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La Porta C, Plum T, Palme R, Mack M, Tappe-Theodor A. Repeated social defeat stress differently affects arthritis-associated hypersensitivity in male and female mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:572-596. [PMID: 38663771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress enhances the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders and contributes to the aggravation and chronicity of pain. The development of stress-associated diseases, including pain, is affected by individual vulnerability or resilience to stress, although the mechanisms remain elusive. We used the repeated social defeat stress model promoting susceptible and resilient phenotypes in male and female mice and induced knee mono-arthritis to investigate the impact of stress vulnerability on pain and immune system regulation. We analyzed different pain-related behaviors, measured blood cytokine and immune cell levels, and performed histological analyses at the knee joints and pain/stress-related brain areas. Stress susceptible male and female mice showed prolonged arthritis-associated hypersensitivity. Interestingly, hypersensitivity was exacerbated in male but not female mice. In males, stress promoted transiently increased neutrophils and Ly6Chigh monocytes, lasting longer in susceptible than resilient mice. While resilient male mice displayed persistently increased levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10, susceptible mice showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory IL-6 at the early- and IL-12 at the late arthritis stage. Although joint inflammation levels were comparable among groups, macrophage and neutrophil infiltration was higher in the synovium of susceptible mice. Notably, only susceptible male mice, but not females, presented microgliosis and monocyte infiltration in the prefrontal cortex at the late arthritis stage. Blood Ly6Chigh monocyte depletion during the early inflammatory phase abrogated late-stage hypersensitivity and the associated histological alterations in susceptible male mice. Thus, recruitment of blood Ly6Chigh monocytes during the early arthritis phase might be a key factor mediating the persistence of arthritis pain in susceptible male mice. Alternative neuro-immune pathways that remain to be explored might be involved in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen La Porta
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Plum
- Division for Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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McMillan IO, Gearing M, Wang L. Vascular Heparan Sulfate and Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3964. [PMID: 38612775 PMCID: PMC11012074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) within the cerebral parenchyma and vasculature, which is known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). This study utilized confocal imaging to investigate heparan sulfate (HS) expression within the cerebrovasculature and its associations with Aβ, gender, and ApoE4 genotype in AD. Our investigation revealed elevated levels of HS in the cerebrovasculature of AD patients with severe CAA. Additionally, these patients exhibited higher HS colocalization with Aβ in the cerebrovasculature, including both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell compartments. Intriguingly, a reversal in the polarized expression of HS within the cerebrovasculature was detected in AD patients with severe CAA. Furthermore, male patients exhibited lower levels of both parenchymal and cerebrovascular HS. Additionally, ApoE4 carriers displayed heightened cerebrovascular Aβ expression and a tendency of elevated cerebrovascular HS levels in AD patients with severe CAA. Overall, these findings reveal potential intricate interplay between HS, Aβ, ApoE, and vascular pathology in AD, thereby underscoring the potential roles of cerebrovascular HS in CAA development and AD pathology. Further study of the underlying mechanisms may present novel therapeutic avenues for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayda Ozsan McMillan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA;
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA;
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA;
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Ye D, Miyoshi A, Ushitani T, Kadoya M, Igeta M, Konishi K, Shoji T, Yasuda K, Kitaoka S, Yagi H, Kuroda E, Yamamoto Y, Cheng J, Koyama H. RAGE in circulating immune cells is fundamental for hippocampal inflammation and cognitive decline in a mouse model of latent chronic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:329-348. [PMID: 38142917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent chronic inflammation has been proposed as a key mediator of multiple derangements in metabolic syndrome (MetS), which are increasingly becoming recognized as risk factors for age-related cognitive decline. However, the question remains whether latent chronic inflammation indeed induces brain inflammation and cognitive decline. METHODS A mouse model of latent chronic inflammation was constructed by a chronic subcutaneous infusion of low dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for four weeks. A receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) knockout mouse, a chimeric myeloid cell specific RAGE-deficient mouse established by bone marrow transplantation and a human endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) overexpressing adenovirus system were utilized to examine the role of RAGE in vivo. The cognitive function was examined by a Y-maze test, and the expression level of genes was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, immunohistochemical staining, or ELISA assays. RESULTS Latent chronic inflammation induced MetS features in C57BL/6J mice, which were associated with cognitive decline and brain inflammation characterized by microgliosis, monocyte infiltration and endothelial inflammation, without significant changes in circulating cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β. These changes as well as cognitive impairment were rescued in RAGE knockout mice or chimeric mice lacking RAGE in bone marrow cells. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a critical adhesion molecule, was induced in circulating mononuclear cells in latent chronic inflammation in wild-type but not RAGE knockout mice. These inflammatory changes and cognitive decline induced in the wild-type mice were ameliorated by an adenoviral increase in circulating esRAGE. Meanwhile, chimeric RAGE knockout mice possessing RAGE in myeloid cells were still resistant to cognitive decline and brain inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that RAGE in inflammatory cells is necessary to mediate stimuli of latent chronic inflammation that cause brain inflammation and cognitive decline, potentially by orchestrating monocyte activation via regulation of PSGL-1 expression. Our results also suggest esRAGE-mediated inflammatory regulation as a potential therapeutic option for cognitive dysfunction in MetS with latent chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasen Ye
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akio Miyoshi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ushitani
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Manabu Kadoya
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masataka Igeta
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kosuke Konishi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takuhito Shoji
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Koubun Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shiho Kitaoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Liu R, Huang R, Zhang X, Zhou S, Wu L, Zhu B, Wu H. Pyrolae herba alleviates cognitive impairment via hippocampal TREM2 signaling modulating neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117214. [PMID: 37739108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANC Pyrolae herba (PH), a kind of Chinese herb, has been identified to have an anti-inflammatory effect, while the potential for treating cognitive impairment (CI), as well as the underlying mechanisms, is unclear. Currently, the interaction between neuroinflammation and neural function play a critical role in pathophysiology of CI. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate therapeutic effect of PH for CI as well as its underlying mechanisms with LPS-treated mice model. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this study, male C57BL6/J mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection for 10 days to establish CI model and were administrated with PH for 14 days. We used piracetam as a positive control. Memory and spatial function was tested by Morris water maze (MWM). The level of inflammation-related cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum and western blot in hippocampus. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to measure the levels of ionized calcium binding linker molecule 1 (IBA-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), BrdU, Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) in hippocampus. The mRNA sequencing was used to screen the potential target of PH with therapeutic CI. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the gene alteration of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in hippocampus. We used western blot to determine protein expressions of TREM2 and its related signaling, as well as synaptic proteins in hippocampus. RESULTS The results revealed that LPS contributed to CI, and PH or piracetam treatment significantly ameliorated CI in MWM test. LPS contributed to increasing expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and hippocampus, which both reversed by PH or piracetam. PH or piracetam could inhibit the activation of glial cells including microglia and astrocyte in the hippocampus in LPS-induced CI model. The mRNA sequencing and RT-PCR results showed that LPS significantly increased the gene expression of TREM2, which was reversed by PH. The alteration of TREM2 expression was the most significant among the 10 genes (TREM2, Slc24a2, Ptch2, Gck, Il1rapl1, Cadps2, Btbd11, Secisbp2l, Tenm3 and Prepl) in hippocampus. Protein results showed that LPS upregulated the expressions of TREM2 and its related proteins including DAP12, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) phosphorylation and ADAM 10, which were all reversed by PH or piracetam in hippocampus. Furthermore, LPS was capable of reducing the expression of BrdU and DCX co-labeled positive cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), which was reversed only by PH. Moreover, PH or piracetam treatment significantly increased the expression of Ki67 and DCX co-labeled positive cells in hippocampal DG. The expression of synapsin1 was obviously decreased by LPS and was significantly reversed by PH or piracetam. CONCLUSIONS PH could alleviate CI by suppressing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mitigating astrocyte activity by restraining microglia's activation in hippocampus, further facilitating neurogenesis and proliferation, thereby enhancing pre-synaptic protein. This study highlighted on the clinical application of PH, which might promote the use of phytomedicine in CI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hailou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Interdisciplinary Institute for Personalized Medicine in Brain Disorders, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Rumin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shihan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Boran Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Haoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; National Famous Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio (Meng Jingchun), Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Shen G, Xiao H, Huang S, Yuan X, Rongrong Z, Ma Y, Qin X. Knockdown of repulsive guidance molecule a promotes polarization of microglia into an anti-inflammatory phenotype after oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation in vitro. