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Sackner-Bernstein J. Rethinking Parkinson's disease: could dopamine reduction therapy have clinical utility? J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12526-7. [PMID: 38904783 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Following reports of low striatal dopamine content in Parkinson's disease, levodopa was shown to rapidly reverse hypokinesis, establishing the model of disease as one of dopamine deficiency. Dopaminergic therapy became standard of care, yet it failed to reverse the disease, suggesting the understanding of disease was incomplete. The literature suggests the potential for toxicity of dopamine and its metabolites, perhaps more relevant given the recent evidence for elevated cytosolic dopamine levels in the dopaminergic neurons of people with Parkinson's. To understand the relevance of these data, multiple investigations are reviewed that tested dopamine reduction therapy as an alternative to dopaminergic agents. The data from use of an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis in experimental models suggest that such an approach could reverse disease pathology, which suggests that cytosolic dopamine excess is a primary driver of disease. These data support clinical investigation of dopamine reduction therapy for Parkinson's disease. Doing so will determine whether these experimental models are predictive and this treatment strategy is worth pursuing further. If clinical data are positive, it could warrant reconsideration of our disease model and treatment strategies, including a shift from dopaminergic to dopamine reduction treatment of the disease.
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Masato A, Andolfo A, Favetta G, Bellini EN, Cogo S, Dalla Valle L, Boassa D, Greggio E, Plotegher N, Bubacco L. Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) as a target in dopamine catabolite-mediated cellular dyshomeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:424. [PMID: 38890356 PMCID: PMC11189528 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in the dopamine catabolic pathway are known to contribute to the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). The progressive cellular buildup of the highly reactive intermediate 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehye (DOPAL) generates protein cross-linking, oligomerization of the PD-linked αSynuclein (αSyn) and imbalance in protein quality control. In this scenario, the autophagic cargo sequestome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) emerges as a target of DOPAL-dependent oligomerization and accumulation in cytosolic clusters. Although DOPAL-induced oxidative stress and activation of the Nrf2 pathway promote p62 expression, p62 oligomerization rather seems to be a consequence of direct DOPAL modification. DOPAL-induced p62 clusters are positive for ubiquitin and accumulate within lysosomal-related structures, likely affecting the autophagy-lysosomal functionality. Finally, p62 oligomerization and clustering is synergistically augmented by DOPAL-induced αSyn buildup. Hence, the substantial impact on p62 proteostasis caused by DOPAL appears of relevance for dopaminergic neurodegeneration, in which the progressive failure of degradative pathways and the deposition of proteins like αSyn, ubiquitin and p62 in inclusion bodies represent a major trait of PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Annapaola Andolfo
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), Center for Omics Sciences (COSR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Favetta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Niccolò Bellini
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), Center for Omics Sciences (COSR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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3
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M, Riederer P. Toxic interactions between dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, and genes in mitochondria of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:639-661. [PMID: 38196001 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by its distinct pathological features; loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and accumulation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites containing modified α-synuclein. Beneficial effects of L-DOPA and dopamine replacement therapy indicate dopamine deficit as one of the main pathogenic factors. Dopamine and its oxidation products are proposed to induce selective vulnerability in dopamine neurons. However, Parkinson's disease is now considered as a generalized disease with dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenic factors include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein accumulation, programmed cell death, impaired proteolytic systems, neuroinflammation, and decline of neurotrophic factors. This paper presents interactions among dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, its inhibitors, and related genes in mitochondria. α-Synuclein inhibits dopamine synthesis and function. Vice versa, dopamine oxidation by monoamine oxidase produces toxic aldehydes, reactive oxygen species, and quinones, which modify α-synuclein, and promote its fibril production and accumulation in mitochondria. Excessive dopamine in experimental models modifies proteins in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and inhibits the function. α-Synuclein and familiar Parkinson's disease-related gene products modify the expression and activity of monoamine oxidase. Type A monoamine oxidase is associated with neuroprotection by an unspecific dose of inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, rasagiline and selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline prevent α-synuclein fibrillization, modulate this toxic collaboration, and exert neuroprotection in experimental studies. Complex interactions between these pathogenic factors play a decisive role in neurodegeneration in PD and should be further defined to develop new therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 320-0195, Japan.
| | - Wakako Maruyama
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 320-0195, Japan
| | - Masayo Shamoto-Nagai
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 320-0195, Japan
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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4
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Badini F, Bayrami A, Mirshekar MA, Shahraki S, Fanaei H. Levothyroxine attenuates behavioral impairment and improves oxidative stress and histological alteration 3-nitropropionic acid induced experimental Huntington's disease in rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 461:114864. [PMID: 38220060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the striatum; it results in oxidative stress and motor deficits. Thyroid hormones regulate oxidative metabolism. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of administration of levothyroxine (LT-4) on neurobehavioral, oxidative stress, and histological changes in a rat model of HD. Forty-eight Wistar male rats were divided into the following six groups (n = 8): Group 1 (control) received physiological saline intraperitoneally (ip). Groups 2 and 3 received L-T4,30 and L-T4100 (μg/kg, ip, respectively) daily for 7 days. Group 4 (HD) received 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) (25 mg/kg, ip) daily for 7 days. Groups 5 and 6 received L-T4,30 and L-T4100 (μg/kg, ip, respectively) 30 min after 3-NP (25 mg/kg, ip) injection for the same duration. On the 8th day, behavioral parameters were evaluated with the Rotarod, Narrow beam walk, and Limb withdrawal tests. Oxidative markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) levels and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, in striatum tissue were measured. Moreover, striatum tissues were analyzed by Hematoxylin-eosin staining for histological alterations. We found that 3-NP administration caused motor incoordination and induced oxidative stress increased but reduced free radical scavenging. Also, increased amounts of lipid peroxides caused striatal damage as shown by histopathological evaluation. Administration of L-T4 led to increased falling time in the Rotarod, but reduced the time taken in Narrow beam walking and Limb withdrawal test. Furthermore, L-T4 increased antioxidant activity, decreased lipid peroxidation and ameliorated 3-NP-induced degeneration in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mirshekar
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Samira Shahraki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamed Fanaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Patterson JR, Kochmanski J, Stoll AC, Kubik M, Kemp CJ, Duffy MF, Thompson K, Howe JW, Cole-Strauss A, Kuhn NC, Miller KM, Nelson S, Onyekpe CU, Beck JS, Counts SE, Bernstein AI, Steece-Collier K, Luk KC, Sortwell CE. Transcriptomic profiling of early synucleinopathy in rats induced with preformed fibrils. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38172128 PMCID: PMC10764951 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Examination of early phases of synucleinopathy when inclusions are present, but long before neurodegeneration occurs, is critical to both understanding disease progression and the development of disease modifying therapies. The rat alpha-synuclein (α-syn) preformed fibril (PFF) model induces synchronized synucleinopathy that recapitulates the pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and can be used to study synucleinopathy progression. In this model, phosphorylated α-syn (pSyn) inclusion-containing neurons and reactive microglia (major histocompatibility complex-II immunoreactive) peak in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) months before appreciable neurodegeneration. However, it remains unclear which specific genes are driving these phenotypic changes. To identify transcriptional changes associated with early synucleinopathy, we used laser capture microdissection of the SNpc paired with RNA sequencing (RNASeq). Precision collection of the SNpc allowed for the assessment of differential transcript expression in the nigral dopamine neurons and proximal glia. Transcripts upregulated in early synucleinopathy were mainly associated with an immune response, whereas transcripts downregulated were associated with neurotransmission and the dopamine pathway. A subset of 29 transcripts associated with neurotransmission/vesicular release and the dopamine pathway were verified in a separate cohort of males and females to confirm reproducibility. Within this subset, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to localize decreases in the Syt1 and Slc6a3 transcripts to pSyn inclusion-containing neurons. Identification of transcriptional changes in early synucleinopathy provides insight into the molecular mechanisms driving neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Patterson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Joseph Kochmanski
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Anna C Stoll
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael Kubik
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kajene Thompson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacob W Howe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Allyson Cole-Strauss
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nathan C Kuhn
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn M Miller
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Seth Nelson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christopher U Onyekpe
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - John S Beck
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alison I Bernstein
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kirby A, Shuhendler AJ. Small Animal Multisubject PET/CT Workflow. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:185-193. [PMID: 38006497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive molecular imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to map molecular and metabolic processes in living animals. PET can be performed as a stand-alone modality but is often combined with CT to provide for objective anatomical localization of PET signals in a multimodality approach. In order to outline the general approach to evaluating four mice simultaneously by dynamic PET imaging, the use of the aldehyde-targeted radiotracer [18F]NA3BF3 in mouse models of hepatotoxicity will be described. Indeed the production of aldehydes is upregulated in a wide range of disease and injury, making them a suitable biomarker for PET imaging of numerous pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Kirby
