1
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Ardelean AI, Mârza SM, Marica R, Dragomir MF, Rusu-Moldovan AO, Moldovan M, Pașca PM, Oana L. Evaluation of Biocomposite Cements for Bone Defect Repair in Rat Models. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1097. [PMID: 39337881 PMCID: PMC11432940 DOI: 10.3390/life14091097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Repairing or reconstructing significant bone defects is typically challenging. In the present study, two composite cements were used as scaffolds in a sub-critical femoral defect in rats. A control group and two experimental batches were used to compare the outcomes. This research aimed to investigate the osteogenic potential and toxicological tolerance of the bioproducts through histopathology and computed tomography imaging analysis at 14, 28, 56, and 90 days post-implantation. The biomaterials used in the investigation consisted of a 65% bioactive salinized inorganic filler and a 25% weight organic matrix. The organic part of the biomaterial was composed of Bis-GMA (bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate), UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate), HEMA (2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), while the inorganic filler was composed of silica, barium glass, hydroxyapatite, and fluor aluminosilicate glass. The first findings of this research are encouraging, revealing that there is a slight difference between the groups treated with biomaterials, but it might be an effective approach for managing bone abnormalities. Material C1 exhibited a faster bone defect healing time compared to material C2, where bone fractures occurred in some individuals. It is unclear if the fractures were caused by the presence of the biomaterial C2 or whether additional variables were to blame. By the end of the research, the mice appeared to tolerate the biomaterials without exhibiting any inflammatory or rejection responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorin Marian Mârza
- Department of Veterinary Imagistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Marica
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mădălina Florina Dragomir
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Oana Rusu-Moldovan
- Department of Surgery III, Institute of Oncology "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu", 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mărioara Moldovan
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paula Maria Pașca
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liviu Oana
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Ardelean AI, Marza SM, Dragomir MF, Negoescu A, Sarosi C, Novac CS, Pestean C, Moldovan M, Oana L. The Potential of Composite Cements for Wound Healing in Rats. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:837. [PMID: 39199795 PMCID: PMC11351640 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in biomaterials have resulted in the creation of cement composites with potential wound treatment properties, even though they are currently mainly employed for bone regeneration. Their ability to improve skin restoration after surgery is worth noting. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the ability of composite cement to promote wound healing in a rat experimental model. Full-thickness 5 mm skin defects were created, and the biomaterials were applied as wound dressings. The hybrid light-cured cement composites possess an organic matrix (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and HEMA) and an inorganic phase (bioglasses, silica, and hydroxyapatite). The organic phase also contains γ-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, which is produced by distributing bioactive silanized inorganic filler particles. The repair of the defect is assessed using a selection of macroscopic and microscopic protocols, including wound closure rate, histopathological analysis, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. Both composites exerted a favorable influence on cells, although the C1 product demonstrated a more extensive healing mechanism. Histological examination of the kidney and liver tissues revealed no evidence of toxicity. There were no notable negative outcomes in the treated groups, demonstrating the biocompatibility and efficacy of these bioproducts. By day 15, the skin of both groups had healed completely. This research introduces a pioneering strategy by utilizing composite cements, traditionally used in dentistry, in the context of skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (C.P.); (L.O.)
| | - Sorin Marian Marza
- Department of Veterinary Imagistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Madalina Florina Dragomir
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (C.P.); (L.O.)
| | - Andrada Negoescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Codruta Sarosi
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristiana Stefania Novac
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Pestean
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (C.P.); (L.O.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Raluca Ripan Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Liviu Oana
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (C.P.); (L.O.)
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3
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Ardelean AI, Marza SM, Negoescu A, Dragomir MF, Sarosi C, Moldovan M, Ene R, Oana L. Assessing Biocompatibility of Composite Cements by Peri/Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Implantation in Rats. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1718. [PMID: 39200185 PMCID: PMC11351888 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study's goal was to evaluate the biocompatibility of two composite cements over a 90-day period by analyzing the individuals' behavior as well as conducting macroscopic and histological examinations and Computed Tomography (CT) scans. We conducted the cytotoxicity test by placing the materials subcutaneously and peri/intramuscularly. Days 30 and 90 were crucial for our research. On those days, we harvested the implants, kidneys and liver to search for any toxic deposits. The biomaterial's uniformity, color and texture remained unaltered despite being in intimate contact with the tissue. Although a slight inflammatory response was observed in the placement location, we observed an improved outcome of the interaction between the material and its insertion area. There were no notable discoveries in the liver and kidneys. According to the obtained results, the biomaterials did not produce any clinical changes nor specific irritation during the research, demonstrating that they are biocompatible with biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - Sorin Marian Marza
- Department of Veterinary Imagistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Negoescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Madalina Florina Dragomir
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - Codruta Sarosi
- Department Polymeric Composites, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Department Polymeric Composites, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Razvan Ene
- Department Orthopedics, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Oana
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultura Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.I.A.); (M.F.D.); (L.O.)
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4
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Gutiérrez-Guerrero YT, Phifer-Rixey M, Nachman MW. Across two continents: The genomic basis of environmental adaptation in house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) from the Americas. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011036. [PMID: 38968323 PMCID: PMC11253941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Replicated clines across environmental gradients can be strong evidence of adaptation. House mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers and are now widely distributed from Tierra del Fuego to Alaska. Multiple aspects of climate, such as temperature, vary predictably across latitude in the Americas. Past studies of North American populations across latitudinal gradients provided evidence of environmental adaptation in traits related to body size, metabolism, and behavior and identified candidate genes using selection scans. Here, we investigate genomic signals of environmental adaptation on a second continent, South America, and ask whether there is evidence of parallel adaptation across multiple latitudinal transects in the Americas. We first identified loci across the genome showing signatures of selection related to climatic variation in mice sampled across a latitudinal transect in South America, accounting for neutral population structure. Consistent with previous results, most candidate SNPs were in putatively regulatory regions. Genes that contained the most extreme outliers relate to traits such as body weight or size, metabolism, immunity, fat, eye function, and the cardiovascular system. We then compared these results with the results of analyses of published data from two transects in North America. While most candidate genes were unique to individual transects, we found significant overlap among candidate genes identified independently in the three transects. These genes are diverse, with functions relating to metabolism, immunity, cardiac function, and circadian rhythm, among others. We also found parallel shifts in allele frequency in candidate genes across latitudinal gradients. Finally, combining data from all three transects, we identified several genes associated with variation in body weight. Overall, our results provide strong evidence of shared responses to selection and identify genes that likely underlie recent environmental adaptation in house mice across North and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yocelyn T. Gutiérrez-Guerrero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Phifer-Rixey
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Nachman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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5
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Macholán M, Daniszová K, Hiadlovská Z. The Expansion of House Mouse Major Urinary Protein Genes Likely Did Not Facilitate Commensalism with Humans. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2090. [PMID: 38003032 PMCID: PMC10671799 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse wild-derived strains (WDSs) combine the advantages of classical laboratory stocks and wild animals, and thus appear to be promising tools for diverse biomedical and evolutionary studies. We employed 18 WDSs representing three non-synanthropic species (Mus spretus, Mus spicilegus, and M. macedonicus) and three house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus, M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus), which are all important human commensals to explore whether the number of major urinary protein (MUP) genes and their final protein levels in urine are correlated with the level of commensalism. Contrary to expectations, the MUP copy number (CN) and protein excretion in the strains derived from M. m. castaneus, which is supposed to be the strongest commensal, were not significantly different from the non-commensal species. Regardless of an overall tendency for higher MUP amounts in taxa with a higher CN, there was no significant correlation at the strain level. Our study thus suggests that expansion of the Mup cluster, which appeared before the house mouse diversification, is unlikely to facilitate commensalism with humans in three house mouse subspecies. Finally, we found considerable variation among con(sub)specific WDSs, warning against generalisations of results based on a few strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Macholán
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Mammalian Evolutionary Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Daniszová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Mammalian Evolutionary Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hiadlovská
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Mammalian Evolutionary Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Gutiérrez-Guerrero YT, Phifer-Rixey M, Nachman MW. Across two continents: the genomic basis of environmental adaptation in house mice ( Mus musculus domesticus) from the Americas. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.30.564674. [PMID: 37961195 PMCID: PMC10634997 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Parallel clines across environmental gradients can be strong evidence of adaptation. House mice (Mus musculus domesticus) were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers and are now widely distributed from Tierra del Fuego to Alaska. Multiple aspects of climate, such as temperature, vary predictably across latitude in the Americas. Past studies of North American populations across latitudinal gradients provided evidence of environmental adaptation in traits related to body size, metabolism, and behavior and identified candidate genes using selection scans. Here, we investigate genomic signals of environmental adaptation on a second continent, South America, and ask whether there is evidence of parallel adaptation across multiple latitudinal transects in the Americas. We first identified loci across the genome showing signatures of selection related to climatic variation in mice sampled across a latitudinal transect in South America, accounting for neutral population structure. Consistent with previous results, most candidate SNPs were in regulatory regions. Genes containing the most extreme outliers relate to traits such as body weight or size, metabolism, immunity, fat, and development or function of the eye as well as traits associated with the cardiovascular and renal systems. We then combined these results with published results from two transects in North America. While most candidate genes were unique to individual transects, we found significant overlap among candidate genes identified independently in the three transects, providing strong evidence of parallel adaptation and identifying genes that likely underlie recent environmental adaptation in house mice across North and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yocelyn T. Gutiérrez-Guerrero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Megan Phifer-Rixey
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Nachman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
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7
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Josefson CC, Hood WR. Understanding Patterns of Life History Trait Covariation in an Untapped Resource, the Lab Mouse. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:321-331. [PMID: 37713715 DOI: 10.1086/725435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThrough artificial selection and inbreeding, strains of laboratory mice have been developed that vary in the expression of a single or suite of desired traits valuable to biomedical research. In addition to the selected trait(s), these strains also display variation in pelage color, body size, physiology, and life history. This article exploits the broad phenotypic variation across lab mouse strains to evaluate the relationships between life history and metabolism. Life history variation tends to exist along a fast-slow continuum. There has been considerable interest in understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors underlying life history variation and the physiological and metabolic processes that support them. Yet it remains unclear how these key traits scale across hierarchical levels, as ambiguous empirical support has been garnered at the intraspecific level. Within-species investigations have been thwarted by methodological constraints and environmental factors that obscure the genetic architecture underlying the hypothesized functional integration of life history and metabolic traits. In this analysis, we used the publicly available Mouse Phenome Database by the Jackson Laboratory to investigate the relationships among life history traits (e.g., body size, reproduction, and life span) and metabolic traits (e.g., daily energy expenditure and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration). Our findings revealed significant variation in reproductive characteristics across strains of mice as well as relationships among life history and metabolic traits. We found evidence of variation along the fast-slow life history continuum, though the direction of some relationships among these traits deviated from interspecific predictions laid out in previous literature. Furthermore, our results suggest that the strength of these relationships are strongest earlier in life.
