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Thouaye M, Yalcin I. Neuropathic pain: From actual pharmacological treatments to new therapeutic horizons. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108546. [PMID: 37832728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system, affects between 3 and 17% of the general population. The treatment of neuropathic pain is challenging due to its heterogeneous etiologies, lack of objective diagnostic tools and resistance to classical analgesic drugs. First-line treatments recommended by the Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) and European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) include gabapentinoids, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Nevertheless these treatments have modest efficacy or dose limiting side effects. There is therefore a growing number of preclinical and clinical studies aim at developing new treatment strategies to treat neuropathic pain with better efficacy, selectivity, and less side effects. In this review, after a brief description of the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations of current therapeutic drugs, we reviewed new preclinical and clinical targets currently under investigation, as well as promising non-pharmacological alternatives and their potential co-use with pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Thouaye
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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2
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Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Decreases the Motility and Length of Axonal Mitochondria in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells of Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1267-1280. [PMID: 35771293 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Controlling axonal mitochondria is important for maintaining normal function of the neural network. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), a model used for mimicking ischemia, eventually induces neuronal cell death similar to axonal degeneration. Axonal mitochondria are disrupted during OGD-induced neural degeneration; however, the mechanism underlying mitochondrial dysfunction has not been completely understood. We focused on the dynamics of mitochondria in axons exposed to OGD; we observed that the number of motile mitochondria significantly reduced in 1 h following OGD exposure. In our observation, the decreased length of stationary mitochondria was affected by the following factors: first, the halt of motile mitochondria; second, the fission of longer stationary mitochondria; and third, a transformation from tubular to spherical shape in OGD-exposed axons. Motile mitochondria reduction preceded stationary mitochondria fragmentation in OGD exposure; these conditions induced the decrease of stationary mitochondria in three different ways. Our results suggest that mitochondrial morphological changes precede the axonal degeneration while ischemia-induced neurodegeneration.
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Silva Santos Ribeiro P, Willemen HLDM, Eijkelkamp N. Mitochondria and sensory processing in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:1013577. [PMID: 36324872 PMCID: PMC9619239 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1013577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, affect over 750 million people worldwide and contribute to approximately 40% of chronic pain cases. Inflammation and tissue damage contribute to pain in rheumatic diseases, but pain often persists even when inflammation/damage is resolved. Mechanisms that cause this persistent pain are still unclear. Mitochondria are essential for a myriad of cellular processes and regulate neuronal functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders, but its role in sensory processing and pain in rheumatic diseases is relatively unexplored. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of how mitochondrial dysfunction connects inflammation and damage-associated pathways to neuronal sensitization and persistent pain. To provide an overall framework on how mitochondria control pain, we explored recent evidence in inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Mitochondria have intrinsic quality control mechanisms to prevent functional deficits and cellular damage. We will discuss the link between neuronal activity, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic pain. Lastly, pharmacological strategies aimed at reestablishing mitochondrial functions or boosting mitochondrial dynamics as therapeutic interventions for chronic pain are discussed. The evidence presented in this review shows that mitochondria dysfunction may play a role in rheumatic pain. The dysfunction is not restricted to neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous system, but also includes blood cells and cells at the joint level that may affect pain pathways indirectly. Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that modulation of mitochondrial functions can be used to attenuate or eliminate pain, which could be beneficial for multiple rheumatic diseases.
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N-oleoylethanolamide treatment of lymphoblasts deficient in Tafazzin improves cell growth and mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9466. [PMID: 35676289 PMCID: PMC9178007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by mutations in the TAZ gene encoding the cardiolipin remodeling enzyme, Tafazzin. The study objective was to quantitatively examine growth characteristics and mitochondrial morphology of transformed lymphoblast cell lines derived from five patients with BTHS relative to five healthy controls, as well as the therapeutic potential of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and linoleoylethanolamide (LEA). These bioactive lipids both activate PPARα, which may be therapeutic. BTHS lymphoblasts grew more slowly than controls, suggesting lymphopenia merits clinical investigation. Treatment of BTHS lymphoblasts with OEA, but not LEA, significantly restored mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as colony growth in all BTHS lymphoblast lines, although a full growth rescue was not achieved. Quantification analysis of electron micrographs from three BTHS and healthy lymphoblast donors indicated similar numbers of mitochondria per cell, but lower average cristae length per mitochondrion, and higher mitochondrial density. Additionally, BTHS lymphoblasts had larger mitochondria, and a higher percentage of abnormally large mitochondria (> 1 μm2) than healthy controls. Notably, OEA treatment significantly restored mitochondrial size, without affecting density or cristae lengths. Cardiolipin total content, relative linoleic acid content and monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratios were not improved by OEA, indicating that effects on growth, and mitochondrial morphology and function, occurred without resolving this deficit. However, immunoblotting showed higher levels of OPA1, a biomarker for mitochondrial fusion, in BTHS lymphoblasts, which was attenuated by OEA treatment, implicating altered mitochondrial dynamics in the pathology and treatment of BTHS.
