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Soor D, Tigert LR, Khodikian E, Bozai A, Yoon GR, Porteus CS. Changes in gill neuroepithelial cells and morphology of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to hypoxia and simulated ocean acidification. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01575-z. [PMID: 39085643 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Coastal marine environments are characterized by daily, seasonal and long-term changes in both O2 and CO2, driven by local biotic and abiotic factors. The neuroepithelial cells (NECs) of fish are thought to be the putative chemoreceptors for sensing oxygen and CO2, and, thus, NECs play a key role in detecting these environmental changes. However, the role of NECs as chemosensors in marine fish remains largely understudied. In this study, the NECs of marine threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were characterized using immunohistochemistry. We then determined if there were changes in NEC size and density, and in gill morphology in response to either mild (10 kPa) or moderate (6.8 kPa) hypoxia and two levels of elevated CO2 (1,500 and 3,000 µatm). We found that the NECs of stickleback contained synaptic vesicles and were innervated, and were 50-300% larger and 2 to 4 times more abundant than in other similar sized freshwater fishes. NEC size and density were largely unaffected by exposure to hypoxia, but there was a 50% decrease in interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) in response to mild and moderate hypoxia. NECs increased in size, but not abundance in response to elevated CO2. Moreover, fish exposed to moderate or elevated CO2 had 53-78% larger ILCMs compared to control fish. Our results demonstrated that adult marine sticklebacks have NECs that can respond to environmentally relevant pCO2 and likely hypoxia, which highlights the importance of NECs in marine fishes under the heterogeneity of environmental conditions in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Soor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liam R Tigert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elissa Khodikian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arsheen Bozai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gwangseok R Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cosima S Porteus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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2
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Zambie AD, Ackerly KL, Negrete B, Esbaugh AJ. Warming-induced "plastic floors" improve hypoxia vulnerability, not aerobic scope, in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171057. [PMID: 38378061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Ocean warming is a prevailing threat to marine ectotherms. Recently the "plastic floors, concrete ceilings" hypothesis was proposed, which suggests that a warmed fish will acclimate to higher temperatures by reducing standard metabolic rate (SMR) while keeping maximum metabolic rate (MMR) stable, therefore improving aerobic scope (AS). Here we evaluated this hypothesis on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) while incorporating measures of hypoxia vulnerability (critical oxygen threshold; Pcrit) and mitochondrial performance. Fish were subjected to a 12-week acclimation to 20 °C or 28 °C. Respirometry was performed every 4 weeks to obtain metabolic rate and Pcrit; mitochondrial respirometry was performed on liver and heart samples at the end of the acclimation. 28 °C fish had a significantly higher SMR, MMR, and Pcrit than 20 °C controls at time 0, but SMR declined by 36.2 % over the 12-week acclimation. No change in SMR was observed in the control treatment. Contrary to expectations, SMR suppression did not improve AS relative to time 0 owing to a progressive decline in MMR over acclimation time. Pcrit decreased by 27.2 % in the warm-acclimated fishes, which resulted in temperature treatments having statistically similar values by 12-weeks. No differences in mitochondrial traits were observed in the heart - despite a Δ8 °C assay temperature - while liver respiratory and coupling control ratios were significantly improved, suggesting that mitochondrial plasticity may contribute to the reduced SMR with warming. Overall, this work suggests that warming induced metabolic suppression offsets the deleterious consequences of high oxygen demand on hypoxia vulnerability, and in so doing greatly expands the theoretical range of metabolically available habitats for red drum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Zambie
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, United States
| | - Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States
| | - Benjamin Negrete
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States.
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3
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Caneos WG, Shrivastava J, Ndugwa M, De Boeck G. Physiological responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed to increased carbon dioxide and reduced seawater salinities. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:496. [PMID: 38587695 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iono- and osmoregulatory capacities of marine teleosts, such as European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are expected to be challenged by high carbon dioxide exposure, and the adverse effects of elevated CO2 could be amplified when such fish migrate into less buffered hypo-osmotic estuarine environments. Therefore, the effects of increased CO2 on the physiological responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimated to 32 ppt, 10 ppt and 2.5 ppt were investigated. METHODS Following acclimation to different salinities for two weeks, fish were exposed to present-day (400 µatm) and future (1000 µatm) atmospheric CO2 for 1, 3, 7 and 21 days. Blood pH, plasma ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), branchial mRNA expression of ion transporters such as Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporters (NKCC) and ammonia transporters (e.g. Rhesus glycoproteins Rhbg, Rhcg1 and Rhcg2) were examined to understand the iono- and osmoregulatory consequences of elevated CO2. RESULTS A transient but significant increase in the blood pH of exposed fish acclimated at 10 ppt (day 1) and 2.5 ppt (day 21) was observed possibly due to an overshoot of the blood HCO3- accumulation while a significant reduction of blood pH was observed after 21 days at 2.5ppt. However, no change was seen at 32 ppt. Generally, Na + concentration of control fish was relatively higher at 10 ppt and lower at 2.5 ppt compared to 32 ppt control group at all sampling periods. Additionally, NKA was upregulated in gill of juvenile sea bass when acclimated to lower salinities compared to 32 ppt control group. CO2 exposure generally downregulated NKA mRNA expression at 32ppt (day 1), 10 ppt (days 3, 7 and 21) and 2.5ppt (days 1 and 7) and also a significant reduction of NKCC mRNA level of the exposed fish acclimated at 32 ppt (1-3 days) and 10 ppt (7-21 days) was observed. Furthermore, Rhesus glycoproteins were generally upregulated in the fish acclimated at lower salinities indicating a higher dependance on gill ammonia excretion. Increased CO2 led to a reduced expression of Rhbg and may therefore reduce ammonia excretion rate. CONCLUSION Juvenile sea bass were relatively successful in keeping acid base balance under an ocean acidification scenario. However, this came at a cost for ionoregulation with reduced NKA, NKCC and Rhbg expression rates as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Caneos
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, BE-2020, Belgium.
- Fisheries Department, College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Mindanao State University-Marawi, Marawi City, 9700, Philippines.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines.
