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Luo J, Feng Y, Hong Z, Yin M, Zheng H, Zhang L, Hu X. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes neural stem cell proliferation after ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1772-1780. [PMID: 38103244 PMCID: PMC10960276 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202408000-00031/figure1/v/2023-12-16T180322Z/r/image-tiff Proliferation of neural stem cells is crucial for promoting neuronal regeneration and repairing cerebral infarction damage. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has recently emerged as a tool for inducing endogenous neural stem cell regeneration, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that repetitive TMS effectively promotes the proliferation of oxygen-glucose deprived neural stem cells. Additionally, repetitive TMS reduced the volume of cerebral infarction in a rat model of ischemic stroke caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion, improved rat cognitive function, and promoted the proliferation of neural stem cells in the ischemic penumbra. RNA-sequencing found that repetitive TMS activated the Wnt signaling pathway in the ischemic penumbra of rats with cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, PCR analysis revealed that repetitive TMS promoted AKT phosphorylation, leading to an increase in mRNA levels of cell cycle-related proteins such as Cdk2 and Cdk4. This effect was also associated with activation of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, which ultimately promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells. Subsequently, we validated the effect of repetitive TMS on AKT phosphorylation. We found that repetitive TMS promoted Ca2+ influx into neural stem cells by activating the P2 calcium channel/calmodulin pathway, thereby promoting AKT phosphorylation and activating the glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway. These findings indicate that repetitive TMS can promote the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells through a Ca2+ influx-dependent phosphorylated AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study has produced pioneering results on the intrinsic mechanism of repetitive TMS to promote neural function recovery after ischemic stroke. These results provide a strong scientific foundation for the clinical application of repetitive TMS. Moreover, repetitive TMS treatment may not only be an efficient and potential approach to support neurogenesis for further therapeutic applications, but also provide an effective platform for the expansion of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhongqiu Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingyu Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiquan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Xia X, Li M, Wei R, Li J, Lei Y, Zhang M. Intracerebral hirudin injection alleviates cognitive impairment and oxidative stress and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in rats subjected to cerebral ischemia. Neuropathology 2023; 43:362-372. [PMID: 36918198 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia starts with cerebral blood flow interruption that causes severely limited oxygen and glucose supply, eliciting a cascade of pathological events, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, calcium dysregulation, and inflammatory response, which could ultimately result in neuronal death. Hirudin has beneficial effects in ischemic stroke and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we investigated the biological functions of hirudin and its related mechanisms in cerebral ischemia. The ischemia-like conditions were induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). To investigate hirudin roles, intracerebroventricular injection of 10 U hirudin was given to the rats. Cognitive and motor functions were examined by beam walking and Morris water maze tests. 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride-stained brain sections were used to measure infarct volume. Oxidative stress was determined by assessment of oxidative stress markers. The proliferated cells were labeled by BrdU and Nestin double staining. Western blotting was performed to measure protein levels. Hirudin administration improved cognitive and motor deficits post-ischemia. Hirudin reduced brain infarction and neurological damage in MCAO-subjected rats. Hirudin alleviated oxidative stress and enhanced neurogenesis in ischemic rats. Hirudin facilitated the promotion of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and serine-threonine kinase. In sum, hirudin alleviates cognitive deficits by attenuating oxidative stress and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis through the regulation of ERK1/2 and serine-threonine kinase in MCAO-subjected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Xia
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Baoji Third People's Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Renxian Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulin Lei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhucheng Street Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Meikui Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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3
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Su QS, Zhuang DL, Nasser MI, Sai X, Deng G, Li G, Zhu P. Stem Cell Therapies for Restorative Treatments of Central Nervous System Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:491-510. [PMID: 35129759 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is a catastrophic postoperative complication of aortic occlusion subsequent to cardiovascular surgery that can cause brain impairment and sometimes even paraplegia. Over recent years, numerous studies have investigated techniques for protecting and revascularizing the nervous system during intraoperative ischemia; however, owing to a lack of knowledge of the physiological distinctions between the brain and spinal cord, as well as the limited availability of testing techniques and treatments for ischemia-reperfusion injury, the cause of brain and spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury remains poorly understood, and no adequate response steps are currently available in the clinic. Given the limited ability of the CNS to repair itself, it is of great clinical value to make full use of the proliferative and differentiation potential of stem cells to repair nerves in degenerated and necrotic regions by stem cell transplantation or mobilization, thereby introducing a novel concept for the treatment of severe CNS ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review summarizes the most recent advances in stem cell therapy for ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain and spinal cord, aiming to advance basic research and the clinical use of stem cell therapy as a promising treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Song Su
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Lin Zhuang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.,College of Medicine, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Moussa Ide Nasser
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao City, 028000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ge Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China. .,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China. .,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,College of Medicine, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, 510100, Guangdong, China. .,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao City, 028000, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Guo YL, Zhai QY, Ye YH, Ren YQ, Song ZH, Ge KL, Cheng BH. Neuroprotective effects of neural stem cells pretreated with neuregulin1β on PC12 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:618-625. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Choi JM, Park HS, He MT, Kim YS, Kim HY, Lee AY, Cho EJ. Membrane-Free Stem Cells and Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate Synergistically Enhance Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030601. [PMID: 35326251 PMCID: PMC8945526 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of membrane-free stem cell extract (MFSCE), which is a component of adipose-tissue-derived stem cells, on cognitive impairment in Aβ25–35-injected AD mice. The ICR mice were i.c.v. injected with Aβ25–35 and then treated with MFSCE for 14 days (i.p.). The Aβ25–35-injected mice showed deficits in spatial and object perception abilities, whereas treatment with MFSCE inhibited Aβ25–35-induced learning and memory impairment in the T-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Moreover, Aβ25–35-induced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide overproduction were attenuated by treatment with MFSCE. These antioxidant effects of MFSCE were related to the inhibition of the apoptotic signaling pathway. In particular, the combination treatment of MFSCE and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) showed greater suppression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression compared to the MFSCE- or PLP-only treatment. Furthermore, the MFSCE and PLP combination significantly downregulated the amyloidogenic-pathway-related protein expressions, such as amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Therefore, the MFSCE and PLP combination may synergistically prevent Aβ25–35-induced neuronal apoptosis and amyloidogenesis, which contributes to cognitive improvement and has potential therapeutic implications for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Myung Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.C.); (H.S.P.); (M.T.H.)
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.C.); (H.S.P.); (M.T.H.)
- T-Stem Co., Ltd., Changwon 51573, Korea;
| | - Mei Tong He
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.C.); (H.S.P.); (M.T.H.)
| | | | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Correspondence: (A.Y.L.); (E.J.C.)
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.M.C.); (H.S.P.); (M.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.Y.L.); (E.J.C.)