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Kan HW, Hsieh JH, Wang SW, Yeh TY, Chang MF, Tang TY, Chao CC, Feng FP, Hsieh ST. Nonpermissive skin environment impairs nerve regeneration in diabetes via Sec31a. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:821-833. [PMID: 35285061 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration is permissive, such a mechanism is defective in diabetes, and the molecular mediators remain elusive. This study aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between skin innervation and collagen pathology in diabetic neuropathy and to (2) clarify the molecular alterations that occur in response to hyperglycemia and their effects on axon regeneration. METHODS We addressed this issue using two complementary systems: (1) human skin from patients with diabetic neuropathy and to (2) a coculture model of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) with rat dorsal root ganglia neurons in the context of intrinsic neuronal factor and extrinsic microenvironmental collagen and its biosynthetic pathways. RESULTS In diabetic neuropathy, the skin innervation of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFd), a measure of sensory nerve degeneration, was reduced with similar expression of a growth associated protein 43, a marker of nerve regeneration. In contrast, the content and packing of collagen in the diabetic skin became more rigid than the control skin. Sec31a, a protein that regulates the collagen biosynthetic pathway, was upregulated and inversely correlated with IENFd. In the cell model, activated HDFs exposed to high-glucose medium enhanced the expression of Sec31a and collagen I through the activation of transforming growth factor β, a profibrotic molecule. Sec31a upregulation impaired neurite outgrowth. This effect was reversed by silencing Sec31a expression and neurite outgrowth was resumed. INTERPRETATION The current study provides evidence that Sec31a plays a key role in inhibiting nerve regeneration in diabetic neuropathy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Kan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, E-DA Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Tsz-Yi Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chao Chao
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ping Feng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
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George DS, Hackelberg S, Jayaraj ND, Ren D, Edassery SL, Rathwell CA, Miller RE, Malfait AM, Savas JN, Miller RJ, Menichella DM. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter deletion prevents painful diabetic neuropathy by restoring mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Pain 2022; 163:560-578. [PMID: 34232927 PMCID: PMC8720329 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is an intractable complication affecting 25% of diabetic patients. Painful diabetic neuropathy is characterized by neuropathic pain accompanied by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptor hyperexcitability, resulting in calcium overload, axonal degeneration, and loss of cutaneous innervation. The molecular pathways underlying these effects are unknown. Using high-throughput and deep-proteome profiling, we found that mitochondrial fission proteins were elevated in DRG neurons from mice with PDN induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). In vivo calcium imaging revealed increased calcium signaling in DRG nociceptors from mice with PDN. Furthermore, using electron microscopy, we showed that mitochondria in DRG nociceptors had fragmented morphology as early as 2 weeks after starting HFD, preceding the onset of mechanical allodynia and small-fiber degeneration. Moreover, preventing calcium entry into the mitochondria, by selectively deleting the mitochondrial calcium uniporter from these neurons, restored normal mitochondrial morphology, prevented axonal degeneration, and reversed mechanical allodynia in the HFD mouse model of PDN. These studies suggest a molecular cascade linking neuropathic pain to axonal degeneration in PDN. In particular, nociceptor hyperexcitability and the associated increased intracellular calcium concentrations could lead to excessive calcium entry into mitochondria mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, resulting in increased calcium-dependent mitochondrial fission and ultimately contributing to small-fiber degeneration and neuropathic pain in PDN. Hence, we propose that targeting calcium entry into nociceptor mitochondria may represent a promising effective and disease-modifying therapeutic approach for this currently intractable and widespread affliction. Moreover, these results are likely to inform studies of other neurodegenerative disease involving similar underlying events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dongjun Ren
- Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Craig A. Rathwell
- Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel E. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Richard J. Miller
- Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Tyagi S, Shekhar N, Thakur AK. Protective Role of Capsaicin in Neurological Disorders: An Overview. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1513-1531. [PMID: 35150419 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Different pathological conditions that begin with slow and progressive deformations, cause irreversible affliction by producing loss of neurons and synapses. Commonly it is referred to as 'protein misfolding' diseases or proteinopathies and comprises the latest definition of neurological disorders (ND). Protein misfolding dynamics, proteasomal dysfunction, aggregation, defective degradation, oxidative stress, free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, impaired bioenergetics, DNA damage, neuronal Golgi apparatus fragmentation, axonal transport disruption, Neurotrophins (NTFs) dysfunction, neuroinflammatory or neuroimmune processes, and neurohumoral changes are the several mechanisms that embark the pathogenesis of ND. Capsaicin (8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) one of the major phenolic components in chili peppers (Capsicum) distinctively triggers the unmyelinated C-fiber and acts on Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1, which is a Ca2+ permeable, non-selective cation channel. Several studies have shown the neuroprotective role of capsaicin against oxidative damage, behavioral impairment, with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced Parkinson's disease, pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures, global cerebral ischemia, and streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease. Based on these lines of evidence, capsaicin can be considered as a potential constituent to develop suitable neuro-pharmacotherapeutics for the management and treatment of ND. Furthermore, exploring newer horizons and carrying out proper clinical trials would help to bring out the promising effects of capsaicin to be recommended as a neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Tyagi
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Nikhila Shekhar
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Thakur
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110 017, India.
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8
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James CF, Tripathi S, Karampatou K, Gladston DV, Pappachan JM. Pharmacotherapy of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Clinical Update. SISLI ETFAL HASTANESI TIP BULTENI 2022; 56:1-20. [PMID: 35515975 PMCID: PMC9040305 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2021.54670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) leads on to an increase in chronic diabetic complications. Diabetic peripheral neuropathies (DPNs) are common chronic complications of diabetes. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy is the most prevalent form. Most patients with DPN will remain pain-free; however, painful DPN (PDPN) occurs in 6-34% of all DM patients and is associated with reduced health-related-quality-of-life and substantial economic burden. Symptomatic treatment of PDPN and diabetic autonomic neuropathy is the key treatment goals. Using certain patient related characteristics, subjects with PDPN can be stratified and assigned targeted therapies to produce better pain outcomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the various pathogenetic mechanisms of DPN with special reference to the mechanisms leading to PDPN and the various pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies available for its management. Recommended pharmacological therapies include anticonvulsants, antidepressants, opioid analgesics, and topical medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Fernandez James
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Pilgrim Hospital, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Shiva Tripathi
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Management, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Karampatou
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Divya V Gladston
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Joseph M Pappachan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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9
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Chang CH, Chang YS, Hsieh YL. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 depletion mediates mechanical allodynia through cellular signal alterations in small-fiber neuropathy. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e922. [PMID: 34585035 PMCID: PMC8462592 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal nociceptor that monitors noxious thermal sensations. Few studies have addressed the role of TRPV1 in mechanical allodynia in small-fiber neuropathy (SFN) caused by sensory nerve damage. Accordingly, this article reviews the putative mechanisms of TRPV1 depletion that mediates mechanical allodynia in SFN. The intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) degeneration and sensory neuronal injury are the primary characteristics of SFN. Intraepidermal nerve fibers are mainly C-polymodal nociceptors and Aδ-fibers, which mediated allodynic pain after neuronal sensitization. TRPV1 depletion by highly potent neurotoxins induces the upregulation of activating transcription factor 3 and IENFs degeneration which mimics SFN. TRPV1 is predominately expressed by the peptidergic than nonpeptidergic nociceptors, and these neurochemical discrepancies provided the basis of the distinct pathways of thermal analgesia and mechanical allodynia. The depletion of peptidergic nociceptors and their IENFs cause thermal analgesia and