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105546. [PMID: 37169181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that has been demonstrated to influence neuroinflammatory-related diseases in addition to regulating neuronal differentiation and survival during brain development. However, any function or mechanism of RGMa in the polarization of microglia after ischemic stroke remains unclear. In the current study, RGMa was found to be expressed at reduced levels in microglia after oxygen-glucose deprivation-reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. RGMa overexpression induced HAPI microglia to predominantly polarize to the M1 phenotype, promoting the release of proinflammatory cytokines and knockdown induced the M2 phenotype, promoting the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. RGMa overexpression also regulated the polarization of HAPI microglia by inhibiting the transportation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) from the nucleus to cytoplasm. The opposite effect resulted from RGMa-knockdown and was reversed by the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662. In addition, RGMa-knockdown HAPI microglial conditioned medium improved the survival of oligodendrocytes after OGD/R in vitro. Thus, inhibition of RGMa may constitute a therapeutic strategy for reducing neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanru Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hongmei Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaofan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhang Rongrong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xinyue Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Ozsan McMillan I, Li JP, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in Alzheimer's disease: aberrant expression and functions in molecular pathways related to amyloid-β metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C893-C909. [PMID: 36878848 PMCID: PMC10069967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00247.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Currently, there is no effective treatment for AD, as its etiology remains poorly understood. Mounting evidence suggests that the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which constitute amyloid plaques in the brain, is critical for initiating and accelerating AD pathogenesis. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to shedding light on the molecular basis and fundamental origins of the impaired Aβ metabolism in AD. Heparan sulfate (HS), a linear polysaccharide of the glycosaminoglycan family, co-deposits with Aβ in plaques in the AD brain, directly binds and accelerates Aβ aggregation, and mediates Aβ internalization and cytotoxicity. Mouse model studies demonstrate that HS regulates Aβ clearance and neuroinflammation in vivo. Previous reviews have extensively explored these discoveries. Here, this review focuses on the recent advancements in understanding abnormal HS expression in the AD brain, the structural aspects of HS-Aβ interaction, and the molecules involved in modulating Aβ metabolism through HS interaction. Furthermore, this review presents a perspective on the potential effects of abnormal HS expression on Aβ metabolism and AD pathogenesis. In addition, the review highlights the importance of conducting further research to differentiate the spatiotemporal components of HS structure and function in the brain and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayda Ozsan McMillan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
- SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
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Jiang L, Zhang T, Lu H, Li S, Lv K, Tuffour A, Zhang L, Ding K, Li JP, Li H, Liu X. Heparin mimetics as potential intervention for COVID-19 and their bio-manufacturing. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:11-19. [PMID: 36313216 PMCID: PMC9595387 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe health problems worldwide and unprecedented decimation of the global economy. Moreover, after more than 2 years, many populations are still under pressure of infection. Thus, a broader perspective in developing antiviral strategies is still of great importance. Inspired by the observed multiple benefits of heparin in the treatment of thrombosis, the potential of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of COVID-19 have been explored. Clinical applications found that LMWH decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients, accordingly reducing lethality. Furthermore, several in vitro studies have demonstrated the important roles of heparan sulfate in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the inhibitory effects of heparin and heparin mimetics in viral infection. These clinical observations and designed studies argue for the potential to develop heparin mimetics as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. In this review, we summarize the properties of heparin as an anticoagulant and the pharmaceutical possibilities for the treatment of virus infection, focusing on the perspectives of developing heparin mimetics via chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic synthesis, and bioengineered production by microbial cell factories. The ultimate goal is to pave the eminent need for exploring novel compounds to treat coronavirus infection-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210093, China,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China,Corresponding author. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongzhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Saijuan Li
- Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kangjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Alex Tuffour
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Glycochemistry & Glycobiology Lab, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China,Corresponding author
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- International Research Center for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hongmei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China,Corresponding author
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Heparanase: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203198. [PMID: 36291066 PMCID: PMC9599978 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its management places a huge burden on healthcare systems through hospitalisation and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting in the formation of lipid-rich, fibrotic plaques under the subendothelium and is a key contributor to the development of CVD. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis is urgently required for more effective disease treatment and prevention strategies. Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme known to cleave heparan sulfate of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. By cleaving heparan sulfate, heparanase contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, tumour angiogenesis, and cell migration. Recent evidence suggests a multifactorial role for heparanase in atherosclerosis by promoting underlying inflammatory processes giving rise to plaque formation, as well as regulating lesion stability. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of heparanase in physiological and pathological processes with a focus on the emerging role of the enzyme in atherosclerosis.
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Clark GT, Yu Y, Urban CA, Fu G, Wang C, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Hurley JM. Circadian control of heparan sulfate levels times phagocytosis of amyloid beta aggregates. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009994. [PMID: 35143487 PMCID: PMC8830681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized partly by the inability to clear, and subsequent build-up, of amyloid-beta (Aβ). AD has a bi-directional relationship with circadian disruption (CD) with sleep disturbances starting years before disease onset. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship of CD and AD has not been elucidated. Myeloid-based phagocytosis, a key component in the metabolism of Aβ, is circadianly-regulated, presenting a potential link between CD and AD. In this work, we revealed that the phagocytosis of Aβ42 undergoes a daily circadian oscillation. We found the circadian timing of global heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis was the molecular timer for the clock-controlled phagocytosis of Aβ and that both HSPG binding and aggregation may play a role in this oscillation. These data highlight that circadian regulation in immune cells may play a role in the intricate relationship between the circadian clock and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen T. Clark
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Cooper A. Urban
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Guo Fu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Now at the Innovation and Integration Center of New Laser Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Hurley
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biological Sciences, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
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10
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Zhang X, O’Callaghan P, Li H, Tan Y, Zhang G, Barash U, Wang X, Lannfelt L, Vlodavsky I, Lindahl U, Li JP. Heparanase overexpression impedes perivascular clearance of amyloid-β from murine brain: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:84. [PMID: 33971986 PMCID: PMC8111754 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance from the brain is a major contributing factor to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ clearance is mediated by macrophages, enzymatic degradation, perivascular drainage along the vascular basement membrane (VBM) and transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). AD pathology is typically associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy due to perivascular accumulation of Aβ. Heparan sulfate (HS) is an important component of the VBM, thought to fulfill multiple roles in AD pathology. We previously showed that macrophage-mediated clearance of intracortically injected Aβ was impaired in the brains of transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase (Hpa-tg). This study revealed that perivascular drainage was impeded in the Hpa-tg brain, evidenced by perivascular accumulation of the injected Aβ in the thalamus of Hpa-tg mice. Furthermore, endogenous Aβ accumulated at the perivasculature of Hpa-tg thalamus, but not in control thalamus. This perivascular clearance defect was confirmed following intracortical injection of dextran that was largely retained in the perivasculature of Hpa-tg brains, compared to control brains. Hpa-tg brains presented with thicker VBMs and swollen perivascular astrocyte endfeet, as well as elevated expression of the BBB-associated water-pump protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Elevated levels of both heparanase and AQP4 were also detected in human AD brain. These findings indicate that elevated heparanase levels alter the organization and composition of the BBB, likely through increased fragmentation of BBB-associated HS, resulting in defective perivascular drainage. This defect contributes to perivascular accumulation of Aβ in the Hpa-tg brain, highlighting a potential role for heparanase in the pathogenesis of AD.