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6
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Satani N, Parsha K, Savitz SI. Enhancing Stroke Recovery With Cellular Therapies. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Berlet R, Anthony S, Brooks B, Wang ZJ, Sadanandan N, Shear A, Cozene B, Gonzales-Portillo B, Parsons B, Salazar FE, Lezama Toledo AR, Monroy GR, Gonzales-Portillo JV, Borlongan CV. Combination of Stem Cells and Rehabilitation Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1316. [PMID: 34572529 PMCID: PMC8468342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation therapy presents an effective stroke treatment. Here, we discuss current breakthroughs in stem cell research along with rehabilitation strategies that may have a synergistic outcome when combined together after stroke. Indeed, stem cell transplantation offers a promising new approach and may add to current rehabilitation therapies. By reviewing the pathophysiology of stroke and the mechanisms by which stem cells and rehabilitation attenuate this inflammatory process, we hypothesize that a combined therapy will provide better functional outcomes for patients. Using current preclinical data, we explore the prominent types of stem cells, the existing theories for stem cell repair, rehabilitation treatments inside the brain, rehabilitation modalities outside the brain, and evidence pertaining to the benefits of combined therapy. In this review article, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Berlet
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA;
| | - Stefan Anthony
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
| | - Beverly Brooks
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
| | - Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
| | | | - Alex Shear
- University of Florida, 205 Fletcher Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | | | - Blake Parsons
- Washington and Lee University, 204 W Washington St, Lexington, VA 24450, USA;
| | - Felipe Esparza Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Alma R. Lezama Toledo
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Germán Rivera Monroy
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | | | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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8
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Owino S, Giddens MM, Jiang JG, Nguyen TT, Shiu FH, Lala T, Gearing M, McCrary MR, Gu X, Wei L, Yu SP, Hall RA. GPR37 modulates progenitor cell dynamics in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113719. [PMID: 33839144 PMCID: PMC9826632 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The generation of neural stem and progenitor cells following injury is critical for the function of the central nervous system, but the molecular mechanisms modulating this response remain largely unknown. We have previously identified the G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) as a modulator of ischemic damage in a mouse model of stroke. Here we demonstrate that GPR37 functions as a critical negative regulator of progenitor cell dynamics and gliosis following ischemic injury. In the central nervous system, GPR37 is enriched in mature oligodendrocytes, but following injury we have found that its expression is dramatically increased within a population of Sox2-positive progenitor cells. Moreover, the genetic deletion of GPR37 did not alter the number of mature oligodendrocytes following injury but did markedly increase the number of both progenitor cells and injury-induced Olig2-expressing glia. Alterations in the glial environment were further evidenced by the decreased activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These data reveal that GPR37 regulates the response of progenitor cells to ischemic injury and provides new perspectives into the potential for manipulating endogenous progenitor cells following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Owino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michelle M. Giddens
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jessie G. Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - TrangKimberly T. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fu Hung Shiu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Myles R. McCrary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan P. Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affair Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Randy A. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural Stem Cells for Early Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147703. [PMID: 34299322 PMCID: PMC8306669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatments for ischemic stroke are limited. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can be a promising therapy. Clinically, ischemia and subsequent reperfusion lead to extensive neurovascular injury that involves inflammation, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and brain cell death. NSCs exhibit multiple potentially therapeutic actions against neurovascular injury. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved clot-dissolving agent. While tPA’s thrombolytic role within the vasculature is beneficial, tPA’s non-thrombolytic deleterious effects aggravates neurovascular injury, restricting the treatment time window (time-sensitive) and tPA eligibility. Thus, new strategies are needed to mitigate tPA’s detrimental effects and quickly mediate vascular repair after stroke. Up to date, clinical trials focus on the impact of stem cell therapy on neuro-restoration by delivering cells during the chronic stroke stage. Also, NSCs secrete factors that stimulate endogenous repair mechanisms for early-stage ischemic stroke. This review will present an integrated view of the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury, with an emphasis on early-stage ischemic stroke. Further, this will highlight the impact of early sub-acute NSC delivery on improving short-term and long-term stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton H. Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.H.); (J.-P.L.)
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Tunç BS, Toprak F, Toprak SF, Sozer S. In vitro investigation of growth factors including MGF and IGF-1 in neural stem cell activation, proliferation, and migration. Brain Res 2021; 1759:147366. [PMID: 33607046 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is mainly activated after damage in adult tissues. This destruction activates the neural stem cells (NSCs) by exiting from a quiescent state and initiating proliferation, differentiation, and migration towards the damaged area. Although studies have investigated to clarify the process of NSC biology and neurogenesis, there are still significant artifacts in understanding the primary mechanism. It is known that only a small percentage of NSC become neurons and integrate into the brain tissue after this process. The significant proportion differentiates to become either astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the quiescent stem cells in the niche are mainly activated by the stimuli affect. In recent years, many studies have been conducted with varying hormones, some of which might provide neuro-stimulation effect and/or involved in the regeneration of the brain tissue and/or neuroprotection from traumatic or ischemic pathologies, including Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Mechano Growth Factor (MGF), Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2), Erythropoietin (EPO), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). In this study, we examined the effects of FGF-2, MGF, IGF-1, EPO, EGF, NGF, and BDNF alone or with various combinations on rat hippocampal NSC by tracking the changes in the expression of Nestin, GFAP, TUBB3, and DCX genes during 24 h (h), 72 h and 168 h time frame. The apoptosis analysis revealed that FGF-2 and FGF-2 coupled growth factors effectively protect NSCs against apoptosis, whereas MGF coupled growth factors failed in this protection. The cell cycle analysis demonstrated that these growth factors had accumulated the NSCs exit from the quiescent phase to the Mitosis phase, mostly without being long in the Synthesis Phase. Neurosphere sizes were increased with MGF, signifying MGF being effective in neural progenitor cells. The combined use of MGF with FGF-2 was more effective in postmitotic neurons than MGF alone. We have comparatively demonstrated the effect of cytokines alone and combined administration on activation, proliferation, and migration of NSCs. Although many issues are still waiting to be investigated in adult neurogenesis, neural regeneration, and adult neural stem cell biology, the results provide vital resources to the researchers that are interested in the varying effect of growth factor on NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Sarya Tunç
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Toprak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Fulya Toprak
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Sozer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Kahroba H, Ramezani B, Maadi H, Sadeghi MR, Jaberie H, Ramezani F. The role of Nrf2 in neural stem/progenitors cells: From maintaining stemness and self-renewal to promoting differentiation capability and facilitating therapeutic application in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101211. [PMID: 33186670 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) cause progressive loss of neurons in nervous system. NDs are categorized as acute NDs such as stroke and head injury, besides chronic NDs including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, Friedreich's Ataxia, Multiple Sclerosis. The exact etiology of NDs is not understood but oxidative stress, inflammation and synaptic dysfunction are main hallmarks. Oxidative stress leads to free radical attack on neural cells which contributes to protein misfolding, glia cell activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of DNA repair system and subsequently cellular death. Neural stem cells (NSCs) support adult neurogenesis in nervous system during injuries which is limited to certain regions in brain. NSCs can differentiate into the neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Impaired neurogenesis and inadequate induction of neurogenesis are the main obstacles in treatment of NDs. Protection of neural cells from oxidative damages and supporting neurogenesis are promising strategies to treat NDs. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional master regulator that maintains the redox homeostasis in cells by provoking expression of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective genes. Nrf2 can strongly influence the NSCs function and fate determination by reducing levels of reactive oxygen species in benefit of NSC survival and neurogenesis. In this review we will summarize the role of Nrf2 in NSC function, and exogenous and endogenous therapeutic strategies in treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Kahroba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Maadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Jaberie