sensitized nonpeptidergic nociceptors respond to mechanical allodynia. These distinct pathways of noxious stimuli suggested determined by the neurochemical-dependent neurotrophin cognate receptors such as TrkA and Ret receptors. The neurogenic inflammation after TRPV1 depletion also sensitized Ret receptors which results in mechanical allodynia. The activation of spinal TRPV1(+) neurons may contribute to mechanical allodynia. Also, an imbalance in adenosinergic analgesic signaling in sensory neurons such as the downregulation of prostatic acid phosphatase and adenosine A1 receptors, which colocalized with TRPV1 as a membrane microdomain also correlated with the development of mechanical allodynia. Collectively, TRPV1 depletion-induced mechanical allodynia involves a complicated cascade of cellular signaling alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hong Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuang Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Juárez-Contreras R, Méndez-Reséndiz KA, Rosenbaum T, González-Ramírez R, Morales-Lázaro SL. TRPV1 Channel: A Noxious Signal Transducer That Affects Mitochondrial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238882. [PMID: 33255148 PMCID: PMC7734572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transient Receptor Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or capsaicin receptor is a nonselective cation channel, which is abundantly expressed in nociceptors. This channel is an important transducer of several noxious stimuli, having a pivotal role in pain development. Several TRPV1 studies have focused on understanding its structure and function, as well as on the identification of compounds that regulate its activity. The intracellular roles of these channels have also been explored, highlighting TRPV1′s actions in the homeostasis of Ca2+ in organelles such as the mitochondria. These studies have evidenced how the activation of TRPV1 affects mitochondrial functions and how this organelle can regulate TRPV1-mediated nociception. The close relationship between this channel and mitochondria has been determined in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, demonstrating that TRPV1 activation strongly impacts on cell physiology. This review focuses on describing experimental evidence showing that TRPV1 influences mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Juárez-Contreras
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences Division, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (K.A.M.-R.); (T.R.)
| | - Karina Angélica Méndez-Reséndiz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences Division, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (K.A.M.-R.); (T.R.)
| | - Tamara Rosenbaum
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences Division, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (K.A.M.-R.); (T.R.)
| | - Ricardo González-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, “Dr. Manuel Gea González” General Hospital, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Sara Luz Morales-Lázaro
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neurosciences Division, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.J.-C.); (K.A.M.-R.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fight fire with fire: Neurobiology of capsaicin-induced analgesia for chronic pain. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107743. [PMID: 33181192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in chili peppers, produces intense burning pain in humans. Capsaicin selectively activates the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which is enriched in nociceptive primary afferents, and underpins the mechanism for capsaicin-induced burning pain. Paradoxically, capsaicin has long been used as an analgesic. The development of topical patches and injectable formulations containing capsaicin has led to application in clinical settings to treat chronic pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain and the potential to treat osteoarthritis. More detailed determination of the neurobiological mechanisms of capsaicin-induced analgesia should provide the logical rationale for capsaicin therapy and help to overcome the treatment's limitations, which include individual differences in treatment outcome and procedural discomfort. Low concentrations of capsaicin induce short-term defunctionalization of nociceptor terminals. This phenomenon is reversible within hours and, hence, likely does not account for the clinical benefit. By contrast, high concentrations of capsaicin lead to long-term defunctionalization mediated by the ablation of TRPV1-expressing afferent terminals, resulting in long-lasting analgesia persisting for several months. Recent studies have shown that capsaicin-induced Ca2+/calpain-mediated ablation of axonal terminals is necessary to produce long-lasting analgesia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. In combination with calpain, axonal mitochondrial dysfunction and microtubule disorganization may also contribute to the longer-term effects of capsaicin. The analgesic effects subside over time in association with the regeneration of the ablated afferent terminals. Further determination of the neurobiological mechanisms of capsaicin-induced analgesia should lead to more efficacious non-opioidergic analgesic options with fewer adverse side effects.