| | - Jyotsna Shrivastava
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, BE-2020, Belgium
| | - Moses Ndugwa
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, BE-2020, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, BE-2020, Belgium
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Negrete B, Ackerly KL, Dichiera AM, Esbaugh AJ. Respiratory plasticity improves aerobic performance in hypoxia in a marine teleost. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157880. [PMID: 35944637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean deoxygenation is a pressing concern in the face of climate change. In response to prolonged hypoxia, fishes have demonstrated the ability to dynamically regulate hemoglobin (Hb) expression to enhance oxygen (O2) uptake. Here, we examined hypoxia-inducible Hb expression in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and the subsequent implications on Hb-O2 binding affinity and aerobic scope. Fish were acclimated to 30 % air saturation for 1 d, 4 d, 8 d, 2 w, or 6 w, and red blood cells were collected for gene expression and biochemical profiling. Hypoxia acclimation induced significant up-regulation of one Hb subunit isoform (hbα 2) relative to control by 4 d with consistent upregulation thereafter. Hematocrit increased in hypoxia, with no changes in the allosteric modulator [NTP] at any time point. Changes in Hb expression co-occurred with a reduced Root effect (~26 % in normoxia, ~14 % in hypoxia) at a physiologically relevant pH while increasing O2 binding affinity (i.e., lower P50). These changes correlated with increased maximum metabolic rate and aerobic scope relative to controls when fish were tested in hypoxia. These results demonstrate an important role for Hb multiplicity in improving O2 affinity and maximizing respiratory performance in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Negrete
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Angelina M Dichiera
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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5
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Dichiera AM, Negrete, Jr B, Ackerly KL, Esbaugh AJ. The role of carbonic anhydrase-mediated tissue oxygen extraction in a marine teleost acclimated to hypoxia. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:281316. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
With the growing prevalence of hypoxia (O2 levels ≤2 mg l−1) in aquatic and marine ecosystems, there is increasing interest in the adaptive mechanisms fish may employ to better their performance in stressful environments. Here, we investigated the contribution of a proposed strategy for enhancing tissue O2 extraction – plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (CA-IV) – under hypoxia in a species of estuarine fish (red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus) that thrives in fluctuating habitats. We predicted that hypoxia-acclimated fish would increase the prevalence of CA-IV in aerobically demanding tissues to confer more efficient tissue O2 extraction. Furthermore, we predicted the phenotypic changes to tissue O2 extraction that occur with hypoxia acclimation may improve respiratory and swim performance under 100% O2 conditions (i.e. normoxia) when compared with performance in fish that have not been acclimated to hypoxia. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in relative CA-IV mRNA expression, protein abundance or enzyme activity between the two treatments, suggesting CA-IV function is maintained under hypoxia. Likewise, respiratory performance of hypoxia-acclimated fish was similar to that of control fish when tested in normoxia. Critical swim speed (Ucrit) was significantly higher in hypoxia-acclimated fish but translated to marginal ecological benefits with an increase of ∼0.3 body lengths per second. Instead, hypoxia-acclimated fish may have relied more heavily on anaerobic metabolism during their swim trials, utilizing burst swimming 1.5 times longer than control fish. While the maintenance of CA-IV may still be an important contributor for hypoxia tolerance, our evidence suggests hypoxia-acclimated red drum are using other mechanisms to cope in an O2-depleted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M. Dichiera
- The University of British Columbia 1 Department of Zoology , , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Benjamin Negrete, Jr
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Andrew J. Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
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Arctic Ocean annual high in [Formula: see text] could shift from winter to summer. Nature 2022; 610:94-100. [PMID: 36198779 PMCID: PMC9534769 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stress on marine organisms from ocean acidification will differ between seasons. As atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increases, so do seasonal variations of ocean CO2 partial pressure (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${p}_{{{\rm{CO}}}_{2}}$$\end{document}pCO2), causing summer and winter long-term trends to diverge1–5. Trends may be further influenced by an unexplored factor—changes in the seasonal timing of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${p}_{{{\rm{CO}}}_{2}}$$\end{document}pCO2. In Arctic Ocean surface waters, the observed timing is typified by a winter high and summer low6 because biological effects dominate thermal effects. Here we show that 27 Earth system models simulate similar timing under historical forcing but generally project that the summer low, relative to the annual mean, eventually becomes a high across much of the Arctic Ocean under mid-to-high-level CO2 emissions scenarios. Often the greater increase in summer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${p}_{{{\rm{CO}}}_{2}}$$\end{document}pCO2, although gradual, abruptly inverses the chronological order of the annual high and low, a phenomenon not previously seen in climate-related variables. The main cause is the large summer sea surface warming7 from earlier retreat of seasonal sea ice8. Warming and changes in other drivers enhance this century’s increase in extreme summer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${p}_{{{\rm{CO}}}_{2}}$$\end{document}pCO2 by 29 ± 9 per cent compared with no change in driver seasonalities. Thus the timing change worsens summer ocean acidification, which in turn may lower the tolerance of endemic marine organisms to increasing summer temperatures. Simulations suggest that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean will shift from a winter to a summer maximum owing to enhanced summer sea surface warming from earlier sea-ice retreat.
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7
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Bonatesta F, Khursigara AJ, Ackerly KL, Esbaugh AJ, Mager EM. Early life-stage Deepwater Horizon crude oil exposure induces latent osmoregulatory defects in larval red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 260:109405. [PMID: 35811062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Crude oil is known to induce developmental defects in teleost fish exposed during early-life stages (ELSs). A recent study has demonstrated that zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae acutely exposed to Deepwater Horizon (DHW) crude oil showed transcriptional changes in key genes involved in early kidney (pronephros) development and function, which were coupled with pronephric morphological defects. Given the osmoregulatory importance of the kidney, it is unknown whether ELS effects arising from short-term crude exposures result in long-term osmoregulatory defects, particularly within estuarine fishes likely exposed to DWH oil following the spill. To address this knowledge gap, an acute 72 h exposure to red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae was performed using high-energy water-accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) of DWH weathered oil to analyze transcriptional changes in genes involved in pronephros development and function by quantitative PCR. To test the latent effects of oil exposure on osmoregulation ability, red drum larvae were first exposed to HEWAF for 24 h. Larvae were then reared in clean seawater for two weeks and a 96 h acute osmotic challenge test was performed by exposing the fish to waters with varying salinities. Latent effects of ELS crude oil exposure on osmoregulation were assessed by quantifying survival during the acute osmotic challenge test and analyzing transcriptional changes at 14 dpf. Results demonstrated that ELS crude oil exposure reduced survival of red drum larvae when challenged in hypoosmotic waters and that latent transcriptional changes in some target pronephric genes were evident, indicating that an affected kidney likely contributed to the increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bonatesta
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Alexis J Khursigara
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kerri L Ackerly
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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8
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Kwan GT, Tresguerres M. Elucidating the acid-base mechanisms underlying otolith overgrowth in fish exposed to ocean acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153690. [PMID: 35143791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade ago, ocean acidification (OA) exposure was reported to induce otolith overgrowth in teleost fish. This phenomenon was subsequently confirmed in multiple species; however, the underlying physiological causes remain unknown. Here, we report that splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa) exposed to ~1600 μatm pCO2(pH ~7.5) were able to fully regulated the pH of both blood and endolymph (the fluid that surrounds the otolith within the inner ear). However, while blood was regulated around pH 7.80, the endolymph was regulated around pH ~8.30. These different pH setpoints result in increased pCO2diffusion into the endolymph, which in turn leads to proportional increases in endolymph [HCO3-] and [CO32-]. Endolymph pH regulation despite the increased pCO2suggests enhanced H+removal. However, a lack of differences in inner ear bulk and cell-specific Na+/K+-ATPase and vacuolar type H+-ATPase protein abundance localization pointed out to activation of preexisting ATPases, non-bicarbonate pH buffering, or both, as the mechanism for endolymph pH-regulation. These results provide the first direct evidence showcasing the acid-base chemistry of the endolymph of OA-exposed fish favors otolith overgrowth, and suggests that this phenomenon will be more pronounced in species that count with more robust blood and endolymph pH regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, USA; NOAA Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, USA.
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, USA.
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9
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Schunter C, Jarrold MD, Munday PL, Ravasi T. Diel pCO 2 fluctuations alter the molecular response of coral reef fishes to ocean acidification conditions. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5105-5118. [PMID: 34402113 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2 ) variation can modify the responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification, yet the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. On coral reefs, environmental pCO2 fluctuates on a regular day-night cycle. Effects of future ocean acidification on coral reef fishes might therefore depend on their response to this diel cycle of pCO2 . To evaluate the effects on the brain molecular response, we exposed two common reef fishes (Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion percula) to two projected future pCO2 levels (750 and 1,000 µatm) under both stable and diel fluctuating conditions. We found a common signature to stable elevated pCO2 for both species, which included the downregulation of immediate early genes, indicating lower brain activity. The transcriptional programme was more strongly affected by higher average pCO2 in a stable treatment than for fluctuating treatments, but the largest difference in molecular response was between stable and fluctuating pCO2 treatments. This indicates that a response to a change in environmental pCO2 conditions is different for organisms living in a fluctuating than in stable environments. This differential regulation was related to steroid hormones and circadian rhythm (CR). Both species exhibited a marked difference in the expression of CR genes among pCO2 treatments, possibly accommodating a more flexible adaptive approach in the response to environmental changes. Our results suggest that environmental pCO2 fluctuations might enable reef fishes to phase-shift their clocks and anticipate pCO2 changes, thereby avoiding impairments and more successfully adjust to ocean acidification conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Schunter