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Tian Y, Cao R, Che B, Sun D, Tang Y, Jiang L, Bai Q, Liu Y, Morozova-Roche LA, Zhang C. Proinflammatory S100A9 Regulates Differentiation and Aggregation of Neural Stem Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3549-3556. [PMID: 33079539 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the primary pathological feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Proinflammatory molecules (e.g., S100A9) play important roles during the progression of the diseases by regulating behavior and fate of multiple cell types in the nervous system. Our earlier studies reveal that S100A9 is toxic to neurons, and its interaction with Aβ peptides leads to the formation of large nontoxic amyloidogenic aggregates, suggesting a protective role of coaggregation with Aβ amyloids. We herein demonstrate that S100A9 interacts with neural stem cells (NSCs) and causes NSC differentiation. In the brain of transgenic AD mouse models, we found large quantities of proinflammatory S100A9, which colocalizes with the differentiated NSCs. NSC sphere formation, which is a representative character of NSC stemness, is also substantially inhibited by S100A9. These results suggest that S100A9 is a representative marker for the inflammatory conditions in AD, and it promotes NSC differentiation. Intriguingly, in contrast to the death of both stem and differentiated NSCs caused by high S100A9 doses, S100A9 at a moderate concentration is toxic only to the early differentiated NSCs but not the stem cells. We therefore postulate that, at the early stage of AD, the expression of S100A9 leads to NSC differentiation, which remedies the neuron damage. The application of drugs, which help maintain NSC stemness (e.g., the platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF), may help overcome the acute inflammatory conditions and improve the efficacy of NSC transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Bingchen Che
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Qiao Bai
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
| | | | - Ce Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University & Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xue Fu Avenue, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
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13
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Burrell JC, Bhatnagar D, Brown DP, Murthy NS, Dutton J, Browne KD, Laimo FA, Ali ZS, Rosen JM, Kaplan HM, Kohn J, Cullen DK. Tyrosine-derived polycarbonate nerve guidance tubes elicit proregenerative extracellular matrix deposition when used to bridge segmental nerve defects in swine. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:1183-1195. [PMID: 32985789 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Promising biomaterials should be tested in appropriate large animal models that recapitulate human inflammatory and regenerative responses. Previous studies have shown tyrosine-derived polycarbonates (TyrPC) are versatile biomaterials with a wide range of applications across multiple disciplines. The library of TyrPC has been well studied and consists of thousands of polymer compositions with tunable mechanical characteristics and degradation and resorption rates that are useful for nerve guidance tubes (NGTs). NGTs made of different TyrPCs have been used in segmental nerve defect models in small animals. The current study is an extension of this work and evaluates NGTs made using two different TyrPC compositions in a 1 cm porcine peripheral nerve repair model. We first evaluated a nondegradable TyrPC formulation, demonstrating proof-of-concept chronic regenerative efficacy up to 6 months with similar nerve/muscle electrophysiology and morphometry to the autograft repair control. Next, we characterized the acute regenerative response using a degradable TyrPC formulation. After 2 weeks in vivo, TyrPC NGT promoted greater deposition of pro-regenerative extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents (in particular collagen I, collagen III, collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin) compared to commercially available collagen-based NGTs. This corresponded with dense Schwann cell infiltration and axon extension across the lumen. These findings confirmed results reported previously in a mouse model and reveal that TyrPC NGTs were well tolerated in swine and facilitated host axon regeneration and Schwann cell infiltration in the acute phase across segmental defects - likely by eliciting a favorable neurotrophic ECM milieu. This regenerative response ultimately can contribute to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Burrell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Divya Bhatnagar
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dan P Brown
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - N Sanjeeva Murthy
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - John Dutton
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Franco A Laimo
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zarina S Ali
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph M Rosen
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Hilton M Kaplan
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Zhang D, Lu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L. Aerobic exercise attenuates neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery - Why it matters for neurorehabilitation & neural repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104862. [PMID: 33031857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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15
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Samadian H, Maleki H, Fathollahi A, Salehi M, Gholizadeh S, Derakhshankhah H, Allahyari Z, Jaymand M. Naturally occurring biological macromolecules-based hydrogels: Potential biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:795-817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Histopathological and Behavioral Assessments of Aging Effects on Stem Cell Transplants in an Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2045:299-310. [PMID: 29445958 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) displays cognitive and motor symptoms following the initial injury which can be exacerbated by secondary cell death. Aging contributes significantly to the morbidity of TBI, with higher rates of negative neurological and behaviors outcomes. In the recent study, young and aged animals were injected intravenously with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) (Tx), conditioned media (CM), or vehicle (unconditioned media) following TBI. The beneficial effects of hADSCs were analyzed using various molecular and behavioral techniques. More specially, DiR-labeled hADSCs were used to observe the biodistribution of the transplanted cells. In addition, a battery of behavior tests was conducted to evaluate the neuromotor function for each treatment group and various regions of the brain were analyzed utilizing Nissl, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and human nuclei (HuNu) staining. Finally, flow cytometry was also performed to determine the levels of various proteins in the spleen. Here, we discuss the protocols for characterizing the histopathological and behavioral effects of transplanted stem cells in an animal model of TBI, with an emphasis on the role of aging in the therapeutic outcomes.
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17
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Dempsey RJ, Bowman K. The past, present, and future of neurosurgery's role in stroke. J Neurosurg 2020; 133:260-266. [PMID: 32244210 DOI: 10.3171/2020.1.jns193043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Boese AC, Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural stem cell therapy for neurovascular injury in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113112. [PMID: 31730762 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration leading to severe cognitive decline and eventual death. AD pathophysiology is complex, but neurotoxic accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau are believed to be main drivers of neurodegeneration in AD. The formation and deposition of Aβ plaques occurs in the brain parenchyma as well as in the cerebral vasculature. Thus, proper blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebrovascular functioning are crucial for clearance of Aβ from the brain, and neurovascular dysfunction may be a critical component of AD development. Further, neuroinflammation and dysfunction of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurorestorative capabilities play a role in AD pathophysiology. Currently, there is no effective treatment to prevent or restore loss of brain tissue and cognitive decline in patients with AD. Based on multifactorial and complex pathophysiological cascades in multiple Alzheimer's disease stages, effective AD therapies need to focus on targeting early AD pathology and preserving cerebrovascular function. Neural stem cells (NSCs) participate extensively in mammalian brain homeostasis and repair and exhibit pleiotropic intrinsic properties that likely make them attractive candidates for the treatment of AD. In the review, we summarize the current advances in knowledge regarding neurovascular aspects of AD-related neurodegeneration and discuss multiple actions of NSCs from preclinical studies of AD to evaluate their potential for future clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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19
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Yasuhara T, Kawauchi S, Kin K, Morimoto J, Kameda M, Sasaki T, Bonsack B, Kingsbury C, Tajiri N, Borlongan CV, Date I. Cell therapy for central nervous system disorders: Current obstacles to progress. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:595-602. [PMID: 31622035 PMCID: PMC7248543 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for disorders of the central nervous system has progressed to a new level of clinical application. Various clinical studies are underway for Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and various other neurological diseases. Recent biotechnological developments in cell therapy have taken advantage of the technology of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The advent of iPS cells has provided a robust stem cell donor source for neurorestoration via transplantation. Additionally, iPS cells have served as a platform for the discovery of therapeutics drugs, allowing breakthroughs in our understanding of the pathology and treatment of neurological diseases. Despite these recent advances in iPS, adult tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells remain the widely used donor for cell transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells are easily isolated and amplified toward the cells' unique trophic factor‐secretion property. In this review article, the milestone achievements of cell therapy for central nervous system disorders, with equal consideration on the present translational obstacles for clinic application, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Aichi, Japan
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
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20