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11
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Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Piperigkou Z, Manou D, Passi A, Skandalis SS, Vynios DH, Orian-Rousseau V, Ricard-Blum S, Schmelzer CEH, Duca L, Durbeej M, Afratis NA, Troeberg L, Franchi M, Masola V, Onisto M. A guide to the composition and functions of the extracellular matrix. FEBS J 2021; 288:6850-6912. [PMID: 33605520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic 3-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides structural support for the cells and tissues. Accumulated knowledge clearly demonstrated over the last decade that ECM plays key regulatory roles since it orchestrates cell signaling, functions, properties and morphology. Extracellularly secreted as well as cell-bound factors are among the major members of the ECM family. Proteins/glycoproteins, such as collagens, elastin, laminins and tenascins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, and their cell receptors such as CD44 and integrins, responsible for cell adhesion, comprise a well-organized functional network with significant roles in health and disease. On the other hand, enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and specific glycosidases including heparanase and hyaluronidases contribute to matrix remodeling and affect human health. Several cell processes and functions, among them cell proliferation and survival, migration, differentiation, autophagy, angiogenesis, and immunity regulation are affected by certain matrix components. Structural alterations have been also well associated with disease progression. This guide on the composition and functions of the ECM gives a broad overview of the matrisome, the major ECM macromolecules, and their interaction networks within the ECM and with the cell surface, summarizes their main structural features and their roles in tissue organization and cell functions, and emphasizes the importance of specific ECM constituents in disease development and progression as well as the advances in molecular targeting of ECM to design new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Demitrios H Vynios
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems- Functional Molecular Systems, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University of Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christian E H Schmelzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2: Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Unit of Muscle Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos A Afratis
- Department Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich, UK
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Study, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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12
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Tajbakhsh A, Read M, Barreto GE, Ávila-Rodriguez M, Gheibi-Hayat SM, Sahebkar A. Apoptotic neurons and amyloid-beta clearance by phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease: Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 895:173873. [PMID: 33460611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal survival and axonal renewal following central nervous system damage and in neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), can be enhanced by fast clearance of neuronal apoptotic debris, as well as the removal of amyloid beta (Aβ) by phagocytic cells through the process of efferocytosis. This process quickly inhibits the release of proinflammatory and antigenic autoimmune constituents, enhancing the formation of a microenvironment vital for neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Therefore, the detrimental features associated with microglial phagocytosis uncoupling, such as the accumulation of apoptotic cells, inflammation and phagoptosis, could exacerbate the pathology in brain disease. Some mechanisms of efferocytosis could be targeted by several promising agents, such as curcumin, URMC-099 and Y-P30, which have emerged as potential treatments for AD. This review aims to investigate and update the current research regarding the signaling molecules and pathways involved in efferocytosis and how these could be targeted as a potential therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morgayn Read
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibi-Hayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
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13
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Guo H, Zhao Z, Zhang R, Chen P, Zhang X, Cheng F, Gou X. Monocytes in the Peripheral Clearance of Amyloid-β and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1391-1400. [PMID: 30958361 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging societies have high incidence rates of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is diagnosed at later disease stages and has a poor prognosis, and effective drugs and treatments for AD are lacking. The molecular mechanism of AD is not clear, and current research focuses primarily on amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Aβ deposition is the most frequently hypothesized initiating factor of AD, and Aβ clearance during the pathogenesis of AD may be an optional strategy to suppress AD development. Monocytes play important roles in the peripheral clearance of Aβ. Therefore, the present review summarizes our current knowledge of the potential roles of infiltrating macrophages, circulating monocytes, and Kupffer cells in the peripheral clearance of Aβ in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruisan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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14
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D'Ambrosi N, Apolloni S. Fibrotic Scar in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1394. [PMID: 32922384 PMCID: PMC7456854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of uncontrolled internal scarring, called fibrosis, is now emerging as a pathological feature shared by both peripheral and central nervous system diseases. In the CNS, damaged neurons are not replaced by tissue regeneration, and scar-forming cells such as endothelial cells, inflammatory immune cells, stromal fibroblasts, and astrocytes can persist chronically in brain and spinal cord lesions. Although this process was extensively described in acute CNS damages, novel evidence indicates the involvement of a fibrotic reaction in chronic CNS injuries as those occurring during neurodegenerative diseases, where inflammation and fibrosis fuel degeneration. In this mini review, we discuss recent advances around the role of fibrotic scar formation and function in different neurodegenerative conditions, particularly focusing on the rising role of scarring in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease and highlighting the therapeutic relevance of targeting fibrotic scarring to slow and reverse neurodegeneration.