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8
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Jourdan J, Bundschuh M, Copilaș-Ciocianu D, Fišer C, Grabowski M, Hupało K, Jemec Kokalj A, Kabus J, Römbke J, Soose LJ, Oehlmann J. Cryptic Species in Ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1889-1914. [PMID: 37314101 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genetic methods has led to the discovery of an increasing number of species that previously could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of morphological characteristics. Even though there has been an exponential growth of publications on cryptic species, such species are rarely considered in ecotoxicology. Thus, the particular question of ecological differentiation and the sensitivity of closely related cryptic species is rarely addressed. Tackling this question, however, is of key importance for evolutionary ecology, conservation biology, and, in particular, regulatory ecotoxicology. At the same time, the use of species with (known or unknown) cryptic diversity might be a reason for the lack of reproducibility of ecotoxicological experiments and implies a false extrapolation of the findings. Our critical review includes a database and literature search through which we investigated how many of the species most frequently used in ecotoxicological assessments show evidence of cryptic diversity. We found a high proportion of reports indicating overlooked species diversity, especially in invertebrates. In terrestrial and aquatic realms, at least 67% and 54% of commonly used species, respectively, were identified as cryptic species complexes. The issue is less prominent in vertebrates, in which we found evidence for cryptic species complexes in 27% of aquatic and 6.7% of terrestrial vertebrates. We further exemplified why different evolutionary histories may significantly determine cryptic species' ecology and sensitivity to pollutants. This in turn may have a major impact on the results of ecotoxicological tests and, consequently, the outcome of environmental risk assessments. Finally, we provide a brief guideline on how to deal practically with cryptic diversity in ecotoxicological studies in general and its implementation in risk assessment procedures in particular. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1889-1914. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jourdan
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denis Copilaș-Ciocianu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Hydrobionts, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Cene Fišer
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michał Grabowski
- Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamil Hupało
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Kabus
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim am Main, Germany
| | - Laura J Soose
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Agwamba KD, Nachman MW. The demographic history of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in eastern North America. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkac332. [PMID: 36546306 PMCID: PMC9911051 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) is a widespread human commensal that has recently been introduced to North America. Its introduction to the Americas is thought to have resulted from the transatlantic movements of Europeans that began in the early 16th century. To study the details of this colonization history, we examine population structure, explore relevant demographic models, and infer the timing of divergence among house mouse populations in the eastern United States using published exome sequences from five North American populations and two European populations. For North American populations of house mice, levels of nucleotide variation were lower, and low-frequency alleles were less common than for European populations. These patterns provide evidence of a mild bottleneck associated with the movement of house mice into North America. Several analyses revealed that one North American population is genetically admixed, which indicates at least two source populations from Europe were independently introduced to eastern North America. Estimated divergence times between North American and German populations ranged between ∼1,000 and 7,000 years ago and overlapped with the estimated divergence time between populations from Germany and France. Demographic models comparing different North American populations revealed that these populations diverged from each other mostly within the last 500 years, consistent with the timing of the arrival of Western European settlers to North America. Together, these results support a recent introduction of Western European house mice to eastern North America, highlighting the effects of human migration and colonization on the spread of an invasive human commensal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy D Agwamba
- Center for Computational Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael W Nachman
- Center for Computational Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Morgan AP, Hughes JJ, Didion JP, Jolley WJ, Campbell KJ, Threadgill DW, Bonhomme F, Searle JB, de Villena FPM. Population structure and inbreeding in wild house mice (Mus musculus) at different geographic scales. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:183-194. [PMID: 35764696 PMCID: PMC9411160 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
House mice (Mus musculus) have spread globally as a result of their commensal relationship with humans. In the form of laboratory strains, both inbred and outbred, they are also among the most widely used model organisms in biomedical research. Although the general outlines of house mouse dispersal and population structure are well known, details have been obscured by either limited sample size or small numbers of markers. Here we examine ancestry, population structure, and inbreeding using SNP microarray genotypes in a cohort of 814 wild mice spanning five continents and all major subspecies of Mus, with a focus on M. m. domesticus. We find that the major axis of genetic variation in M. m. domesticus is a south-to-north gradient within Europe and the Mediterranean. The dominant ancestry component in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and various small offshore islands are of northern European origin. Next we show that inbreeding is surprisingly pervasive and highly variable, even between nearby populations. By inspecting the length distribution of homozygous segments in individual genomes, we find that inbreeding in commensal populations is mostly due to consanguinity. Our results offer new insight into the natural history of an important model organism for medicine and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Jonathan J Hughes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John P Didion
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Independent Scientist, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Francois Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Fujiwara K, Kawai Y, Takada T, Shiroishi T, Saitou N, Suzuki H, Osada N. Insights into Mus musculus Population Structure across Eurasia Revealed by Whole-Genome Analysis. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:evac068. [PMID: 35524942 PMCID: PMC9122283 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 100 years, house mice (Mus musculus) have been used as a key animal model in biomedical research. House mice are genetically diverse, yet their genetic background at the global level has not been fully understood. Previous studies have suggested that they originated in South Asia and diverged into three major subspecies, almost simultaneously, approximately 110,000-500,000 years ago; however, they have spread across the world with the migration of modern humans in prehistoric and historic times (∼10,000 years ago to the present day) and have undergone secondary contact, which has complicated the genetic landscape of wild house mice. In this study, we sequenced the whole-genome sequences of 98 wild house mice collected from Eurasia, particularly East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Although wild house mice were found to consist of three major genetic groups corresponding to the three major subspecies, individuals representing admixtures between subspecies were more prevalent in East Asia than has been previously recognized. Furthermore, several samples exhibited an incongruent pattern of genealogies between mitochondrial and autosomal genomes. Using samples that likely retained the original genetic components of subspecies with the least admixture, we estimated the pattern and timing of divergence among the subspecies. The estimated divergence time of the three subspecies was 187,000-226,000 years ago. These results will help us to understand the genetic diversity of wild mice on a global scale, and the findings will be particularly useful in future biomedical and evolutionary studies involving laboratory mice established from such wild mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Big Data and Cybersecurity, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawai
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Takada
- Integrated BioResource Information Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Osada
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Big Data and Cybersecurity, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Penn DJ, Zala SM, Luzynski KC. Regulation of Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Major Urinary Proteins. Front Physiol 2022; 13:822073. [PMID: 35431992 PMCID: PMC9008510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.822073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Male house mice excrete large amounts of protein in their urinary scent marks, mainly composed of Major Urinary Proteins (MUPs), and these lipocalins function as pheromones and pheromone carriers. Here, we review studies on sexually dimorphic MUP expression in house mice, including the proximate mechanisms controlling MUP gene expression and their adaptive functions. Males excrete 2 to 8 times more urinary protein than females, though there is enormous variation in gene expression across loci in both sexes. MUP expression is dynamically regulated depending upon a variety of factors. Males regulate MUP expression according to social status, whereas females do not, and males regulate expression depending upon health and condition. Male-biased MUP expression is regulated by pituitary secretion of growth hormone (GH), which binds receptors in the liver, activating the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway, chromatin accessibility, and MUP gene transcription. Pulsatile male GH secretion is feminized by several factors, including caloric restriction, microbiota depletion, and aging, which helps explain condition-dependent MUP expression. If MUP production has sex-specific fitness optima, then this should generate sexual antagonism over allelic expression (intra-locus sexual conflict) selectively favoring sexually dimorphic expression. MUPs influence the sexual attractiveness of male urinary odor and increased urinary protein excretion is correlated with the reproductive success of males but not females. This finding could explain the selective maintenance of sexually dimorphic MUP expression. Producing MUPs entails energetic costs, but increased excretion may reduce the net energetic costs and predation risks from male scent marking as well as prolong the release of chemical signals. MUPs may also provide physiological benefits, including regulating metabolic rate and toxin removal, which may have sex-specific effects on survival. A phylogenetic analysis on the origins of male-biased MUP gene expression in Mus musculus suggests that this sexual dimorphism evolved by increasing male MUP expression rather than reducing female expression.
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13
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Fornůsková A, Hiadlovská Z, Macholán M, Piálek J, de Bellocq JG. New Perspective on the Geographic Distribution and Evolution of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2638-2647. [PMID: 34545789 PMCID: PMC8462312 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an Old World mammarenavirus found worldwide because of its association with the house mouse. When LCMV spills over to immunocompetent humans, the virus can cause aseptic meningitis; in immunocompromised persons, systemic infection and death can occur. Central Europe is a strategic location for the study of LCMV evolutionary history and host specificity because of the presence of a hybrid zone (genetic barrier) between 2 house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and M. musculus domesticus. We report LCMV prevalence in natural mouse populations from a Czech Republic–Germany transect and genomic characterization of 2 new LCMV variants from the Czech Republic. We demonstrate that the main division in the LCMV phylogenetic tree corresponds to mouse host subspecies and, when the virus is found in human hosts, the mouse subspecies found at the spillover location. Therefore, LCMV strains infecting humans can be predicted by the genetic structure of house mice.