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Dabrowski A, Robinson TJ, Felling RJ. Promoting Brain Repair and Regeneration After Stroke: a Plea for Cell-Based Therapies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30712068 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW After decades of hype, cell-based therapies are emerging into the clinical arena for the purposes of promoting recovery after stroke. In this review, we discuss the most recent science behind the role of cell-based therapies in ischemic stroke and the efforts to translate these therapies into human clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical data support numerous beneficial effects of cell-based therapies in both small and large animal models of ischemic stroke. These benefits are driven by multifaceted mechanisms promoting brain repair through immunomodulation, trophic support, circuit reorganization, and cell replacement. Cell-based therapies offer tremendous potential for improving outcomes after stroke through multimodal support of brain repair. Based on recent clinical trials, cell-based therapies appear both feasible and safe in all phases of stroke. Ongoing translational research and clinical trials will further refine these therapies and have the potential to transform the approach to stroke recovery and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 2158, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Thomas J Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 2158, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe Street, Suite 2158, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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21
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Boese AC, Le QSE, Pham D, Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural stem cell therapy for subacute and chronic ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:154. [PMID: 29895321 PMCID: PMC5998588 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in brain homeostasis and exhibit a broad repertoire of potentially therapeutic actions following neurovascular injury. One such injury is stroke, a worldwide leading cause of death and disability. Clinically, extensive injury from ischemic stroke results from ischemia-reperfusion (IR), which is accompanied by inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, neural cell death, and extensive tissue loss. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is still the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved clot-lysing agent. Whereas the thrombolytic role of tPA within the vasculature is beneficial, the effects of tPA (in a non-thrombolytic role) within the brain parenchyma have been reported as harmful. Thus, new therapies are needed to reduce the deleterious side effects of tPA and quickly facilitate vascular repair following stroke. The Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommends that stroke therapies "focus on drugs/devices/treatments with multiple mechanisms of action and that target multiple pathways". Thus, based on multifactorial ischemic cascades in various stroke stages, effective stroke therapies need to focus on targeting and ameliorating early IR injury as well as facilitating angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurorestorative mechanisms following stroke. This review will discuss the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury and will emphasize both the subacute and chronic phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Quan-Son Eric Le
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dylan Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Enriched Environment Elicits Proangiogenic Mechanisms After Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:150-159. [PMID: 29700717 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Brain has limited capacity for spontaneous recovery of lost function after stroke. Exposure to enriched environment (EE) can facilitate functional recovery, but mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly understood. Here, we used a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to investigate the impact of EE on angiogenesis in the post-ischemic brain in adult male Sprague Dawley rats, and examined whether blood-borne factors may contribute. Compared with standard cage (SC), exposure to EE was associated with greater improvement in neurological function, higher peri-infarct vascular density, and higher chronic post-ischemic cerebral blood flow assessed by laser speckle imaging. The effect persisted for at least 28 days. EE also enhanced the expression of hepatocyte growth factor in the peri-ischemic cortex when measured 15 days after MCAO. Interestingly, serum from rats exposed to EE after MCAO showed elevated levels of hepatocyte growth factor, and plasma or serum from rats exposed to EE after MCAO enhanced the survival and proliferation of cultured endothelial cells, in vitro, when compared with control plasma or serum from SC group after MCAO. Together, our data suggest that exposure to EE promotes angiogenesis in the ischemic brain that may in part be mediated by blood-borne factors.
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23
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Li ZC, Jia YP, Wang Y, Qi JL, Han XP. Effects of dexmedetomidine post‑treatment on BDNF and VEGF expression following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6033-6037. [PMID: 29436655 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serves a significant role in neural protection by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which also was associated with the neuroprotective the treatment with dexmedetomidine (DEX). The present study aimed to further explore whether treatment with DEX post‑IR increased the expression level of BDNF and VEGF in the rat brain. A total of 30 healthy, clean male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: Control group, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group and DEX treatment group. Subsequently, BDNF and VEGF mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed. The results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of BDNF and VEGF were higher in the I/R and DEX groups compared with expression levels in the Control group at 6 h and 1 day post‑treatment; the levels of BNDF mRNA expression were higher in the DEX group compared with the I/R group. The levels of BDNF and VEGF protein expression in the I/R and DEX groups were also significantly higher compared with those in the Control group. I/R surgery significantly increased the expression of BDNF and VEGF protein DEX group at 6 h, day 1 and day 3 compared with expression levels in the I/R group. Results from the present study indicated that post‑surgical treatment with DEX may increase the expression of BDNF and VEGF following I/R, which may serve a role in nerve protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Chen Li
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ping Jia
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450053, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450053, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Lian Qi
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450053, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Ping Han
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Liska MG, Dela Peña I. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and umbilical cord blood cell transplantation: Synergistic therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Brain Circ 2017; 3:143-151. [PMID: 30276316 PMCID: PMC6057694 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_19_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is now characterized as a progressive, degenerative disease and continues to stand as a prevalent cause of death and disability. The pathophysiology of TBI is complex, with a variety of secondary cell death pathways occurring which may persist chronically following the initial cerebral insult. Current therapeutic options for TBI are minimal, with surgical intervention or rehabilitation therapy existing as the only viable treatments. Considering the success of stem-cell therapies in various other neurological diseases, their use has been proposed as a potential potent therapy for patients suffering TBI. Moreover, stem cells are highly amenable to adjunctive use with other therapies, providing an opportunity to overcome the inherent limitations of using a single therapeutic agent. Our research has verified this additive potential by demonstrating the efficacy of co-delivering human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a murine model of TBI, providing encouraging results which support the potential of this approach to treat patients suffering from TBI. These findings justify ongoing research toward uncovering the mechanisms which underlie the functional improvements exhibited by hUCB + G-CSF combination therapy, thereby facilitating its safe and effect transition into the clinic. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the reference section. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors’ experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Liska
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ike Dela Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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25
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Mechanisms of Acupuncture Therapy for Cerebral Ischemia: an Evidence-Based Review of Clinical and Animal Studies on Cerebral Ischemia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:575-592. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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The neuroprotective compound P7C3-A20 promotes neurogenesis and improves cognitive function after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2017; 290:63-73. [PMID: 28077334 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating condition with few therapeutic interventions available. The neuroprotective compound P7C3-A20 inhibits mature neuronal cell death while also increasing the net magnitude of postnatal neurogenesis in models of neurodegeneration and acute injury. P7C3 compounds enhance flux of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in mammalian cells, a proposed therapeutic approach to treating cerebral ischemia. The effectiveness of P7C3-A20 treatment on chronic histopathological and behavioral outcomes and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke has not previously been established. Here, a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats was followed by twice daily injection of P7C3-A20 or vehicle for 7days. P7C3-A20-treated rats performed significantly better than vehicle-treated controls in sensorimotor cylinder and grid-walk tasks, and in a chronic test of spatial learning and memory. These behavioral improvements with P7C3-A20 treatment were correlated with significantly decreased cortical and hippocampal atrophy, and associated with increased neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus subgranular zone. Furthermore, cerebral ischemia significantly reduced NAD in the cortex but P7C3-A20 treatment restored NAD to sham levels. Thus, P7C3-A20 treatment mitigates neurodegeneration and augments repair in the brain after focal ischemia, which translates into chronic behavioral improvement. This suggests a new therapeutic approach of using P7C3 compounds to safely augment NAD and thereby promote two independent processes critical to protecting the brain from ischemic stroke: mature neuron survival and postnatal neurogenesis throughout the post-ischemic brain.