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Liu H, Gong Z, Li Z, Ye T, Cao A, He S, Lin S, Duan J, Lin X. Distribution, connection and function of ALDH1A1 +/TH + neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata of mouse. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137555. [PMID: 37972684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The massive cell death of dopaminergic neurons (DANs) in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) is associated with motor diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Moreover, as a subtype of DANs in SNC, ALDH1A1+ neurons show better resistance to PD related neurotoxin. DANs can also be found in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR), however, whether they are ALDH1A1+ neurons are rarely reported, as well as their projection, function, and reaction in the PD pathology. We studied the distribution of ALDH1A1+ neurons and track their projection by injecting pAAV. We figured out that, in SNR, 87 % neurons are ALDH1A1+/TH+ in ALDH1A1+ cluster averagely, while ALDH1A1+/TH+: TH+ is 52 % averagely. There are two enrichment regions of ALDH1A1+/TH+ neurons at brgma -3.40 mm and brgma -3.70 mm in the SNR of the nTg mice. Nevertheless, in one type of PD-liked mice model, the proportion of ALDH1A1+/TH+: ALDH1A1+ neurons are 98 % averagely, while ALHD1A1+/TH+: TH+ is 57 %. Intriguingly, neuro-tracing discovered that there may be a previously unreported connection between SNR and anterior dorsal thalamus (ADT). The mouse received MPTP stereotactic injection to destroy TH+ neurons in SNR showed depression behavior, indicated the DANs death in SNR may contribute to depression behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuo Gong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Tonglin Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuaiying He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Sijia Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Eastern Department of Neurology, Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Department of Human Anatomy and physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2(nd) Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Bagnoli E, Trotier A, McMahon J, Quinlan LR, Biggs M, Pandit A, FitzGerald U. Prodromal Parkinson's disease and the catecholaldehyde hypothesis: Insight from olfactory bulb organotypic cultures. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23272. [PMID: 37997495 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301253r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing incidence, unknown etiology, and is currently incurable. Advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms at a molecular level have been slow, with little attention focused on the early prodromal phase of the disease. Consequently, the development of early-acting disease-modifying therapies has been hindered. The olfactory bulb (OB), the brain region responsible for initial processing of olfactory information, is particularly affected early in PD at both functional and molecular levels but there is little information on how the cells in this region are affected by disease. Organotypic and primary OB cultures were developed and characterized. These platforms were then used to assess the effects of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetylaldehyde (DOPAL), a metabolite of dopamine present in increased levels in post-mortem PD tissue and which is thought to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Our findings showed that DOPAL exposure can recapitulate many aspects of PD pathology. Oxidative stress, depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, and neurodegeneration were all induced by DOPAL addition, as were measured transcriptomic changes consistent with those reported in PD clinical studies. These olfactory models of prodromal disease lend credence to the catecholaldehyde hypothesis of PD and provide insight into the mechanisms by which the OB may be involved in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bagnoli
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Trotier
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jill McMahon
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leo R Quinlan
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Physiology, School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland
| | - Manus Biggs
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Pileggi CA, Parmar G, Elkhatib H, Stewart CM, Alecu I, Côté M, Bennett SA, Sandhu JK, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Harper ME. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein interacts with MAO-B and impairs mitochondrial energetics. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100112. [PMID: 38020812 PMCID: PMC10663135 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with both acute and post-acute neurological symptoms. Emerging evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can alter mitochondrial metabolism, suggesting that changes in brain metabolism may contribute to the development of acute and post-acute neurological complications. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is a flavoenzyme located on the outer mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of monoamine neurotransmitters. Computational analyses have revealed high similarity between the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain on the ACE2 receptor and MAO-B, leading to the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein may alter neurotransmitter metabolism by interacting with MAO-B. Our results empirically establish that the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein interacts with MAO-B, leading to increased MAO-B activity in SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells. Common to neurodegenerative disease pathophysiological mechanisms, we also demonstrate that the spike glycoprotein impairs mitochondrial bioenergetics, induces oxidative stress, and perturbs the degradation of depolarized aberrant mitochondria through mitophagy. Our findings also demonstrate that SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were more susceptible to MPTP-induced necrosis, likely necroptosis. Together, these results reveal novel mechanisms that may contribute to SARS-CoV-2-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A. Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Gaganvir Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hussein Elkhatib
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Corina M. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Current Address: Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Irina Alecu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Steffany A.L. Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jagdeep K. Sandhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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10
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Wüllner U, Borghammer P, Choe CU, Csoti I, Falkenburger B, Gasser T, Lingor P, Riederer P. The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:827-838. [PMID: 37169935 PMCID: PMC10174621 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease (PD), i.e. the various clinical phenotypes, pathological findings, genetic predispositions and probably also the various implicated pathophysiological pathways pose a major challenge for future research projects and therapeutic trail design. We outline several pathophysiological concepts, pathways and mechanisms, including the presumed roles of α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, Lewy bodies, oxidative stress, iron and melanin, deficient autophagy processes, insulin and incretin signaling, T-cell autoimmunity, the gut-brain axis and the evidence that microbial (viral) agents may induce molecular hallmarks of neurodegeneration. The hypothesis is discussed, whether PD might indeed be triggered by exogenous (infectious) agents in susceptible individuals upon entry via the olfactory bulb (brain first) or the gut (body-first), which would support the idea that disease mechanisms may change over time. The unresolved heterogeneity of PD may have contributed to the failure of past clinical trials, which attempted to slow the course of PD. We thus conclude that PD patients need personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to specific phenomenological and etiologic subtypes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Bonn and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chi-un Choe
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Itzehoe, Robert-Koch-Straße 2, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Ilona Csoti
- Fachklinik Für Parkinson, Gertrudis Klinik Biskirchen, Karl-Ferdinand-Broll-Straße 2-4, 35638 Leun-Biskirchen, Germany
| | - Björn Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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11
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Chakrabarti S, Bisaglia M. Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Dopamine Oxidation Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040955. [PMID: 37107329 PMCID: PMC10135711 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition affecting more than 1% of people over 65 years old. It is characterized by the preferential degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, which is responsible for the motor symptoms of PD patients. The pathogenesis of this multifactorial disorder is still elusive, hampering the discovery of therapeutic strategies able to suppress the disease's progression. While redox alterations, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and neuroinflammation are clearly involved in PD pathology, how these processes lead to the preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is still an unanswered question. In this context, the presence of dopamine itself within this neuronal population could represent a crucial determinant. In the present review, an attempt is made to link the aforementioned pathways to the oxidation chemistry of dopamine, leading to the formation of free radical species, reactive quinones and toxic metabolites, and sustaining a pathological vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Laboratory, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar University (Deemed to be), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), 35121 Padova, Italy
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12
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Masato A, Plotegher N, Terrin F, Sandre M, Faustini G, Thor A, Adams S, Berti G, Cogo S, De Lazzari F, Fontana CM, Martinez PA, Strong R, Bandopadhyay R, Bisaglia M, Bellucci A, Greggio E, Dalla Valle L, Boassa D, Bubacco L. DOPAL initiates αSynuclein-dependent impaired proteostasis and degeneration of neuronal projections in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 36966140 PMCID: PMC10039907 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine dyshomeostasis has been acknowledged among the determinants of nigrostriatal neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies in experimental models and postmortem PD patients underlined increasing levels of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is highly reactive towards proteins. DOPAL has been shown to covalently modify the presynaptic protein αSynuclein (αSyn), whose misfolding and aggregation represent a major trait of PD pathology, triggering αSyn oligomerization in dopaminergic neurons. Here, we demonstrated that DOPAL elicits αSyn accumulation and hampers αSyn clearance in primary neurons. DOPAL-induced αSyn buildup lessens neuronal resilience, compromises synaptic integrity, and overwhelms protein quality control pathways in neurites. The progressive decline of neuronal homeostasis further leads to dopaminergic neuron loss and motor impairment, as showed in in vivo models. Finally, we developed a specific antibody which detected increased DOPAL-modified αSyn in human striatal tissues from idiopathic PD patients, corroborating the translational relevance of αSyn-DOPAL interplay in PD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Plotegher
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Terrin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Andrea Thor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
| | - Stephen Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA
| | - Giulia Berti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Susanna Cogo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | | | | | - Paul Anthony Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Network, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Randy Strong
- Department of Pharmacology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care Network, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA.