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14
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Ferris KG, Chavez AS, Suzuki TA, Beckman EJ, Phifer-Rixey M, Bi K, Nachman MW. The genomics of rapid climatic adaptation and parallel evolution in North American house mice. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009495. [PMID: 33914747 PMCID: PMC8084166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel changes in genotype and phenotype in response to similar selection pressures in different populations provide compelling evidence of adaptation. House mice (Mus musculus domesticus) have recently colonized North America and are found in a wide range of environments. Here we measure phenotypic and genotypic differentiation among house mice from five populations sampled across 21° of latitude in western North America, and we compare our results to a parallel latitudinal cline in eastern North America. First, we show that mice are genetically differentiated between transects, indicating that they have independently colonized similar environments in eastern and western North America. Next, we find genetically-based differences in body weight and nest building behavior between mice from the ends of the western transect which mirror differences seen in the eastern transect, demonstrating parallel phenotypic change. We then conduct genome-wide scans for selection and a genome-wide association study to identify targets of selection and candidate genes for body weight. We find some genomic signatures that are unique to each transect, indicating population-specific responses to selection. However, there is significant overlap between genes under selection in eastern and western house mouse transects, providing evidence of parallel genetic evolution in response to similar selection pressures across North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G. Ferris
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andreas S. Chavez
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Taichi A. Suzuki
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Beckman
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Phifer-Rixey
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Bi
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Nachman
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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15
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The Impact of Composites with Silicate-Based Glasses and Gold Nanoparticles on Skin Wound Regeneration. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030620. [PMID: 33504095 PMCID: PMC7866013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The silver content of the skin regeneration ointments can influence its regeneration process but in the meantime, it can take the benefit of the antibacterial properties of silver by avoiding the bacterial infection of an open wound. In the current study, the skin healing and regeneration capacity of bioactive glass with spherical gold nanocages (BGAuIND) in the Vaseline ointments were evaluated in vivo comparing the bioactive glass (BG)-Vaseline and bioactive glass with spherical gold (BGAuSP)-Vaseline ointments. Spherical gold nanocages are stabilized with silver and as a consequence the BGAuIND exhibits great antibacterial activity. Histological examination of the cutaneous tissue performed on day 8 indicates a more advanced regeneration process in rats treated with BGAuSP-Vaseline. The histopathological examination also confirms the results obtained after 11 days post-intervention, when the skin is completely regenerated at rats treated with BGAuSP-Vaseline compared with the others groups where the healing was incomplete. This result is also confirmed by the macroscopic images of the evolution of wounds healing. As expected, the silver content influences the wound healing process but after two weeks, for all of the post-interventional trials from the groups of rats, the skin healing was completely.
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16
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Crouse WL, Kelada SNP, Valdar W. Inferring the Allelic Series at QTL in Multiparental Populations. Genetics 2020; 216:957-983. [PMID: 33082282 PMCID: PMC7768242 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiparental populations (MPPs) are experimental populations in which the genome of every individual is a mosaic of known founder haplotypes. These populations are useful for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) because tests of association can leverage inferred founder haplotype descent. It is difficult, however, to determine how haplotypes at a locus group into distinct functional alleles, termed the allelic series. The allelic series is important because it provides information about the number of causal variants at a QTL and their combined effects. In this study, we introduce a fully Bayesian model selection framework for inferring the allelic series. This framework accounts for sources of uncertainty found in typical MPPs, including the number and composition of functional alleles. Our prior distribution for the allelic series is based on the Chinese restaurant process, a relative of the Dirichlet process, and we leverage its connection to the coalescent to introduce additional prior information about haplotype relatedness via a phylogenetic tree. We evaluate our approach via simulation and apply it to QTL from two MPPs: the Collaborative Cross (CC) and the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource (DSPR). We find that, although posterior inference of the exact allelic series is often uncertain, we are able to distinguish biallelic QTL from more complex multiallelic cases. Additionally, our allele-based approach improves haplotype effect estimation when the true number of functional alleles is small. Our method, Tree-Based Inference of Multiallelism via Bayesian Regression (TIMBR), provides new insight into the genetic architecture of QTL in MPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley L Crouse
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Samir N P Kelada
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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17
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Sigmon JS, Blanchard MW, Baric RS, Bell TA, Brennan J, Brockmann GA, Burks AW, Calabrese JM, Caron KM, Cheney RE, Ciavatta D, Conlon F, Darr DB, Faber J, Franklin C, Gershon TR, Gralinski L, Gu B, Gaines CH, Hagan RS, Heimsath EG, Heise MT, Hock P, Ideraabdullah F, Jennette JC, Kafri T, Kashfeen A, Kulis M, Kumar V, Linnertz C, Livraghi-Butrico A, Lloyd KCK, Lutz C, Lynch RM, Magnuson T, Matsushima GK, McMullan R, Miller DR, Mohlke KL, Moy SS, Murphy CEY, Najarian M, O'Brien L, Palmer AA, Philpot BD, Randell SH, Reinholdt L, Ren Y, Rockwood S, Rogala AR, Saraswatula A, Sassetti CM, Schisler JC, Schoenrock SA, Shaw GD, Shorter JR, Smith CM, St Pierre CL, Tarantino LM, Threadgill DW, Valdar W, Vilen BJ, Wardwell K, Whitmire JK, Williams L, Zylka MJ, Ferris MT, McMillan L, Manuel de Villena FP. Content and Performance of the MiniMUGA Genotyping Array: A New Tool To Improve Rigor and Reproducibility in Mouse Research. Genetics 2020; 216:905-930. [PMID: 33067325 PMCID: PMC7768238 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory mouse is the most widely used animal model for biomedical research, due in part to its well-annotated genome, wealth of genetic resources, and the ability to precisely manipulate its genome. Despite the importance of genetics for mouse research, genetic quality control (QC) is not standardized, in part due to the lack of cost-effective, informative, and robust platforms. Genotyping arrays are standard tools for mouse research and remain an attractive alternative even in the era of high-throughput whole-genome sequencing. Here, we describe the content and performance of a new iteration of the Mouse Universal Genotyping Array (MUGA), MiniMUGA, an array-based genetic QC platform with over 11,000 probes. In addition to robust discrimination between most classical and wild-derived laboratory strains, MiniMUGA was designed to contain features not available in other platforms: (1) chromosomal sex determination, (2) discrimination between substrains from multiple commercial vendors, (3) diagnostic SNPs for popular laboratory strains, (4) detection of constructs used in genetically engineered mice, and (5) an easy-to-interpret report summarizing these results. In-depth annotation of all probes should facilitate custom analyses by individual researchers. To determine the performance of MiniMUGA, we genotyped 6899 samples from a wide variety of genetic backgrounds. The performance of MiniMUGA compares favorably with three previous iterations of the MUGA family of arrays, both in discrimination capabilities and robustness. We have generated publicly available consensus genotypes for 241 inbred strains including classical, wild-derived, and recombinant inbred lines. Here, we also report the detection of a substantial number of XO and XXY individuals across a variety of sample types, new markers that expand the utility of reduced complexity crosses to genetic backgrounds other than C57BL/6, and the robust detection of 17 genetic constructs. We provide preliminary evidence that the array can be used to identify both partial sex chromosome duplication and mosaicism, and that diagnostic SNPs can be used to determine how long inbred mice have been bred independently from the relevant main stock. We conclude that MiniMUGA is a valuable platform for genetic QC, and an important new tool to increase the rigor and reproducibility of mouse research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sebastian Sigmon
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Matthew W Blanchard
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Timothy A Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jennifer Brennan
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - J Mauro Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Richard E Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Dominic Ciavatta
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Frank Conlon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - James Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Craig Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lisa Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Christiann H Gaines
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert S Hagan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ernest G Heimsath
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Pablo Hock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Folami Ideraabdullah
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - J Charles Jennette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Tal Kafri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Anwica Kashfeen
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Mike Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Vivek Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | - Colton Linnertz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico
- Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, California 95616
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis, California 95616
| | | | - Rachel M Lynch
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Glenn K Matsushima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Rachel McMullan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Darla R Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Caroline E Y Murphy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Maya Najarian
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lori O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Benjamin D Philpot
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Marsico Lung Institute/UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Yuyu Ren
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Allison R Rogala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Avani Saraswatula
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Sarah A Schoenrock
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ginger D Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - John R Shorter
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Clare M Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | | | - Lisa M Tarantino
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David W Threadgill
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Barbara J Vilen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lucy Williams
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Mark J Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Leonard McMillan
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Fernando Pardo Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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18
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Montgomery TL, Künstner A, Kennedy JJ, Fang Q, Asarian L, Culp-Hill R, D'Alessandro A, Teuscher C, Busch H, Krementsov DN. Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiota determine susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27516-27527. [PMID: 33077601 PMCID: PMC7959502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002817117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The etiology of MS is multifactorial, with disease risk determined by genetics and environmental factors. An emerging risk factor for immune-mediated diseases is an imbalance in the gut microbiome. However, the identity of gut microbes associated with disease risk, their mechanisms of action, and the interactions with host genetics remain obscure. To address these questions, we utilized the principal autoimmune model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), together with a genetically diverse mouse model representing 29 unique host genotypes, interrogated by microbiome sequencing and targeted microbiome manipulation. We identified specific gut bacteria and their metabolic functions associated with EAE susceptibility, implicating short-chain fatty acid metabolism as a key element conserved across multiple host genotypes. In parallel, we used a reductionist approach focused on two of the most disparate phenotypes identified in our screen. Manipulation of the gut microbiome by transplantation and cohousing demonstrated that transfer of these microbiomes into genetically identical hosts was sufficient to modulate EAE susceptibility and systemic metabolite profiles. Parallel bioinformatic approaches identified Lactobacillus reuteri as a commensal species unexpectedly associated with exacerbation of EAE in a genetically susceptible host, which was functionally confirmed by bacterial isolation and commensal colonization studies. These results reveal complex interactions between host genetics and gut microbiota modulating susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity, providing insights into microbiome-directed strategies aimed at lowering the risk for autoimmune disease and underscoring the need to consider host genetics and baseline gut microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Montgomery