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Gu J, Bao Y, Chen J, Huang C, Zhang X, Jiang R, Liu Q, Liu Y, Xu X, Shi W. The Expression of NP847 and Sox2 after TBI and Its Influence on NSCs. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:282. [PMID: 28066182 PMCID: PMC5177638 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is important for neural regeneration after cerebral injury. Here, for the first time, we show that phosphorylated (p)-ser847-nNOS (NP847), rather than nNOS, may play a major role in NSC proliferation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Western blot results demonstrated that the expression of NP847 and Sox2 in the hippocampus is up-regulated after TBI, and they both peak 3 days after brain injury. In addition, an immunofluorescence experiment indicated that NP847 and Sox2 partly co-localize in the nuclei of NSCs after TBI. Further immunoprecipitation experiments found that NP847 and Sox2 can directly interact with each other in NSCs. Moreover, in an OGD model of NSCs, NP847 expression is decreased, which is followed by the down-regulation of Sox2. Interestingly, in this study, we did not observe changes in the expression of nNOS in the OGD model. Further research data suggest that the NP847-Sox2 complex may play a major role in NSCs through the Shh/Gli signaling pathway in a CaMKII-dependent manner after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng Third People's HospitalYancheng, China
| | - Yifeng Bao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Chuanjun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang Soochow, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Xide Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
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Savitz SI, Parsha K. Enhancing Stroke Recovery with Cellular Therapies. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sato H, Ishii Y, Yamamoto S, Azuma E, Takahashi Y, Hamashima T, Umezawa A, Mori H, Kuroda S, Endo S, Sasahara M. PDGFR-β Plays a Key Role in the Ectopic Migration of Neuroblasts in Cerebral Stroke. Stem Cells 2015; 34:685-98. [PMID: 26435273 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective agents and induction of endogenous neurogenesis remain to be the urgent issues to be established for the care of cerebral stroke. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) is mainly expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), neurons and vascular pericytes of the brain; however, the role in pathological neurogenesis remains elusive. To this end, we examined the role of PDGFR-β in the migration and proliferation of NSPCs after stroke. A transient middle cerebral-arterial occlusion (MCAO) was introduced into the mice with conditional Pdgfrb-gene inactivation, including N-PRβ-KO mice where the Pdgfrb-gene was mostly inactivated in the brain except that in vascular pericytes, and E-PRβ-KO mice with tamoxifen-induced systemic Pdgfrb-gene inactivation. The migration of the DCX(+) neuroblasts from the subventricular zone toward the ischemic core was highly increased in N-PRβ-KO, but not in E-PRβ-KO as compared to Pdgfrb-gene preserving control mice. We showed that CXCL12, a potent chemoattractant for CXCR4-expressing NSPCs, was upregulated in the ischemic lesion of N-PRβ-KO mice. Furthermore, integrin α3 intrinsically expressed in NSPCs that critically mediates extracellular matrix-dependent migration, was upregulated in N-PRβ-KO after MCAO. NSPCs isolated from N-PRβ-KO rapidly migrated on the surface coated with collagen type IV or fibronectin that are abundant in vascular niche and ischemic core. PDGFR-β was suggested to be critically involved in pathological neurogenesis through the regulation of lesion-derived chemoattractant as well as intrinsic signal of NSPCs, and we believe that a coordinated regulation of these molecular events may be able to improve neurogenesis in injured brain for further functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Sato
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Erika Azuma
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Manufacturing & Engineering Lab., Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeru Hamashima
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shunro Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Buzhor E, Leshansky L, Blumenthal J, Barash H, Warshawsky D, Mazor Y, Shtrichman R. Cell-based therapy approaches: the hope for incurable diseases. Regen Med 2015; 9:649-72. [PMID: 25372080 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies aim to repair the mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression, achieved through trophic effect or by cell replacement. Multiple cell types can be utilized in such therapies, including stem, progenitor or primary cells. This review covers the current state of cell therapies designed for the prominent disorders, including cardiovascular, neurological (Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury), autoimmune (Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease), ophthalmologic, renal, liver and skeletal (osteoarthritis) diseases. Various cell therapies have reached advanced clinical trial phases with potential marketing approvals in the near future, many of which are based on mesenchymal stem cells. Advances in pluripotent stem cell research hold great promise for regenerative medicine. The information presented in this review is based on the analysis of the cell therapy collection detailed in LifeMap Discovery(®) (LifeMap Sciences Inc., USA) the database of embryonic development, stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
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31
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Dixon KJ, Theus MH, Nelersa CM, Mier J, Travieso LG, Yu TS, Kernie SG, Liebl DJ. Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells stabilize the cortical microenvironment after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:753-64. [PMID: 25290253 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a myriad of pathological responses contribute to traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral dysfunction has been closely linked to cell death mechanisms. A number of therapeutic strategies have been studied in an attempt to minimize or ameliorate tissue damage; however, few studies have evaluated the inherent protective capacity of the brain. Endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) reside in distinct brain regions and have been shown to respond to tissue damage by migrating to regions of injury. Until now, it remained unknown whether these cells have the capacity to promote endogenous repair. We ablated NSPCs in the subventricular zone to examine their contribution to the injury microenvironment after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Studies were performed in transgenic mice expressing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene under the control of the nestin(δ) promoter exposed to CCI injury. Two weeks after CCI injury, mice deficient in NSPCs had reduced neuronal survival in the perilesional cortex and fewer Iba-1-positive and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive glial cells but increased glial hypertrophy at the injury site. These findings suggest that the presence of NSPCs play a supportive role in the cortex to promote neuronal survival and glial cell expansion after TBI injury, which corresponds with improvements in motor function. We conclude that enhancing this endogenous response may have acute protective roles after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Dixon
- 1The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michelle H Theus
- 2The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Claudiu M Nelersa
- 1The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jose Mier
- 1The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Lissette G Travieso
- 1The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Tzong-Shiue Yu
- 3Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Steven G Kernie
- 3Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- 1The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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De La Peña I, Sanberg PR, Acosta S, Lin SZ, Borlongan CV. G-CSF as an adjunctive therapy with umbilical cord blood cell transplantation for traumatic brain injury. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:447-57. [PMID: 25646620 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a major contributor to deaths and permanent disability worldwide, has been recently described as a progressive cell death process rather than an acute event. TBI pathophysiology is complicated and can be distinguished by the initial primary injury and the subsequent secondary injury that ensues days after the trauma. Therapeutic opportunities for TBI remain very limited with patients subjected to surgery or rehabilitation therapy. The efficacy of stem cell-based interventions, as well as neuroprotective agents in other neurological disorders of which pathologies overlap with TBI, indicates their potential as alternative TBI treatments. Furthermore, their therapeutic limitations may be augmented when combination therapy is pursued instead of using a single agent. Indeed, we demonstrated remarkable combined efficacy of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cell therapy and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment in TBI models, providing essential evidence for the translation of this approach to treat TBI. Further studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms underlying therapeutic benefits exerted by hUCB + G-CSF in order to enhance its safety and efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike De La Peña
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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33
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Intravenous transplants of human adipose-derived stem cell protect the brain from traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairments: cell graft biodistribution and soluble factors in young and aged rats. J Neurosci 2014; 34:313-26. [PMID: 24381292 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2425-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors exhibit motor and cognitive symptoms from the primary injury that can become aggravated over time because of secondary cell death. In the present in vivo study, we examined the beneficial effects of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in a controlled cortical impact model of mild TBI using young (6 months) and aged (20 months) F344 rats. Animals were transplanted intravenously with 4 × 10(6) hADSCs (Tx), conditioned media (CM), or vehicle (unconditioned media) at 3 h after TBI. Significant amelioration of motor and cognitive functions was revealed in young, but not aged, Tx and CM groups. Fluorescent imaging in vivo and ex vivo revealed 1,1' dioactadecyl-3-3-3',3'-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide-labeled hADSCs in peripheral organs and brain after TBI. Spatiotemporal deposition of hADSCs differed between young and aged rats, most notably reduced migration to the aged spleen. Significant reduction in cortical damage and hippocampal cell loss was observed in both Tx and CM groups in young rats, whereas less neuroprotection was detected in the aged rats and mainly in the Tx group but not the CM group. CM harvested from hADSCs with silencing of either NEAT1 (nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1) or MALAT1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) known to play a role in gene expression, lost the efficacy in our model. Altogether, hADSCs are promising therapeutic cells for TBI, and lncRNAs in the secretome is an important mechanism of cell therapy. Furthermore, hADSCs showed reduced efficacy in aged rats, which may in part result from decreased homing of the cells to the spleen.