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Michael D Jarrold
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Dichiera AM, Khursigara AJ, Esbaugh AJ. The effects of warming on red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity and respiratory performance in a marine fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 260:111033. [PMID: 34252533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measures of fitness are valuable tools to predict species' responses to environmental changes, like increased water temperature. Aerobic scope (AS) is a measure of an individual's capacity for aerobic processes, and frequently used as a proxy for fitness. However, AS is complicated by individual variation found not only within a species, but within similar body sizes as well. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR), one of the factors determining AS, is constrained by an individual's ability to deliver and extract oxygen (O2) at the tissues. Recently, data has shown that red blood cell carbonic anhydrase (RBC CA) is rate-limiting for O2 delivery in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). We hypothesized increased temperature impacts MMR and RBC CA activity in a similar manner, and that an individual's RBC CA activity drives individual variation in AS. Red drum were acutely exposed to increased temperature (+6 °C; 22 °C to 28 °C) for 24 h prior to exhaustive exercise and intermittent-flow respirometry at 28 °C. RBC CA activity was measured before temperature exposure and after aerobic performance. Due to enzymatic thermal sensitivity, acute warming increased individual RBC CA activity by 36%, while there was no significant change in the control (22 °C) treatment. Interestingly, average MMR of the acute warming treatment was 36% greater than that of control drum. However, we found no relationships between individual RBC CA activity and their respective MMR and AS at either temperature. While warming similarly affects RBC CA activity and MMR, RBC CA activity is not a predictor of individual MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Dichiera
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - Alexis J Khursigara
- The University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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11
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Lonthair J, Dichiera AM, Esbaugh AJ. Mechanisms of acid-base regulation following respiratory alkalosis in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 250:110779. [PMID: 32763467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory acidosis and subsequent metabolic compensation are well-studied processes in fish exposed to elevated CO2 (hypercapnia). Yet, such exposures in the marine environment are invariably accompanied by a return of environmental CO2 to atmospheric baselines. This understudied phenomenon has the potential to cause a respiratory alkalosis that would necessitate base excretion. Here we sought to explore this question and the associated physiological mechanisms that may accompany base excretions using the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). As expected, when high pCO2 (15,000 μatm CO2) acclimated red drum were transferred to normal pCO2, their net H+ excretion shifted from positive (0.157 ± 0.044 μmol g-1 h-1) to negative (-0.606 ± 0.116 μmol g-1 h-1) in the 2 h post-transfer period. Net H+ excretion returned to control rates during the 3 to 24 h flux period. Gene expression and enzyme activity assays demonstrated that while the acidosis resulted in significant changes in several relevant transporters, no significant changes accompanied the alkalosis phase. Confocal microscopy was used to assess alkalosis-stimulated translocation of V-type H+ ATPase to the basolateral membrane previously seen in other marine species; however, no apparent translocation was observed. Overall, these data demonstrate that fluctuations in environmental CO2 result in both acidic and alkalotic respiratory disturbances; however, red drum maintain sufficient regulatory capacity to accommodate base excretion. Furthermore, this work does not support a role for basolateral VHA translocation in metabolic compensation from a systemic alkalosis in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lonthair
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Angelina M Dichiera
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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12
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Murray CS, Baumann H. Are long-term growth responses to elevated pCO2 sex-specific in fish? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235817. [PMID: 32678858 PMCID: PMC7367484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether marine fish will grow differently in future high pCO2 environments remains surprisingly uncertain. Long-term and whole-life cycle effects are particularly unknown, because such experiments are logistically challenging, space demanding, exclude long-lived species, and require controlled, restricted feeding regimes—otherwise increased consumption could mask potential growth effects. Here, we report on repeated, long-term, food-controlled experiments to rear large populations (>4,000 individuals total) of the experimental model and ecologically important forage fish Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside) under contrasting temperature (17°, 24°, and 28°C) and pCO2 conditions (450 vs. ~2,200 μatm) from fertilization to ~ a third of this annual species’ life span. Quantile analyses of trait distributions showed mostly negative effects of high pCO2 on long-term growth. At 17°C and 28°C, but not at 24°C, high pCO2 fish were significantly shorter [17°C: -5 to -9%; 28°C: -3%] and weighed less [17°C: -6 to -18%; 28°C: -8%] compared to ambient pCO2 fish. Reductions in fish weight were smaller than in length, which is why high pCO2 fish at 17°C consistently exhibited a higher Fulton’s k (weight/length ratio). Notably, it took more than 100 days of rearing for statistically significant length differences to emerge between treatment populations, showing that cumulative, long-term CO2 effects could exist elsewhere but are easily missed by short experiments. Long-term rearing had another benefit: it allowed sexing the surviving fish, thereby enabling rare sex-specific analyses of trait distributions under contrasting CO2 environments. We found that female silversides grew faster than males, but there was no interaction between CO2 and sex, indicating that males and females were similarly affected by high pCO2. Because Atlantic silversides are known to exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, we also analyzed sex ratios, revealing no evidence for CO2-dependent sex determination in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Murray
- Washington Ocean Acidification Center, School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannes Baumann
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States of America
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13
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Lawrence MJ, Raby GD, Teffer AK, Jeffries KM, Danylchuk AJ, Eliason EJ, Hasler CT, Clark TD, Cooke SJ. Best practices for non-lethal blood sampling of fish via the caudal vasculature. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:4-15. [PMID: 32243570 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood sampling through the caudal vasculature is a widely used technique in fish biology for investigating organismal health and physiology. In live fishes, it can provide a quick, easy and relatively non-invasive method for obtaining a blood sample (cf. cannulation and cardiac puncture). Here, a general set of recommendations are provided for optimizing the blood sampling protocol that reflects best practices in animal welfare and sample integrity. This includes selecting appropriate use of anaesthetics for blood sampling as well as restraint techniques for situations where sedation is not used. In addition, ideal sampling environments where the fish can freely ventilate and strategies for minimizing handling time are discussed. This study summarizes the techniques used for extracting blood from the caudal vasculature in live fishes, highlighting the phlebotomy itself, the timing of sampling events and acceptable blood sample volumes. This study further discuss considerations for selecting appropriate physiological metrics when sampling in the caudal region and the potential benefits that this technique provides with respect to long-term biological assessments. Although general guidelines for blood sampling are provided here, it should be recognized that contextual considerations (e.g., taxonomic diversity, legal matters, environmental constraints) may influence the approach to blood sampling. Overall, it can be concluded that when done properly, blood sampling live fishes through the caudal vasculature is quick, efficient and minimally invasive, thus promoting conditions where live release of focal animals is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Science, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy K Teffer
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Kwan GT, Smith TR, Tresguerres M. Immunological characterization of two types of ionocytes in the inner ear epithelium of Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:419-431. [PMID: 32468089 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and hearing predator and prey in the environment. Each inner ear contains three CaCO3 otolith polycrystals, which are calcified within an alkaline, K+-rich endolymph secreted by the surrounding epithelium. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood, especially in marine fish. Here, we investigated the presence and cellular localization of several ion-transporting proteins within the saccular epithelium of the Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Western blotting revealed the presence of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), carbonic anhydrase (CA), Na+-K+-2Cl--co-transporter (NKCC), vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA), plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Immunohistochemistry analysis identified two distinct ionocytes types in the saccular epithelium: Type-I ionocytes were mitochondrion-rich and abundantly expressed NKA and NKCC in their basolateral membrane, indicating a role in secreting K+ into the endolymph. On the other hand, Type-II ionocytes were enriched in cytoplasmic CA and VHA, suggesting they help transport HCO3- into the endolymph and remove H+. In addition, both types of ionocytes expressed cytoplasmic PMCA, which is likely involved in Ca2+ transport and homeostasis, as well as sAC, an evolutionary conserved acid-base sensing enzyme that regulates epithelial ion transport. Furthermore, CA, VHA, and sAC were also expressed within the capillaries that supply blood to the meshwork area, suggesting additional mechanisms that contribute to otolith calcification. This information improves our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms responsible for endolymph ion regulation and otolith formation, and can help understand responses to environmental stressors such as ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Taylor R Smith
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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15