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0608, USA.
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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13
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Bloch DN, Sandre M, Ben Zichri S, Masato A, Kolusheva S, Bubacco L, Jelinek R. Scavenging neurotoxic aldehydes using lysine carbon dots. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1356-1367. [PMID: 36866263 PMCID: PMC9972859 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes generated in cells and tissues are associated with adverse physiological effects. Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the biogenic aldehyde enzymatically produced from dopamine, is cytotoxic, generates reactive oxygen species, and triggers aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein implicated in Parkinson's disease. Here, we demonstrate that carbon dots (C-dots) prepared from lysine as the carbonaceous precursor bind DOPAL molecules through interactions between the aldehyde units and amine residues on the C-dot surface. A set of biophysical and in vitro experiments attests to attenuation of the adverse biological activity of DOPAL. In particular, we show that the lysine-C-dots inhibit DOPAL-induced α-synuclein oligomerization and cytotoxicity. This work underlines the potential of lysine-C-dots as an effective therapeutic vehicle for aldehyde scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nir Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova Italy
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova Italy
| | - Shani Ben Zichri
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
| | - Anna Masato
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Italy
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (IKI), Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Centro Studi per la Neurodegenerazione (CESNE), University of Padova Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Italy
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology (IKI), Ben Gurion University of the Negev Israel
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14
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Wang H, Chen G, Ahn EH, Xia Y, Kang SS, Liu X, Liu C, Han MH, Chen S, Ye K. C/EBPβ/AEP is age-dependently activated in Parkinson's disease and mediates α-synuclein in the gut and brain. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36609384 PMCID: PMC9822984 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, and its pathologic hallmarks include extensive dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the Substantia nigra associated with Lewy bodies, predominantly consisting of phosphorylated and truncated α-Synuclein (α-Syn). Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) cleaves human α-Syn at N103 residue and promotes its aggregation, contributing to PD pathogenesis. However, how AEP mediates Lewy body pathologies during aging and elicits PD onset remains incompletely understood. Knockout of AEP or C/EBPβ from α-SNCA mice, and their chronic rotenone exposure models were used, and the mechanism of α-Syn from the gut that spread to the brain was observed. Here we report that C/EBPβ/AEP pathway, aggravated by oxidative stress, is age-dependently activated and cleaves α-Syn N103 and regulates Lewy body-like pathologies spreading from the gut into the brain in human α-SNCA transgenic mice. Deletion of C/EBPβ or AEP substantially diminished the oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and PD pathologies, attenuating motor dysfunctions in aged α-SNCA mice. Noticeably, PD pathologies initiate in the gut and progressively spread into the brain. Chronic gastric exposure to a low dose of rotenone initiates Lewy body-like pathologies in the gut that propagate into the brain in a C/EBPβ/AEP-dependent manner. Hence, our studies demonstrate that C/EBPβ/AEP pathway is critical for mediating Lewy body pathology progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China ,grid.452458.aDepartment of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University), Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Neuromedical Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050031 Hebei P. R. China ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Guiqin Chen
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430060 China
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA ,grid.256753.00000 0004 0470 5964Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-Do, 24252, South Korea
| | - Yiyuan Xia
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Seong Su Kang
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Xia Liu
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Chang Liu
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 China ,grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA ,grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Department of Biology, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 China
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15
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Review on the interactions between dopamine metabolites and α-Synuclein in causing Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105461. [PMID: 36460239 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by an abnormal post-translational modifications (PTM) in amino acid sequence and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) protein. It is generally believed that dopamine (DA) metabolite in dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons promotes the aggregation of toxic α-Syn oligomers and protofibrils, whereas DA inhibits the formation of toxic fibers and even degrades the toxic fibers. Therefore, the study on interaction between DA metabolites and α-Syn oligomers is one of the current hot topics in neuroscience, because this effect may have direct relevance to the selective DAergic neuron loss in PD. Several mechanisms have been reported for DA metabolites induced α-Syn oligomers viz. i) The reactive oxygen species (ROS) released during the auto-oxidation or enzymatic oxidation of DA changes the structure of α-Syn by the oxidation of amino acid residue leading to misfolding, ii) The oxidized DA metabolites directly interact with α-Syn through covalent or non-covalent bonding leading to the formation of oligomers, iii) DA interacts with lipid or autophagy related proteins to decreases the degradation efficiency of α-Syn aggregates. However, there is no clear-cut mechanism proposed for the interaction between DA and α-Syn. However, it is believed that the lysine (Lys) side chain of α-Syn sequence is the initial trigger site for the oligomer formation. Herein, we review different chemical mechanism involved during the interaction of Lys side chain of α-Syn with DA metabolites such as dopamine-o-quinone (DAQ), dopamine-chrome (DAC), dopamine-aldehyde (DOPAL) and neuromelanin. This review also provides the promotive effect of divalent Cu2+ ions on DA metabolites induced α-Syn oligomers and its inhibition effect by antioxidant glutathione (GSH).
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16
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Lamotte G, Singer W. Synucleinopathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:175-202. [PMID: 37620069 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The α-synucleinopathies include pure autonomic failure, multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Parkinson disease. The past two decades have witnessed significant advances in the diagnostic strategies and symptomatic treatment of motor and nonmotor symptoms of the synucleinopathies. This chapter provides an in-depth review of the pathophysiology, pathology, genetic, epidemiology, and clinical and laboratory autonomic features that distinguish the different synucleinopathies with an emphasis on autonomic failure as a common feature. The treatment of the different synucleinopathies is discussed along with the proposal for multidisciplinary, individualized care models that optimally address the various symptoms. There is an urgent need for clinical scientific studies addressing patients at risk of developing synucleinopathies and the investigation of disease mechanisms, biomarkers, potential disease-modifying therapies, and further advancement of symptomatic treatments for motor and nonmotor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lamotte
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wolfgang Singer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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17
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Hényková E, Kaleta M, Klíčová K, Gonzalez G, Novák O, Strnad M, Kaňovský P. Quantitative Determination of Endogenous Tetrahydroisoquinolines, Potential Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers, in Mammals. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3230-3246. [PMID: 36375023 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic options for Parkinson's disease are very limited and primarily based on characteristic clinical symptoms. Thus, there are urgent needs for reliable biomarkers that enable us to diagnose the disease in the early stages, differentiate it from other atypical Parkinsonian syndromes, monitor its progression, increase knowledge of its pathogenesis, and improve the development of potent therapies. A promising group of potential biomarkers are endogenous tetrahydroisoquinoline metabolites, which are thought to contribute to the multifactorial etiology of Parkinson's disease. The aim of this critical review is to highlight trends and limitations of available traditional and modern analytical techniques for sample pretreatment (extraction and derivatization procedures) and quantitative determination of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in various types of mammalian fluids and tissues (urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, liver tissue). Particular attention is paid to the most sensitive and specific analytical techniques, involving immunochemistry and gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection. The review also includes a discussion of other relevant agents proposed and tested in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hényková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kaleta
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klíčová
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Gallardo-Fernández M, Hornedo-Ortega R, Cerezo AB, Troncoso AM, Garcia-Parrilla MC. Hydroxytyrosol and dopamine metabolites: Anti-aggregative effect and neuroprotective activity against α-synuclein-induced toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 171:113542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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19
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Heng Y, Li YY, Wen L, Yan JQ, Chen NH, Yuan YH. Gastric Enteric Glial Cells: A New Contributor to the Synucleinopathies in the MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism Mouse. Molecules 2022; 27:7414. [PMID: 36364248 PMCID: PMC9656042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that Parkinson's disease (PD) is a systemic disease other than a mere central nervous system (CNS) disorder. One of the most important peripheral symptoms is gastrointestinal dysfunction. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is regarded as an essential gateway to the environment. The discovery of the prion-like behavior of α-synuclein makes it possible for the neurodegenerative process to start in the ENS and spread via the gut-brain axis to the CNS. We first confirmed that synucleinopathies existed in the stomachs of chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced PD mice, as indicated by the significant increase in abnormal aggregated and nitrated α-synuclein in the TH-positive neurons and enteric glial cells (EGCs) of the gastric myenteric plexus. Next, we attempted to clarify the mechanisms in single MPTP-injected mice. The stomach naturally possesses high monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity and low superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, making the stomach susceptible to MPTP-induced oxidative stress, as indicated by the significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the stomach and elevated 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the EGCs after MPTP exposure for 3 h. Additionally, stomach synucleinopathies appear before those of the nigrostriatal system, as determined by Western blotting 12 h after MPTP injection. Notably, nitrated α-synuclein was considerably increased in the EGCs after 3 h and 12 h of MPTP exposure. Taken together, our work demonstrated that the EGCs could be new contributors to synucleinopathies in the stomach. The early-initiated synucleinopathies might further influence neighboring neurons in the myenteric plexus and the CNS. Our results offer a new experimental clue for interpreting the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia-Qing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National, Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union, Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Interactions of dopamine, iron, and alpha-synuclein linked to dopaminergic neuron vulnerability in Parkinson's disease and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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21