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josephine J Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Lori Asarian
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dimitry N Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401;
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19
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Phifer-Rixey M, Harr B, Hey J. Further resolution of the house mouse (Mus musculus) phylogeny by integration over isolation-with-migration histories. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:120. [PMID: 32933487 PMCID: PMC7493149 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three main subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus castaneus, Mus musculus domesticus, and Mus musculus musculus, are estimated to have diverged ~ 350-500KYA. Resolution of the details of their evolutionary history is complicated by their relatively recent divergence, ongoing gene flow among the subspecies, and complex demographic histories. Previous studies have been limited to some extent by the number of loci surveyed and/or by the scope of the method used. Here, we apply a method (IMa3) that provides an estimate of a population phylogeny while allowing for complex histories of gene exchange. RESULTS Results strongly support a topology with M. m. domesticus as sister to M. m. castaneus and M. m. musculus. In addition, we find evidence of gene flow between all pairs of subspecies, but that gene flow is most restricted from M. m. musculus into M. m. domesticus. Estimates of other key parameters are dependent on assumptions regarding generation time and mutation rate in house mice. Nevertheless, our results support previous findings that the effective population size, Ne, of M. m. castaneus is larger than that of the other two subspecies, that the three subspecies began diverging ~ 130 - 420KYA, and that the time between divergence events was short. CONCLUSIONS Joint demographic and phylogenetic analyses of genomic data provide a clearer picture of the history of divergence in house mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Harr
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Jody Hey
- Department of Biology, Center for Computational Genetics and Genomics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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The Evolution of Polymorphic Hybrid Incompatibilities in House Mice. Genetics 2018; 209:845-859. [PMID: 29692350 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving the mechanistic and genetic bases of reproductive barriers between species is essential to understanding the evolutionary forces that shape speciation. Intrinsic hybrid incompatibilities are often treated as fixed between species, yet there can be considerable variation in the strength of reproductive isolation between populations. The extent and causes of this variation remain poorly understood in most systems. We investigated the genetic basis of variable hybrid male sterility (HMS) between two recently diverged subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus We found that polymorphic HMS has a surprisingly complex genetic basis, with contributions from at least five autosomal loci segregating between two closely related wild-derived strains of M. m. musculus One of the HMS-linked regions on chromosome 4 also showed extensive introgression among inbred laboratory strains and transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in hybrid crosses. Using additional crosses and whole genome sequencing of sperm pools, we showed that TRD was limited to hybrid crosses and was not due to differences in sperm motility between M. m. musculus strains. Based on these results, we argue that TRD likely reflects additional incompatibilities that reduce hybrid embryonic viability. In some common inbred strains of mice, selection against deleterious interactions appears to have unexpectedly driven introgression at loci involved in epistatic hybrid incompatibilities. The highly variable genetic basis to F1 hybrid incompatibilities between closely related mouse lineages argues that a thorough dissection of reproductive isolation will require much more extensive sampling of natural variation than has been commonly utilized in mice and other model systems.
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21
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Karunakaran S, Clee SM. Genetics of metabolic syndrome: potential clues from wild-derived inbred mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:35-51. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex constellation of metabolic abnormalities including obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure that together substantially increase risk for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of MetS, but this process is still far from understood. Human studies have revealed only part of the underlying basis. Studies in mice offer many strengths that can complement human studies to help elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of MetS. Here we review the ways mice can contribute to MetS research. In particular, we focus on the information that can be obtained from studies of the inbred strains, with specific focus on the phenotypes of the wild-derived inbred strains. These are newly derived inbred strains that were created from wild-caught mice. They contain substantial genetic variation that is not present in the classical inbred strains, have phenotypes of relevance for MetS, and various mouse strain resources have been created to facilitate the mining of this new genetic variation. Thus studies using wild-derived inbred strains hold great promise for increasing our understanding of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanne M. Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Martínez-Vargas J, Martinez-Maza C, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Medarde N, Lamrous H, López-Fuster MJ, Cubo J, Ventura J. Comparative postnatal histomorphogenesis of the mandible in wild and laboratory mice. Ann Anat 2017; 215:8-19. [PMID: 28935565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated activity of bone cells (i.e., osteoblasts and osteoclasts) during ontogeny underlies observed changes in bone growth rates (recorded in bone histology and bone microstructure) and bone remodeling patterns explaining the ontogenetic variation in bone size and shape. Histological cross-sections of the mandible in the C57BL/6J inbred mouse strain were recently examined in order to analyze the bone microstructure, as well as the directions and rates of bone growth according to the patterns of fluorescent labeling, with the aim of description of the early postnatal histomorphogenesis of this skeletal structure. Here we use the same approach to characterize the histomorphogenesis of the mandible in wild specimens of Mus musculus domesticus, from the second to the eighth week of postnatal life, for the first time. In addition, we assess the degree of similarity in this biological process between the wild specimens examined and the C57BL/6J laboratory strain. Bone microstructure data show that M. musculus domesticus and the C57BL/6J strain differ in the temporospatial pattern of histological maturation of the mandible, which particularly precludes the support of mandibular organization into the alveolar region and the ascending ramus modules at the histological level in M. musculus domesticus. The patterns of fluorescent labeling reveal that the mandible of the wild mice exhibits temporospatial differences in the remodeling pattern, as well as higher growth rates particularly after weaning, compared to the laboratory mice. Since the two mouse groups were reared under the same conditions, the dissimilarities found suggest the existence of differences between the groups in the genetic regulation of bone remodeling, probably as a result of their different genetic backgrounds. Despite the usual suitability of inbred mouse strains as model organisms, inferences from them to natural populations regarding bone growth should be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Martínez-Vargas
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Cayetana Martinez-Maza
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Nuria Medarde
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Hayat Lamrous
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (iSTeP), 4 place Jussieu, BC 19, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - María José López-Fuster
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (iSTeP), 4 place Jussieu, BC 19, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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23
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Crabbe JC, Ozburn AR, Metten P, Barkley-Levenson A, Schlumbohm JP, Spence SE, Hack WR, Huang LC. High Drinking in the Dark (HDID) mice are sensitive to the effects of some clinically relevant drugs to reduce binge-like drinking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 160:55-62. [PMID: 28827047 PMCID: PMC5603423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a serious public health need for better understanding of alcohol use disorder disease mechanisms and for improved treatments. At this writing, only three drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration as medications to treat alcohol use disorders - disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamprosate. Binge drinking is a form of abusive alcohol drinking defined by the NIAAA as a drinking to blood alcohol levels (BALs)>0.08% during a period of approximately 2h. To model genetic risk for binge-like drinking, we have used selective breeding to create a unique animal model, High Drinking in the Dark (HDID) mice. Behavioral characterization of HDID mice has revealed that HDID mice exhibit behavioral impairment after drinking, withdrawal after a single binge-drinking session, and escalate their intake in response to induction of successive cycles of dependence. Notably, HDID mice do not exhibit altered tastant preference or alcohol clearance rates. We therefore asked whether drugs of known clinical relevance could modulate binge-like ethanol drinking in HDID mice, reasoning that this characterization of HDID responses should inform future use of this genetic animal model for screening and development of novel potential therapeutics. METHODS We tested the efficacy of acamprosate and naltrexone to reduce binge-like drinking in HDID mice. Additionally, we tested the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, based on recent pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating that it reduces alcohol drinking. We elected not to include disulfiram due to its more limited clinical usage. Mice were tested after acute doses of drugs in the limited-access Drinking in the Dark (DID) paradigm. RESULTS HDID mice were sensitive to the effects of acamprosate and baclofen, but not naltrexone. Both drugs reduced binge-like drinking. However, naltrexone failed to reduce drinking in HDID mice. Thus, HDID mice may represent a useful model for screening novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Angela R Ozburn
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pamela Metten
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amanda Barkley-Levenson
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jason P Schlumbohm
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephanie E Spence
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wyatt R Hack
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lawrence C Huang
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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24
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Chang PL, Kopania E, Keeble S, Sarver BAJ, Larson E, Orth A, Belkhir K, Boursot P, Bonhomme F, Good JM, Dean MD. Whole exome sequencing of wild-derived inbred strains of mice improves power to link phenotype and genotype. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:416-425. [PMID: 28819774 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The house mouse is a powerful model to dissect the genetic basis of phenotypic variation, and serves as a model to study human diseases. Despite a wealth of discoveries, most classical laboratory strains have captured only a small fraction of genetic variation known to segregate in their wild progenitors, and existing strains are often related to each other in complex ways. Inbred strains of mice independently derived from natural populations have the potential to increase power in genetic studies with the addition of novel genetic variation. Here, we perform exome-enrichment and high-throughput sequencing (~8× coverage) of 26 wild-derived strains known in the mouse research community as the "Montpellier strains." We identified 1.46 million SNPs in our dataset, approximately 19% of which have not been detected from other inbred strains. This novel genetic variation is expected to contribute to phenotypic variation, as they include 18,496 nonsynonymous variants and 262 early stop codons. Simulations demonstrate that the higher density of genetic variation in the Montpellier strains provides increased power for quantitative genetic studies. Inasmuch as the power to connect genotype to phenotype depends on genetic variation, it is important to incorporate these additional genetic strains into future research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Chang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Emily Kopania