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15
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Khamaysi I, Hamo-Giladi DB, Abassi Z. Heparanase in Acute Pancreatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:703-719. [PMID: 32274733 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterology, affecting 2% of all hospitalized patients. Nevertheless, neither the etiology nor the pathophysiology of the disease is fully characterized, and no specific or effective treatment has been developed. Heparanase (Hpa) is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) into shorter oligosaccharides, activity that is highly implicated in cell invasion associated with cancer metastasis and inflammation. Given that AP is a typical inflammatory disease, we investigated whether Hpa plays a role in AP. Our results provide keen evidence that Hpa expression and activity are significantly increased following cerulein-induced AP in wild type mice. In parallel to the classic manifestations of AP, namely elevation of amylase and lipase levels, pancreas edema and inflammation as well as induction of cytokines and signaling molecules, have been detected in this experimental model of the disease. Noteworthy, these features were far more profound in transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase (Hpa-Tg), suggesting that these mice can be utilized as a model system to reveal the molecular mechanism by which Hpa functions in AP. Further support for the involvement of Hpa in the pathogenesis of AP emerged from our observation that treatment of experimental AP with PG545 or SST0001(= Ronepastat), two potent Hpa inhibitors, markedly attenuated the biochemical, histological and immunological manifestations of the disease. Hpa, therefore, emerges as a potential new target in AP, and Hpa inhibitors are hoped to prove beneficial in AP along with their promising efficacy as anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Advanced Endoscopy Procedures Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | - Zaid Abassi
- Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Minta K, Brinkmalm G, Janelidze S, Sjödin S, Portelius E, Stomrud E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hansson O, Andreasson U. Quantification of total apolipoprotein E and its isoforms in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:19. [PMID: 32054532 PMCID: PMC7020540 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human APOE gene, which codes for apolipoprotein E (apoE), has three major polymorphic alleles: ε2, ε3, and ε4 that give rise to amino acid substitutions. APOE-ε4 is a strong risk factor of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the reason why is still unknown despite intense research for more than 20 years. The aim of the study was to investigate if the concentrations of total apoE and the specific apoE isoforms in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) differ between various neurodegenerative diseases and control individuals, as well as among the APOE genotypes. METHODS Quantification of total apoE and specific apoE isoforms (E2, E3, and E4) in CSF was performed using high-resolution parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. In total, 1820 individuals were involved in the study including clinically diagnosed AD patients (n = 228), cognitively unimpaired (CU) patients (n = 896), and patients with other neurodegenerative disorders (n = 696). Follow-up data was available for 100 individuals, assessed at two time points. Subjects were dichotomized based on an Aβ42/40 CSF concentration ratio cut-off into Aβ positive (Aβ+, < 0.091) and Aβ negative (Aβ-, > 0.091) groups. RESULTS Even though there was a significant increase of total apoE in the amyloid β-positive (Aβ+) group compared with amyloid β-negative (Aβ-) individuals (p < 0.001), the magnitude of the effect was very small (AUC = 0.55). Moreover, CSF total apoE concentrations did not differ between Aβ- CU controls and clinically diagnosed AD patients. There was a difference in concentration between isoforms in heterozygous individuals in an isoform-dependent manner (E2 < E3 < E4) (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.64-0.69), and these associations remained when dichotomizing the samples into Aβ+ and Aβ- groups (p < 0.01, AUC = 0.63-0.74). In the cohort with follow-up samples, neither total apoE nor isoform-specific apoE concentrations differed between the two time points (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that neither the concentrations of total apoE nor the different apoE isoforms in CSF are associated with APOE-ε4 carrier status, Aβ status, or clinical dementia diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - G Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - S Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - E Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - E Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - O Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - U Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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17
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Li JP, Zhang X. Implications of Heparan Sulfate and Heparanase in Amyloid Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:631-645. [PMID: 32274729 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases characterized by abnormal deposition of denatured endogenous proteins, termed amyloid, in the affected organs. Analysis of biopsy and autopsy tissues from patients revealed the presence of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) along with amyloid proteins in the deposits. For a long time, HSPGs were believed to occur in the deposits as an innocent bystander. Yet, the consistent presence of HSPGs in various deposits, regardless of the amyloid species, led to the hypothesis that these macromolecular glycoconjugates might play functional roles in the pathological process of amyloidosis. In vitro studies have revealed that HSPGs, or more precisely, the heparan sulfate (HS) side chains interact with amyloid peptides, thus promoting amyloid fibrillization. Although information on the mechanisms of HS participation in amyloid deposition is limited, recent studies involving a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease point to an active role of HS in amyloid formation. Heparanase cleavage alters the molecular structure of HS, and thus modulates the functional roles of HS in homeostasis, as well as in diseases, including amyloidosis. The heparanase transgenic mice have provided models for unveiling the effects of heparanase, through cleavage of HS, in various amyloidosis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and the SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Kuo YC, Rajesh R. Challenges in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: recent progress and treatment strategies of pharmaceuticals targeting notable pathological factors. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:623-652. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1621750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rajendiran Rajesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
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19
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Systemic LPS-induced Aβ-solubilization and clearance in AβPP-transgenic mice is diminished by heparanase overexpression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4600. [PMID: 30872722 PMCID: PMC6418119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the main constituent of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The neuropathology is associated with neuroinflammation. Here, we investigated effects of systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treatment on neuroinflammation and Aβ deposition in AβPP-mice and double-transgenic mice with brain expression of AβPP and heparanase, an enzyme that degrades HS and generates an attenuated LPS-response. At 13 months of age, the mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 µg LPS or vehicle, and were sacrificed 1.5 months thereafter. Aβ in the brain was analyzed histologically and biochemically after sequential detergent extraction. Neuroinflammation was assessed by CD45 immunostaining and mesoscale cytokine/chemokine ELISA. In single-transgenic mice, LPS-treatment reduced total Aβ deposition and increased Tween-soluble Aβ. This was associated with a reduced CXCL1, IL-1β, TNF-α-level and microgliosis, which correlated with amyloid deposition and total Aβ. In contrast, LPS did not change Aβ accumulation or inflammation marker in the double-transgenic mice. Our findings suggest that a single pro-inflammatory LPS-stimulus, if given sufficient time to act, triggers Aβ-clearance in AβPP-transgenic mouse brain. The effects depend on HS and heparanase.
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20
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Tan YX, Cui H, Wan LM, Gong F, Zhang X, Vlodavsky I, Li JP. Overexpression of heparanase in mice promoted megakaryopoiesis. Glycobiology 2018; 28:269-275. [PMID: 29471321 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase, an endo-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate (HS), is upregulated in several pathological conditions. In this study, we aimed to find a correlation of heparanase expression and platelets production. In the transgenic mice overexpressing human heparanase (Hpa-tg), hematological analysis of blood samples revealed a significantly higher number of platelets in comparison with wild-type (Ctr) mice, while no significant difference was found in leukocytes and red blood cell number between the two groups. Total number of thiazole orange positive platelets was increased in Hpa-tg vs. Ctr blood, reflecting a higher rate of platelets production. Concomitantly, megakaryocytes from Hpa-tg mice produced more and shorter HS fragments that were shed into the medium. Further, thrombopoietin (TPO) level was elevated in the liver and plasma of Hpa-tg mice. Together, the data indicate that heparanase expression promoted megakaryopoiesis, which may be through upregulated expression of TPO and direct effect of released HS fragments expressed in the megakaryocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xia Tan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No 27, Taiping Road, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.,College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, No 99, Ziyang Road, 330022 Nanchang, China
| | - Lu-Ming Wan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No 27, Taiping Road, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No 27, Taiping Road, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Box 9649, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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García B, Martín C, García-Suárez O, Muñiz-Alonso B, Ordiales H, Fernández-Menéndez S, Santos-Juanes J, Lorente-Gea L, Castañón S, Vicente-Etxenausia I, Piña Batista KM, Ruiz-Díaz I, Caballero-Martínez MC, Merayo-Lloves J, Guerra-Merino I, Quirós LM, Fernández-Vega I. Upregulated Expression of Heparanase and Heparanase 2 in the Brains of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:185-192. [PMID: 28387673 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) promote amyloid-β peptide and tau fibrillization in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and provide resistance against proteolytic breakdown. Heparanase (HPSE) is the only enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS). Heparanase 2 (HPSE2) lacks HS-degrading activity, although it is able to interact with HS with high affinity. OBJECTIVE To analyze HPSE and HPSE2 expressions at different stages of AD. METHODS RT-PCR was used to analyze transcription levels of both heparanases at different stages of AD, and immunohistochemistry was performed to localize each one in different parts of the brain. RESULTS Both proteins appeared overexpressed at different stages of AD. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the presence of the heparanases was related to AD pathology, with intracellular deposits found in degenerated neurons. At the extracellular level, HPSE was observed only in neuritic plaques with a fragmented core, while HPSE2 appeared in those with compact cores as well. CONCLUSION Given the involvement of HSPGs in AD pathology, there would seem to be a relationship between the regulation of heparanase expression, the features of the disease, and a possible therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carla Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Helena Ordiales
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Santos-Juanes
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Lorente-Gea
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba-Txagorritxu, Spain
| | - Sonia Castañón
- Department of Biotechnology, Neiker-Tecnalia Arkaute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Irune Ruiz-Díaz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - María Cristina Caballero-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank Hospital Universitario Donostia, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis M Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario de Araba-Txagorritxu, Spain.,Biobanco Vasco para la Investigación (O+eHun), Brain Bank, Hospital Universitario Araba, Spain