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Enzor LA, Hankins C, Hamilton-Frazier M, Moso E, Raimondo S, Barron M. Elevated pCO 2 and Hypoxia Alter the Acid-Base Homeostasis of Developing Sheepshead Minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES 2020; 636:157-168. [PMID: 34012185 PMCID: PMC8128701 DOI: 10.3354/meps13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low dissolved oxygen and increased acidification are two environmental variables that concomitantly change in an estuarine environment, both of which are exacerbated by nutrient pollution and subsequent eutrophication. To better understand how estuarine residents compensate for daily fluctuations in these environmental variables, the interactive effects of acidification and hypoxia were assessed in developing sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) using a 2 by 2 factorial design over a 42-day exposure. Embryos were exposed to either acidic (partial pressure of CO2, pCO2, ~2000 μatm), hypoxic (reduced dissolved oxygen, ~2 mg l-1), or combined acidic and hypoxic conditions and monitored for development, hatch rate, and survival. Changes in oxygen consumption, anaerobic metabolism, oxidative stress, and acid-base balance were evaluated at three life stages (embryo, larval, and juvenile fish) to discern if and how fish compensate for these stressors during development. The combination of acidification and hypoxia delayed hatching in embryos and significantly decreased oxygen consumption (p<0.001) in all three life-stages. Neither acidification, hypoxia, nor the combination of the stressors impacted the anaerobic metabolism or oxidative stress of juvenile fish, but acid-base equilibrium was disrupted by all three treatments in larval fish. Elevated carbonic anhydrase activity was observed in the multi-stress treatment in embryos and larval fish, but not in juvenile fish. These results show that developing sheepshead minnows can re-establish cellular homeostasis in compensating to acidified and hypoxic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- LA Enzor
- Corresponding Author: Laura A. Enzor
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16
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Burggren WW. Phenotypic Switching Resulting From Developmental Plasticity: Fixed or Reversible? Front Physiol 2020; 10:1634. [PMID: 32038303 PMCID: PMC6987144 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalent view of developmental phenotypic switching holds that phenotype modifications occurring during critical windows of development are "irreversible" - that is, once produced by environmental perturbation, the consequent juvenile and/or adult phenotypes are indelibly modified. Certainly, many such changes appear to be non-reversible later in life. Yet, whether animals with switched phenotypes during early development are unable to return to a normal range of adult phenotypes, or whether they do not experience the specific environmental conditions necessary for them to switch back to the normal range of adult phenotypes, remains an open question. Moreover, developmental critical windows are typically brief, early periods punctuating a much longer period of overall development. This leaves open additional developmental time for reversal (correction) of a switched phenotype resulting from an adverse environment early in development. Such reversal could occur from right after the critical window "closes," all the way into adulthood. In fact, examples abound of the capacity to return to normal adult phenotypes following phenotypic changes enabled by earlier developmental plasticity. Such examples include cold tolerance in the fruit fly, developmental switching of mouth formation in a nematode, organization of the spinal cord of larval zebrafish, camouflage pigmentation formation in larval newts, respiratory chemosensitivity in frogs, temperature-metabolism relations in turtles, development of vascular smooth muscle and kidney tissue in mammals, hatching/birth weight in numerous vertebrates,. More extreme cases of actual reversal (not just correction) occur in invertebrates (e.g., hydrozoans, barnacles) that actually 'backtrack' along normal developmental trajectories from adults back to earlier developmental stages. While developmental phenotypic switching is often viewed as a permanent deviation from the normal range of developmental plans, the concept of developmental phenotypic switching should be expanded to include sufficient plasticity allowing subsequent correction resulting in the normal adult phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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17
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Melzner F, Mark FC, Seibel BA, Tomanek L. Ocean Acidification and Coastal Marine Invertebrates: Tracking CO 2 Effects from Seawater to the Cell. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:499-523. [PMID: 31451083 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, numerous studies have investigated the impacts of simulated ocean acidification on marine species and communities, particularly those inhabiting dynamic coastal systems. Despite these research efforts, there are many gaps in our understanding, particularly with respect to physiological mechanisms that lead to pathologies. In this review, we trace how carbonate system disturbances propagate from the coastal environment into marine invertebrates and highlight mechanistic links between these disturbances and organism function. We also point toward several processes related to basic invertebrate biology that are severely understudied and prevent an accurate understanding of how carbonate system dynamics influence organismic homeostasis and fitness-related traits. We recommend that significant research effort be directed to studying cellular phenotypes of invertebrates acclimated or adapted to elevated seawater pCO2 using biochemical and physiological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Melzner
- Marine Ecology Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Brad A Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA;
| | - Lars Tomanek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA;
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18
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Pegado MR, Santos CP, Pimentel M, Cyrne R, Paulo M, Maulvaut AL, Raffoul D, Diniz M, Bispo R, Rosa R. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on the hematological parameters of a temperate catshark. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 333:126-132. [PMID: 31793756 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 levels have been rising due to an increase in anthropic activities and its implications over marine ecosystems are unprecedented. The present study focused on the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on key hematological parameters of the juvenile small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula). Eggs were reared throughout the entire embryogenesis (~4 months) plus 5 additional months, in two experimental treatments (control: pCO2 ~ 400 μatm; and high CO2 : pCO2 ~ 900 μatm, Δ -0.3 pH units). After blood collection, the following hematological parameters were evaluated: (a) normal blood cells count (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes), (b) presence of erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities, and (c) erythrocyte nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio. Concomitantly, to determine the cardiac and hematopoietic conditions, the spleen and heart to body ratios were also assessed. The present findings indicate that the measured variables may not be affected by elevated pCO2 in this temperate species, as no significant differences were observed between treatments across all the endpoints tested. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning a decreasing trend observed in a number of thrombocytes associated with OA, which should foster further investigation, regarding other aspects of their coagulation response. Along with OA, other stressors are expected to impact marine life, such as warming and hypoxia. Thus, future research should aim to investigate the cumulative effect of these stressors on hematological parameters in sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Pegado
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Catarina P Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta Pimentel
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cyrne
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maria Paulo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvaut
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal.,UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Dayanne Raffoul
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal.,Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Regina Bispo
- Centro de Matemática e Aplicações & Departamento de Matemática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
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19
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Negrete B, Esbaugh AJ. A methodological evaluation of the determination of critical oxygen threshold in an estuarine teleost. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.045310. [PMID: 31649119 PMCID: PMC6899028 DOI: 10.1242/bio.045310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One measure of hypoxia tolerance is the critical oxygen threshold, Pcrit, which is the point where standard metabolism can no longer be maintained through aerobic processes. Traditionally, Pcrit was determined using closed respirometry, whereby the fish's respiration naturally lowered O2. More recently, intermittent flow techniques have been adopted, where N2 is used to displace O2, which ostensibly reduces end-product build-up. This study used a paired design on the marine teleost, red drum. Pcrit is comparable between closed (4.6±0.2 kPa; mean±s.e.m.) and intermittent flow (4.4±0.2 kPa; mean±s.e.m.) respirometry. pCO2, ammonia and pH changes within the chamber were measured prior to the onset of Pcrit and at the end of a typical Pcrit trial and revealed changes in water chemistry in both closed and intermittent flow. Pcrit values were similar in both methods of hypoxia induction regardless of subsequent water chemistry changes that occurred in both methods. Summary: The two leading methods of measuring the critical oxygen threshold in fishes are similar in their estimations, regardless of changes to water chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Negrete
- Department of Marine Science, Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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20
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Schwieterman GD, Crear DP, Anderson BN, Lavoie DR, Sulikowski JA, Bushnell PG, Brill RW. Combined Effects of Acute Temperature Change and Elevated pCO 2 on the Metabolic Rates and Hypoxia Tolerances of Clearnose Skate ( Rostaraja eglanteria), Summer Flounder ( Paralichthys dentatus), and Thorny Skate ( Amblyraja radiata). BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030056. [PMID: 31357558 PMCID: PMC6783964 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and hypoxia affect the performance of coastal fishes is essential to predicting species-specific responses to climate change. Although a population's habitat influences physiological performance, little work has explicitly examined the multi-stressor responses of species from habitats differing in natural variability. Here, clearnose skate (Rostaraja eglanteria) and summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) from mid-Atlantic estuaries, and thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) from the Gulf of Maine, were acutely exposed to current and projected temperatures (20, 24, or 28 °C; 22 or 30 °C; and 9, 13, or 15 °C, respectively) and acidification conditions (pH 7.8 or 7.4). We tested metabolic rates and hypoxia tolerance using intermittent-flow respirometry. All three species exhibited increases in standard metabolic rate under an 8 °C temperature increase (Q10 of 1.71, 1.07, and 2.56, respectively), although this was most pronounced in the thorny skate. At the lowest test temperature and under the low pH treatment, all three species exhibited significant increases in standard metabolic rate (44-105%; p < 0.05) and decreases in hypoxia tolerance (60-84% increases in critical oxygen pressure; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates the interactive effects of increasing temperature and changing ocean carbonate chemistry are species-specific, the implications of which should be considered within the context of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Schwieterman
