter analysis revealed differential miRNA levels between males and females at each developmental stage. We focused on the miR-200 family of miRNAs that showed higher levels in females at P0, but higher levels in males at P7 that persisted into adulthood, and validated the expression of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-429 by individual qRT-PCR as these are clustered on chromosome 5 and may be transcriptionally co-regulated. Prediction analysis of the miR-200 miRNAs revealed that genes within the Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor pathway are the most heavily targeted. These studies support that developmental changes in miRNA expression may influence phenotypes in adult brain that underlie sexually dimorphic responses to disease, including ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Murphy
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Theresa A Lusardi
- Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jay I Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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20
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Xu Y, Zhang X, Pu S, Wu J, Lv Y, Du D. Circulating microRNA expression profile: a novel potential predictor for chronic nervous lesions. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:942-9. [PMID: 25274330 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of chronic neuropathic pain are not clear. Serum microRNAs (miRNAs) might show a special feature for chronic nervous lesions. However, little is known about the changes in circulating miRNAs for the neuropathic pain. Therefore, changes in the circulating miRNAs expression profile for the neuropathic pain were investigated. Serum was collected from rats before and after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) surgery, and a microarray analysis was performed to determine the changes in miRNA expression profile. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in serum from the same individuals, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), was also measured. The results showed that the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were significantly elevated in SNL rats which were significantly correlated with pain levels. Nine miRNAs with significantly different expression levels before and after SNL surgery were identified by microarray analysis, which were further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Compared with naive rats without SNL surgery, the expression of five miRNAs (hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-34c, hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-30a-5p, and hsa-miR-206) in the serum of rats after SNL surgery was decreased and four miRNAs (hsa-miR-31-5p, hsa-miR-133b, hsa-miR-22, and hsa-miRPlus-A1087) were increased, suggesting that miRNA changes may involve in the regulation of neuropathic pain. TargetScan was used to predict mRNA targets for these miRNAs, and the results showed that the transcripts with multiple predicted target sites belonged to neurologically important pathways. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that several target genes are related to the activation of cell signaling associated with nervous lesions. In this study, the changes to miRNA profiles in serum under neuropathic pain conditions were shown for the first time, suggesting that circulating miRNAs profile in serum is a potential predictor for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xu
- Pain Management Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pain Management Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shaofeng Pu
- Pain Management Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junzhen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingying Lv
- Pain Management Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dongping Du
- Pain Management Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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21
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Alteration of imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 miRNA cluster expression in the entorhinal cortex induced by maternal immune activation and adolescent cannabinoid exposure. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e452. [PMID: 25268256 PMCID: PMC4203021 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant feature of the cortical neuropathology of schizophrenia is a disturbance in the biogenesis of short non-coding microRNA (miRNA) that regulate translation and stability of mRNA. While the biological origin of this phenomenon has not been defined, it is plausible that it relates to major environmental risk factors associated with the disorder such as exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) and adolescent cannabis use. To explore this hypothesis, we administered the viral mimic poly I:C to pregnant rats and further exposed some of their maturing offsprings to daily injections of the synthetic cannabinoid HU210 for 14 days starting on postnatal day 35. Whole-genome miRNA expression analysis was then performed on the left and right hemispheres of the entorhinal cortex (EC), a region strongly associated with schizophrenia. Animals exposed to either treatment alone or in combination exhibited significant differences in the expression of miRNA in the left hemisphere, whereas the right hemisphere was less responsive. Hemisphere-associated differences in miRNA expression were greatest in the combined treatment and highly over-represented in a single imprinted locus on chromosome 6q32. This observation was significant as the syntenic 14q32 locus in humans encodes a large proportion of miRNAs differentially expressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that interaction of early and late environmental insults may affect miRNA expression, in a manner that is relevant to schizophrenia.