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22
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Heindryckx F, Li JP. Role of proteoglycans in neuro-inflammation and central nervous system fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:589-601. [PMID: 29382609 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a consequence of tissue damage. The central nervous system (CNS) is special in the sense that fibrogenic cells are restricted to vascular and meningeal areas. Inflammation and the disruption of the blood-brain barrier can lead to the infiltration of fibroblasts and trigger fibrotic response. While the initial function of the fibrotic tissue is to restore the blood-brain barrier and to limit the site of injury, it also demolishes the structure of extracellular matrix and impedes the healing process by producing inhibitory molecules and forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents axon regeneration. As a major constituent in the extracellular matrix, proteoglycans participate in the neuro-inflammation, modulating the fibrotic process. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of fibrosis during acute injuries of the CNS, as well as during chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and age-related neurodegeneration with focus on the functional roles of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Cui H, Tan YX, Österholm C, Zhang X, Hedin U, Vlodavsky I, Li JP. Heparanase expression upregulates platelet adhesion activity and thrombogenicity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39486-39496. [PMID: 27129145 PMCID: PMC5129947 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin polysaccharides. The enzyme is expressed at low levels in normal tissues, but is often upregulated under pathological conditions such as cancer and inflammation. Normal human platelets express exceptionally high levels of heparanase, but the functional consequences of this feature remain unknown. We investigated functional roles of heparanase by comparing the properties of platelets expressing high (Hpa-tg) or low (Ctr) levels of heparanase. Upon activation, Hpa-tg platelets exhibited a much stronger adhesion activity as compared to Ctr platelets, likely contributing to a higher thrombotic activity in a carotid thrombosis model. Furthermore, we found concomitant upregulated expression of both heparanase and CD62P (P-selectin) upon activation of mouse and human platelets. As platelets play important roles in tumor metastasis, these findings indicate contribution of the platelet heparanase to hyper-thrombotic conditions often seen in patients with metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Husargatan, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ying-Xia Tan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Husargatan, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Husargatan, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Husargatan, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Melrose J, Whitelock JM. The Role of Heparan Sulfate in Inflammation, and the Development of Biomimetics as Anti-Inflammatory Strategies. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:321-336. [PMID: 29290153 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417740881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key events that occur during inflammation include the recruitment, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes from the circulation to the site of inflammation. These events are modulated by chemokines, integrins, and selectins and the interaction of these molecules with glycosaminoglycans, predominantly heparan sulfate (HS). The development of HS/heparin mimetics that interfere or inhibit the interactions that occur between glycosaminoglycans and modulators of inflammation holds great potential for use as anti-inflammatory therapeutics. This review will detail the role of HS in the events that occur during inflammation, their interaction and modulation of inflammatory mediators, and the current advances in the development of HS/heparin mimetics as anti-inflammatory biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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O'Callaghan P, Zhang X, Li JP. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Relays of Neuroinflammation. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:305-319. [PMID: 29290138 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417742147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are implicated as inflammatory mediators in a variety of settings, including chemokine activation, which is required to recruit circulating leukocytes to infection sites. Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide chains are highly interactive and serve co-receptor roles in multiple ligand:receptor interactions. HS may also serve as a storage depot, sequestering ligands such as cytokines and restricting their access to binding partners. Heparanase, through its ability to fragment HS chains, is a key regulator of HS function and has featured prominently in studies of HS's involvement in inflammatory processes. This review focuses on recent discoveries regarding the role of HSPGs, HS, and heparanase during inflammation, with particular focus on the brain. HS chains emerge as critical go-betweens in multiple aspects of the inflammatory response-relaying signals between receptors and cells. The molecular interactions proposed to occur between HSPGs and the pathogen receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are discussed, and we summarize some of the contrasting roles that HS and heparanase have been assigned in diseases associated with chronic inflammatory states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conclude by briefly discussing how current knowledge could potentially be applied to augment HS-mediated events during sustained neuroinflammation, which contributes to neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Callaghan
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Ihse E, Yamakado H, van Wijk XM, Lawrence R, Esko JD, Masliah E. Cellular internalization of alpha-synuclein aggregates by cell surface heparan sulfate depends on aggregate conformation and cell type. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9008. [PMID: 28827536 PMCID: PMC5566500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregates found in the brain of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, are thought to spread to increasingly larger areas of the brain through a prion-like seeding mechanism. Not much is known about which cell surface receptors may be involved in the cell-to-cell transfer, but proteoglycans are of interest due to their well-known propensity to interact with amyloid aggregates. In this study, we investigated the involvement of plasma membrane-bound heparan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in cellular uptake of aggregates consisting of α-synuclein, a protein forming amyloid aggregates in Parkinson's disease. We show, using a pH-sensitive probe, that internalization of α-synuclein amyloid fibrils in neuroblastoma cells is dependent on heparan sulfate, whereas internalization of smaller non-amyloid oligomers is not. We also show that α-synuclein fibril uptake in an oligodendrocyte-like cell line is equally dependent on heparan sulfate, while astrocyte- and microglia-like cell lines have other means to internalize the fibrils. In addition, we analyzed the interaction between the α-synuclein amyloid fibrils and heparan sulfate and show that overall sulfation of the heparan sulfate chains is more important than sulfation at particular sites along the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Ihse
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xander M van Wijk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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27
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Changyaleket B, Deliu Z, Chignalia AZ, Feinstein DL. Heparanase: Potential roles in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 310:72-81. [PMID: 28778449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is a heparan sulfate degrading enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) chains present on HS proteoglycans (HSPGs), and has been well characterized for its roles in tumor metastasis and inflammation. However, heparanase is emerging as a contributing factor in the genesis and severity of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. This is in part due to the wide variety of HSPGs on which the presence or absence of HS moieties dictates protein function. This includes growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, as well as components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which in turn regulate leukocyte infiltration into the CNS. Roles for heparanase in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and glioma growth have been described; roles for heparanase in other disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are less well established. However, given its known roles in inflammation and leukocyte infiltration, it is likely that heparanase also contributes to MS pathology. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known about heparanase roles in the CNS, and speculate as to its potential role in regulating disease progression in MS and its animal model EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalitis), which may justify testing of heparanase inhibitors for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zane Deliu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Andreia Z Chignalia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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28
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De Luca C, Papa M. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Neural Extracellular Matrix, and Central Nervous System Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:167-202. [PMID: 28662822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The functionality and stability of the central nervous system (CNS) pabulum, called neural extracellular matrix (nECM), is paramount for the maintenance of a healthy network. The loosening or the damage of the scaffold disrupts synaptic transmission with the consequent imbalance of the neurotransmitters, reactive cells invasion, astrocytosis, new matrix deposition, digestion of the previous structure and ultimately, maladaptive plasticity with the loss of neuronal viability. nECM is constantly affected by CNS disorders, particularly in chronic modifying such as neurodegenerative disease, or in acute/subacute with chronic sequelae, like cerebrovascular and inflammatory pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main interfering agent of nECM, guiding the balance of degradation and new deposition of proteins such as proteoglycans and glycoproteins, or glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid. Activation of these enzymes is modulated by their physiologic inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs or via other proteases inhibitors, as well as genetic or epigenetic up- or downregulation through molecular interaction or receptor activation. The appropriate understanding of the pathways underlying nECM modifications in CNS pathology is probably one of the pivotal future directions to identify the healthy brain network and subsequently design new therapies to interfere with the progression of the CNS disease and eventually find appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre for Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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29
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Overexpression of heparanase enhances T lymphocyte activities and intensifies the inflammatory response in a model of murine rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46229. [PMID: 28401953 PMCID: PMC5388921 DOI: 10.1038/srep46229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-glucuronidase that degrades heparan sulfate chains. The enzyme is expressed at a low level in normal organs; however, elevated expression of heparanase has been detected in several inflammatory conditions, e.g. in the synovial joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Herein, we have applied the model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to transgenic mice overexpressing human heparanase (Hpa-tg) along with wildtype (WT) mice. About 50% of the induced animals developed clinical symptoms, i.e. swelling of joints, and there were no differences between the Hpa-tg and WT mice in the incidence of disease. However, Hpa-tg mice displayed an earlier response and developed more severe symptoms. Examination of cells from thymus, spleen and lymph nodes revealed increased innate and adaptive immune responses of the Hpa-tg mice, reflected by increased proportions of macrophages, antigen presenting cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells as well as Helios-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, splenic lymphocytes from Hpa-tg mice showed higher proliferation activity. Our results suggest that elevated expression of heparanase augmented both the innate and adaptive immune system and propagated inflammatory reactions in the murine RA model.