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Sara Keeble
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brice A J Sarver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Erica Larson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
| | - Annie Orth
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR554, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Khalid Belkhir
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR554, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Boursot
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR554, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS UMR554, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey M Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Matthew D Dean
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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25
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Gordon D, Londono D, Patel P, Kim W, Finch SJ, Heiman GA. An Analytic Solution to the Computation of Power and Sample Size for Genetic Association Studies under a Pleiotropic Mode of Inheritance. Hum Hered 2017; 81:194-209. [PMID: 28315880 DOI: 10.1159/000457135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our motivation here is to calculate the power of 3 statistical tests used when there are genetic traits that operate under a pleiotropic mode of inheritance and when qualitative phenotypes are defined by use of thresholds for the multiple quantitative phenotypes. Specifically, we formulate a multivariate function that provides the probability that an individual has a vector of specific quantitative trait values conditional on having a risk locus genotype, and we apply thresholds to define qualitative phenotypes (affected, unaffected) and compute penetrances and conditional genotype frequencies based on the multivariate function. We extend the analytic power and minimum-sample-size-necessary (MSSN) formulas for 2 categorical data-based tests (genotype, linear trend test [LTT]) of genetic association to the pleiotropic model. We further compare the MSSN of the genotype test and the LTT with that of a multivariate ANOVA (Pillai). We approximate the MSSN for statistics by linear models using a factorial design and ANOVA. With ANOVA decomposition, we determine which factors most significantly change the power/MSSN for all statistics. Finally, we determine which test statistics have the smallest MSSN. In this work, MSSN calculations are for 2 traits (bivariate distributions) only (for illustrative purposes). We note that the calculations may be extended to address any number of traits. Our key findings are that the genotype test usually has lower MSSN requirements than the LTT. More inclusive thresholds (top/bottom 25% vs. top/bottom 10%) have higher sample size requirements. The Pillai test has a much larger MSSN than both the genotype test and the LTT, as a result of sample selection. With these formulas, researchers can specify how many subjects they must collect to localize genes for pleiotropic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Gordon
- Department of Genetics, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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26
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Sarver BA, Keeble S, Cosart T, Tucker PK, Dean MD, Good JM. Phylogenomic Insights into Mouse Evolution Using a Pseudoreference Approach. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:726-739. [PMID: 28338821 PMCID: PMC5381554 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic studies are now possible across a broad range of evolutionary timescales, but the generation and analysis of genomic data across many different species still present a number of challenges. The most sophisticated genotyping and down-stream analytical frameworks are still predominantly based on comparisons to high-quality reference genomes. However, established genomic resources are often limited within a given group of species, necessitating comparisons to divergent reference genomes that could restrict or bias comparisons across a phylogenetic sample. Here, we develop a scalable pseudoreference approach to iteratively incorporate sample-specific variation into a genome reference and reduce the effects of systematic mapping bias in downstream analyses. To characterize this framework, we used targeted capture to sequence whole exomes (∼54 Mbp) in 12 lineages (ten species) of mice spanning the Mus radiation. We generated whole exome pseudoreferences for all species and show that this iterative reference-based approach improved basic genomic analyses that depend on mapping accuracy while preserving the associated annotations of the mouse reference genome. We then use these pseudoreferences to resolve evolutionary relationships among these lineages while accounting for phylogenetic discordance across the genome, contributing an important resource for comparative studies in the mouse system. We also describe patterns of genomic introgression among lineages and compare our results to previous studies. Our general approach can be applied to whole or partitioned genomic data and is easily portable to any system with sufficient genomic resources, providing a useful framework for phylogenomic studies in mice and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice A.J. Sarver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Sara Keeble
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Ted Cosart
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Priscilla K. Tucker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matthew D. Dean
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey M. Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
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27
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Whole Genome Sequence of Two Wild-Derived Mus musculus domesticus Inbred Strains, LEWES/EiJ and ZALENDE/EiJ, with Different Diploid Numbers. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:4211-4216. [PMID: 27765810 PMCID: PMC5144988 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wild-derived mouse inbred strains are becoming increasingly popular for complex traits analysis, evolutionary studies, and systems genetics. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of two wild-derived mouse inbred strains, LEWES/EiJ and ZALENDE/EiJ, of Mus musculus domesticus origin. These two inbred strains were selected based on their geographic origin, karyotype, and use in ongoing research. We generated 14× and 18× coverage sequence, respectively, and discovered over 1.1 million novel variants, most of which are private to one of these strains. This report expands the number of wild-derived inbred genomes in the Mus genus from six to eight. The sequence variation can be accessed via an online query tool; variant calls (VCF format) and alignments (BAM format) are available for download from a dedicated ftp site. Finally, the sequencing data have also been stored in a lossless, compressed, and indexed format using the multi-string Burrows-Wheeler transform. All data can be used without restriction.
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28
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McMullan RC, Kelly SA, Hua K, Buckley BK, Faber JE, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Pomp D. Long-term exercise in mice has sex-dependent benefits on body composition and metabolism during aging. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/21/e13011. [PMID: 27905293 PMCID: PMC5112492 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declining exercise and unhealthy changes in body composition. Exercise ameliorates certain adverse age‐related physiological changes and protects against many chronic diseases. Despite these benefits, willingness to exercise and physiological responses to exercise vary widely, and long‐term exercise and its benefits are difficult and costly to measure in humans. Furthermore, physiological effects of aging in humans are confounded with changes in lifestyle and environment. We used C57BL/6J mice to examine long‐term patterns of exercise during aging and its physiological effects in a well‐controlled environment. One‐year‐old male (n = 30) and female (n = 30) mice were divided into equal size cohorts and aged for an additional year. One cohort was given access to voluntary running wheels while another was denied exercise other than home cage movement. Body mass, composition, and metabolic traits were measured before, throughout, and after 1 year of treatment. Long‐term exercise significantly prevented gains in body mass and body fat, while preventing loss of lean mass. We observed sex‐dependent differences in body mass and composition trajectories during aging. Wheel running (distance, speed, duration) was greater in females than males and declined with age. We conclude that long‐term exercise may serve as a preventive measure against age‐related weight gain and body composition changes, and that mouse inbred strains can be used to characterize effects of long‐term exercise and factors (e.g. sex, age) modulating these effects. These findings will facilitate studies on relationships between exercise and health in aging populations, including genetic predisposition and genotype‐by‐environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C McMullan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott A Kelly
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brian K Buckley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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29
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Crabbe JC. Reproducibility of Experiments with Laboratory Animals: What Should We Do Now? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2305-2308. [PMID: 27716958 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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30
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Harr B, Karakoc E, Neme R, Teschke M, Pfeifle C, Pezer Ž, Babiker H, Linnenbrink M, Montero I, Scavetta R, Abai MR, Molins MP, Schlegel M, Ulrich RG, Altmüller J, Franitza M, Büntge A, Künzel S, Tautz D. Genomic resources for wild populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus and its close relative Mus spretus. Sci Data 2016; 3:160075. [PMID: 27622383 PMCID: PMC5020872 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus) represent the raw genetic material for the classical inbred strains in biomedical research and are a major model system for evolutionary biology. We provide whole genome sequencing data of individuals representing natural populations of M. m. domesticus (24 individuals from 3 populations), M. m. helgolandicus (3 individuals), M. m. musculus (22 individuals from 3 populations) and M. spretus (8 individuals from one population). We use a single pipeline to map and call variants for these individuals and also include 10 additional individuals of M. m. castaneus for which genomic data are publically available. In addition, RNAseq data were obtained from 10 tissues of up to eight adult individuals from each of the three M. m. domesticus populations for which genomic data were collected. Data and analyses are presented via tracks viewable in the UCSC or IGV genome browsers. We also provide information on available outbred stocks and instructions on how to keep them in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Harr
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Emre Karakoc
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Rafik Neme
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Meike Teschke
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Christine Pfeifle
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Željka Pezer
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Hiba Babiker
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Miriam Linnenbrink
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Inka Montero
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Rick Scavetta
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Marta Puente Molins
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Animal, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinik Köln, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Marek Franitza
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Büntge
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemanstrasse 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Beltram J, Morton NM, Kunej T, Horvat S. Construction of an integrative regulatory element and variation map of the murine Tst locus. BMC Genet 2016; 17:77. [PMID: 27287690 PMCID: PMC4902921 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the abundance of new genomic projects and gene annotations, researchers trying to pinpoint causal genetic variants are faced with a challenging task of how to efficiently integrate all current genomic information. The objective of the study was to develop an approach to integrate various genomic annotations for a recently positionally-cloned Tst gene (Thiosulfate Sulfur Transferase, synonym Rhodanese) responsible for the Fob3b2 QTL effect on leanness and improved metabolic parameters. The second aim was to identify and prioritize Tst genetic variants that may be causal for the phenotypic effects. RESULTS A bioinformatics approach was developed to integrate existing knowledge of regulatory elements of the Tst gene. The entire Tst locus along with flanking segments was sequenced between our unique polygenic mouse Fat and Lean strains that were generated by divergent selection on adiposity for over 60 generations. The bioinformatics-generated regulatory element map of the Tst locus was then combined with genetic variants between the Fat and Lean mice and with comparative analyses of polymorphisms across 17 mouse strains in order to prioritise likely causal polymorphisms. Two candidate regulatory variants were identified, one overlapping an evolutionary constrained Tst intronic element and the other residing in the seed region of a predicted 3'UTR miRNA binding site. CONCLUSIONS This study developed a map of regulatory elements for the Tst locus in mice and identified candidate genetic variants with increased causal likelihood. This map provides a basis for experimental validation and functional analyses of this novel candidate leanness and antidiabetic gene. Our methodological approach is of general utility for analyzing regulation of loci that have limited annotations and experimental evidence and for identifying candidate causal regulatory genetic variants in post-GWAS or post-QTL- cloning studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Beltram