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| | - Daniel P Crear
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Brooke N Anderson
- Marine Sciences Department, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Danielle R Lavoie
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
| | - James A Sulikowski
- School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Peter G Bushnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN, 46615, USA
| | - Richard W Brill
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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21
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Shrivastava J, Ndugwa M, Caneos W, De Boeck G. Physiological trade-offs, acid-base balance and ion-osmoregulatory plasticity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles under complex scenarios of salinity variation, ocean acidification and high ammonia challenge. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:54-69. [PMID: 31075620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this era of global climate change, ocean acidification is becoming a serious threat to the marine ecosystem. Despite this, it remains almost unknown how fish will respond to the co-occurrence of ocean acidification with other conventional environmental perturbations typically salinity fluctuation and high ammonia threat. Therefore, the present work evaluated the interactive effects of elevated pCO2, salinity reduction and high environmental ammonia (HEA) on the ecophysiological performance of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were progressively acclimated to seawater (32 ppt), to brackish water (10 ppt) and to hyposaline water (2.5 ppt). Following acclimation to different salinities for at least two weeks, fish were exposed to CO2-induced water acidification representing present-day (control pCO2, 400 μatm, LoCO2) and future (high pCO2, 1000 μatm, HiCO2) sea-surface CO2 level for 3, 7 and 21 days. At the end of each exposure period, fish were challenged with HEA for 6 h (1.18 mM representing 50% of 96 h LC50). Results show that, in response to the individual HiCO2 exposure, fish within each salinity compensated for blood acidosis. Fish subjected to HiCO2 were able to maintain ammonia excretion rate (Jamm) within control levels, suggesting that HiCO2 exposure alone had no impact on Jamm at any of the salinities. For 32 and 10 ppt fish, up-regulated expression of Na+/K+-ATPase was evident in all exposure groups (HEA, HiCO2 and HEA/HiCO2 co-exposed), whereas Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter was up-regulated mainly in HiCO2 group. Plasma glucose and lactate content were augmented in all exposure conditions for all salinity regimes. During HEA and HEA/HiCO2, Jamm was inhibited at different time points for all salinities, which resulted in a significant build-up of ammonia in plasma and muscle. Branchial expressions of Rhesus glycoproteins (Rhcg isoforms and Rhbg) were upregulated in response to HiCO2 as well as HEA at 10 ppt, with a more moderate response in 32 ppt groups. Overall, our findings denote that the adverse effect of single exposures of ocean acidification or HEA is exacerbated when present together, and suggests that fish are more vulnerable to these environmental threats at low salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Shrivastava
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Moses Ndugwa
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Warren Caneos
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gudrun De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Lefevre S. Effects of high CO2 on oxygen consumption rates, aerobic scope and swimming performance. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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23
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Brauner CJ, Shartau RB, Damsgaard C, Esbaugh AJ, Wilson RW, Grosell M. Acid-base physiology and CO2 homeostasis: Regulation and compensation in response to elevated environmental CO2. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Kunz KL, Claireaux G, Pörtner HO, Knust R, Mark FC. Aerobic capacities and swimming performance of polar cod ( Boreogadus saida) under ocean acidification and warming conditions. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb184473. [PMID: 30190318 PMCID: PMC6240293 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is an important prey species in the Arctic ecosystem, yet its habitat is changing rapidly: climate change, through rising seawater temperatures and CO2 concentrations, is projected to be most pronounced in Arctic waters. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ocean acidification and warming on maximum performance parameters of B. saida as indicators for the species' acclimation capacities under environmental conditions projected for the end of this century. After 4 months at four acclimation temperatures (0, 3, 6, 8°C) each combined with two PCO2 levels (390 and 1170 µatm), aerobic capacities and swimming performance of B. saida were recorded following a Ucrit protocol. At both CO2 levels, standard metabolic rate (SMR) was elevated at the highest acclimation temperature indicating thermal limitations. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) increased continuously with temperature, suggesting an optimum temperature for aerobic scope for exercise (ASex) at 6°C. Aerobic swimming performance (Ugait) increased with acclimation temperature irrespective of CO2 levels, while critical swimming speed (Ucrit) did not reveal any clear trend with temperature. Hypercapnia evoked an increase in MMR (and thereby ASex). However, swimming performance (both Ugait and Ucrit) was impaired under elevated near-future PCO2 conditions, indicating reduced efficiencies of oxygen turnover. The contribution of anaerobic metabolism to swimming performance was very low overall, and further reduced under hypercapnia. Our results revealed high sensitivities of maximum performance parameters (MMR, Ugait, Ucrit) of B. saida to ocean acidification. Impaired swimming capacity under ocean acidification may reflect reduced future competitive strength of B. saida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lore Kunz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Unité PFOM, Laboratoire ARN, Centre Ifremer de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Felix Christopher Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Khursigara AJ, Johansen JL, Esbaugh AJ. Social competition in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) is influenced by crude oil exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 203:194-201. [PMID: 30165313 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined impacts of crude oil exposure on dyad competition in juvenile red drum. Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, it has become well established that oil exposure can constrain maximum metabolic rate, reduce aerobic scope and exercise performance in marine fish. Aerobic scope is one of the physiological characteristics that is a known determinant of dominance in fish social hierarchy formation. As such, oil exposure may predispose individuals to subordinate social status, complete with the concomitant ecological costs. We tested this hypothesis on the gregarious Gulf of Mexico species, the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Using a standard dyad, one-on-one, test design, we first assessed the parameters - including size and aerobic scope- that predict social dominance. Of the tested parameters, only aerobic scope was predictive of social dominance, with dominant individuals consistently having higher aerobic scopes than subordinates. Hierarchy formation between individuals exposed to one of two oil concentrations (5.7 ± 0.5 and 9.0 ± 0.2 μg l-1 ΣPAH50) and unexposed conspecifics were then investigated. As hypothesized, fish exposed to both oil concentrations were more likely to be subordinate than what would occur by random chance. These results demonstrate that the physiological constraints imposed by oil exposure can affect social status and behavior in fishes, which can have downstream consequences for ecological fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Khursigara
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Tx 78373, USA.
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Marine Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Tx 78373, USA
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McCormick SD, Regish AM. Effects of ocean acidification on salinity tolerance and seawater growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:560-566. [PMID: 29934974 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activity has resulted in increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ), which will result in reduced pH and higher levels of CO2 in the ocean, a process known as ocean acidification. Understanding the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on fishes will be important to predicting and mitigating its consequences. Anadromous species such as salmonids may be especially at risk because of their rapid movements between fresh water and seawater, which could minimize their ability to acclimate. In the present study, we examine the effect of future OA on the salinity tolerance and early seawater growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. Exposure to 610 and 1010 μatm CO2 did not alter salinity tolerance but did result in slightly lower plasma chloride levels in smolts exposed to seawater compared with controls (390 μatm). Gill Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity, plasma cortisol, glucose and haematocrit after seawater exposure were not altered by elevated CO2 . Growth rate in the first 2 weeks of seawater exposure was greater at 1010 μatm CO2 than under control conditions. This study of the effects of OA on S. salar during the transition from fresh water to seawater indicates that elevated CO2 is not likely to affect osmoregulation negatively and may improve early growth in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts
| | - Amy M Regish
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts
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27
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Ern R, Esbaugh AJ. Effects of salinity and hypoxia-induced hyperventilation on oxygen consumption and cost of osmoregulation in the estuarine red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 222:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent ocean warming and acidification demand experimental approaches that assess biological sensitivities to combined effects of these potential stressors. Here, we summarize five CO2 × temperature experiments on wild Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, offspring that were reared under factorial combinations of CO2 (nominal: 400, 2200, 4000, and 6000 µatm) and temperature (17, 20, 24, and 28 °C) to quantify the temperature-dependence of CO2 effects in early life growth and survival. Across experiments and temperature treatments, we found few significant CO2 effects on response traits. Survival effects were limited to a single experiment, where elevated CO2 exposure reduced embryo survival at 17 and 24 °C. Hatch length displayed CO2 × temperature interactions due largely to reduced hatch size at 24 °C in one experiment but increased length at 28 °C in another. We found no overall influence of CO2 on larval growth or survival to 9, 10, 15 and 13–22 days post-hatch, at 28, 24, 20, and 17 °C, respectively. Importantly, exposure to cooler (17 °C) and warmer (28 °C) than optimal rearing temperatures (24 °C) in this species did not appear to increase CO2 sensitivity. Repeated experimentation documented substantial inter- and intra-experiment variability, highlighting the need for experimental replication to more robustly constrain inherently variable responses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the early life stages of this ecologically important forage fish appear largely tolerate to even extreme levels of CO2 across a broad thermal regime.