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30
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The Role of Heparanase in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Sci Rep 2017; 7:715. [PMID: 28386074 PMCID: PMC5429646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterology. However, neither the etiology nor the pathophysiology of the disease is fully understood and no specific or effective treatment has been developed. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of HS sulfate proteoglycans into shorter oligosaccharides, activity that is highly implicated in cellular invasion associated with cancer metastasis and inflammation. Given that AP involves a strong inflammatory aspect, we examined whether heparanase plays a role in AP. Here, we provide evidence that pancreatic heparanase expression and activity are significantly increased following cerulein treatment. Moreover, pancreas edema and inflammation, as well as the induction of cytokines and signaling molecules following cerulein treatment were attenuated markedly by heparanase inhibitors, implying that heparanase plays a significant role in AP. Notably, all the above features appear even more pronounced in transgenic mice over expressing heparanase, suggesting that these mice can be utilized as a sensitive model system to reveal the molecular mechanism by which heparanase functions in AP. Heparanase, therefore, emerges as a potential new target in AP, and heparanase inhibitors, now in phase I/II clinical trials in cancer patients, are hoped to prove beneficial also in AP.
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31
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Kolseth IBM, Reine TM, Parker K, Sudworth A, Witczak BJ, Jenssen TG, Kolset SO. Increased levels of inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory monocytes in patients with type I diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:245-252. [PMID: 27452162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate and describe the relationship between diabetic nephropathy and systemic inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS Patients with T1DM, with or without reduced renal function due to diabetic nephropathy, were included. Differences in inflammatory mediators, adhesion molecules, markers of endothelial dysfunction and subsets of monocytes were studied in patients with mean disease duration of 31years. RESULTS Patients with T1DM with and without renal failure were compared. Patients with nephropathy had increased plasma levels of proinflammatory monocytes, as well as circulatory PAI-1, syndecan-1, VEGF, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and CCL4. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with nephropathy numerically increased soluble ICAM and PAI-1 in co-culture with primary endothelial cells compared to cells from patients without nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS T1DM patients with kidney failure have higher levels of proinflammatory monocytes and circulatory inflammatory mediators compared to patients with T1DM alone. The results highlight the importance of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy with reduced GFR.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetic Angiopathies/blood
- Diabetic Angiopathies/immunology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/blood
- Diabetic Nephropathies/immunology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/blood
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/immunology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/blood
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency/complications
- Renal Insufficiency/immunology
- Renal Insufficiency/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/immunology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trine Marita Reine
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krystina Parker
- Department of Nephrology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Amanda Sudworth
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bartlomiej J Witczak
- Department of Nephrology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway; Department of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Geir Jenssen
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; The Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Olav Kolset
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Sanderson RD, Elkin M, Rapraeger AC, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase regulation of cancer, autophagy and inflammation: new mechanisms and targets for therapy. FEBS J 2017; 284:42-55. [PMID: 27758044 PMCID: PMC5226874 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of its impact on multiple biological pathways, heparanase has emerged as a major regulator of cancer, inflammation and other disease processes. Heparanase accomplishes this by degrading heparan sulfate which regulates the abundance and location of heparin-binding growth factors thereby influencing multiple signaling pathways that control gene expression, syndecan shedding and cell behavior. In addition, heparanase can act via nonenzymatic mechanisms that directly activate signaling at the cell surface. Clinical trials testing heparanase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics are showing early signs of efficacy in patients further emphasizing the biological importance of this enzyme. This review focuses on recent developments in the field of heparanase regulation of cancer and inflammation, including the impact of heparanase on exosomes and autophagy, and novel mechanisms whereby heparanase regulates tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. In addition, the ongoing development of heparanase inhibitors and their potential for treating cancer and inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alan C. Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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33
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Xiong A, Kundu S, Forsberg M, Xiong Y, Bergström T, Paavilainen T, Kjellén L, Li JP, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Heparanase confers a growth advantage to differentiating murine embryonic stem cells, and enhances oligodendrocyte formation. Matrix Biol 2016; 62:92-104. [PMID: 27890389 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), ubiquitous components of mammalian cells, play important roles in development and homeostasis. These molecules are located primarily on the cell surface and in the pericellular matrix, where they interact with a multitude of macromolecules, including many growth factors. Manipulation of the enzymes involved in biosynthesis and modification of HSPG structures alters the properties of stem cells. Here, we focus on the involvement of heparanase (HPSE), the sole endo-glucuronidase capable of cleaving of HS, in differentiation of embryonic stem cells into the cells of the neural lineage. Embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing HPSE (Hpse-Tg) proliferated more rapidly than WT ES cells in culture and formed larger teratomas in vivo. In addition, differentiating Hpse-Tg ES cells also had a higher growth rate, and overexpression of HPSE in NSPCs enhanced Erk and Akt phosphorylation. Employing a two-step, monolayer differentiation, we observed an increase in HPSE as wild-type (WT) ES cells differentiated into neural stem and progenitor cells followed by down-regulation of HPSE as these NSPCs differentiated into mature cells of the neural lineage. Furthermore, NSPCs overexpressing HPSE gave rise to more oligodendrocytes than WT cultures, with a concomitant reduction in the number of neurons. Our present findings emphasize the importance of HS, in neural differentiation and suggest that by regulating the availability of growth factors and, or other macromolecules, HPSE promotes differentiation into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maud Forsberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuyuan Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Paavilainen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vlodavsky I, Singh P, Boyango I, Gutter-Kapon L, Elkin M, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase: From basic research to therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:54-75. [PMID: 27912844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Heparanase expression is enhanced in almost all cancers examined including various carcinomas, sarcomas and hematological malignancies. Numerous clinical association studies have consistently demonstrated that upregulation of heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. In contrast, knockdown of heparanase or treatments of tumor-bearing mice with heparanase-inhibiting compounds, markedly attenuate tumor progression further underscoring the potential of anti-heparanase therapy for multiple types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block myeloma and lymphoma tumor growth and dissemination; this is attributable to a combined effect on the tumor cells and/or cells of the tumor microenvironment. In fact, much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. The repertoire of the physio-pathological activities of heparanase is expanding. Specifically, heparanase regulates gene expression, activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive inflammatory responses, tumor survival, growth, dissemination and drug resistance; but in the same time, may fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, stress response, and heparan sulfate turnover. Heparanase is upregulated in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients and the surviving cells acquire chemoresistance, attributed, at least in part, to autophagy. Consequently, heparanase inhibitors used in tandem with chemotherapeutic drugs overcome initial chemoresistance, providing a strong rationale for applying anti-heparanase therapy in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs. Heparin-like compounds that inhibit heparanase activity are being evaluated in clinical trials for various types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies, and heparanase-inhibiting small molecules are being developed based on the recently resolved crystal structure of the heparanase protein. Collectively, the emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, innate immune cells, activated endothelial cells as well as other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a prime target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lilach Gutter-Kapon
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Li JP, Kusche-Gullberg M. Heparan Sulfate: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:215-73. [PMID: 27241222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs) are ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, having essential functions in development and homeostasis, as well as playing various roles in disease processes. The functions of HSPGs are mainly dependent on interactions between the HS-side chains with a variety of proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors. In a given HS polysaccharide, negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups are arranged in various types of domains, generated through strictly regulated biosynthetic reactions and with enormous potential for structural variability. The mode of HS-protein interactions is assessed through binding experiments using saccharides of defined composition in vitro, signaling assays in cell models where HS structures are manipulated, and targeted disruption of genes for biosynthetic enzymes in animals (mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans) followed by phenotype analysis. Whereas some protein ligands appear to require strictly defined HS structure, others bind to variable saccharide domains without apparent dependence on distinct saccharide sequence. These findings raise intriguing questions concerning the functional significance of regulation in HS biosynthesis and the potential for development of therapeutics targeting HS-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Heparanase: a rainbow pharmacological target associated to multiple pathologies including rare diseases. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:647-80. [PMID: 27057774 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, heparanase has attracted considerable attention as a promising target for innovative pharmacological applications. Heparanase is a multifaceted protein endowed with enzymatic activity, as an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, and nonenzymatic functions. It is responsible for the cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans, resulting in structural alterations of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase appears to be involved in major human diseases, from the most studied tumors to chronic inflammation, diabetic nephropathy, bone osteolysis, thrombosis and atherosclerosis, in addition to more recent investigation in various rare diseases. The present review provides an overview on heparanase, its biological role, inhibitors and possible clinical applications, covering the latest findings in these areas.