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Molecular Metabolism Group, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230, Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230, Domzale, Slovenia. .,National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Garner JP, Gaskill BN, Pritchett-Corning KR. Two of a Kind or a Full House? Reproductive Suppression and Alloparenting in Laboratory Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154966. [PMID: 27148872 PMCID: PMC4858245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloparenting, a behavior in which individuals other than the actual parents act in a parental role, is seen in many mammals, including house mice. In wild house mice, alloparental care is only seen when familiar sibling females simultaneously immigrate to a male's territory, so in the laboratory, when a pair of unfamiliar female wild mice are mated with a male, alloparenting does not occur because one female will typically be reproductively suppressed. In contrast, laboratory mice are assumed to alloparent regardless of familiarity or relatedness and are therefore routinely trio bred to increase productivity. Empirical evidence supporting the presence of alloparental care in laboratory mice is lacking. Albino and pigmented inbred mice of the strain C57BL/6NCrl (B6) and outbred mice of the stock Crl:CF1 (CF1) were used to investigate alloparenting in laboratory mice since by mating pigmented and albino females with albino males of the same stock or strain, maternal parentage was easily determined. We housed pairs (M:F) or trios (M:2F) of mice in individually ventilated cages containing nesting material and followed reproductive performance for 16 weeks. Females in trios were tested to determine dominance at the start of the experiment, and again 5 days after the birth of a litter to determine if a female's dominance shifted with the birth of pups. Results showed a significant and expected difference in number of offspring produced by B6 and CF1 (p < 0.0001). Pigmented mice nursed and nested with albino pups and vice-versa, confirming empirical observations from many that group nesting and alloparenting occurs in unrelated laboratory mice. When overall production of both individual mice and cages was examined, reproductive suppression was seen in trio cages. Dominance testing with the tube test did not correlate female reproduction with female dominance in a female-female dyad. Due to the reproductive suppression noted in trios, on a per-mouse basis, pair mating outperformed trio mating (p = 0.02) when the measure was weaned pups/female/week. No infanticide was seen in any cages, so the mechanism of reproductive suppression in trio matings may occur before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Garner
- Stanford University, Department of Comparative Medicine, and by courtesy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Brianna N. Gaskill
- Charles River, Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Purdue University Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Pritchett-Corning
- Charles River, Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Office of Animal Resources, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Didion JP, Morgan AP, Yadgary L, Bell TA, McMullan RC, Ortiz de Solorzano L, Britton-Davidian J, Bult CJ, Campbell KJ, Castiglia R, Ching YH, Chunco AJ, Crowley JJ, Chesler EJ, Förster DW, French JE, Gabriel SI, Gatti DM, Garland T, Giagia-Athanasopoulou EB, Giménez MD, Grize SA, Gündüz İ, Holmes A, Hauffe HC, Herman JS, Holt JM, Hua K, Jolley WJ, Lindholm AK, López-Fuster MJ, Mitsainas G, da Luz Mathias M, McMillan L, Ramalhinho MDGM, Rehermann B, Rosshart SP, Searle JB, Shiao MS, Solano E, Svenson KL, Thomas-Laemont P, Threadgill DW, Ventura J, Weinstock GM, Pomp D, Churchill GA, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F. R2d2 Drives Selfish Sweeps in the House Mouse. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1381-95. [PMID: 26882987 PMCID: PMC4868115 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A selective sweep is the result of strong positive selection driving newly occurring or standing genetic variants to fixation, and can dramatically alter the pattern and distribution of allelic diversity in a population. Population-level sequencing data have enabled discoveries of selective sweeps associated with genes involved in recent adaptations in many species. In contrast, much debate but little evidence addresses whether “selfish” genes are capable of fixation—thereby leaving signatures identical to classical selective sweeps—despite being neutral or deleterious to organismal fitness. We previously described R2d2, a large copy-number variant that causes nonrandom segregation of mouse Chromosome 2 in females due to meiotic drive. Here we show population-genetic data consistent with a selfish sweep driven by alleles of R2d2 with high copy number (R2d2HC) in natural populations. We replicate this finding in multiple closed breeding populations from six outbred backgrounds segregating for R2d2 alleles. We find that R2d2HC rapidly increases in frequency, and in most cases becomes fixed in significantly fewer generations than can be explained by genetic drift. R2d2HC is also associated with significantly reduced litter sizes in heterozygous mothers, making it a true selfish allele. Our data provide direct evidence of populations actively undergoing selfish sweeps, and demonstrate that meiotic drive can rapidly alter the genomic landscape in favor of mutations with neutral or even negative effects on overall Darwinian fitness. Further study will reveal the incidence of selfish sweeps, and will elucidate the relative contributions of selfish genes, adaptation and genetic drift to evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Didion
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Liran Yadgary
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Timothy A Bell
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rachel C McMullan
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lydia Ortiz de Solorzano
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Janice Britton-Davidian
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université De Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Karl J Campbell
- Island Conservation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Island, Ecuador School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Riccardo Castiglia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | | | - James J Crowley
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Daniel W Förster
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - John E French
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Sofia I Gabriel
- Department of Animal Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Mabel D Giménez
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Sofia A Grize
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - İslam Gündüz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, TN, Italy
| | - Jeremy S Herman
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James M Holt
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Anna K Lindholm
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - George Mitsainas
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria da Luz Mathias
- Department of Animal Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonard McMillan
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Maria da Graça Morgado Ramalhinho
- Department of Animal Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emanuela Solano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal y de Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Neme R, Tautz D. Fast turnover of genome transcription across evolutionary time exposes entire non-coding DNA to de novo gene emergence. eLife 2016; 5:e09977. [PMID: 26836309 PMCID: PMC4829534 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequencing analyses have shown that a large fraction of genomes is transcribed, but the significance of this transcription is much debated. Here, we characterize the phylogenetic turnover of poly-adenylated transcripts in a comprehensive sampling of taxa of the mouse (genus Mus), spanning a phylogenetic distance of 10 Myr. Using deep RNA sequencing we find that at a given sequencing depth transcriptome coverage becomes saturated within a taxon, but keeps extending when compared between taxa, even at this very shallow phylogenetic level. Our data show a high turnover of transcriptional states between taxa and that no major transcript-free islands exist across evolutionary time. This suggests that the entire genome can be transcribed into poly-adenylated RNA when viewed at an evolutionary time scale. We conclude that any part of the non-coding genome can potentially become subject to evolutionary functionalization via de novo gene evolution within relatively short evolutionary time spans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09977.001 Traditionally, the genome – the sum total of DNA within a cell – was thought to be divided into genes and ‘non-coding’ regions. Genes are copied, or “transcribed”, into molecules called RNA that perform essential tasks in the cell. The roles of the non-coding regions were often less clear, although it has since become apparent that some are also transcribed and generate low levels of RNA molecules. However, many debate how significant this transcription is to living organisms. Neme and Tautz have now used a technique called deep RNA sequencing to study the RNA molecules produced in several different species and types of mice whose last common ancestor lived 10 million years ago. Different species produced RNA molecules from different portions – both genes and non-coding regions – of their genomes. Comparing these RNA sequences suggests that changes to the regions that are transcribed occur relatively quickly for a large portion of the genome. Furthermore, there have been no significant areas of the common ancestor’s genome that have not been transcribed at some point in at least one of its descendent species. This therefore suggests that over a relatively short evolutionary period, any part of the genome can acquire the ability to be transcribed and potentially form a new gene. The next challenge is to find out how often these transcribed non-coding parts of the genome show important biochemical activities, and how they find their way into becoming new genes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09977.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Neme
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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35
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The Founder Strains of the Collaborative Cross Express a Complex Combination of Advantageous and Deleterious Traits for Male Reproduction. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2671-83. [PMID: 26483008 PMCID: PMC4683640 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Surveys of inbred strains of mice are standard approaches to determine the heritability and range of phenotypic variation for biomedical traits. In addition, they may lead to the identification of novel phenotypes and models of human disease. Surprisingly, male reproductive phenotypes are among the least-represented traits in the Mouse Phenome Database. Here we report the results of a broad survey of the eight founder inbred strains of both the Collaborative Cross (CC) and the Diversity Outbred populations, two new mouse resources that are being used as platforms for systems genetics and sources of mouse models of human diseases. Our survey includes representatives of the three main subspecies of the house mice and a mix of classical and wild-derived inbred strains. In addition to standard staples of male reproductive phenotyping such as reproductive organ weights, sperm counts, and sperm morphology, our survey includes sperm motility and the first detailed survey of testis histology. As expected for such a broad survey, heritability varies widely among traits. We conclude that although all eight inbred strains are fertile, most display a mix of advantageous and deleterious male reproductive traits. The CAST/EiJ strain is an outlier, with an unusual combination of deleterious male reproductive traits including low sperm counts, high levels of morphologically abnormal sperm, and poor motility. In contrast, sperm from the PWK/PhJ and WSB/EiJ strains had the greatest percentages of normal morphology and vigorous motility. Finally, we report an abnormal testis phenotype that is highly heritable and restricted to the WSB/EiJ strain. This phenotype is characterized by the presence of a large, but variable, number of vacuoles in at least 10% of the seminiferous tubules. The onset of the phenotype between 2 and 3 wk of age is temporally correlated with the formation of the blood-testis barrier. We speculate that this phenotype may play a role in high rates of extinction in the CC project and in the phenotypes associated with speciation in genetic crosses that use the WSB/EiJ strain as representative of the Mus muculus domesticus subspecies.