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Burggren W. Developmental phenotypic plasticity helps bridge stochastic weather events associated with climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/9/jeb161984. [PMID: 29748332 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The slow, inexorable rise in annual average global temperatures and acidification of the oceans are often advanced as consequences of global change. However, many environmental changes, especially those involving weather (as opposed to climate), are often stochastic, variable and extreme, particularly in temperate terrestrial or freshwater habitats. Moreover, few studies of animal and plant phenotypic plasticity employ realistic (i.e. short-term, stochastic) environmental change in their protocols. Here, I posit that the frequently abrupt environmental changes (days, weeks, months) accompanying much longer-term general climate change (e.g. global warming over decades or centuries) require consideration of the true nature of environmental change (as opposed to statistical means) coupled with an expansion of focus to consider developmental phenotypic plasticity. Such plasticity can be in multiple forms - obligatory/facultative, beneficial/deleterious - depending upon the degree and rate of environmental variability at specific points in organismal development. Essentially, adult phenotypic plasticity, as important as it is, will be irrelevant if developing offspring lack sufficient plasticity to create modified phenotypes necessary for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76205, USA
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Cattano C, Claudet J, Domenici P, Milazzo M. Living in a high CO2
world: a global meta-analysis shows multiple trait-mediated fish responses to ocean acidification. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research; PSL Université Paris; CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD; Maison des Océans; 195 rue Saint-Jacques Paris 75005 France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; Perpignan 66860 France
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR Istituto Ambiente Marino Costiero Sezione di Oristano; Località Sa Mardini Torregrande (Oristano) 09072 Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM); Università di Palermo; Via Archirafi 20 Palermo I-90123 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa); Piazzale Flaminio 9 Roma I-00196 Italy
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Tresguerres M, Hamilton TJ. Acid-base physiology, neurobiology and behaviour in relation to CO 2-induced ocean acidification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:2136-2148. [PMID: 28615486 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental exposure to ocean and freshwater acidification affects the behaviour of multiple aquatic organisms in laboratory tests. One proposed cause involves an imbalance in plasma chloride and bicarbonate ion concentrations as a result of acid-base regulation, causing the reversal of ionic fluxes through GABAA receptors, which leads to altered neuronal function. This model is exclusively based on differential effects of the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine on control animals and those exposed to elevated CO2 However, direct measurements of actual chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in neurons and their extracellular fluids and of GABAA receptor properties in aquatic organisms are largely lacking. Similarly, very little is known about potential compensatory mechanisms, and about alternative mechanisms that might lead to ocean acidification-induced behavioural changes. This article reviews the current knowledge on acid-base physiology, neurobiology, pharmacology and behaviour in relation to marine CO2-induced acidification, and identifies important topics for future research that will help us to understand the potential effects of predicted levels of aquatic acidification on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 4S2 .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Hannan KD, Rummer JL. Aquatic acidification: a mechanism underpinning maintained oxygen transport and performance in fish experiencing elevated carbon dioxide conditions. J Exp Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Aquatic acidification, caused by elevating levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), is increasing in both freshwater and marine ecosystems worldwide. However, few studies have examined how acidification will affect oxygen (O2) transport and, therefore, performance in fishes. Although data are generally lacking, the majority of fishes investigated in this meta-analysis exhibited no effect of elevated CO2 at the level of O2 uptake, suggesting that they are able to maintain metabolic performance during a period of acidosis. Notably, the mechanisms that fish employ to maintain performance and O2 uptake have yet to be verified. Here, we summarize current data related to one recently proposed mechanism underpinning the maintenance of O2 uptake during exposure to aquatic acidification, and reveal knowledge gaps that could be targeted for future research. Most studies have examined O2 uptake rates while fishes were resting and did not calculate aerobic scope, even though aerobic scope can aid in predicting changes to whole-animal metabolic performance. Furthermore, research is lacking on different age classes, freshwater species and elasmobranchs, all of which might be impacted by future acidification conditions. Finally, this Review further seeks to emphasize the importance of developing collaborative efforts between molecular, physiological and ecological approaches in order to provide more comprehensive predictions as to how future fish populations will be affected by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D. Hannan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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33
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Davis BE, Flynn EE, Miller NA, Nelson FA, Fangue NA, Todgham AE. Antarctic emerald rockcod have the capacity to compensate for warming when uncoupled from CO 2 -acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e655-e670. [PMID: 29155460 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric CO2 levels and associated ocean changes are expected to have dramatic impacts on marine ecosystems. Although the Southern Ocean is experiencing some of the fastest rates of change, few studies have explored how Antarctic fishes may be affected by co-occurring ocean changes, and even fewer have examined early life stages. To date, no studies have characterized potential trade-offs in physiology and behavior in response to projected multiple climate change stressors (ocean acidification and warming) on Antarctic fishes. We exposed juvenile emerald rockcod Trematomus bernacchii to three PCO2 treatments (~450, ~850, and ~1,200 μatm PCO2 ) at two temperatures (-1 or 2°C). After 2, 7, 14, and 28 days, metrics of physiological performance including cardiorespiratory function (heart rate [fH ] and ventilation rate [fV ]), metabolic rate (M˙O2), and cellular enzyme activity were measured. Behavioral responses, including scototaxis, activity, exploration, and escape response were assessed after 7 and 14 days. Elevated PCO2 independently had little impact on either physiology or behavior in juvenile rockcod, whereas warming resulted in significant changes across acclimation time. After 14 days, fH , fV and M˙O2 significantly increased with warming, but not with elevated PCO2 . Increased physiological costs were accompanied by behavioral alterations including increased dark zone preference up to 14%, reduced activity by 12%, as well as reduced escape time suggesting potential trade-offs in energetics. After 28 days, juvenile rockcod demonstrated a degree of temperature compensation as fV , M˙O2, and cellular metabolism significantly decreased following the peak at 14 days; however, temperature compensation was only evident in the absence of elevated PCO2 . Sustained increases in fV and M˙O2 after 28 days exposure to elevated PCO2 indicate additive (fV ) and synergistic (M˙O2) interactions occurred in combination with warming. Stressor-induced energetic trade-offs in physiology and behavior may be an important mechanism leading to vulnerability of Antarctic fishes to future ocean change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Frederick A Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Shen SG, Thompson AR, Correa J, Fietzek P, Ayón P, Checkley DM. Spatial patterns of Anchoveta ( Engraulis ringens) eggs and larvae in relation to pCO 2 in the Peruvian upwelling system. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0509. [PMID: 28539518 PMCID: PMC5454269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Large and productive fisheries occur in regions experiencing or projected to experience ocean acidification. Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) constitute the world's largest single-species fishery and live in one of the ocean's highest pCO2 regions. We investigated the relationship of the distribution and abundance of Anchoveta eggs and larvae to natural gradients in pCO2 in the Peruvian upwelling system. Eggs and larvae, zooplankton, and data on temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a and pCO2 were collected during a cruise off Peru in 2013. pCO2 ranged from 167–1392 µatm and explained variability in egg presence, an index of spawning habitat. Zooplankton abundance explained variability in the abundance of small larvae. Within the main spawning and larva habitats (6–10°S), eggs were found in cool, low-salinity, and both extremely low (less than 200 µatm) and high (more than 900 µatm) pCO2 waters, and larvae were collected in warmer, higher salinity, and moderate (400–600 µatm) pCO2 waters. Our data support the hypothesis that Anchoveta preferentially spawned at high pCO2 and these eggs had lower survival. Enhanced understanding of the influence of pCO2 on Anchoveta spawning and larva mortality, together with pCO2 measurements, may enable predictions of ocean acidification effects on Anchoveta and inform adaptive fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Shen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0208, USA
| | - Andrew R Thompson
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-1508, USA
| | - Jonathan Correa
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Esquina Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n, Apartado 22, Callao, Lima, Peru
| | - Peer Fietzek
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, and Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia Ayón
- Instituto del Mar del Perú, Esquina Gamarra y Gral. Valle s/n, Apartado 22, Callao, Lima, Peru
| | - David M Checkley