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Looking Inside the Matrix: Perineuronal Nets in Plasticity, Maladaptive Plasticity and Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1507-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Smith PD, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Foscarin S, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. "GAG-ing with the neuron": The role of glycosaminoglycan patterning in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:100-14. [PMID: 26277685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a diverse family of proteins that consist of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently linked to a core protein. PGs are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play critical roles in development, normal function and damage-response of the central nervous system (CNS). GAGs are classified based on their disaccharide subunits, into the following major groups: chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HEP), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). All except HA are modified by sulfation, giving GAG chains specific charged structures and binding properties. While significant neuroscience research has focused on the role of one PG family member, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), there is ample evidence in support of a role for the other PGs in regulating CNS function in normal and pathological conditions. This review discusses the role of all the identified PG family members (CS, HS, HEP, DS, KS and HA) in normal CNS function and in the context of pathology. Understanding the pleiotropic roles of these molecules in the CNS may open the door to novel therapeutic strategies for a number of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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Kovalchuk Ben-Zaken O, Nissan I, Tzaban S, Taraboulos A, Zcharia E, Matzger S, Shafat I, Vlodavsky I, Tal Y. Transgenic over-expression of mammalian heparanase delays prion disease onset and progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:698-704. [PMID: 26168721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular heparan sulfate (HS) has a dual role in scrapie pathogenesis; it is required for PrP(Sc) (scrapie prion protein) formation and facilitates infection of cells, mediating cellular uptake of prions. We examined the involvement of heparanase, a mammalian endoglycosidase degrading HS, in scrapie infection. In cultured cells, heparanase treatment or over-expression resulted in a profound decrease in PrP(Sc). Moreover, disease onset and progression were dramatically delayed in scrapie infected transgenic mice over-expressing heparanase. Together, our results provide direct in vivo evidence for the involvement of intact HS in the pathogenesis of prion disease and the protective role of heparanase both in terms of susceptibility to infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kovalchuk Ben-Zaken
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel; Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Nissan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - S Tzaban
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - A Taraboulos
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - E Zcharia
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - S Matzger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - I Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Y Tal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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O'Callaghan P, Li JP, Lannfelt L, Lindahl U, Zhang X. Microglial Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Facilitate the Cluster-of-Differentiation 14 (CD14)/Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-Dependent Inflammatory Response. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14904-14. [PMID: 25869127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia rapidly mount an inflammatory response to pathogens in the central nervous system (CNS). Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been attributed various roles in inflammation. To elucidate the relevance of microglial HSPGs in a pro-inflammatory response we isolated microglia from mice overexpressing heparanase (Hpa-tg), the HS-degrading endoglucuronidase, and challenged them with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin. Prior to LPS-stimulation, the LPS-receptor cluster-of-differentiation 14 (CD14) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4; essential for the LPS response) were similarly expressed in Ctrl and Hpa-tg microglia. However, compared with Ctrl microglia, Hpa-tg cells released significantly less tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), essentially failed to up-regulate interleukin-1β (IL1β) and did not initiate synthesis of proCD14. Isolated primary astroyctes expressed TLR4, but notably lacked CD14 and in contrast to microglia, LPS challenge induced a similar TNFα response in Ctrl and Hpa-tg astrocytes, while neither released IL1β. The astrocyte TNFα-induction was thus attributed to CD14-independent TLR4 activation and was unaffected by the cells HS status. Equally, the suppressed LPS-response in Hpa-tg microglia indicated a loss of CD14-dependent TLR4 activation, suggesting that microglial HSPGs facilitate this process. Indeed, confocal microscopy confirmed interactions between microglial HS and CD14 in LPS-stimulated microglia and a potential HS-binding motif in CD14 was identified. We conclude that microglial HSPGs facilitate CD14-dependent TLR4 activation and that heparanase can modulate this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Callaghan
- From the Departments of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lindahl
- Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Neuroscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden and
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Lapidot M, Barash U, Zohar Y, Geffen Y, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Best LA, Vlodavsky I. Involvement of Heparanase in Empyema: Implication for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26005591 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pleural empyema is an inflammatory condition that progresses from acute to chronic, life-threatening, phase. The incidence of empyema has been increasing both in children and adults worldwide in the past decades, mainly in healthy young adults and in older patients. Despite continued advances in the management of this condition, morbidity and mortality have essentially remained static over the past decade. Better understanding of the disease and the development of new therapeutic approaches are thus critically needed. Heparanase is an endoglucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans. These macromolecules are most abounded in the sub-endothelial and sub-epithelial basement membranes and their cleavage by heparanase leads to disassembly of the extracellular matrix that becomes more susceptible to extravasation and dissemination of metastatic and immune cells. Here, we provide evidence that heparanase expression and activity are markedly increased in empyema and pleural fluids, associating with disease progression. Similarly, heparanase expression is increased in a mouse model of empyema initiated by intranasal inoculation of S. pneumonia. Applying this model we show that transgenic mice over expressing heparanase are more resistant to the infection and survive longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Lapidot
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Geffen
- Department of Microbiology, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lael Anson Best
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus , Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Jendresen CB, Cui H, Zhang X, Vlodavsky I, Nilsson LNG, Li JP. Overexpression of heparanase lowers the amyloid burden in amyloid-β precursor protein transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5053-5064. [PMID: 25548284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and HS proteoglycans (HSPGs) colocalize with amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits in Alzheimer disease brain and in Aβ precursor protein (AβPP) transgenic mouse models. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically degrades the unbranched glycosaminoglycan side chains of HSPGs. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that HS and HSPGs are active participators of Aβ pathogenesis in vivo. We therefore generated a double-transgenic mouse model overexpressing both human heparanase and human AβPP harboring the Swedish mutation (tgHpa*Swe). Overexpression of heparanase did not affect AβPP processing because the steady-state levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and soluble AβPP β were the same in 2- to 3-month-old double-transgenic tgHpa*Swe and single-transgenic tgSwe mice. In contrast, the Congo red-positive amyloid burden was significantly lower in 15-month-old tgHpa*Swe brain than in tgSwe brain. Likewise, the Aβ burden, measured by Aβx-40 and Aβx-42 immunohistochemistry, was reduced significantly in tgHpa*Swe brain. The intensity of HS-stained plaques correlated with the Aβx-42 burden and was reduced in tgHpa*Swe mice. Moreover, the HS-like molecule heparin facilitated Aβ1-42-aggregation in an in vitro Thioflavin T assay. The findings suggest that HSPGs contribute to amyloid deposition in tgSwe mice by increasing Aβ fibril formation because heparanase-induced fragmentation of HS led to a reduced amyloid burden. Therefore, drugs interfering with Aβ-HSPG interactions might be a potential strategy for Alzheimer disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Jendresen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hao Cui
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiao Zhang
- the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Box 593, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- the Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P.O. Box 9649, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 1057 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway,.