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22
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Kretschmann A, Danis B, Andonovic L, Abnaof K, van Rikxoort M, Siegel F, Mazzuferi M, Godard P, Hanon E, Fröhlich H, Kaminski RM, Foerch P, Pfeifer A. Different microRNA profiles in chronic epilepsy versus acute seizure mouse models. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:466-79. [PMID: 25078263 PMCID: PMC4303710 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects around 50 million people worldwide, and in about 65 % of patients, the etiology of disease is unknown. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that have been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Here, we compared microRNA expression patterns in the hippocampus using two chronic models of epilepsy characterised by recurrent spontaneous seizures (pilocarpine and self-sustained status epilepticus (SSSE)) and an acute 6-Hz seizure model. The vast majority of microRNAs deregulated in the acute model exhibited increased expression with 146 microRNAs up-regulated within 6 h after a single seizure. In contrast, in the chronic models, the number of up-regulated microRNAs was similar to the number of down-regulated microRNAs. Three microRNAs—miR-142-5p, miR-331-3p and miR-30a-5p—were commonly deregulated in all three models. However, there is a clear overlap of differentially expressed microRNAs within the chronic models with 36 and 15 microRNAs co-regulated at 24 h and at 28 days following status epilepticus, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed that the altered microRNAs are associated with inflammation, innate immunity and cell cycle regulation. Taken together, the identified microRNAs and the pathways they modulate might represent candidates for novel molecular approaches for the treatment of patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kretschmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Yang M, Eyers F, Xiang Y, Guo M, Young IG, Rosenberg HF, Foster PS. Expression profiling of differentiating eosinophils in bone marrow cultures predicts functional links between microRNAs and their target mRNAs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97537. [PMID: 24824797 PMCID: PMC4019607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate complex transcriptional networks underpin immune responses. However, little is known about the specific miRNA networks that control differentiation of specific leukocyte subsets. In this study, we profiled miRNA expression during differentiation of eosinophils from bone marrow (BM) progenitors (bmEos), and correlated expression with potential mRNA targets involved in crucial regulatory functions. Profiling was performed on whole BM cultures to document the dynamic changes in miRNA expression in the BM microenvironment over the differentiation period. miRNA for network analysis were identified in BM cultures enriched in differentiating eosinophils, and chosen for their potential ability to target mRNA of factors that are known to play critical roles in eosinophil differentiation pathways or cell identify. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified 68 miRNAs with expression patterns that were up- or down- regulated 5-fold or more during bmEos differentiation. By employing TargetScan and MeSH databases, we identified 348 transcripts involved in 30 canonical pathways as potentially regulated by these miRNAs. Furthermore, by applying miRanda and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), we identified 13 specific miRNAs that are temporally associated with the expression of IL-5Rα and CCR3 and 14 miRNAs associated with the transcription factors GATA-1/2, PU.1 and C/EBPε. We have also identified 17 miRNAs that may regulate the expression of TLRs 4 and 13 during eosinophil differentiation, although we could identify no miRNAs targeting the prominent secretory effector, eosinophil major basic protein. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to map changes in miRNA expression in whole BM cultures during the differentiation of eosinophils, and to predict functional links between miRNAs and their target mRNAs for the regulation of eosinophilopoiesis. Our findings provide an important resource that will promote the platform for further understanding of the role of these non-coding RNAs in the regulation of eosinophil differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (MY); (PSF)
| | - Fiona Eyers
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ian G. Young
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (MY); (PSF)
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24