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36
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High-Density Genotypes of Inbred Mouse Strains: Improved Power and Precision of Association Mapping. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015. [PMID: 26224782 PMCID: PMC4592984 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of loci associated with disease phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies also have become feasible using rodent models and these have some important advantages over human studies, including controlled environment, access to tissues for molecular profiling, reproducible genotypes, and a wide array of techniques for experimental validation. Association mapping with common mouse inbred strains generally requires 100 or more strains to achieve sufficient power and mapping resolution; in contrast, sample sizes for human studies typically are one or more orders of magnitude greater than this. To enable well-powered studies in mice, we have generated high-density genotypes for ∼175 inbred strains of mice using the Mouse Diversity Array. These new data increase marker density by 1.9-fold, have reduced missing data rates, and provide more accurate identification of heterozygous regions compared with previous genotype data. We report the discovery of new loci from previously reported association mapping studies using the new genotype data. The data are freely available for download, and Web-based tools provide easy access for association mapping and viewing of the underlying intensity data for individual loci.
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37
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Morgan AP, Welsh CE. Informatics resources for the Collaborative Cross and related mouse populations. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:521-39. [PMID: 26135136 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Catherine E Welsh
- Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Phifer-Rixey M, Nachman MW. Insights into mammalian biology from the wild house mouse Mus musculus. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25875302 PMCID: PMC4397906 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The house mouse, Mus musculus, was established in the early 1900s as one of the first genetic model organisms owing to its short generation time, comparatively large litters, ease of husbandry, and visible phenotypic variants. For these reasons and because they are mammals, house mice are well suited to serve as models for human phenotypes and disease. House mice in the wild consist of at least three distinct subspecies and harbor extensive genetic and phenotypic variation both within and between these subspecies. Wild mice have been used to study a wide range of biological processes, including immunity, cancer, male sterility, adaptive evolution, and non-Mendelian inheritance. Despite the extensive variation that exists among wild mice, classical laboratory strains are derived from a limited set of founders and thus contain only a small subset of this variation. Continued efforts to study wild house mice and to create new inbred strains from wild populations have the potential to strengthen house mice as a model system. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05959.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Phifer-Rixey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael W Nachman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Host genetic influences on the anthelmintic efficacy of papaya-derived cysteine proteinases in mice. Parasitology 2015; 142:989-98. [PMID: 25736575 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201500013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eight strains of mice, of contrasting genotypes, infected with Heligmosomoides bakeri were studied to determine whether the anthelmintic efficacy of papaya latex varied between inbred mouse strains and therefore whether there is an underlying genetic influence on the effectiveness of removing the intestinal nematode. Infected mice were treated with 330 nmol of crude papaya latex or with 240 nmol of papaya latex supernatant (PLS). Wide variation of response between different mouse strains was detected. Treatment was most effective in C3H (90·5-99·3% reduction in worm counts) and least effective in CD1 and BALB/c strains (36·0 and 40·5%, respectively). Cimetidine treatment did not improve anthelmintic efficacy of PLS in a poor drug responder mouse strain. Trypsin activity, pH and PLS activity did not differ significantly along the length of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract between poor (BALB/c) and high (C3H) drug responder mouse strains. Our data indicate that there is a genetic component explaining between-mouse variation in the efficacy of a standard dose of PLS in removing worms, and therefore warrant some caution in developing this therapy for wider scale use in the livestock industry, and even in human medicine.
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40
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Didion JP, Morgan AP, Clayshulte AMF, Mcmullan RC, Yadgary L, Petkov PM, Bell TA, Gatti DM, Crowley JJ, Hua K, Aylor DL, Bai L, Calaway M, Chesler EJ, French JE, Geiger TR, Gooch TJ, Garland T, Harrill AH, Hunter K, McMillan L, Holt M, Miller DR, O'Brien DA, Paigen K, Pan W, Rowe LB, Shaw GD, Simecek P, Sullivan PF, Svenson KL, Weinstock GM, Threadgill DW, Pomp D, Churchill GA, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F. A multi-megabase copy number gain causes maternal transmission ratio distortion on mouse chromosome 2. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004850. [PMID: 25679959 PMCID: PMC4334553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant departures from expected Mendelian inheritance ratios (transmission ratio distortion, TRD) are frequently observed in both experimental crosses and natural populations. TRD on mouse Chromosome (Chr) 2 has been reported in multiple experimental crosses, including the Collaborative Cross (CC). Among the eight CC founder inbred strains, we found that Chr 2 TRD was exclusive to females that were heterozygous for the WSB/EiJ allele within a 9.3 Mb region (Chr 2 76.9 - 86.2 Mb). A copy number gain of a 127 kb-long DNA segment (designated as responder to drive, R2d) emerged as the strongest candidate for the causative allele. We mapped R2d sequences to two loci within the candidate interval. R2d1 is located near the proximal boundary, and contains a single copy of R2d in all strains tested. R2d2 maps to a 900 kb interval, and the number of R2d copies varies from zero in classical strains (including the mouse reference genome) to more than 30 in wild-derived strains. Using real-time PCR assays for the copy number, we identified a mutation (R2d2WSBdel1) that eliminates the majority of the R2d2WSB copies without apparent alterations of the surrounding WSB/EiJ haplotype. In a three-generation pedigree segregating for R2d2WSBdel1, the mutation is transmitted to the progeny and Mendelian segregation is restored in females heterozygous for R2d2WSBdel1, thus providing direct evidence that the copy number gain is causal for maternal TRD. We found that transmission ratios in R2d2WSB heterozygous females vary between Mendelian segregation and complete distortion depending on the genetic background, and that TRD is under genetic control of unlinked distorter loci. Although the R2d2WSB transmission ratio was inversely correlated with average litter size, several independent lines of evidence support the contention that female meiotic drive is the cause of the distortion. We discuss the implications and potential applications of this novel meiotic drive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Didion
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morgan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amelia M.-F. Clayshulte
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Mcmullan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liran Yadgary
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Petko M. Petkov
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Gatti
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - James J. Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David L. Aylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ling Bai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark Calaway
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - John E. French
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Geiger
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terry J. Gooch
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alison H. Harrill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kent Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonard McMillan
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matt Holt
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darla R. Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. O'Brien
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Paigen
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Wenqi Pan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucy B. Rowe
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Ginger D. Shaw
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Petr Simecek
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karen L Svenson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - George M. Weinstock
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Ho MM, Johnson JD, Clee SM. PWD/PhJ mice have a genetically determined increase in nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:131-41. [PMID: 25605412 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PWD/PhJ (PWD) is a wild-derived inbred mouse strain unrelated to commonly studied strains, such as C57BL/6J (B6). A chromosome substitution panel with PWD chromosomes transferred into the B6 background is commercially available and will facilitate genetic analysis of this strain. We have previously shown that the PWD strain is a model of primary fasting hyperinsulinemia. To identify more specific phenotypes affected by the genetic variation in PWD compared to B6 mice, we examined physiological mechanisms that may contribute to their elevated insulin levels. PWD mice had increased nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion due to factors inherent to their pancreatic islets. Insulin secretion responses to glucose, palmitate, and the metabolic intermediate α-ketoisocaproate were increased ~2-fold in islets from PWD mice compared to B6 islets. In contrast, there were no strain differences in processes affecting insulin secretion downstream of β cell depolarization. PWD mice tended to have larger but fewer islets than B6 mice, resulting in similar insulin-staining areas and insulin content per unit of pancreatic tissue. However, pancreata of PWD mice were smaller, resulting in reduced total β cell mass and pancreatic insulin content compared to B6 mice. Combined, these data suggest that the elevated fasting insulin levels in PWD mice result from increased generation of metabolic signals leading to β cell depolarization and insulin secretion. Identification of the genetic differences underlying the enhanced nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion in this model may lead to new approaches to appropriately modulate insulin secretion for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M Ho
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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42
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Didion JP, Buus RJ, Naghashfar Z, Threadgill DW, Morse HC, de Villena FPM. SNP array profiling of mouse cell lines identifies their strains of origin and reveals cross-contamination and widespread aneuploidy. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:847. [PMID: 25277546 PMCID: PMC4198738 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crisis of Misidentified and contaminated cell lines have plagued the biological research community for decades. Some repositories and journals have heeded calls for mandatory authentication of human cell lines, yet misidentification of mouse cell lines has received little publicity despite their importance in sponsored research. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is the standard authentication method, but it may fail to distinguish cell lines derived from the same inbred strain of mice. Additionally, STR profiling does not reveal karyotypic changes that occur in some high-passage lines and may have functional consequences. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiling has been suggested as a more accurate and versatile alternative to STR profiling; however, a high-throughput method for SNP-based authentication of mouse cell lines has not been described. RESULTS We have developed computational methods (Cell Line Authentication by SNP Profiling, CLASP) for cell line authentication and copy number analysis based on a cost-efficient SNP array, and we provide a reference database of commonly used mouse strains and cell lines. We show that CLASP readily discriminates among cell lines of diverse taxonomic origins, including multiple cell lines derived from a single inbred strain, intercross or wild caught mouse. CLASP is also capable of detecting contaminants present at concentrations as low as 5%. Of the 99 cell lines we tested, 15 exhibited substantial divergence from the reported genetic background. In all cases, we were able to distinguish whether the authentication failure was due to misidentification (one cell line, Ba/F3), the presence of multiple strain backgrounds (five cell lines), contamination by other cells and/or the presence of aneuploid chromosomes (nine cell lines). CONCLUSIONS Misidentification and contamination of mouse cell lines is potentially as widespread as it is in human cell culture. This may have substantial implications for studies that are dependent on the expected background of their cell cultures. Laboratories can mitigate these risks by regular authentication of their cell cultures. Our results demonstrate that SNP array profiling is an effective method to combat cell line misidentification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Didion
- />Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
| | - Ryan J Buus
- />Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
| | - Zohreh Naghashfar
- />Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook I, Room 1421, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- />Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- />Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook I, Room 1421, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852 USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- />Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
- />Carolina Center for Genome Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264 USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Creation of lethal and synthetic lethal mutations in an experimental organism is a cornerstone of genetic dissection of gene function, and is related to the concept of an essential gene. Common inbred mouse strains carry background mutations, which can act as genetic modifiers, interfering with the assignment of gene essentiality. The inbred strain C57BL/6J, commonly known as "Black Six", stands out, as it carries a spontaneous homozygous deletion in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene [GenBank: AH009385.2], resulting in impairment of steroidogenic mitochondria of the adrenal gland, and a multitude of indirect modifier effects, coming from alteration of glucocorticoid-regulated processes. Over time, the popular strain has been used, by means of gene targeting technology, to assign "essential" and "redundant" qualifiers to numerous genes, thus creating an internally consistent "parallel universe" of knowledge. It is unrealistic to suggest phasing-out of this strain, given the scope of shared resources built around it, however, continuing on the road of "strain-unawareness" will result in profound waste of effort, particularly where translational research is concerned. The review analyzes the historical roots of this phenomenon and proposes that building of "parallel universes" should be urgently made visible to a critical reader by obligatory use of unambiguous and persistent tags in publications and databases, such as hypertext links, pointing to a vendor's strain description web page, or to a digital object identifier (d.o.i.) of the original publication, so that any research done exclusively in C57BL/6J, could be easily identified. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Dr. Neil Smalheiser and Dr. Miguel Andrade-Navarro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kraev
- Charles H, Best Institute, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada.