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Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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22
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Hurben AK, Tretyakova NY. Role of Protein Damage Inflicted by Dopamine Metabolites in Parkinson's Disease: Evidence, Tools, and Outlook. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1789-1804. [PMID: 35994383 PMCID: PMC10225972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in motivational salience and motor coordination. However, dysregulated dopamine metabolism can result in the formation of reactive electrophilic metabolites which generate covalent adducts with proteins. Such protein damage can impair native protein function and lead to neurotoxicity, ultimately contributing to Parkinson's disease etiology. In this Review, the role of dopamine-induced protein damage in Parkinson's disease is discussed, highlighting the novel chemical tools utilized to drive this effort forward. Continued innovation of methodologies which enable detection, quantification, and functional response elucidation of dopamine-derived protein adducts is critical for advancing this field. Work in this area improves foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to dopamine-mediated Parkinson's disease progression, potentially assisting with future development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Hurben
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Goldstein DS, Pekker MJ, Sullivan P, Isonaka R, Sharabi Y. Modeling the Progression of Cardiac Catecholamine Deficiency in Lewy Body Diseases. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024411. [PMID: 35621196 PMCID: PMC9238705 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Lewy body diseases (LBDs) feature deficiency of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the left ventricular myocardium and sympathetic intra-neuronal deposition of the protein alpha-synuclein (αS). LBDs therefore are autonomic synucleinopathies. Computational modeling has revealed multiple functional abnormalities in residual myocardial sympathetic noradrenergic nerves in LBDs, including decreased norepinephrine synthesis, vesicular storage, and recycling. We report an extended model that enables predictions about the progression of LBDs and effects of genetic predispositions and treatments on that progression. Methods and Results The model combines cardiac sympathetic activation with autotoxicity mediated by the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. We tested the model by its ability to predict longitudinal empirical data based on cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging, effects of genetic variations related to particular intra-neuronal reactions, treatment by monoamine oxidase inhibition to decrease 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde production, and post-mortem myocardial tissue contents of catecholamines and αS. The new model generated a triphasic decline in myocardial norepinephrine content. This pattern was confirmed by empirical data from serial cardiac 18F-dopamine positron emission tomographic scanning in patients with LBDs. The model also correctly predicted empirical data about effects of genetic variants and monoamine oxidase inhibition and about myocardial levels of catecholamines and αS. Conclusions The present computational model predicts a triphasic decline in myocardial norepinephrine content as LBDs progress. According to the model, disease-modifying interventions begun at the transition from the first to the second phase delay the onset of symptomatic disease. Computational modeling coupled with biomarkers of preclinical autonomic synucleinopathy may enable early detection and more effective treatment of LBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section Clinical Neurosciences Program Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Mark J Pekker
- Mathematical Sciences University of Alabama at Huntsville Huntsville AL
| | - Patti Sullivan
- Autonomic Medicine Section Clinical Neurosciences Program Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Risa Isonaka
- Autonomic Medicine Section Clinical Neurosciences Program Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Yehonatan Sharabi
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Chaim Sheba Medical CenterTel HaShomer Israel
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24
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In silico study to identify new monoamine oxidase type a (MAO-A) selective inhibitors from natural source by virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Gao J, Hao Y, Piao X, Gu X. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 as a Therapeutic Target in Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases: Post-Translational Modifications Deserve More Attention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052682. [PMID: 35269824 PMCID: PMC8910853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has both dehydrogenase and esterase activity; its dehydrogenase activity is closely related to the metabolism of aldehydes produced under oxidative stress (OS). In this review, we recapitulate the enzyme activity of ALDH2 in combination with its protein structure, summarize and show the main mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in metabolism of aldehydes in vivo as comprehensively as possible; we also integrate the key regulatory mechanisms of ALDH2 participating in a variety of physiological and pathological processes related to OS, including tissue and organ fibrosis, apoptosis, aging, and nerve injury-related diseases. On this basis, the regulatory effects and application prospects of activators, inhibitors, and protein post-translational modifications (PTMs, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, nitration, ubiquitination, and glycosylation) on ALDH2 are discussed and prospected. Herein, we aimed to lay a foundation for further research into the mechanism of ALDH2 in oxidative stress-related disease and provide a basis for better use of the ALDH2 function in research and the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (J.G.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Landau R, Halperin R, Sullivan P, Zibly Z, Leibowitz A, Goldstein DS, Sharabi Y. The rat rotenone model reproduces the abnormal pattern of central catecholamine metabolism found in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 15:274082. [PMID: 34842277 PMCID: PMC8807569 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that Parkinson's disease (PD) involves specific functional abnormalities in residual neurons – decreased vesicular sequestration of cytoplasmic catecholamines via the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) and decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. This double hit builds up the autotoxic metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the focus of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis for the pathogenesis of PD. An animal model is needed that reproduces this abnormal catecholamine neurochemical pattern. Adult rats received subcutaneous vehicle or the mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor rotenone (2 mg/kg/day via a minipump) for 10 days. Locomotor activity was recorded, and striatal tissue sampled for catechol contents and catechol ratios that indicate the above abnormalities. Compared to vehicle, rotenone reduced locomotor activity (P=0.002), decreased tissue dopamine concentrations (P=0.00001), reduced indices of vesicular sequestration (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/dopamine) and ALDH activity (DOPAC/DOPAL) (P=0.0025, P=0.036), and increased DOPAL levels (P=0.04). The rat rotenone model involves functional abnormalities in catecholaminergic neurons that replicate the pattern found in PD putamen. These include a vesicular storage defect, decreased ALDH activity and DOPAL build-up. The rat rotenone model provides a suitable in vivo platform for studying the catecholaldehyde hypothesis. Summary: This study presents an animal model that reflects the neurochemical pattern found in Parkinson's patients, the basis of the new and evolving catecholaldehyde hypothesis for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regev Landau
- Neuroautonomic Service, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Reut Halperin
- Neuroautonomic Service, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Patti Sullivan
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zion Zibly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - Avshalom Leibowitz
- Neuroautonomic Service, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
| | - David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yehonatan Sharabi
- Neuroautonomic Service, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-HaShomer, Israel
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27
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Wang Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Li S, Cai H, Le W. The essential role of transcription factor Pitx3 in preventing mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neurodegeneration and maintaining neuronal subtype identities during aging. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1008. [PMID: 34707106 PMCID: PMC8551333 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary homeobox 3 (Pitx3) is required for the terminal differentiation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons during neuronal development. However, whether Pitx3 contributes to the normal physiological function and cell-type identity of adult neurons remains unknown. To explore the role of Pitx3 in maintaining mature neurons, we selectively deleted Pitx3 in the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons of Pitx3fl/fl/DATCreERT2 bigenic mice using a tamoxifen inducible CreERT2/loxp gene-targeting system. Pitx3fl/fl/DATCreERT2 mice developed age-dependent progressive motor deficits, concomitant with a rapid reduction of striatal dopamine (DA) content and a profound loss of mdDA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) but not in the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA), recapitulating the canonical neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mechanistic studies showed that Pitx3-deficiency significantly increased the number of cleaved caspase-3+ cells in SNc, which likely underwent neurodegeneration. Meanwhile, the vulnerability of SNc mdDA neurons was increased in Pitx3fl/fl/DATCreERT2 mice, as indicated by an early decline in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (Aldh1a1) levels. Noticeably, somatic accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) was also significantly increased in the Pitx3-deficient neurons. Together, our data demonstrate that the loss of Pitx3 in fully differentiated mdDA neurons results in progressive neurodegeneration, indicating the importance of the Pitx3 gene in adult neuronal survival. Our findings also suggest that distinct Pitx3-dependent pathways exist in SNc and VTA mdDA neurons, correlating with the differential vulnerability of SNc and VTA mdDA neurons in the absence of Pitx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
- Institute of Neurology and Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Medical School of UETSC, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
- Institute of Neurology and Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Medical School of UETSC, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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28