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0208, USA
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35
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Birk MA, McLean EL, Seibel BA. Ocean acidification does not limit squid metabolism via blood oxygen supply. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.187443. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is hypothesized to limit the performance of squids due to their exceptional oxygen demand and pH-sensitivity of blood-oxygen binding, which may reduce oxygen supply in acidified waters. The critical oxygen partial pressure (Pcrit), the PO2 below which oxygen supply cannot match basal demand, is a commonly reported index of hypoxia tolerance. Any CO2-induced reduction in oxygen supply should be apparent as an increase in Pcrit. In this study, we assessed the effects of CO2 (46-143 Pa; 455-1410 μatm) on the metabolic rate and Pcrit of two squid species - Dosidicus gigas and Doryteuthis pealeii - through manipulative experiments. We also developed a model, with inputs for hemocyanin pH-sensitivity, blood PCO2, and buffering capacity that simulates blood oxygen supply under varying seawater CO2 partial pressures. We compare model outputs to measured Pcrit in squids. Using blood-O2 parameters from the literature for model inputs, we estimated that, in the absence of blood acid-base regulation, an increase in seawater PCO2 to 100 Pa (≈ 1000 μatm) would result in a maximum drop in arterial hemocyanin-O2 saturation by 1.6% at normoxia and a Pcrit increase of ≈0.5 kPa. Our live-animal experiments support this supposition, as CO2 had no effect on measured metabolic rate or Pcrit in either squid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Birk
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Erin L. McLean
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Brad A. Seibel
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Esbaugh AJ, Cutler B. Intestinal Na+, K+, 2Cl- cotransporter 2 plays a crucial role in hyperosmotic transitions of a euryhaline teleost. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/22/e13028. [PMID: 27881573 PMCID: PMC5358003 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Euryhaline fishes, such as the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), must quickly transition between hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic physiological strategies. When freshwater individuals transition to seawater they are exposed to increased diffusive water loss and ion gain. To maintain osmoregulatory balance these animals must drink and absorb seawater through the intestine, followed by ion excretion at the gills. The ability of fishes to transition between strategies can limit the magnitude of osmotic shock that can be tolerated. Here, we demonstrate that red drum can tolerate direct transfer from freshwater to full‐strength seawater with marginal impacts on osmotic balance, as indicated by plasma and muscle ion concentration, as well as muscle water. Seawater transition is concurrent with a significant increase in intestinal fluid volume. Typical patterns of osmoregulatory plasticity were observed in the gill with increased expression of nkcc1 and cftr. Expression changes in the anterior intestine were observed after 24 h for nkcc2 with smaller and later responses observed for slc26a3, slc26a6, and nbc. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated similar patterns of NKCC localization in freshwater and seawater intestines; however, reduced basolateral staining of V‐type ATPase was observed in seawater. Electrophysiological preparations demonstrated that seawater fish had increased absorptive current in the anterior intestine, which was significantly reduced in the presence of 10 μmol/L bumetanide. Overall, these results suggest that nkcc2 plays a crucial role during hyperosmotic transitions, and may be a more important complement to the well‐known bicarbonate secretion pathway than generally considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Austin, Texas
| | - Brett Cutler
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Austin, Texas
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Acclimation to prolonged hypoxia alters hemoglobin isoform expression and increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity and aerobic performance in a marine fish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7834. [PMID: 28798467 PMCID: PMC5552867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) multiplicity is common in fish, yet despite its ubiquitous nature, the functional significance is unclear. Here we explore the hypothesis that Hb multiplicity plays a role in hypoxia tolerance using the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Red drum is an economically and ecologically important species native to coastal regions and estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico – habitats that routinely experience pronounced hypoxic events. Using a transcriptomic approach, we demonstrate that red drum red blood cells express 7 and 5 Hbα and Hbβ isoforms, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these isoforms into distinct isoHb clades, and provided evidence of lineage specific expression of particular isoHbs. In normoxia, three isoHbs predominated (Hbα-3.1, -3.2, and Hbβ-3.1). A three-week hypoxia acclimation (48 mmHg) resulted in significant up-regulation of Hbα-2, Hbα-3.2, and Hbβ-3.1, effectively switching the predominantly expressed isoforms. Changes in subunit expression were correlated with a decrease in non-stripped hemolysate P50. Similarly, hypoxia acclimation resulted in a 20% reduction in whole animal critical oxygen threshold (Pcrit). Hypoxia acclimation was not associated with changes in gill morphology, hematocrit, or relative ventricular mass. Overall, these data provide support for the hypothesis that Hb isoform switching can provide a physiological benefit to counteract environmental stress in fishes.
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38
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Ellis RP, Urbina MA, Wilson RW. Lessons from two high CO 2 worlds - future oceans and intensive aquaculture. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2141-2148. [PMID: 27762490 PMCID: PMC5434897 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exponentially rising CO2 (currently ~400 μatm) is driving climate change and causing acidification of both marine and freshwater environments. Physiologists have long known that CO2 directly affects acid-base and ion regulation, respiratory function and aerobic performance in aquatic animals. More recently, many studies have demonstrated that elevated CO2 projected for end of this century (e.g. 800-1000 μatm) can also impact physiology, and have substantial effects on behaviours linked to sensory stimuli (smell, hearing and vision) both having negative implications for fitness and survival. In contrast, the aquaculture industry was farming aquatic animals at CO2 levels that far exceed end-of-century climate change projections (sometimes >10 000 μatm) long before the term 'ocean acidification' was coined, with limited detrimental effects reported. It is therefore vital to understand the reasons behind this apparent discrepancy. Potential explanations include 1) the use of 'control' CO2 levels in aquaculture studies that go beyond 2100 projections in an ocean acidification context; 2) the relatively benign environment in aquaculture (abundant food, disease protection, absence of predators) compared to the wild; 3) aquaculture species having been chosen due to their natural tolerance to the intensive conditions, including CO2 levels; or 4) the breeding of species within intensive aquaculture having further selected traits that confer tolerance to elevated CO2 . We highlight this issue and outline the insights that climate change and aquaculture science can offer for both marine and freshwater settings. Integrating these two fields will stimulate discussion on the direction of future cross-disciplinary research. In doing so, this article aimed to optimize future research efforts and elucidate effective mitigation strategies for managing the negative impacts of elevated CO2 on future aquatic ecosystems and the sustainability of fish and shellfish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Ellis
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope BuildingStocker RoadEX4 4QDExeterUK
| | - Mauricio A. Urbina
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope BuildingStocker RoadEX4 4QDExeterUK
- Departamento de ZoologíaFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y OceanográficasUniversidad de ConcepciónCasilla 160‐CConcepción4070386Chile
| | - Rod W. Wilson
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope BuildingStocker RoadEX4 4QDExeterUK
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Esbaugh AJ. Physiological implications of ocean acidification for marine fish: emerging patterns and new insights. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:1-13. [PMID: 28547292 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is an impending environmental stress facing all marine life, and as such has been a topic of intense research interest in recent years. Numerous detrimental effects have been documented in marine fish, ranging from reduced mortality to neurosensory impairment, and the prevailing opinions state that these effects are largely the downstream consequences of altered blood carbon dioxide chemistry caused by respiratory acid-base disturbances. While the respiratory acid-base disturbances are consistent responses to OA across tested fish species, it is becoming increasingly clear that there is wide variability in the degree of downstream impairments between species. This can also be extended to intraspecies variability, whereby some individuals have tolerant physiological traits, while others succumb to the effects of OA. This review will synthesize relevant literature on marine fish to highlight consistent trends of impairment, as well as observed interspecies variability in the responses to OA, and the potential routes of physiological acclimation. In all cases, whole animal responses are linked to demonstrated or proposed physiological impairments. Major topics of focus include: (1) respiratory acid-base disturbances; (2) early life survival and growth; (3) the implications for metabolic performance, activity, and reproduction; and (4) emerging physiological theories pertaining to neurosensory impairment and the role of GABAA receptors. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of understanding the underlying physiological traits that confer inter- and intraspecies tolerance, as the abundance of these traits will decide the long-term outlook of marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78373, USA.