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34
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Quadrato G, Elnaggar MY, Di Giovanni S. Adult neurogenesis in brain repair: cellular plasticity vs. cellular replacement. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:17. [PMID: 24574955 PMCID: PMC3921569 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Quadrato
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Y Elnaggar
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Laboratory for NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Molecular Neuroregeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
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35
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Vemuganti R. All's well that transcribes well: non-coding RNAs and post-stroke brain damage. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:438-49. [PMID: 23954844 PMCID: PMC3805745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian genome is replete with various classes of non-coding (nc) RNA genes. Many of them actively transcribe, and their relevance to CNS diseases is just beginning to be understood. CNS is one of the organs in the body that shows very high ncRNAs activity. Recent studies demonstrated that cerebral ischemia rapidly changes the expression profiles of different classes of ncRNAs: including microRNA, long noncoding RNA and piwi-interacting RNA. Several studies further showed that post-ischemic neuronal death and/or plasticity/regeneration can be altered by modulating specific microRNAs. These studies are of interest for therapeutic development as they may contribute to identifying new ncRNA targets that can be modulated to prevent secondary brain damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lobsien D, Dreyer AY, Stroh A, Boltze J, Hoffmann KT. Imaging of VSOP labeled stem cells in agarose phantoms with susceptibility weighted and T2* weighted MR Imaging at 3T: determination of the detection limit. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62644. [PMID: 23667503 PMCID: PMC3648551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the detectability of stem cells labeled with very small iron oxide particles (VSOP) at 3T with susceptibility weighted (SWI) and T2* weighted imaging as a methodological basis for subsequent examinations in a large animal stroke model (sheep). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined ovine mesenchymal stem cells labeled with VSOP in agarose layer phantoms. The experiments were performed in 2 different groups, with quantities of 0-100,000 labeled cells per layer. 15 different SWI- and T2*-weighted sequences and 3 RF coils were used. All measurements were carried out on a clinical 3T MRI. Images of Group A were analyzed by four radiologists blinded for the number of cells, and rated for detectability according to a four-step scale. Images of Group B were subject to a ROI-based analysis of signal intensities. Signal deviations of more than the 0.95 confidence interval in cell containing layers as compared to the mean of the signal intensity of non cell bearing layers were considered significant. RESULTS GROUP A 500 or more labeled cells were judged as confidently visible when examined with a SWI-sequence with 0.15 mm slice thickness. Group B: 500 or more labeled cells showed a significant signal reduction in SWI sequences with a slice thickness of 0.25 mm. Slice thickness and cell number per layer had a significant influence on the amount of detected signal reduction. CONCLUSION 500 VSOP labeled stem cells could be detected with SWI imaging at 3 Tesla using an experimental design suitable for large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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37
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Spaccapelo L, Galantucci M, Neri L, Contri M, Pizzala R, D'Amico R, Ottani A, Sandrini M, Zaffe D, Giuliani D, Guarini S. Up-regulation of the canonical Wnt-3A and Sonic hedgehog signaling underlies melanocortin-induced neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 707:78-86. [PMID: 23535605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In experimental cerebral ischemia, melanocortin MC4 receptor agonists induce neuroprotection and neurogenesis with subsequent long-lasting functional recovery. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying melanocortin-induced neurogenesis. Gerbils were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia, then they were treated every 12 h, and until sacrifice, with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; to label proliferating cells), and the melanocortin analog [Nle(4),d-Phe(7)]α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-α-MSH) or saline. NDP-α-MSH increased hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) expression of Wnt-3A, β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Zif268, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and doublecortin (DCX), as detected at days 3, 6 and 10 after the ischemic insult. Further, an elevated number of BrdU immunoreactive cells was found at days 3 and 10, and an improved histological picture with reduced neuronal loss at day 10, associated with learning and memory recovery. Pharmacological blockade of the Wnt-3A/β-catenin and Shh pathways, as well as of melanocortin MC4 receptors, prevented all effects of NDP-α-MSH. These data indicate that, in experimental brain ischemia, treatment with melanocortins acting at MC4 receptors induces neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the DG by promptly and effectively triggering the canonical Wnt-3A/β-catenin and Shh signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways is associated with up-regulation of the repair factor Zif268 and the neurogenesis facilitating factor IL-10, and it seems to address mainly toward a neuronal fate, as indicated by the increase in DCX positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Spaccapelo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Neuro-immune interactions of neural stem cell transplants: from animal disease models to human trials. Exp Neurol 2013; 260:19-32. [PMID: 23507035 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell technology is a promising branch of regenerative medicine that is aimed at developing new approaches for the treatment of severely debilitating human diseases, including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the increasing understanding of the mechanisms governing their biology, the application of stem cell therapeutics remains challenging. The initial idea that stem cell transplants work in vivo via the replacement of endogenous cells lost or damaged owing to disease has been challenged by accumulating evidence of their therapeutic plasticity. This new concept covers the remarkable immune regulatory and tissue trophic effects that transplanted stem cells exert at the level of the neural microenvironment to promote tissue healing via combination of immune modulatory and tissue protective actions, while retaining predominantly undifferentiated features. Among a number of promising candidate stem cell sources, neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are under extensive investigation with regard to their therapeutic plasticity after transplantation. The significant impact in vivo of experimental NPC therapies in animal models of inflammatory CNS diseases has raised great expectations that these stem cells, or the manipulation of the mechanisms behind their therapeutic impact, could soon be translated to human studies. This review aims to provide an update on the most recent evidence of therapeutically-relevant neuro-immune interactions following NPC transplants in animal models of multiple sclerosis, cerebral stroke and traumas of the spinal cord, and consideration of the forthcoming challenges related to the early translation of some of these exciting experimental outcomes into clinical medicines.