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Pirooznia SK, Rosenthal LS, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parkinson Disease: Translating Insights from Molecular Mechanisms to Neuroprotection. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:33-97. [PMID: 34663684 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) used to be considered a nongenetic condition. However, the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive mutations linked to monogenic PD has changed this view. Clinically manifest PD is then thought to occur through a complex interplay between genetic mutations, many of which have incomplete penetrance, and environmental factors, both neuroprotective and increasing susceptibility, which variably interact to reach a threshold over which PD becomes clinically manifested. Functional studies of PD gene products have identified many cellular and molecular pathways, providing crucial insights into the nature and causes of PD. PD originates from multiple causes and a range of pathogenic processes at play, ultimately culminating in nigral dopaminergic loss and motor dysfunction. An in-depth understanding of these complex and possibly convergent pathways will pave the way for therapeutic approaches to alleviate the disease symptoms and neuroprotective strategies to prevent disease manifestations. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of advances made in PD research based on leveraging genetic insights into the pathogenesis of PD. It further discusses novel perspectives to facilitate identification of critical molecular pathways that are central to neurodegeneration that hold the potential to develop neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative therapeutic strategies for PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A comprehensive review of PD pathophysiology is provided on the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors and biologic processes that contribute to PD pathogenesis. This knowledge identifies new targets that could be leveraged into disease-modifying therapies to prevent or slow neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Pirooznia
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
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29
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Carmichael K, Sullivan B, Lopez E, Sun L, Cai H. Diverse midbrain dopaminergic neuron subtypes and implications for complex clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. AGEING AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2021; 1. [PMID: 34532720 PMCID: PMC8442626 DOI: 10.20517/and.2021.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common degenerative movement disorder, is clinically manifested with various motor and non-motor symptoms. Degeneration of midbrain substantia nigra pas compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons (DANs) is generally attributed to the motor syndrome. The underlying neuronal mechanisms of non-motor syndrome are largely unexplored. Besides SNc, midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) DANs also produce and release dopamine and modulate movement, reward, motivation, and memory. Degeneration of VTA DANs also occurs in postmortem brains of PD patients, implying an involvement of VTA DANs in PD-associated non-motor symptoms. However, it remains to be established that there is a distinct segregation of different SNc and VTA DAN subtypes in regulating different motor and non-motor functions, and that different DAN subpopulations are differentially affected by normal ageing or PD. Traditionally, the distinction among different DAN subtypes was mainly based on the location of cell bodies and axon terminals. With the recent advance of single cell RNA sequencing technology, DANs can be readily classified based on unique gene expression profiles. A combination of specific anatomic and molecular markers shows great promise to facilitate the identification of DAN subpopulations corresponding to different behavior modules under normal and disease conditions. In this review, we first summarize the recent progress in characterizing genetically, anatomically, and functionally diverse midbrain DAN subtypes. Then, we provide perspectives on how the preclinical research on the connectivity and functionality of DAN subpopulations improves our current understanding of cell-type and circuit specific mechanisms of the disease, which could be critically informative for designing new mechanistic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Carmichael
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,The Graduate Partnership Program of NIH and Brown University, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Breanna Sullivan
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena Lopez
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Toxic Feedback Loop Involving Iron, Reactive Oxygen Species, α-Synuclein and Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease and Intervention with Turmeric. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5920-5936. [PMID: 34426907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with severe loss of mainly dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Pathological hallmarks include Lewy bodies, and loss of neuromelanin, due to degeneration of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Despite being described over 200 years ago, the etiology of PD remains unknown. Here, we highlight the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron, alpha synuclein (α-syn) and neuromelanin in a toxic feedback loop culminating in neuronal death and spread of the disease. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable due to decreased antioxidant concentration with aging, constant exposure to ROS and presence of neurotoxic compounds (e.g. ortho-quinones). ROS and iron increase each other's levels, creating a state of oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation is influenced by ROS and iron but also increases ROS and iron via its induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferric-reductase activity. Neuromelanin's binding affinity is affected by increased ROS and iron. Furthermore, during neuronal death, neuromelanin is degraded in the extracellular space, releasing its bound toxins. This cycle of events continues to neighboring neurons in the form of a toxic loop, causing PD pathology. The increase in ROS and iron may be an important target for therapies to disrupt this toxic loop, and therefore diets rich in certain 'nutraceuticals' may be beneficial. Turmeric is an attractive candidate, as it is known to have anti-oxidant and iron chelating properties. More studies are needed to test this theory and if validated, this would be a step towards development of lifestyle-based therapeutic modalities to complement existing PD treatments.
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Nelson MAM, Efird JT, Kew KA, Katunga LA, Monroe TB, Doorn JA, Beatty CN, Shi Q, Akhter SA, Alwair H, Robidoux J, Anderson EJ. Enhanced Catecholamine Flux and Impaired Carbonyl Metabolism Disrupt Cardiac Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Diabetes Patients. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:235-251. [PMID: 33066717 PMCID: PMC8262387 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Catecholamine metabolism via monoamine oxidase (MAO) contributes to cardiac injury in models of ischemia and diabetes, but the pathogenic mechanisms involved are unclear. MAO deaminates norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine to produce H2O2 and highly reactive "catecholaldehydes," which may be toxic to mitochondria due to the localization of MAO to the outer mitochondrial membrane. We performed a comprehensive analysis of catecholamine metabolism and its impact on mitochondrial energetics in atrial myocardium obtained from patients with and without type 2 diabetes. Results: Content and maximal activity of MAO-A and MAO-B were higher in the myocardium of patients with diabetes and they were associated with body mass index. Metabolomic analysis of atrial tissue from these patients showed decreased catecholamine levels in the myocardium, supporting an increased flux through MAOs. Catecholaldehyde-modified protein adducts were more abundant in myocardial tissue extracts from patients with diabetes and were confirmed to be MAO dependent. NE treatment suppressed mitochondrial ATP production in permeabilized myofibers from patients with diabetes in an MAO-dependent manner. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was substantially decreased in atrial myocardium from these patients, and metabolomics confirmed lower levels of ALDH-catalyzed catecholamine metabolites. Proteomic analysis of catechol-modified proteins in isolated cardiac mitochondria from these patients identified >300 mitochondrial proteins to be potential targets of these unique carbonyls. Innovation and Conclusion: These findings illustrate a unique form of carbonyl toxicity driven by MAO-mediated metabolism of catecholamines, and they reveal pathogenic factors underlying cardiometabolic disease. Importantly, they suggest that pharmacotherapies targeting aldehyde stress and catecholamine metabolism in heart may be beneficial in patients with diabetes and cardiac disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 235-251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret-Ann M Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jimmy T Efird
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Kimberly A Kew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lalage A Katunga
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - T Blake Monroe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan A Doorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Cherese N Beatty
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Qian Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shahab A Akhter
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Heart Institute, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hazaim Alwair
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Heart Institute, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacques Robidoux
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ethan J Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibition Facilitates α-Synuclein Secretion In Vitro and Delays Its Aggregation in rAAV-Based Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7479-7491. [PMID: 34290084 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0476-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is considered to underlie the spread of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have demonstrated that α-syn is secreted under physiological conditions in neuronal cell lines and primary neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate extracellular α-syn secretion remain unclear. In this study, we found that inhibition of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) enzymatic activity facilitated α-syn secretion in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Both inhibition of MAO-B by selegiline or rasagiline and siRNA-mediated knock-down of MAO-B facilitated α-syn secretion. However, TVP-1022, the S-isomer of rasagiline that is 1000 times less active, failed to facilitate α-syn secretion. Additionally, the MAO-B inhibition-induced increase in α-syn secretion was unaffected by brefeldin A, which inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi transport, but was blocked by probenecid and glyburide, which inhibit ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter function. MAO-B inhibition preferentially facilitated the secretion of detergent-insoluble α-syn protein and decreased its intracellular accumulation under chloroquine-induced lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, in a rat model (male Sprague Dawley rats) generated by injecting recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-A53T α-syn, subcutaneous administration of selegiline delayed the striatal formation of Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn aggregates, and mitigated loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Selegiline also delayed α-syn aggregation and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a cell-to-cell transmission rat model (male Sprague Dawley rats) generated by injecting rAAV-wild-type α-syn and externally inoculating α-syn fibrils into the striatum. These findings suggest that MAO-B inhibition modulates the intracellular clearance of detergent-insoluble α-syn via the ABC transporter-mediated non-classical secretion pathway, and temporarily suppresses the formation and transmission of α-syn aggregates.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The identification of a neuroprotective agent that slows or stops the progression of motor impairments is required to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). The process of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation is thought to underlie neurodegeneration in PD. Here, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition or knock-down of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) in SH-SY5Y cells facilitated α-syn secretion via a non-classical pathway involving an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. MAO-B inhibition preferentially facilitated secretion of detergent-insoluble α-syn protein and reduced its intracellular accumulation under chloroquine-induced lysosomal dysfunction. Additionally, MAO-B inhibition by selegiline protected A53T α-syn-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppressed the formation and cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn aggregates in rat models. We therefore propose a new function of MAO-B inhibition that modulates α-syn secretion and aggregation.