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Allmon EB, Esbaugh AJ. Carbon dioxide induced plasticity of branchial acid-base pathways in an estuarine teleost. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45680. [PMID: 28378831 PMCID: PMC5381225 DOI: 10.1038/srep45680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 is expected to drive ocean pCO2 above 1,000 μatm by 2100 – inducing respiratory acidosis in fish that must be corrected through branchial ion transport. This study examined the time course and plasticity of branchial metabolic compensation in response to varying levels of CO2 in an estuarine fish, the red drum, which regularly encounters elevated CO2 and may therefore have intrinsic resilience. Under control conditions fish exhibited net base excretion; however, CO2 exposure resulted in a dose dependent increase in acid excretion during the initial 2 h. This returned to baseline levels during the second 2 h interval for exposures up to 5,000 μatm, but remained elevated for exposures above 15,000 μatm. Plasticity was assessed via gene expression in three CO2 treatments: environmentally realistic 1,000 and 6,000 μatm exposures, and a proof-of-principle 30,000 μatm exposure. Few differences were observed at 1,000 or 6,000 μatm; however, 30,000 μatm stimulated widespread up-regulation. Translocation of V-type ATPase after 1 h of exposure to 30,000 μatm was also assessed; however, no evidence of translocation was found. These results indicate that red drum can quickly compensate to environmentally relevant acid-base disturbances using baseline cellular machinery, yet are capable of plasticity in response to extreme acid-base challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Allmon
- University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Khursigara AJ, Perrichon P, Martinez Bautista N, Burggren WW, Esbaugh AJ. Cardiac function and survival are affected by crude oil in larval red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:797-804. [PMID: 27865530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Following exposure to weathered and non-weathered oil, lethal and sub-lethal impacts on red drum larvae were assessed using survival, morphological, and cardiotoxicity assays. The LC50 for red drum ranged from 14.6 (10.3-20.9) to 21.3 (19.1-23.8) μgl-1 ΣPAH with no effect of exposure timing during the pre-hatch window or oil weathering. Similarly, morphological deformities showed dose responses in the low ppb range. Cardiac output showed similar sensitivity resulting in a major 70% reduction after exposure to 2.6μgl-1 ΣPAH. This cardiac failure was driven by reduced stroke volume rather than bradycardia, meaning that in some species, cardiac function is more sensitive than previously thought. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, much of this type of work has primarily focused on pelagic species with little known about fast developing estuarine species. These results demonstrate similarity sensitivity of the red drum as their pelagic counter parts, and more importantly, that cardiac function is dramatically reduced in concert with pericardial edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Khursigara
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Cir, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Naim Martinez Bautista
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Cir, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Cir, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Nadler LE, Killen SS, McCormick MI, Watson SA, Munday PL. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on shoal familiarity and metabolism in a coral reef fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow052. [PMID: 27933164 PMCID: PMC5142050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 is expected to more than double by the end of the century. The resulting changes in ocean chemistry will affect the behaviour, sensory systems and physiology of a range of fish species. Although a number of past studies have examined effects of CO2 in gregarious fishes, most have assessed individuals in social isolation, which can alter individual behaviour and metabolism in social species. Within social groups, a learned familiarity can develop following a prolonged period of interaction between individuals, with fishes preferentially associating with familiar conspecifics because of benefits such as improved social learning and greater foraging opportunities. However, social recognition occurs through detection of shoal-mate cues; hence, it may be disrupted by near-future CO2 conditions. In the present study, we examined the influence of elevated CO2 on shoal familiarity and the metabolic benefits of group living in the gregarious damselfish species the blue-green puller (Chromis viridis). Shoals were acclimated to one of three nominal CO2 treatments: control (450 µatm), mid-CO2 (750 µatm) or high-CO2 (1000 µatm). After a 4-7 day acclimation period, familiarity was examined using a choice test, in which individuals were given the choice to associate with familiar shoal-mates or unfamiliar conspecifics. In control conditions, individuals preferentially associated with familiar shoal-mates. However, this association was lost in both elevated-CO2 treatments. Elevated CO2 did not impact the calming effect of shoaling on metabolism, as measured using an intermittent-flow respirometry methodology for social species following a 17-20 day acclimation period to CO2 treatment. In all CO2 treatments, individuals exhibited a significantly lower metabolic rate when measured in a shoal vs. alone, highlighting the complexity of shoal dynamics and the processes that influence the benefits of shoaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Nadler
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mark I. McCormick
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L. Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Heuer RM, Grosell M. Elevated CO 2 increases energetic cost and ion movement in the marine fish intestine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34480. [PMID: 27682149 PMCID: PMC5041088 DOI: 10.1038/srep34480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic costs associated with ion and acid-base regulation in response to ocean acidification have been predicted to decrease the energy available to fish for basic life processes. However, the low cost of ion regulation (6-15% of standard metabolic rate) and inherent variation associated with whole-animal metabolic rate measurements have made it difficult to consistently demonstrate such a cost. Here we aimed to gain resolution in assessing the energetic demand associated with acid-base regulation by examining ion movement and O2 consumption rates of isolated intestinal tissue from Gulf toadfish acclimated to control or 1900 μatm CO2 (projected for year 2300). The active marine fish intestine absorbs ions from ingested seawater in exchange for HCO3- to maintain water balance. We demonstrate that CO2 exposure causes a 13% increase of intestinal HCO3- secretion that the animal does not appear to regulate. Isolated tissue from CO2-exposed toadfish also exhibited an 8% higher O2 consumption rate than tissue from controls. These findings show that compensation for CO2 leads to a seemingly maladaptive persistent base (HCO3-) loss that incurs an energetic expense at the tissue level. Sustained increases to baseline metabolic rate could lead to energetic reallocations away from other life processes at the whole-animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Heuer
- University of Miami- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- University of Miami- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Altered brain ion gradients following compensation for elevated CO2 are linked to behavioural alterations in a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33216. [PMID: 27620837 PMCID: PMC5020430 DOI: 10.1038/srep33216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosensory and behavioural disruptions are some of the most consistently reported responses upon exposure to ocean acidification-relevant CO2 levels, especially in coral reef fishes. The underlying cause of these disruptions is thought to be altered current across the GABAA receptor in neuronal cells due to changes in ion gradients (HCO3(-) and/or Cl(-)) that occur in the body following compensation for elevated ambient CO2. Despite these widely-documented behavioural disruptions, the present study is the first to pair a behavioural assay with measurements of relevant intracellular and extracellular acid-base parameters in a coral reef fish exposed to elevated CO2. Spiny damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) exposed to 1900 μatm CO2 for 4 days exhibited significantly increased intracellular and extracellular HCO3(-) concentrations and elevated brain pHi compared to control fish, providing evidence of CO2 compensation. As expected, high CO2 exposed damselfish spent significantly more time in a chemical alarm cue (CAC) than control fish, supporting a potential link between behavioural disruption and CO2 compensation. Using HCO3(-) measurements from the damselfish, the reversal potential for GABAA (EGABA) was calculated, illustrating that biophysical properties of the brain during CO2 compensation could change GABAA receptor function and account for the behavioural disturbances noted during exposure to elevated CO2.
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Heuer RM, Munley KM, Narsinghani N, Wingar JA, Mackey T, Grosell M. Changes to Intestinal Transport Physiology and Carbonate Production at Various CO2Levels in a Marine Teleost, the Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta). Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:402-16. [DOI: 10.1086/688235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lefevre S. Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2 and their interaction. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow009. [PMID: 27382472 PMCID: PMC4922249 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the occurrence of global change, research aimed at estimating the performance of marine ectotherms in a warmer and acidified future has intensified. The concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, which is inspired by the Fry paradigm of a bell-shaped increase-optimum-decrease-type response of aerobic scope to increasing temperature, but also includes proposed negative and synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels, has been suggested as a unifying framework. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the following: (i) the generality of a bell-shaped relationship between absolute aerobic scope (AAS) and temperature; (ii) to what extent elevated CO2 affects resting oxygen uptake MO2rest and AAS; and (iii) whether there is an interaction between elevated temperature and CO2. The behavioural effects of CO2 are also briefly discussed. In 31 out of 73 data sets (both acutely exposed and acclimated), AAS increased and remained above 90% of the maximum, whereas a clear thermal optimum was observed in the remaining 42 data sets. Carbon dioxide caused a significant rise in MO2rest in only 18 out of 125 data sets, and a decrease in 25, whereas it caused a decrease in AAS in four out of 18 data sets and an increase in two. The analysis did not reveal clear evidence for an overall correlation with temperature, CO2 regime or duration of CO2 treatment. When CO2 had an effect, additive rather than synergistic interactions with temperature were most common and, interestingly, they even interacted antagonistically on MO2rest and AAS. The behavioural effects of CO2 could complicate experimental determination of respiratory performance. Overall, this meta-analysis reveals heterogeneity in the responses to elevated temperature and CO2 that is not in accordance with the idea of a single unifying principle and which cannot be ignored in attempts to model and predict the impacts of global warming and ocean acidification on marine ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences,
University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316,
Norway
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Davis BE, Miller NA, Flynn EE, Todgham AE. Juvenile Antarctic rockcod (Trematomus bernacchii) are physiologically robust to CO2-acidified seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1203-13. [PMID: 26944503 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, numerous studies have shown negative impacts of CO2-acidified seawater (i.e. ocean acidification, OA) on marine organisms, including calcifying invertebrates and fishes; however, limited research has been conducted on the physiological effects of OA on polar fishes and even less on the impact of OA on early developmental stages of polar fishes. We evaluated aspects of aerobic metabolism and cardiorespiratory physiology of juvenile emerald rockcod, ITALIC! Trematomus bernacchii, an abundant fish in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, to elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( ITALIC! PCO2 ) [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1050 (high) μatm ITALIC! PCO2 ] over a 1 month period. We examined cardiorespiratory physiology, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and ventilation rate, whole organism metabolism via oxygen consumption rate and sub-organismal aerobic capacity by citrate synthase enzyme activity. Juvenile fish showed an increase in ventilation rate under high ITALIC! PCO2 compared with ambient ITALIC! PCO2 , whereas cardiac performance, oxygen consumption and citrate synthase activity were not significantly affected by elevated ITALIC! PCO2 Acclimation time had a significant effect on ventilation rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and citrate synthase activity, such that all metrics increased over the 4 week exposure period. These results suggest that juvenile emerald rockcod are robust to near-future increases in OA and may have the capacity to adjust for future increases in ITALIC! PCO2 by increasing acid-base compensation through increased ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ern R, Esbaugh AJ. Hyperventilation and blood acid–base balance in hypercapnia exposed red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:447-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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49
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Burggren W, Dubansky B, Roberts A, Alloy M. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill as a Case Study for Interdisciplinary Cooperation within Developmental Biology, Environmental Sciences and Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/wjet.2015.34c002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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