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12
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Wang YB, de Lartigue G, Page AJ. Dissecting the Role of Subtypes of Gastrointestinal Vagal Afferents. Front Physiol 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32595525 PMCID: PMC7300233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) vagal afferents convey sensory signals from the GI tract to the brain. Numerous subtypes of GI vagal afferent have been identified but their individual roles in gut function and feeding regulation are unclear. In the past decade, technical approaches to selectively target vagal afferent subtypes and to assess their function has significantly progressed. This review examines the classification of GI vagal afferent subtypes and discusses the current available techniques to study vagal afferents. Investigating the distribution of GI vagal afferent subtypes and understanding how to access and modulate individual populations are essential to dissect their fundamental roles in the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko B Wang
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Taylor DJ, Hamid SM, Andres AM, Saadaeijahromi H, Piplani H, Germano JF, Song Y, Sawaged S, Feuer R, Pandol SJ, Sin J. Antiviral Effects of Menthol on Coxsackievirus B. Viruses 2020; 12:E373. [PMID: 32231022 PMCID: PMC7232514 DOI: 10.3390/v12040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common human enterovirus that causes systemic infection but specifically replicates to high titers in the pancreas. It was reported that certain viruses induce mitochondrial fission to support infection. We documented that CVB triggers mitochondrial fission and blocking mitochondrial fission limits infection. The transient receptor potential channels have been implicated in regulating mitochondrial dynamics; namely, the heat and capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) contributes to mitochondrial depolarization and fission. When we transiently warmed HeLa cells to 39 °C prior to CVB exposure, infection was heightened, whereas cooling cells to 25 °C reduced infection. Inducing "cold" by stimulating transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) with menthol led to reduced infection and also resulted in lower levels of mitochondrial fission during infection. Additionally, menthol stabilized levels of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) which is known to be tied to mitochondrial dynamics. Taken together, this highlights a novel pathway wherein CVB relies on TRPV1 to initiate proviral mitochondrial fission, which may contribute to the disruption of antiviral immunity. TRPM8 has been shown to antagonize TRPV1, and thus we hypothesize that stimulating TRPM8 blocks TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation following CVB exposure and attenuates infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J.R. Taylor
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Syed M. Hamid
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Allen M. Andres
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hannaneh Saadaeijahromi
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Honit Piplani
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Juliana F. Germano
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Yang Song
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Savannah Sawaged
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jon Sin
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
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14
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Developmental Axon Degeneration Requires TRPV1-Dependent Ca 2+ Influx. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0019-19. [PMID: 30838324 PMCID: PMC6399429 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0019-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the nervous system relies on a balance between axon and dendrite growth and subsequent pruning and degeneration. The developmental degeneration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory axons has been well studied in part because it can be readily modeled by removing the trophic support by nerve growth factor (NGF) in vitro. We have recently reported that axonal fragmentation induced by NGF withdrawal is dependent on Ca2+, and here, we address the mechanism of Ca2+ entry required for developmental axon degeneration of mouse embryonic DRG neurons. Our results show that the transient receptor potential vanilloid family member 1 (TRPV1) cation channel plays a critical role mediating Ca2+ influx in DRG axons withdrawn from NGF. We further demonstrate that TRPV1 activation is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that is driven through protein kinase C (PKC) and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent pathways that become active upon NGF withdrawal. These findings demonstrate novel mechanistic links between NGF deprivation, PKC activation, ROS generation, and TRPV1-dependent Ca2+ influx in sensory axon degeneration.