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33
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Masato A, Bubacco L, Greggio E. Too much for your own good: Excessive dopamine damages neurons and contributes to Parkinson's disease: An Editorial Highlight for "Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity induces oxidative stress, causes accumulation of autotoxic catecholamine metabolites, and augments amphetamine effects in vivo". J Neurochem 2021; 158:833-836. [PMID: 34184261 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine dyshomeostasis is a driving factor of nigrostriatal degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of cytosolic dopamine at striatal projections results in the buildup of autoxidation products, which generates protein adducts and exacerbate oxidative stress. Moreover, an excessive rate of dopamine degradation results in accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a toxic metabolite which rapidly reacts with other proteins. These events lead to protein misfolding and cross-linking as well as mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, the main pathological mechanisms underscoring dopaminergic neuron loss in PD. In this issue of Journal of Neurochemistry, Vecchio et al. generated and characterized a new in vivo model of chronic dopamine accumulation through the overexpression of a hyperactive form of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-HI), the rate-limiting step enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. At 3-5 months of age, TH-HI mice displayed increased striatal dopamine content, exacerbated dopamine catabolism, and augmented responses to amphetamine. This correlated with enhanced oxidative stress and DOPAL buildup, highlighting a catechol-induced neurotoxic vicious cycle that may anticipate a parkinsonian-like phenotype in aged mice. This novel TH-HI animal model represents an exciting new tool to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying dopamine disequilibrium, catecholamine autotoxicity, and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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34
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Vecchio LM, Sullivan P, Dunn AR, Bermejo MK, Fu R, Masoud ST, Gregersen E, Urs NM, Nazari R, Jensen PH, Ramsey A, Goldstein DS, Miller GW, Salahpour A. Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity induces oxidative stress, causes accumulation of autotoxic catecholamine metabolites, and augments amphetamine effects in vivo. J Neurochem 2021; 158:960-979. [PMID: 33991113 PMCID: PMC8376767 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, dopamine‐containing nigrostriatal neurons undergo profound degeneration. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. TH increases in vitro formation of reactive oxygen species, and previous animal studies have reported links between cytosolic dopamine build‐up and oxidative stress. To examine effects of increased TH activity in catecholaminergic neurons in vivo, we generated TH‐over‐expressing mice (TH‐HI) using a BAC‐transgenic approach that results in over‐expression of TH with endogenous patterns of expression. The transgenic mice were characterized by western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. Tissue contents of dopamine, its metabolites, and markers of oxidative stress were evaluated. TH‐HI mice had a 3‐fold increase in total and phosphorylated TH levels and an increased rate of dopamine synthesis. Coincident with elevated dopamine turnover, TH‐HI mice showed increased striatal production of H2O2 and reduced glutathione levels. In addition, TH‐HI mice had elevated striatal levels of the neurotoxic dopamine metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 5‐S‐cysteinyl‐dopamine and were more susceptible than wild‐type mice to the effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine. These results demonstrate that increased TH alone is sufficient to produce oxidative stress in vivo, build up autotoxic dopamine metabolites, and augment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Vecchio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Sullivan
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Dunn
- The Jackson Laboratory. Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Marie Kristel Bermejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shababa T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emil Gregersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Nikhil M Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Reza Nazari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Amy Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological, Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Palazzi L, Fongaro B, Leri M, Acquasaliente L, Stefani M, Bucciantini M, Polverino de Laureto P. Structural Features and Toxicity of α-Synuclein Oligomers Grown in the Presence of DOPAC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116008. [PMID: 34199427 PMCID: PMC8199589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between α-synuclein and dopamine derivatives is associated with oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The formation in the dopaminergic neurons of intraneuronal inclusions containing aggregates of α-synuclein is a typical hallmark of PD. Even though the biochemical events underlying the aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein are not completely understood, strong evidence correlates this process with the levels of dopamine metabolites. In vitro, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and the other two metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPET), share the property to inhibit the growth of mature amyloid fibrils of α-synuclein. Although this effect occurs with the formation of differently toxic products, the molecular basis of this inhibition is still unclear. Here, we provide information on the effect of DOPAC on the aggregation properties of α-synuclein and its ability to interact with membranes. DOPAC inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, stabilizing monomer and inducing the formation of dimers and trimers. DOPAC-induced oligomers did not undergo conformational transition in the presence of membranes, and penetrated the cell, where they triggered autophagic processes. Cellular assays showed that DOPAC reduced cytotoxicity and ROS production induced by α-synuclein aggregates. Our findings show that the early radicals resulting from DOPAC autoxidation produced covalent modifications of the protein, which were not by themselves a primary cause of either fibrillation or membrane binding inhibition. These findings are discussed in the light of the potential mechanism of DOPAC protection against the toxicity of α-synuclein aggregates to better understand protein and catecholamine biology and to eventually suggest a scaffold that can help in the design of candidate molecules able to interfere in α-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Benedetta Fongaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Manuela Leri
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Monica Bucciantini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (M.L.); (M.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Patrizia Polverino de Laureto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.P.); (B.F.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence:
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36
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Goldstein DS. The Catecholaldehyde Hypothesis for the Pathogenesis of Catecholaminergic Neurodegeneration: What We Know and What We Do Not Know. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115999. [PMID: 34206133 PMCID: PMC8199574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) is the focus of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and other Lewy body diseases. The catecholaldehyde is produced via oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) acting on cytoplasmic dopamine. DOPAL is autotoxic, in that it can harm the same cells in which it is produced. Normally, DOPAL is detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-mediated conversion to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), which rapidly exits the neurons. Genetic, environmental, or drug-induced manipulations of ALDH that build up DOPAL promote catecholaminergic neurodegeneration. A concept derived from the catecholaldehyde hypothesis imputes deleterious interactions between DOPAL and the protein alpha-synuclein (αS), a major component of Lewy bodies. DOPAL potently oligomerizes αS, and αS oligomers impede vesicular and mitochondrial functions, shifting the fate of cytoplasmic dopamine toward the MAO-catalyzed formation of DOPAL—destabilizing vicious cycles. Direct and indirect effects of DOPAL and of DOPAL-induced misfolded proteins could “freeze” intraneuronal reactions, plasticity of which is required for neuronal homeostasis. The extent to which DOPAL toxicity is mediated by interactions with αS, and vice versa, is poorly understood. Because of numerous secondary effects such as augmented spontaneous oxidation of dopamine by MAO inhibition, there has been insufficient testing of the catecholaldehyde hypothesis in animal models. The clinical pathophysiological significance of genetics, emotional stress, environmental agents, and interactions with numerous proteins relevant to the catecholaldehyde hypothesis are matters for future research. The imposing complexity of intraneuronal catecholamine metabolism seems to require a computational modeling approach to elucidate clinical pathogenetic mechanisms and devise pathophysiology-based, individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Salkov VN, Khudoerkov RM. [The role of aluminum and lead in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases]. Arkh Patol 2021; 83:56-61. [PMID: 34041898 DOI: 10.17116/patol20218303156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The article summarizes the data available in the literature on the toxic effects of aluminum and lead on the human brain and assesses the relationship of these effects to the etiopathogenesis of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The accumulation of ions of these metals in the brain structures leads to chronic intoxication that is manifested by the morphological signs that are typical for Alzheimer's disease, such as deposits of β-amyloid and τ-protein mainly in the frontal and temporal regions of the cortex, and for Parkinson's disease, such as degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and their accumulation of α-synuclein. The most likely forms of participation of aluminum and lead ions in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration are the replacement of bivalent metal ions necessary for brain functioning, oxidative stress initiation, epigenetic modifications of histones, and increased expression of noncoding ribonucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Salkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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38
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Dalvi-Garcia F, Fonseca LL, Vasconcelos ATR, Hedin-Pereira C, Voit EO. A model of dopamine and serotonin-kynurenine metabolism in cortisolemia: Implications for depression. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008956. [PMID: 33970902 PMCID: PMC8136856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major factor contributing to the etiology of depression is a neurochemical imbalance of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, which is caused by persistently high levels of circulating stress hormones. Here, a computational model is proposed to investigate the interplay between dopaminergic and serotonergic-kynurenine metabolism under cortisolemia and its consequences for the onset of depression. The model was formulated as a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations represented with power-law functions. Parameter values were obtained from experimental data reported in the literature, biological databases, and other general information, and subsequently fine-tuned through optimization. Model simulations predict that changes in the kynurenine pathway, caused by elevated levels of cortisol, can increase the risk of neurotoxicity and lead to increased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylaceltahyde (DOPAL) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde (5-HIAL). These aldehydes contribute to alpha-synuclein aggregation and may cause mitochondrial fragmentation. Further model analysis demonstrated that the inhibition of both serotonin transport and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase decreased the levels of DOPAL and 5-HIAL and the neurotoxic risk often associated with depression. The mathematical model was also able to predict a novel role of the dopamine and serotonin metabolites DOPAL and 5-HIAL in the ethiology of depression, which is facilitated through increased cortisol levels. Finally, the model analysis suggests treatment with a combination of inhibitors of serotonin transport and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase as a potentially effective pharmacological strategy to revert the slow-down in monoamine neurotransmission that is often triggered by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dalvi-Garcia