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Lee DH, Lee JY, Oh BM, Phi JH, Kim SK, Bang MS, Kim SU, Wang KC. Functional recovery after injury of motor cortex in rats: effects of rehabilitation and stem cell transplantation in a traumatic brain injury model of cortical resection. Childs Nerv Syst 2013. [PMID: 23180314 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental studies and clinical trials designed to help patients recover from various brain injuries, such as stroke or trauma, have been attempted. Rehabilitation has shown reliable, positive clinical outcome in patients with various brain injuries. Transplantation of exogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) to repair the injured brain is a potential tool to help patient recovery. METHODS This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a combination therapy consisting of rehabilitation and NSC transplantation compared to using only one modality. A model of motor cortex resection in rats was used to create brain injury in order to obtain consistent and prolonged functional deficits. The therapeutic results were evaluated using three methods during an 8-week period with a behavioral test, motor-evoked potential (MEP) measurement, and measurement of the degree of endogenous NSC production. RESULTS All three treatment groups showed the effects of treatment in the behavioral test, although the NSC transplantation alone group (CN) exhibited slightly worse results than the rehabilitation alone group (CR) or the combination therapy group (CNR). The latency on MEP was shortened to a similar extent in all three groups compared to the untreated group (CO). However, the enhancement of endogenous NSC proliferation was dramatically reduced in the CN group compared not only to the CR and CNR groups but also to the CO group. The CR and CNR groups seemed to prolong the duration of endogenous NSC proliferation compared to the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS A combination of rehabilitation and NSC transplantation appears to induce treatment outcomes that are similar to rehabilitation alone. Further studies are needed to evaluate the electrophysiological outcome of recovery and the possible effect of prolonging endogenous NSC proliferation in response to NSC transplantation and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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40
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Xiong YJ, Yin B, Xiao LC, Wang Q, Gan L, Zhang YC, Zhang SM. Proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells co-cultured with cerebral microvascular endothelial cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:63-68. [PMID: 23392709 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Various stem cells, including neural stem cells (NSCs), have been extensively studied in stroke models, but how to increase neuronal differentiation rate of NSCs remains unresolved, particularly in a damaged environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) on the neurogenesis of NSCs with or without oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The NSCs acquired from primary culture were immunostained to prove cell purity. Survival and proliferation of NSCs were determined after the co-culture with CMECs for 7 days. After removing the CMECs, NSCs were randomly divided into two groups as follows: OGD and non-OGD groups. Both groups were maintained in differentiation culture for 4 days to evaluate the differentiation rate. Mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells co-cultured with NSCs served as control group. NSCs co-cultured with CMECs had an increase in size (on the 7th day: 89.80±26.12 μm vs. 73.08±15.01 μm, P<0.001) (n=12) and number [on the 7th day: 6.33±5.61/high power objective (HP) vs. 2.23±1.61/HP, P<0.001] (n=12) as compared with those co-cultured with MEF cells. After further differentiation culture for 4 days, NSCs co-cultured with CMECs had an increase in neuronal differentiation rate in OGD and non-OGD groups, but not in the control group (15.16% and 16.07% vs. 8.81%; both P<0.001) (n=6). This study provided evidence that OGD could not alter the effects of CMECs in promoting the neuronal differentiation potential of NSCs. These findings may have important implications for the development of new cell therapies for cerebral vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lian-Chen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Gan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi-Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Su-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Abstract
The nervous system is characterized by its complex network of highly specialized cells that enable us to perceive stimuli from the outside world and react accordingly. The computational integration enabled by these networks remains to be elucidated, but appropriate sensory input, processing, and motor control are certainly essential for survival. Consequently, loss of nervous tissue due to injury or disease represents a considerable biomedical challenge. Stem cell research offers the promise to provide cells for nervous system repair to replace lost and damaged neural tissue and alleviate disease. We provide a protocol-based chapter on fundamental principles and procedures of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation and neural transplantation. Rather than detailed methodological step-by-step descriptions of these procedures, we provide an overview and highlight the most critical aspects and key steps of PSC neural induction, subtype specification in different in vitro systems, as well as neural cell transplantation to the central nervous system. We conclude with a summary of suitable readout methods including in vitro phenotypic analysis, histology, and functional analysis in vivo.
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Lei XH, Zhao D, Li YL, Li XF, Sun X, Du WZ, Sun Y, Hao ZF, Xin SY, Liu C, Zhang ZR, Jiang CL. Pifithrin-α enhances the survival of transplanted neural stem cells in stroke rats by inhibiting p53 nuclear translocation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:109-16. [PMID: 23253187 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine a novel strategy to enhance the survival of grafted neural stem cells (NSCs) in stroke model. METHODS Using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and TUNEL assay to test the protective effects of p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), on oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in NSCs. We compared the effects of vehicle + NSCs and FFT-α + NSCs on the efficacy of transplantation in stroke rat model using behavioral analysis, immunohistochemistry, etc. RESULTS Pifithrin-α increased viability and decreased apoptosis in NSCs after OGD in vitro. By in vivo studies, we showed that the best recovery of neurological function in the stroke rats and the maximum survival of grafted NSCs were found in the PFT-α + NSCs group. Twelve hours after cell transplantation, p53 was localized to the nuclei of grafted NSCs in the vehicle + NSCs group but was primarily localized to the cytoplasm in the PFT-α + NSCs group. The p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) was highly expressed among the grafted cells in the vehicle + NSCs group compared with that in the PFT-α + NSCs group. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that PFT-α enhances the survival of grafted NSCs through the inhibition of p53 translocation into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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43
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Venna VR, Weston G, Benashski SE, Tarabishy S, Liu F, Li J, Conti LH, McCullough LD. NF-κB contributes to the detrimental effects of social isolation after experimental stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:425-38. [PMID: 22562356 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for stroke. Individuals with lack of social support systems have an increased incidence of stroke, poorer recovery, and greater functional decline after injury compared to individuals with social support. Attesting to the importance of social factors in stroke outcome is that these same effects can be reproducibly demonstrated in animals; social interaction improves behavioral deficits and reduces damage after experimental stroke, whereas SI enhances injury. The mechanism by which SI exacerbates injury is unclear. We investigated the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling in male mice that were pair housed (PH) with an ovariectomized female prior to random assignment into continued PH or SI for 7 days prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion. The effects of SI on infarct volume and functional recovery were assessed at 72 h post-stroke. Nuclear NF-κB levels and activity were assessed by Western blot and transcriptional assays. SI significantly exacerbated infarct size in both male and female mice compared to PH mice. SI mice had delayed functional recovery compared to PH mice. An elevation of systemic IL-6 levels, increased nuclear NF-κB transcriptional activity, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-κB was seen in SI stroke animals. Interference with NF-κB signaling using either a pharmacological inhibitor or genetically engineered NF-κB p50 knockout mice abolished the detrimental effects of SI on both infarct size and functional recovery. This suggests that NF-κB mediates the detrimental effects of SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Reddy Venna
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Bossing T, Barros CS, Fischer B, Russell S, Shepherd D. Disruption of microtubule integrity initiates mitosis during CNS repair. Dev Cell 2012; 23:433-40. [PMID: 22841498 PMCID: PMC3420022 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of CNS repair have vital medical implications. We show that traumatic injury to the ventral midline of the embryonic Drosophila CNS activates cell divisions to replace lost cells. A pilot screen analyzing transcriptomes of single cells during repair pointed to downregulation of the microtubule-stabilizing GTPase mitochondrial Rho (Miro) and upregulation of the Jun transcription factor Jun-related antigen (Jra). Ectopic Miro expression can prevent midline divisions after damage, whereas Miro depletion destabilizes cortical β-tubulin and increases divisions. Disruption of cortical microtubules, either by chemical depolymerization or by overexpression of monomeric tubulin, triggers ectopic mitosis in the midline and induces Jra expression. Conversely, loss of Jra renders midline cells unable to replace damaged siblings. Our data indicate that upon injury, the integrity of the microtubule cytoskeleton controls cell division in the CNS midline, triggering extra mitosis to replace lost cells. The conservation of the identified molecules suggests that similar mechanisms may operate in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bossing