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15
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Sui Y, Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Ikenaka K, Ohno N. Mitochondrial Dynamics in Physiology and Pathology of Myelinated Axons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:145-163. [PMID: 31760643 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play essential roles in neurons and abnormal functions of mitochondria have been implicated in neurological disorders including myelin diseases. Since mitochondrial functions are regulated and maintained by their dynamic behavior involving localization, transport, and fusion/fission, modulation of mitochondrial dynamics would be involved in physiology and pathology of myelinated axons. In fact, the integration of multimodal imaging in vivo and in vitro revealed that mitochondrial localization and transport are differentially regulated in nodal and internodal regions in response to the changes of metabolic demand in myelinated axons. In addition, the mitochondrial behavior in axons is modulated as adaptive responses to demyelination irrespective of the cause of myelin loss, and the behavioral modulation is partly through interactions with cytoskeletons and closely associated with the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. Furthermore, the behavior and functions of axonal mitochondria are modulated in congenital myelin disorders involving impaired interactions between axons and myelin-forming cells, and, together with the inflammatory environment, implicated in axonal degeneration and disease phenotypes. Further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of the mitochondrial dynamics in myelinated axons would provide deeper insights into axo-glial interactions mediated through myelin ensheathment, and effective manipulations of the dynamics may lead to novel therapeutic strategies protecting axonal and neuronal functions and survival in primary diseases of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sui
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
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16
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Chiang H, Chang KC, Kan HW, Wu SW, Tseng MT, Hsueh HW, Lin YH, Chao CC, Hsieh ST. Physiological and pathological characterization of capsaicin-induced reversible nerve degeneration and hyperalgesia. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1043-1056. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Chiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - K.-C. Chang
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - H.-W. Kan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S.-W. Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - M.-T. Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - H.-W. Hsueh
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Y.-H. Lin
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - C.-C. Chao
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - S.-T. Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Neurology; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
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17
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Hsieh YL, Kan HW, Chiang H, Lee YC, Hsieh ST. Distinct TrkA and Ret modulated negative and positive neuropathic behaviors in a mouse model of resiniferatoxin-induced small fiber neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:87-99. [PMID: 29106982 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors and their corresponding receptors play key roles in the maintenance of different phenotypic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, the axons of which degenerate in small fiber neuropathy, leading to various neuropathic manifestations. Mechanisms underlying positive and negative symptoms of small fiber neuropathy have not been systematically explored. This study investigated the molecular basis of these seemingly paradoxical neuropathic behaviors according to the profiles of TrkA and Ret with immunohistochemical and pharmacological interventions in a mouse model of resiniferatoxin (RTX)-induced small fiber neuropathy. Mice with RTX neuropathy exhibited thermal hypoalgesia and mechanical allodynia, reduced skin innervation, and altered DRG expression profiles with decreased TrkA(+) neurons and increased Ret(+) neurons. RTX neuropathy induced the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and ATF3(+) neurons were colocalized with Ret but not with TrkA (P<0.001). As a neuroprotectant, 4-Methylcatechol (4MC) promoted skin reinnervation partially with correlated reversal of the neuropathic behaviors and altered neurochemical expression. Gambogic amide, a selective TrkA agonist, normalized thermal hypoalgesia, and GW441756, a TrkA kinase inhibitor, induced thermal hypoalgesia, which was already reversed by 4MC. Mechanical allodynia was reversed by a Ret kinase inhibitor, AST487, which induced thermal hyperalgesia in naïve mice. The activation of Ret signaling by XIB4035 induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hypoalgesia in RTX neuropathy mice in which the neuropathic behaviors were previously normalized by 4MC. Distinct neurotrophic factor receptors, TrkA and Ret, accounted for negative and positive neuropathic behaviors in RTX-induced small fiber neuropathy, respectively: TrkA for thermal hypoalgesia and Ret for mechanical allodynia and thermal hypoalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Wei Kan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Science, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
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18
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Cobalt inhibits motility of axonal mitochondria and induces axonal degeneration in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells of rat. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:93-107. [PMID: 28656345 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt is a trace element that localizes in the human body as cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12. Excessive cobalt exposure induces a peripheral neuropathy, the mechanisms of which are yet to be elucidated. We investigated how cobalt may affect mitochondrial motility in primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG). We observed mitochondrial motility by time-lapse imaging after DsRed2 tagging via lentivirus, mitochondrial structure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and axonal swelling using immunocytochemical staining. The concentration of cobaltous ion (Co2+) required to significantly suppress mitochondrial motility is lower than that required to induce axonal swelling following a 24-h treatment. Exposure to relatively low concentrations of Co2+ for 48 h suppressed mitochondrial motility without leading to axonal swelling. TEM images indicated that Co2+ induces mitochondrial destruction. Our results show that destruction of the axonal mitochondria precedes the axonal degeneration induced by Co2+ exposure.