- Bioinformatics Lab, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis L. Fonseca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Tereza R. Vasconcelos
- Bioinformatics Lab, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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39
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Fan HH, Guo Q, Zheng J, Lian YZ, Huang SS, Sun Y, Zou M, Zhu JH, Zhang X. ALDH1A1 Genetic Variations May Modulate Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Han Chinese Population. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:620929. [PMID: 33815038 PMCID: PMC8017280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.620929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies in animal models have suggested that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (encoded by ALDH1A1) protects against Parkinson’s disease (PD) by reducing toxic metabolites of dopamine. Herein we aimed to investigate whether ALDH1A1 was genetically associated with PD susceptibility in humans. Methods: A Han Chinese population of 1,039 subjects was recruited to analyze six tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by haplotype analyses and variants interaction analyses. Real-time PCR was used to analyze mRNA levels of ALDH1A1 in peripheral blood of 42 subjects. Results: The tag-SNP rs7043217 of ALDH1A1 was significantly associated with PD susceptibility with the T serving as a risk allele (genotype frequency, P = 0.030; allele frequency, P = 0.013, OR = 1.258, 95% CI = 1.050–1.508). Multiple haplotypes were linked to abnormalities of PD risk, topped by a 4-SNP GGTA module in the order of rs4646547, rs1888202, rs7043217, and rs647880 (P = 9.610 × 10–8, OR = 6.420, 95% CI = 2.944–13.998). Interaction analyses showed that a simultaneous presence of the CC genotype of rs7043217 and the TT genotype of ALDH2 variant rs4767944 conferred an elevated protection against PD (P = 4.68 × 10–4, OR = 0.378, 95% CI = 0.219–0.652). The mRNA expression of ALDH1A1 showed a trend of reduction (P = 0.084) in PD patients compared to the controls. Conclusion: Our results provide novel genetic insights into the role of ALDH1 in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Lian
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shi-Shi Huang
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Zou
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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40
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C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signaling mediates Parkinson's disease pathogenesis via regulating transcription and proteolytic cleavage of α-synuclein and MAOB. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:568-585. [PMID: 32086435 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal loss and the presence of intra-neuronal Lewy body (LB) inclusions with aggregated α-synuclein (α-Syn) as the major component. MAOB, a crucial monoamine oxidase for dopamine metabolism, triggers oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons and α-Syn aggregation. However, the key molecular mechanism that mediates PD pathogenesis remains elusive. Here we show that C/EBPβ acts as an age-dependent transcription factor for both α-Syn and MAOB, and initiates the PD pathologies by upregulating these two pivotal players, in addition to escalating δ-secretase activity to cleave α-Syn and promotes its neurotoxicity. Overexpression of C/EBPβ in human wild-type α-Syn transgenic mice facilitates PD pathologies and elicits motor disorders associated with augmentation of δ-secretase, α-Syn, and MAOB. In contrast, depletion of C/EBPβ from human α-Syn Tg mice abolishes rotenone-elicited PD pathologies and motor impairments via downregulating the expression of these key factors. Hence, our study supports that C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signaling mediates PD pathogenesis via regulating the expression and cleavage of α-Syn and MAOB.
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41
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Cataldi R, Chia S, Pisani K, Ruggeri FS, Xu CK, Šneideris T, Perni M, Sarwat S, Joshi P, Kumita JR, Linse S, Habchi J, Knowles TPJ, Mannini B, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M. A dopamine metabolite stabilizes neurotoxic amyloid-β oligomers. Commun Biol 2021; 4:19. [PMID: 33398040 PMCID: PMC7782527 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant soluble oligomers formed by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) are major pathogenic agents in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. A variety of biomolecules can influence the formation of these oligomers in the brain, although their mechanisms of action are still largely unknown. Here, we studied the effects on Aβ aggregation of DOPAL, a reactive catecholaldehyde intermediate of dopamine metabolism. We found that DOPAL is able to stabilize Aβ oligomeric species, including dimers and trimers, that exert toxic effects on human neuroblastoma cells, in particular increasing cytosolic calcium levels and promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. These results reveal an interplay between Aβ aggregation and key biochemical processes regulating cellular homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cataldi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sean Chia
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Katarina Pisani
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tomas Šneideris
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Michele Perni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sunehera Sarwat
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Priyanka Joshi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Janet R Kumita
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Marie A, Darricau M, Touyarot K, Parr-Brownlie LC, Bosch-Bouju C. Role and Mechanism of Vitamin A Metabolism in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:949-970. [PMID: 34120916 PMCID: PMC8461657 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that altered retinoic acid signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Retinoic acid is the bioactive derivative of the lipophilic vitamin A. Vitamin A is involved in several important homeostatic processes, such as cell differentiation, antioxidant activity, inflammation and neuronal plasticity. The role of vitamin A and its derivatives in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and their potential as therapeutics, has drawn attention for more than 10 years. However, the literature sits in disparate fields. Vitamin A could act at the crossroad of multiple environmental and genetic factors of PD. The purpose of this review is to outline what is known about the role of vitamin A metabolism in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PD. We examine key biological systems and mechanisms that are under the control of vitamin A and its derivatives, which are (or could be) exploited for therapeutic potential in PD: the survival of dopaminergic neurons, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, circadian rhythms, homeostasis of the enteric nervous system, and hormonal systems. We focus on the pivotal role of ALDH1A1, an enzyme expressed by dopaminergic neurons for the detoxification of these neurons, which is under the control of retinoic acid. By providing an integrated summary, this review will guide future studies on the potential role of vitamin A in the management of symptoms, health and wellbeing for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaıs Marie
- University Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Morgane Darricau
- University Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- University Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Katia Touyarot
- University Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Louise C. Parr-Brownlie
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand (Center of Research Excellence), Dunedin, New Zealand
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Minakaki G, Krainc D, Burbulla LF. The Convergence of Alpha-Synuclein, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Pathways in Vulnerability of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580634. [PMID: 33381501 PMCID: PMC7767856 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and gait impairment, as well as a spectrum of non-motor symptoms including autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. The cardinal motor symptoms of PD stem from the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, and it remains unclear why SN DAergic neurons are preferentially lost in PD. However, recent identification of several genetic PD forms suggests that mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions play important roles in the degeneration of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In this review, we discuss the interplay of cell-autonomous mechanisms linked to DAergic neuron vulnerability and alpha-synuclein homeostasis. Emerging studies highlight a deleterious feedback cycle, with oxidative stress, altered DA metabolism, dysfunctional lysosomes, and pathological alpha-synuclein species representing key events in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the interactions of alpha-synuclein with toxic DA metabolites, as well as the biochemical links between intracellular iron, calcium, and alpha-synuclein accumulation. We suggest that targeting multiple pathways, rather than individual processes, will be important for developing disease-modifying therapies. In this context, we focus on current translational efforts specifically targeting lysosomal function, as well as oxidative stress via calcium and iron modulation. These efforts could have therapeutic benefits for the broader population of sporadic PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Carmo-Gonçalves P, Romão L, Follmer C. In Vitro Protective Action of Monomeric and Fibrillar α-Synuclein on Neuronal Cells Exposed to the Dopaminergic Toxins Salsolinol and DOPAL. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3541-3548. [PMID: 33080132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) is believed to be mechanistically linked to the degeneration of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this respect, one crucial question that yet remains unsolved is whether aSyn aggregation is associated with either a gain- or loss-of-function of the protein in neuronal cells. Herein, we investigated the effect of monomeric versus fibrillar aSyn on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures challenged with the neurotoxic catechols: salsolinol (SALSO; 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). aSyn monomer protected cells against either SALSO- or DOPAL-induced toxicity via inhibition of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. While fibrillar aSyn failed in attenuating SALSO neurotoxicity, it increased the viability of DOPAL-treated cells, which was apparently not associated with the inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage. The fact that DOPAL-derived aSyn adducts exhibit lower toxicity compared with DOPAL itself raises the question of whether the generation of these adducts could be part of or a collateral effect of aSyn-mediated protection in neurons exposed to DOPAL. Overall, our work provides important evidence on the impact of the fibrillation of aSyn on its protective role in neuronal cells exposed to the toxic catechols SALSO and DOPAL.