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44
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Thiele TE, Crabbe JC, Boehm SL. "Drinking in the Dark" (DID): a simple mouse model of binge-like alcohol intake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 68:9.49.1-9.49.12. [PMID: 24984686 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0949s68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges that scientists face when studying the neurobiology and/or genetics of alcohol (ethanol) consumption is that most preclinical animal models do not voluntarily consume enough ethanol to achieve pharmacologically meaningful blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). Recent rodent models have been developed that promote binge-like levels of ethanol consumption associated with high BECs (i.e., ≥100 mg/dl). This unit describes procedures for an animal model of binge-like ethanol drinking which has come to be called "drinking in the dark" (DID). The "basic" variation of DID involves replacing the water bottle with a bottle containing 20% ethanol for 2 to 4 hr, beginning 3 hr into the dark cycle, on cages of singly-housed C57BL/6J mice. Using this procedure, mice typically consume enough ethanol to achieve BECs >100 mg/dl and to exhibit behavioral evidence of intoxication. An alternative two-bottle (ethanol and water) procedure is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Thiele
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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45
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Bryk J, Tautz D. Copy number variants and selective sweeps in natural populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). Front Genet 2014; 5:153. [PMID: 24917877 PMCID: PMC4042557 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variants (CNVs) may play an important role in early adaptations, potentially facilitating rapid divergence of populations. We describe an approach to study this question by investigating CNVs present in natural populations of mice in the early stages of divergence and their involvement in selective sweeps. We have analyzed individuals from two recently diverged natural populations of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) from Germany and France using custom, high-density, comparative genome hybridization arrays (CGH) that covered almost 164 Mb and 2444 genes. One thousand eight hundred and sixty one of those genes we previously identified as differentially expressed between these populations, while the expression of the remaining genes was invariant. In total, we identified 1868 CNVs across all 10 samples, 200 bp to 600 kb in size and affecting 424 genic regions. Roughly two thirds of all CNVs found were deletions. We found no enrichment of CNVs among the differentially expressed genes between the populations compared to the invariant ones, nor any meaningful correlation between CNVs and gene expression changes. Among the CNV genes, we found cellular component gene ontology categories of the synapse overrepresented among all the 2444 genes tested. To investigate potential adaptive significance of the CNV regions, we selected six that showed large differences in frequency of CNVs between the two populations and analyzed variation in at least two microsatellites surrounding the loci in a sample of 46 unrelated animals from the same populations collected in field trappings. We identified two loci with large differences in microsatellite heterozygosity (Sfi1 and Glo1/Dnahc8 regions) and one locus with low variation across the populations (Cmah), thus suggesting that these genomic regions might have recently undergone selective sweeps. Interestingly, the Glo1 CNV has previously been implicated in anxiety-like behavior in mice, suggesting a differential evolution of a behavioral trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Bryk
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| | - Diethard Tautz
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
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Rogala AR, Morgan AP, Christensen AM, Gooch TJ, Bell TA, Miller DR, Godfrey VL, de Villena FPM. The Collaborative Cross as a resource for modeling human disease: CC011/Unc, a new mouse model for spontaneous colitis. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:95-108. [PMID: 24487921 PMCID: PMC3960486 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated condition driven by improper responses to intestinal microflora in the context of environmental and genetic background. GWAS in humans have identified many loci associated with IBD, but animal models are valuable for dissecting the underlying molecular mechanisms, characterizing environmental and genetic contributions and developing treatments. Mouse models rely on interventions such as chemical treatment or introduction of an infectious agent to induce disease. Here, we describe a new model for IBD in which the disease develops spontaneously in 20-week-old mice in the absence of known murine pathogens. The model is part of the Collaborative Cross and came to our attention due to a high incidence of rectal prolapse in an incompletely inbred line. Necropsies revealed a profound proliferative colitis with variable degrees of ulceration and vasculitis, splenomegaly and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with no discernible anomalies of other organ systems. Phenotypic characterization of the CC011/Unc mice with homozygosity ranging from 94.1 to 99.8% suggested that the trait was fixed and acted recessively in crosses to the colitis-resistant C57BL/6J inbred strain. Using a QTL approach, we identified four loci, Ccc1, Ccc2, Ccc3 and Ccc4 on chromosomes 12, 14, 1 and 8 that collectively explain 27.7% of the phenotypic variation. Surprisingly, we also found that minute levels of residual heterozygosity in CC011/Unc have significant impact on the phenotype. This work demonstrates the utility of the CC as a source of models of human disease that arises through new combinations of alleles at susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Rogala
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Andrew P. Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Alexis M. Christensen
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Terry J. Gooch
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Timothy A. Bell
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Darla R. Miller
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Virginia L. Godfrey
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Xu Y, Zhang L, Shi T, Zhou Y, Cai H, Lan X, Zhang C, Lei C, Chen H. Copy number variations of MICAL-L2 shaping gene expression contribute to different phenotypes of cattle. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:508-16. [PMID: 24196410 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) recently have been recognized as an important source of genetic variability. Compelling evidence has indicated that CNVs are responsible for phenotypic traits by altering the copy numbers of functional genes. The molecule interacting with CasL-like protein 2 (MICAL-L2) gene plays a critical role in muscle fiber development and has been identified in the CNV region by comparative genomic hybridization array. In the present study, we detected the different distributions of MICAL-L2 gene copy numbers in four Chinese cattle breeds (QC, NY, LX, and CY) and investigated the functional effects of MICAL-L2 CNVs on the gene's expression level and the phenotypic traits in QC and NY cattle. The results showed that the copy number loss (relative to Angus cattle) was more frequent in CY than in the other breeds. The MICAL-L2 gene copy number presented a moderate negative correlation with the transcriptional expression in fetal skeletal muscles (P < 0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that the MICAL-L2 CNVs were significantly associated with body weight, body height, and body length of NY cattle in the early stages (6 and 12 months old), and the copy number loss showed better traits than the gain and/or median groups (P < 0.05). No significance was found at the late stages in QC (24 months old) and NY cattle (18 and 24 months old). These observations provided further insight into the associations between cattle CNVs and economic traits, suggesting that the CNVs may be considered promising markers for the molecular breeding of Chinese beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, China,
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48
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Genetic architecture of skewed X inactivation in the laboratory mouse. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003853. [PMID: 24098153 PMCID: PMC3789830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the mammalian mechanism of dosage compensation that balances X-linked gene expression between the sexes. Early during female development, each cell of the embryo proper independently inactivates one of its two parental X-chromosomes. In mice, the choice of which X chromosome is inactivated is affected by the genotype of a cis-acting locus, the X-chromosome controlling element (Xce). Xce has been localized to a 1.9 Mb interval within the X-inactivation center (Xic), yet its molecular identity and mechanism of action remain unknown. We combined genotype and sequence data for mouse stocks with detailed phenotyping of ten inbred strains and with the development of a statistical model that incorporates phenotyping data from multiple sources to disentangle sources of XCI phenotypic variance in natural female populations on X inactivation. We have reduced the Xce candidate 10-fold to a 176 kb region located approximately 500 kb proximal to Xist. We propose that structural variation in this interval explains the presence of multiple functional Xce alleles in the genus Mus. We have identified a new allele, Xcee present in Mus musculus and a possible sixth functional allele in Mus spicilegus. We have also confirmed a parent-of-origin effect on X inactivation choice and provide evidence that maternal inheritance magnifies the skewing associated with strong Xce alleles. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 155 laboratory strains and wild mice we conclude that Xcea is either a derived allele that arose concurrently with the domestication of fancy mice but prior the derivation of most classical inbred strains or a rare allele in the wild. Furthermore, we have found that despite the presence of multiple haplotypes in the wild Mus musculus domesticus has only one functional Xce allele, Xceb. Lastly, we conclude that each mouse taxa examined has a different functional Xce allele. Although mammalian females have two X chromosomes in each cell, only one is functional, while gene expression from the other is silenced through a process called X chromosome inactivation. Little is known about the early stages of this process including how one parental X chromosome is inactivated over the other on a cell-by-cell basis. It has been shown, however, that certain inbred mouse strains are functionally different at a locus that controls this choice that provides an opportunity to identify the locus and determine its molecular mechanism. This has been the goal of many researchers over the past 40 years with incremental success. Here we took advantage of new mouse genotype and whole genome sequencing data to pinpoint the locus controlling choice. Our results identified a smaller region on the X chromosome that contains large duplicated sequences. We propose an explanation for multiple functional alleles in mouse and provide insight into the possible molecular mechanism of X chromosome inactivation choice. Our evolutionary analysis reveals why functional diversity at this locus appears to be common in laboratory mice and offers an explanation as to why we do not see this level of diversity in humans.
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