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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45
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Wicki-Stordeur LE, Dzugalo AD, Swansburg RM, Suits JM, Swayne LA. Pannexin 1 regulates postnatal neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. Neural Dev 2012; 7:11. [PMID: 22458943 PMCID: PMC3390283 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pannexin 1 forms ion and metabolite permeable hexameric channels and is abundantly expressed in the brain. After discovering pannexin 1 expression in postnatal neural stem and progenitor cells we sought to elucidate its functional role in neuronal development. Results We detected pannexin 1 in neural stem and progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. We manipulated pannexin 1 expression and activity in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells and primary postnatal neurosphere cultures to demonstrate that pannexin 1 regulates neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation likely through the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Conclusions Permeable to ATP, a potent autocrine/paracine signaling metabolite, pannexin 1 channels are ideally suited to influence the behavior of neural stem and progenitor cells. Here we demonstrate they play a robust role in the regulation of neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation. Endogenous postnatal neural stem and progenitor cells are crucial for normal brain health, and their numbers decline with age. Furthermore, these special cells are highly responsive to neurological injury and disease, and are gaining attention as putative targets for brain repair. Therefore, understanding the fundamental role of pannexin 1 channels in neural stem and progenitor cells is of critical importance for brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh E Wicki-Stordeur
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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RODRIGUES MARIACAROLINAO, DMITRIEV DMITRIY, RODRIGUES ANTONIO, GLOVER LORENE, SANBERG PAULR, ALLICKSON JULIEG, KUZMIN-NICHOLS NICOLE, TAJIRI NAOKI, SHINOZUKA KAZUTAKA, GARBUZOVA-DAVIS SVITLANA, KANEKO YUJI, BORLONGAN CESARV. Menstrual blood transplantation for ischemic stroke: Therapeutic mechanisms and practical issues. Interv Med Appl Sci 2012; 4:59-68. [PMID: 25267932 PMCID: PMC4177033 DOI: 10.1556/imas.4.2012.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are a major cause of death and long-term disability in developed countries. Tissue plasmin activator (tPA) is the only approved therapy for ischemic stroke, strongly limited by the short therapeutic window and hemorrhagic complications, therefore excluding most patients from its benefits. The rescue of the penumbra area of the ischemic infarct is decisive for functional recovery after stroke. Inflammation is a key feature in the penumbra area and it plays a dual role, improving injury in early phases but impairing neural survival at later stages. Stem cells can be opportunely used to modulate inflammation, abrogate cell death and, therefore, preserve neural function. We here discuss the possible role of stem cells derived from menstrual blood as restorative treatment for stroke. We highlight the availability, proliferative capacity, pluripotentiality and angiogenic features of these cells and explore their present and future experimental and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIA CAROLINA O. RODRIGUES
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - DMITRIY DMITRIEV
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - ANTONIO RODRIGUES
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - LOREN E. GLOVER
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - PAUL R. SANBERG
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - NAOKI TAJIRI
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - KAZUTAKA SHINOZUKA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - SVITLANA GARBUZOVA-DAVIS
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - YUJI KANEKO
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - CESAR V. BORLONGAN
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Giuliani D, Minutoli L, Ottani A, Spaccapelo L, Bitto A, Galantucci M, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Guarini S. Melanocortins as potential therapeutic agents in severe hypoxic conditions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:179-93. [PMID: 22531139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin peptides with the adrenocorticotropin/melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH/MSH) sequences and synthetic analogs have protective and life-saving effects in experimental conditions of circulatory shock, myocardial ischemia, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, respiratory arrest, renal ischemia, intestinal ischemia and testicular ischemia, as well as in experimental heart transplantation. Moreover, melanocortins improve functional recovery and stimulate neurogenesis in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. These beneficial effects of ACTH/MSH-like peptides are mostly mediated by brain melanocortin MC(3)/MC(4) receptors, whose activation triggers protective pathways that counteract the main ischemia/reperfusion-related mechanisms of damage. Induction of signaling pathways and other molecular regulators of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation and integration seems to be the key mechanism of neurogenesis stimulation. Synthesis of stable and highly selective agonists at MC(3) and MC(4) receptors could provide the potential for development of a new class of drugs for a novel approach to management of severe ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giuliani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Functional recovery of the murine brain ischemia model using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived telencephalic progenitors. Brain Res 2012; 1459:52-60. [PMID: 22572083 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells possess the properties of self-renewal and pluripotency, similar to embryonic stem cells. They are a good candidate as a source of suitable cells for cell replacement therapy. In this study, we transplanted human iPS cell-derived neural progenitors into an ischemic mouse brain. Human iPS cells were differentiated into neuronal progenitors by serum-free culture of embryoid body-like aggregates (SFEBs). Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery using the intraluminal filament technique. Donor cells were transplanted into the ischemic lateral striatum 1 week after ischemia induction. Cells survived at the transplantation site, with migration of a proportion of cells along the external capsule and corpus callosum. Cells that were positive for the basal telencephalon marker, Nkx2.1, migrated into the basal part of the telencephalon. The pallial telencephalon marker, Emx1, was detected in cells that had migrated into the pallial part of the telencephalon. SFEBs differentiated into various types of neurons, and a retrograde tracer labeling study showed that differentiated cells integrated into host neural circuitry. Behavioral recovery was significantly enhanced in the transplanted group. Our results suggest that human iPS cell-derived neuronal progenitors survive and migrate in the ischemic brain, and contribute toward functional recovery via neural circuit reconstitution.
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Cui X, Chopp M, Shehadah A, Zacharek A, Kuzmin-Nichols N, Sanberg CD, Dai J, Zhang C, Ueno Y, Roberts C, Chen J. Therapeutic benefit of treatment of stroke with simvastatin and human umbilical cord blood cells: neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and axon growth. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:845-56. [PMID: 22405262 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of cell-based therapy after stroke can be enhanced by making the host brain tissue more receptive to the administered cells, which thereby facilitates brain plasticity. We hypothesized that simvastatin increases human umbilical cord blood cell (HUCBC) migration into the ischemic brain and promotes brain plasticity and neurological functional outcome after stroke. Rats were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and administered subtherapeutic doses of simvastatin (0.5 mg/kg, gavaged daily for 7 days), HUCBCs (1 × 10(6), one time injection via tail vein), or combination simvastatin with HUCBCs starting at 24 h after stroke. Combination treatment of stroke showed an interactive effect in improvement of neurological outcome compared with simvastatin or HUCBC monotherapy groups. In addition, combination treatment significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB expression and the number of engrafted HUCBCs in the ischemic brain compared with HUCBC monotherapy. The number of engrafted HUCBCs was significantly correlated with functional outcome (modified neurological severity score). Combination treatment significantly increased neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the ischemic brain, and promoted neuroblast migration in cultured subventricular zone explants. Using primary cultured neurons (PCNs), we found that combination treatment enhanced neurite outgrowth compared with nontreatment control, simvastatin or HUCBC supernatant monotherapy. Inhibition of TrkB significantly attenuated combination treatment-induced neurite outgrowth. Our data indicate that combination simvastatin and HUCBC treatment of stroke increases BDNF/TrkB expression, enhances HUCBC migration into the ischemic brain, amplifies endogenous neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and axonal growth, and thereby improves functional outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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50
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Dong J, Liu B, Song L, Lu L, Xu H, Gu Y. Neural stem cells in the ischemic and injured brain: endogenous and transplanted. Cell Tissue Bank 2011; 13:623-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-011-9283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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