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Goldstein DS. The "Sick-but-not-Dead" Phenomenon Applied to Catecholamine Deficiency in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Semin Neurol 2020; 40:502-514. [PMID: 32906170 PMCID: PMC10680399 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine are key central neurotransmitters that participate in many neurobehavioral processes and disease states. Norepinephrine is also the main neurotransmitter mediating regulation of the circulation by the sympathetic nervous system. Several neurodegenerative disorders feature catecholamine deficiency. The most common is Parkinson's disease (PD), in which putamen dopamine content is drastically reduced. PD also entails severely decreased myocardial norepinephrine content, a feature that characterizes two other Lewy body diseases-pure autonomic failure and dementia with Lewy bodies. It is widely presumed that tissue catecholamine depletion in these conditions results directly from loss of catecholaminergic neurons; however, as highlighted in this review, there are also important functional abnormalities in extant residual catecholaminergic neurons. We refer to this as the "sick-but-not-dead" phenomenon. The malfunctions include diminished dopamine biosynthesis via tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and L-aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase (LAAAD), inefficient vesicular sequestration of cytoplasmic catecholamines, and attenuated neuronal reuptake via cell membrane catecholamine transporters. A unifying explanation for catecholaminergic neurodegeneration is autotoxicity exerted by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), an obligate intermediate in cytoplasmic dopamine metabolism. In PD, putamen DOPAL is built up with respect to dopamine, associated with a vesicular storage defect and decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Probably via spontaneous oxidation, DOPAL potently oligomerizes and forms quinone-protein adducts with ("quinonizes") α-synuclein (AS), a major constituent in Lewy bodies, and DOPAL-induced AS oligomers impede vesicular storage. DOPAL also quinonizes numerous intracellular proteins and inhibits enzymatic activities of TH and LAAAD. Treatments targeting DOPAL formation and oxidation therefore might rescue sick-but-not-dead catecholaminergic neurons in Lewy body diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
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Woitalla D, Krüger R, Lorenzl S, Müller T, Oelwein G, Storch A, Wolz M, Wüllner U. [The role of inhibitors of COMT and MAO-B in the therapy of Parkinson's disease]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2020; 88:620-633. [PMID: 32588409 DOI: 10.1055/a-1149-9308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of COMT and MAO-B are well established in the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). MAO-B inhibitors are used as monotherapy as well as in combination with levodopa, whereas COMT inhibitors exert their effects only in conjungtion with levodopa. Both classes of compounds prolong the response duration of levodopa and optimise its clinical benefit. As a result, the ON-times are prolonged significantly. In the past, MAO-B inhibitors were also adminstered for neuroprotection; however, despite convincing scientific reasoning in support of neuroprotective effects, these could not be substantiated in clinical studies performed so far.
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48
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Raina A, Leite K, Guerin S, Mahajani SU, Chakrabarti KS, Voll D, Becker S, Griesinger C, Bähr M, Kügler S. Dopamine promotes the neurodegenerative potential of β-synuclein. J Neurochem 2020; 156:674-691. [PMID: 32730640 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A contribution of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) to etiology of Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is currently undisputed, while the impact of the closely related β-Synuclein (β-Syn) on these disorders remains enigmatic. β-Syn has long been considered to be an attenuator of the neurotoxic effects of α-Syn, but in a rodent model of PD β-Syn induced robust neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Given that dopaminergic nigral neurons are selectively vulnerable to neurodegeneration in PD, we now investigated if dopamine can promote the neurodegenerative potential of β-Syn. We show that in cultured rodent and human neurons a dopaminergic neurotransmitter phenotype substantially enhanced β-Syn-induced neurodegeneration, irrespective if dopamine is synthesized within neurons or up-taken from extracellular space. Nuclear magnetic resonance interaction and thioflavin-T incorporation studies demonstrated that dopamine and its oxidized metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and dopaminochrome (DCH) directly interact with β-Syn, thereby enabling structural and functional modifications. Interaction of DCH with β-Syn inhibits its aggregation, which might result in increased levels of neurotoxic oligomeric β-Syn. Since protection of outer mitochondrial membrane integrity prevented the additive neurodegenerative effect of dopamine and β-Syn, such oligomers might act at a mitochondrial level similar to what is suggested for α-Syn. In conclusion, our results suggest that β-Syn can play a significant pathophysiological role in etiology of PD through its interaction with dopamine metabolites and thus should be re-considered as a disease-relevant factor, at least for those symptoms of PD that depend on degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Raina
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristian Leite
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sofia Guerin
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Diana Voll
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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Delta-secretase cleavage of Tau mediates its pathology and propagation in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1275-1287. [PMID: 32859953 PMCID: PMC8080617 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with age as a major risk factor. AD is the most common dementia with abnormal structures, including extracellular senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, as key neuropathologic hallmarks. The early feature of AD pathology is degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), which is the main source of norepinephrine (NE) supplying various cortical and subcortical areas that are affected in AD. The spread of Tau deposits is first initiated in the LC and is transported in a stepwise manner from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus and then to associative regions of the neocortex as the disease progresses. Most recently, we reported that the NE metabolite DOPEGAL activates delta-secretase (AEP, asparagine endopeptidase) and triggers pathological Tau aggregation in the LC, providing molecular insight into why LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to developing early Tau pathology and degenerating later in the disease and how δ-secretase mediates the spread of Tau pathology to the rest of the brain. This review summarizes our current understanding of the crucial role of δ-secretase in driving and spreading AD pathologies by cleaving multiple critical players, including APP and Tau, supporting that blockade of δ-secretase may provide an innovative disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for treating AD. The identification of an enzyme that plays a critical role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could lead to novel therapeutic interventions. In the earliest stage of AD, the build-up of Tau protein aggregates causes degeneration of a site in the brainstem. These abnormal Tau accumulations then spread to other parts of the brain. Recent research suggests that an enzyme called delta-secretase cleaves Tau and other key molecules, making Tau more prone to forming aggregates and thus facilitating disease progression. Keqiang Ye and co-workers at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, USA, reviewed current understanding of the role of delta-secretase in AD pathology. Studies show that delta-secretase expression levels are high in aged mice and AD brains. Inhibiting delta-secretase could therefore limit neurodegeneration and alleviate cognitive deficits in patients.
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50
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Kang SS, Liu X, Ahn EH, Xiang J, Manfredsson FP, Yang X, Luo HR, Liles LC, Weinshenker D, Ye K. Norepinephrine metabolite DOPEGAL activates AEP and pathological Tau aggregation in locus coeruleus. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:422-437. [PMID: 31793911 DOI: 10.1172/jci130513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Tau inclusions in the locus coeruleus (LC) are the earliest detectable Alzheimer's disease-like (AD-like) neuropathology in the human brain. However, why LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to developing early Tau pathology and degenerating later in disease and whether the LC might seed the stereotypical spread of Tau pathology to the rest of the brain remain unclear. Here, we show that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, which is produced exclusively in noradrenergic neurons by monoamine oxidase A metabolism of norepinephrine, activated asparagine endopeptidase that cleaved Tau at residue N368 into aggregation- and propagation-prone forms, thus leading to LC degeneration and the spread of Tau pathology. Activation of asparagine endopeptidase-cleaved Tau aggregation in vitro and in intact cells was triggered by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, resulting in LC neurotoxicity and propagation of pathology to the forebrain. Thus, our findings reveal that norepinephrine metabolism and Tau cleavage represent the specific molecular mechanism underlying the selective vulnerability of LC neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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