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19
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Wang S, Wang S, Asgar J, Joseph J, Ro JY, Wei F, Campbell JN, Chung MK. Ca 2+ and calpain mediate capsaicin-induced ablation of axonal terminals expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8291-8303. [PMID: 28360106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is an ingredient in spicy peppers that produces burning pain by activating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a Ca2+-permeable ion channel in nociceptors. Capsaicin has also been used as an analgesic, and its topical administration is approved for the treatment of certain pain conditions. The mechanisms underlying capsaicin-induced analgesia likely involve reversible ablation of nociceptor terminals. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. To visualize TRPV1-lineage axons, a genetically engineered mouse model was used in which a fluorophore is expressed under the TRPV1 promoter. Using a combination of these TRPV1-lineage reporter mice and primary afferent cultures, we monitored capsaicin-induced effects on afferent terminals in real time. We found that Ca2+ influx through TRPV1 is necessary for capsaicin-induced ablation of nociceptive terminals. Although capsaicin-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake was TRPV1-dependent, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of the mitochondrial transition permeability pore, and scavengers of reactive oxygen species did not attenuate capsaicin-induced ablation. In contrast, MDL28170, an inhibitor of the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain, diminished ablation. Furthermore, overexpression of calpastatin, an endogenous inhibitor of calpain, or knockdown of calpain 2 also decreased ablation. Quantitative assessment of TRPV1-lineage afferents in the epidermis of the hind paws of the reporter mice showed that EGTA and MDL28170 diminished capsaicin-induced ablation. Moreover, MDL28170 prevented capsaicin-induced thermal hypoalgesia. These results suggest that TRPV1/Ca2+/calpain-dependent signaling plays a dominant role in capsaicin-induced ablation of nociceptive terminals and further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of capsaicin on nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jamila Asgar
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - John Joseph
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Jin Y Ro
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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20
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Chung MK, Campbell JN. Use of Capsaicin to Treat Pain: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Considerations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040066. [PMID: 27809268 PMCID: PMC5198041 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is the pungent ingredient of chili peppers and is approved as a topical treatment of neuropathic pain. The analgesia lasts for several months after a single treatment. Capsaicin selectively activates TRPV1, a Ca2+-permeable cationic ion channel that is enriched in the terminals of certain nociceptors. Activation is followed by a prolonged decreased response to noxious stimuli. Interest also exists in the use of injectable capsaicin as a treatment for focal pain conditions, such as arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions. Recently injection of capsaicin showed therapeutic efficacy in patients with Morton’s neuroma, a painful foot condition associated with compression of one of the digital nerves. The relief of pain was associated with no change in tactile sensibility. Though injection evokes short term pain, the brief systemic exposure and potential to establish long term analgesia without other sensory changes creates an attractive clinical profile. Short-term and long-term effects arise from both functional and structural changes in nociceptive terminals. In this review, we discuss how local administration of capsaicin may induce ablation of nociceptive terminals and the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Program in Neuroscience, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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21
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Rusu MC, Mănoiu VS, Vrapciu AD, Hostiuc S, Mirancea N. Altered Mitochondrial Anatomy of Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons in Diabetes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1561-1570. [PMID: 27615558 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurons from sensory ganglia are exposed to oxidative attack in diabetes. Altered mitochondrial morphologies are due to impaired dynamics (fusion, fission) and to cristae remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate using transmission electron microscopy mitochondrial changes in diabetic trigeminal ganglia suggestive for ignition of apoptosis, in absence of "classical" morphological signs of apoptosis. We used samples of trigeminal ganglia (from six type 2 diabetes human donors and five streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats). In human diabetic samples we found three main distributions of mitochondria: (a) small "dark" normal mitochondria, seemingly resulted from fission processes; (b) small "dark" damaged mitochondria, with side-vesiculations (single- and double-coated), large matrix vesicles and cytosolic leakage of reactive species, mixed with larger "light" mitochondria, swollen, and with crystolysis; (c) prevailing "light" mitochondria. In STZ-treated rats a type (c) distribution prevailed, except for nociceptive neurons where we found a different distribution: large and giant mitochondria, suggestive for impaired mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fenestrations, matrix vesicles interconnected by lamellar cristae, and mitochondrial leakage into the cytosol. Thus, the ultrastructural pattern of mitochondria damage in diabetic samples of sensory neurons may provide clues on the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, even if the classical morphological signs of apoptosis are not present. Further studies, combining use of biochemical and ultrastructural techniques, may allow a better quantification of the degree in which mitochondrial damage, with membrane alterations and cytosolic leaks, may be used as morphological signs suggesting the point-of-no return for apoptosis. Anat Rec, 299:1561-1570, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S Hostiuc