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Box 582, Husargatan 3, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden,.
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Protective Properties of Neural Extracellular Matrix. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:73-82. [PMID: 25404091 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the central nervous system (CNS) occupies a large part of the neural tissue. It serves a variety of functions ranging from support of cell migration and regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity to the active modulation of the neural tissue after injury. In addition, evidence for neuroprotective properties of ECM components has accumulated more recently. In contrast to other connective tissues, the central nervous ECM is mainly composed of glycosaminoglycans, which can be present unbound in the form of hyaluronan or bound to proteins, thus forming proteoglycans. A subtype of this molecular family are the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are composed of a core protein that carries at least one covalently bound glycosaminoglycan side chain with a certain degree of sulphation. Several studies could show neuroprotective features of CSPGs against excitotoxicity, amyloid-ß toxicity, or oxidative stress. Recently, we could provide evidence for a neuroprotective function of a specialized form of ECM, the so-called perineuronal net ensheathing a subtype of neurons. Here, we will give an overview on recently emerging aspects of neuroprotective properties of CSPGs and perineuronal nets that might be relevant for our understanding on the distribution and progression of brain pathology and future perspectives toward modifying neurodegenerative diseases.
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Lang BT, Wang J, Filous AR, Au NPB, Ma CHE, Shen Y. Pleiotropic molecules in axon regeneration and neuroinflammation. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Towards understanding the roles of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:516028. [PMID: 25157361 PMCID: PMC4135094 DOI: 10.1155/2014/516028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive dysfunctions. A central pathological event of AD is accumulation and deposition of cytotoxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the side chains heparan sulfate (HS) are found associated with Aβ deposits in the brains of AD patients and transgenic animal models of AD. A growing body of evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests functional roles of HSPG/HS in Aβ pathogenesis. Although the question of "how and why HSPG/HS is codeposited with Aβ?" still remains, it is within reach to understand the mechanisms of the events. Recent progress by immunohistochemical examination with advanced antibodies shed light on molecular structures of HS codeposited with Aβ. Several recent reports have provided important new insights into the roles of HSPG in Aβ pathogenesis. Particularly, experiments on mouse models revealed indispensible functions of HSPG in modulating Aβ-associated neuroinflammation and clearance of Aβ from the brain. Application of molecules to interfere with the interaction between HS and Aβ peptides has demonstrated beneficial effects on AD mouse models. Elucidating the functions of HSPG/HS in Aβ deposition and toxicity is leading to further understanding of the complex pathology of AD. The progress is encouraging development of new treatments for AD by targeting HS-Aβ interactions.
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Ge XN, Ha SG, Rao A, Greenberg YG, Rushdi MN, Esko JD, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Endothelial and leukocyte heparan sulfates regulate the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling in a mouse model. Glycobiology 2014; 24:715-27. [PMID: 24794009 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) participate in several aspects of inflammation because of their ability to bind to growth factors, chemokines, interleukins and extracellular matrix proteins as well as promote inflammatory cell trafficking and migration. We investigated whether HSPGs play a role in the development of airway remodeling during chronic allergic asthma using mice deficient in endothelial- and leukocyte-expressed N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), an enzyme involved in modification reactions during HS biosynthesis. Ndst1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice exposed to repetitive allergen (ovalbumin [OVA]) challenge were evaluated for the development of airway remodeling. Chronic OVA-challenged WT mice exhibited increased HS expression in the lungs along with airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, peribronchial fibrosis, increased airway epithelial thickness and smooth muscle mass. In OVA-challenged Ndst1-deficient mice, lung eosinophil and macrophage infiltration as well as airway mucus accumulation, peribronchial fibrosis and airway epithelial thickness were significantly lower than in allergen-challenged WT mice along with a trend toward decreased airway smooth muscle mass. Leukocyte and endothelial Ndst 1 deficiency also resulted in significantly decreased expression of IL-13 as well as remodeling-associated mediators such as VEGF, FGF-2 and TGF-β1 in the lung tissue. At a cellular level, exposure to eotaxin-1 failed to induce TGF-β1 expression by Ndst1-deficient eosinophils relative to WT eosinophils. These studies suggest that leukocyte and endothelial Ndst1-modified HS contribute to the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling by promoting recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as regulating expression of pro-remodeling factors such as IL-13, VEGF, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sung Gil Ha
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amrita Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Muaz Nik Rushdi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Pisano C, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N, Zunino F. The potential of heparanase as a therapeutic target in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:12-9. [PMID: 24565907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has generated substantial interest as therapeutic target for antitumor therapy, because its activity is implicated in malignant behavior of cancer cells and in tumor progression. Increased heparanase expression was found in numerous tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis. Heparanase, an endoglucuronidase responsible for heparan sulfate cleavage, regulates the structure and function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, leading to disassembly of the extracellular matrix. The action of heparanase is involved in multiple regulatory events related, among other effects, to augmented bioavailability of growth factors and cytokines. Inhibitors of heparanase suppress tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis by modulating growth factor-mediated signaling, ECM barrier function and cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, targeting heparanase has potential implications for anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory therapies. Current approaches for heparanase inhibition include development of chemically modified heparins, small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. The available evidence supports the emerging utility of heparanase inhibition as a promising antitumor strategy, specifically in rational combination with other agents. The recent studies with compounds designed to block heparanase (e.g., modified heparins) provide a rational basis for their therapeutic application and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Franco Zunino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Zhang X, Wang B, Li JP. Implications of heparan sulfate and heparanase in neuroinflammation. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:174-81. [PMID: 24398134 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues, have essential functions in development and homeostasis, and have been implicated in several pathological conditions. The functions of HSPGs are mainly mediated through interactions of the heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharide side chains with different protein ligands. The molecular structure of HS is highly diverse, expressed in a cell-type specific manner. The flexible yet controlled structure of HS is primarily generated through a strictly regulated biosynthesis process and is further modified post-synthetically, such as desulfation by endosulfatases and fragmentation by heparanase. Heparanase is an endo-glucuronidase expressed in all tissues. The enzyme has been found up-regulated in a number of pathological conditions, implying a role in diseases mainly through degradation of HS. Emerging evidence demonstrates important roles of HS and heparanase in inflammatory reactions, particularly in the regulation of leukocyte activation and extravasation. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of various central nervous system disorders, thus it is a great interest to understand the implications of HS and heparanase in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Berezin V, Walmod PS, Filippov M, Dityatev A. Targeting of ECM molecules and their metabolizing enzymes and receptors for the treatment of CNS diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:353-88. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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