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Kress M, Hüttenhofer A, Landry M, Kuner R, Favereaux A, Greenberg D, Bednarik J, Heppenstall P, Kronenberg F, Malcangio M, Rittner H, üçeyler N, Trajanoski Z, Mouritzen P, Birklein F, Sommer C, Soreq H. microRNAs in nociceptive circuits as predictors of future clinical applications. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:33. [PMID: 24151455 PMCID: PMC3798051 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune alterations in the peripheral and central nervous system play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic pain, and non-coding RNAs - and microRNAs (miRNAs) in particular - regulate both immune and neuronal processes. Specifically, miRNAs control macromolecular complexes in neurons, glia and immune cells and regulate signals used for neuro-immune communication in the pain pathway. Therefore, miRNAs may be hypothesized as critically important master switches modulating chronic pain. In particular, understanding the concerted function of miRNA in the regulation of nociception and endogenous analgesia and defining the importance of miRNAs in the circuitries and cognitive, emotional and behavioral components involved in pain is expected to shed new light on the enigmatic pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, migraine and complex regional pain syndrome. Specific miRNAs may evolve as new druggable molecular targets for pain prevention and relief. Furthermore, predisposing miRNA expression patterns and inter-individual variations and polymorphisms in miRNAs and/or their binding sites may serve as biomarkers for pain and help to predict individual risks for certain types of pain and responsiveness to analgesic drugs. miRNA-based diagnostics are expected to develop into hands-on tools that allow better patient stratification, improved mechanism-based treatment, and targeted prevention strategies for high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kress
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Medical University InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Marc Landry
- UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | | | - Alexandre Favereaux
- UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermona Soreq
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biological chemistry, Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
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Huang Y, Zhang JL, Yu XL, Xu TS, Wang ZB, Cheng XC. Molecular functions of small regulatory noncoding RNA. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:221-30. [PMID: 23586714 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, using large-scale genomic sequencing, a great number of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) has been discovered. Short ncRNAs can be classified into three major classes--small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA). These short ncRNAs ranging from 20 to 300 nt in size are now recognized as a new paradigm of gene regulation for controlling many biological processes. In this paper, we review the biogenesis and recent research on the functions of small regulatory non-coding RNAs and aim at understanding their important functions in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Animal Science and Technology College, He Nan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City, Henan Province, PR China.
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26
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Rao YS, Mott NN, Wang Y, Chung WCJ, Pak TR. MicroRNAs in the aging female brain: a putative mechanism for age-specific estrogen effects. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2795-806. [PMID: 23720423 PMCID: PMC3713211 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is characterized by the rapid age-related decline of circulating 17β-estradiol (E(2)) levels in women, which can sometimes result in cognitive disorders such as impaired memory and increased anxiety. Hormone therapy (HT) is a widely used treatment for the adverse effects associated with menopause; however, evidence suggests that HT administered to postmenopausal women age 65 years and over can lead to increased risks for cognitive disorders. We hypothesized that these age-related changes in E(2) action are due to posttranscriptional gene regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to the 3'-untranslated region of target mRNAs and subsequently target these transcripts for degradation. In the present study, 3- and 18-month-old female rats were oophorectomized (OVX) and treated 1 week after surgery with 2.5 μg E(2) once per day for 3 days. Total RNA was isolated from the ventral and dorsal hippocampus, central amygdala, and paraventricular nucleus. Our results showed that E(2) differentially altered miRNA levels in an age- and brain region-dependent manner. Multiple miRNA target prediction algorithms revealed putative target genes that are important for memory and stress regulation, such as BDNF, glucocorticoid receptor, and SIRT-1. Indeed, quantitative RT-PCR analyses of some of the predicted targets, such as SIRT1, showed that the mRNA expression levels were the inverse of the targeting miRNA, thereby confirming the prediction algorithms. Taken together, these data show that E(2) regulates miRNA expression in an age- and E(2)-dependent manner, which we hypothesize results in differential gene expression and consequently altered neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathindar S Rao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Malan-Müller S, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S. Big effects of small RNAs: a review of microRNAs in anxiety. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:726-39. [PMID: 23150170 PMCID: PMC3589626 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic and regulatory elements provide an additional layer of complexity to the heterogeneity of anxiety disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, noncoding RNAs that have recently drawn interest as epigenetic modulators of gene expression in psychiatric disorders. miRNAs elicit their effects by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and hindering translation or accelerating degradation. Considering their role in neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity, miRNAs have opened up new investigative avenues in the aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. In this review, we provide a thorough analysis of miRNAs, their targets and their functions in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing on their role in anxiety disorders. The involvement of miRNAs in CNS functions (such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis and synaptic and neural plasticity) and their intricate regulatory role under stressful conditions strongly support their importance in the aetiology of anxiety disorders. Furthermore, miRNAs could provide new avenues for the development of therapeutic targets in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Han Z, Liu Q, Huang Z, Cui W, Tian Y, Yan W, Wu Q. Expression and imprinting analysis of AK044800, a transcript from the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster during mouse embryogenesis. Mol Cells 2013; 35:285-90. [PMID: 23515577 PMCID: PMC3887882 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has demonstrated that full development potential is closely related with the expression state of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) of the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster. However, few of them, especially the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been characterized in detail. AK044800 is a transcript from the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted region with little known information. This study reports original data on the expression pattern of AK044800 during embryogenesis. Expression analysis showed that AK044800 was specifically expressed in the brain at mid-gestation, E9.5 and E11.5. And at E15.5, its expression was mainly concentrated in the forebrain. In the late-gestation stage (E18.5), AK044800 expression was weaker in the brain and began to emerge in some other tissues during this period. Notably, the expression of AK044800 was biallelic in the brain, unlike other noncoding transcripts from this imprinted region. In addition, its expression was dependent on inbred mouse strains. This may be the first lncRNA that has been identified with a different expression between inbred mouse strains. This study may provide useful clues for further investigations of expression regulation and functions of lncRNAs of the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbin Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
| | - Yijun Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
| | - Weili Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Science Park of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
China
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Genetic variation in hippocampal microRNA expression differences in C57BL/6 J X DBA/2 J (BXD) recombinant inbred mouse strains. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:476. [PMID: 22974136 PMCID: PMC3496628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miRNAs are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that play a major role in normal biological functions and diseases. Little is currently known about how expression of miRNAs is regulated. We surveyed variation in miRNA abundance in the hippocampus of mouse inbred strains, allowing us to take a genetic approach to the study of miRNA regulation, which is novel for miRNAs. The BXD recombinant inbred panel is a very well characterized genetic reference panel which allows quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of miRNA abundance and detection of correlates in a large store of brain and behavioural phenotypes. RESULTS We found five suggestive trans QTLs for the regulation of miRNAs investigated. Further analysis of these QTLs revealed two genes, Tnik and Phf17, under the miR-212 regulatory QTLs, whose expression levels were significantly correlated with miR-212 expression. We found that miR-212 expression is correlated with cocaine-related behaviour, consistent with a reported role for this miRNA in the control of cocaine consumption. miR-31 is correlated with anxiety and alcohol related behaviours. KEGG pathway analysis of each miRNA's expression correlates revealed enrichment of pathways including MAP kinase, cancer, long-term potentiation, axonal guidance and WNT signalling. CONCLUSIONS The BXD reference panel allowed us to establish genetic regulation and characterize biological function of specific miRNAs. QTL analysis enabled detection of genetic loci that regulate the expression of these miRNAs. eQTLs that regulate miRNA abundance are a new mechanism by which genetic variation influences brain and behaviour. Analysis of one of these QTLs revealed a gene, Tnik, which may regulate the expression of a miRNA, a molecular pathway and a behavioural phenotype. Evidence of genetic covariation of miR-212 abundance and cocaine related behaviours is strongly supported by previous functional studies, demonstrating the value of this approach for discovery of new functional roles and downstream processes regulated by miRNA.