- Division of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; "Mina Minovici" National Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - N Mirancea
- Institute of Biology of Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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22
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Lassus B, Magnifico S, Pignon S, Belenguer P, Miquel MC, Peyrin JM. Alterations of mitochondrial dynamics allow retrograde propagation of locally initiated axonal insults. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32777. [PMID: 27604820 PMCID: PMC5015069 DOI: 10.1038/srep32777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic neurodegenerative syndromes, neurons progressively die through a generalized retraction pattern triggering retrograde axonal degeneration toward the cell bodies, which molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Recent observations suggest that direct activation of pro-apoptotic signaling in axons triggers local degenerative events associated with early alteration of axonal mitochondrial dynamics. This raises the question of the role of mitochondrial dynamics on both axonal vulnerability stress and their implication in the spreading of damages toward unchallenged parts of the neuron. Here, using microfluidic chambers, we assessed the consequences of interfering with OPA1 and DRP1 proteins on axonal degeneration induced by local application of rotenone. We found that pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial fission prevented axonal damage induced by rotenone, in low glucose conditions. While alteration of mitochondrial dynamics per se did not lead to spontaneous axonal degeneration, it dramatically enhanced axonal vulnerability to rotenone, which had no effect in normal glucose conditions, and promoted retrograde spreading of axonal degeneration toward the cell body. Altogether, our results suggest a mitochondrial priming effect in axons as a key process of axonal degeneration. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, mitochondria fragmentation could hasten neuronal death and initiate spatial dispersion of locally induced degenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lassus
- CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, 75005, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sebastien Magnifico
- CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, 75005, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sandra Pignon
- CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, 75005, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Pascale Belenguer
- CNRS UMR 5169 Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Toulouse University, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31400, France
| | - Marie-Christine Miquel
- CNRS UMR 5169 Research Center on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, Toulouse University, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 31400, France
| | - Jean-Michel Peyrin
- CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, 75005, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, 75005, France
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23
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Impact of Genetic Reduction of NMNAT2 on Chemotherapy-Induced Losses in Cell Viability In Vitro and Peripheral Neuropathy In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147620. [PMID: 26808812 PMCID: PMC4726514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferases (NMNATs) are essential neuronal maintenance factors postulated to preserve neuronal function and protect against axonal degeneration in various neurodegenerative disease states. We used in vitro and in vivo approaches to assess the impact of NMNAT2 reduction on cellular and physiological functions induced by treatment with a vinca alkaloid (vincristine) and a taxane-based (paclitaxel) chemotherapeutic agent. NMNAT2 null (NMNAT2-/-) mutant mice die at birth and cannot be used to probe functions of NMNAT2 in adult animals. Nonetheless, primary cortical cultures derived from NMNAT2-/- embryos showed reduced cell viability in response to either vincristine or paclitaxel treatment whereas those derived from NMNAT2 heterozygous (NMNAT2+/-) mice were preferentially sensitive to vincristine-induced degeneration. Adult NMNAT2+/- mice, which survive to adulthood, exhibited a 50% reduction of NMNAT2 protein levels in dorsal root ganglia relative to wildtype (WT) mice with no change in levels of other NMNAT isoforms (NMNAT1 or NMNAT3), NMNAT enzyme activity (i.e. NAD/NADH levels) or microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) or neurofilament protein levels. We therefore compared the impact of NMNAT2 knockdown on the development and maintenance of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy induced by vincristine and paclitaxel treatment using NMNAT2+/- and WT mice. NMNAT2+/- did not differ from WT mice in either the development or maintenance of either mechanical or cold allodynia induced by either vincristine or paclitaxel treatment. Intradermal injection of capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers, produced equivalent hypersensitivity in NMNAT2+/- and WT mice receiving vehicle in lieu of paclitaxel. Capsaicin-evoked hypersensitivity was enhanced by prior paclitaxel treatment but did not differ in either NMNAT2+/- or WT mice. Thus, capsaicin failed to unmask differences in nociceptive behaviors in either paclitaxel-treated or paclitaxel-untreated NMNAT2+/- and WT mice. Moreover, no differences in motor behavior were detected between genotypes in the rotarod test. Our studies do not preclude the possibility that complete knockout of NMNAT2 in a conditional knockout animal could unmask a role for NMNAT2 in protection against detrimental effects of chemotherapeutic treatment.
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