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Favre G, Banta Lavenex P, Lavenex P. miRNA regulation of gene expression: a predictive bioinformatics analysis in the postnatally developing monkey hippocampus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43435. [PMID: 22952683 PMCID: PMC3429458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression in the postnatally developing hippocampus might contribute to the emergence of selective memory function. However, the mechanisms that underlie the co-regulation of expression of hundreds of genes in different cell types at specific ages in distinct hippocampal regions have yet to be elucidated. By performing genome-wide microarray analyses of gene expression in distinct regions of the monkey hippocampal formation during early postnatal development, we identified one particular group of genes exhibiting a down-regulation of expression, between birth and six months of age in CA1 and after one year of age in CA3, to reach expression levels observed at 6–12 years of age. Bioinformatics analyses using NCBI, miRBase, TargetScan, microRNA.org and Affymetrix tools identified a number of miRNAs capable of regulating the expression of these genes simultaneously in different cell types, i.e., in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, sixty-five percent of these miRNAs are conserved across species, from rodents to humans; whereas thirty-five percent are specific to primates, including humans. In addition, we found that some genes exhibiting greater down-regulation of their expression were the predicted targets of a greater number of these miRNAs. In sum, miRNAs may play a fundamental role in the co-regulation of gene expression in different cell types. This mechanism is partially conserved across species, and may thus contribute to the similarity of basic hippocampal characteristics across mammals. This mechanism also exhibits a phylogenetic diversity that may contribute to more subtle species differences in hippocampal structure and function observed at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Favre
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Banta Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The etiology and pathophysiology of anxiety and mood disorders is linked to inappropriate regulation of the central stress response. To determine whether microRNAs have a functional role in the regulation of the stress response, we inactivated microRNA processing by a lentiviral-induced local ablation of the Dicer gene in the central amygdala (CeA) of adult mice. CeA Dicer ablation induced a robust increase in anxiety-like behavior, whereas manipulated neurons survive and appear to exhibit normal gross morphology in the time period examined. We also observed that acute stress in wild-type mice induced a differential expression profile of microRNAs in the amygdala. Bioinformatic analysis identified putative gene targets for these stress-responsive microRNAs, some of which are known to be associated with stress. One of the prominent stress-induced microRNAs found in this screen, miR-34c, was further confirmed to be upregulated after acute and chronic stressful challenge and downregulated in Dicer ablated cells. Lentivirally mediated overexpression of miR34c specifically within the adult CeA induced anxiolytic behavior after challenge. Of particular interest, one of the miR-34c targets is the stress-related corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRFR1) mRNA, regulated via a single evolutionary conserved seed complementary site on its 3' UTR. Additional in vitro studies demonstrated that miR-34c reduces the responsiveness of cells to CRF in neuronal cells endogenously expressing CRFR1. Our results suggest a physiological role for microRNAs in regulating the central stress response and position them as potential targets for treatment of stress-related disorders.
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microRNA-34c is a novel target to treat dementias. EMBO J 2011; 30:4299-308. [PMID: 21946562 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are key regulators of transcriptome plasticity and have been implicated with the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Here, we employed massive parallel sequencing and provide, at an unprecedented depth, the complete and quantitative miRNAome of the mouse hippocampus, the prime target of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using integrative genetics, we identify miR-34c as a negative constraint of memory consolidation and show that miR-34c levels are elevated in the hippocampus of AD patients and corresponding mouse models. In line with this, targeting miR-34 seed rescues learning ability in these mouse models. Our data suggest that miR-34c could be a marker for the onset of cognitive disturbances linked to AD and indicate that targeting miR-34c could be a suitable therapy.
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Olde Loohuis NFM, Kos A, Martens GJM, Van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N, Aschrafi A. MicroRNA networks direct neuronal development and plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:89-102. [PMID: 21833581 PMCID: PMC3249201 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. In neurons, the functions of individual miRNAs are just beginning to emerge, and recent studies have elucidated roles for neural miRNAs at various stages of neuronal development and maturation, including neurite outgrowth, dendritogenesis, and spine formation. Notably, miRNAs regulate mRNA translation locally in the axosomal and synaptodendritic compartments, and thereby contribute to the dynamic spatial organization of axonal and dendritic structures and their function. Given the critical role for miRNAs in regulating early brain development and in mediating synaptic plasticity later in life, it is tempting to speculate that the pathology of neurological disorders is affected by altered expression or functioning of miRNAs. Here we provide an overview of recently identified mechanisms of neuronal development and plasticity involving miRNAs, and the consequences of miRNA dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F M Olde Loohuis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Siracusa LD, Buchberg AM. The noncoding RNAs: a genomic symphony of transcripts. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:449-53. [PMID: 19011942 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541, USA.
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