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Gonkowski S, Martín J, Rychlik A, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Makowska K. An evaluation of dogs' exposure to benzophenones through hair sample analysis. J Vet Res 2024; 68:303-312. [PMID: 38947164 PMCID: PMC11210366 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Benzophenones (BPs) are used in various branches of industry as ultraviolet radiation filters, but they pollute the natural environment, penetrate living organisms, and disrupt endocrine balance. Knowledge of the exposure of domestic animals to these substances is extremely scant. The aim of the study was to investigate long-term exposure of companion dogs to BPs and relate this to environmental factors. Material and Methods Hair samples taken from 50 dogs and 50 bitches from under 2 to over 10 years old were analysed for BP content with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results The results revealed that dogs are most often exposed to 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3) and 4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1). Concentration levels of BP-3 above the method quantification limit (MQL) were noted in 100% of the samples and fluctuated from 4.75 ng/g to 1,765 ng/g. In turn, concentration levels of BP-1 above the MQL were noted in 37% of the samples and ranged from <0.50 ng/g to 666 ng/g. Various factors (such as the use of hygiene and care products and the dog's diet) were found to affect BP concentration levels. Higher levels of BP-3 were observed in castrated/spayed animals and in animals that required veterinary intervention more often. Conclusion The results obtained show that the analysis of hair samples may be a useful matrix for biomonitoring BPs in dogs, and that these substances may be toxic to them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41011Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41011Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41011Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41011Sevilla, Spain
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957Olsztyn, Poland
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Zeidan RS, McElroy T, Rathor L, Martenson MS, Lin Y, Mankowski RT. Sex differences in frailty among older adults. Exp Gerontol 2023; 184:112333. [PMID: 37993077 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
By definition, aging is a natural, gradual and continuous process. On the other hand, frailty reflects the increase in vulnerability to stressors and shortens the time without disease (health span) while longevity refers to the length of life (lifespan). The average life expectancy has significantly increased during the last few decades. A longer lifespan has been accompanied by an increase in frailty and decreased independence in older adults, with major differences existing between men and women. For example, women tend to live longer than men but also experience higher rates of frailty and disability. Sex differences prevent optimization of lifestyle interventions and therapies to effectively prevent frailty. Sex differences in frailty and aging are rooted in a complex interplay between uncontrollable (genetic, epigenetic, physiological), and controllable factors (psychosocial and lifestyle factors). Thus, understanding the underlying causes of sex differences in frailty and aging is essential for developing personalized interventions to promote healthy aging and improve quality of life in older men and women. In this review, we have discussed the key contributors and knowledge gaps related to sex differences in aging and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola S Zeidan
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Taylor McElroy
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Laxmi Rathor
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Matthew S Martenson
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
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Broniowska Ż, Tomczyk I, Grzmil P, Bystrowska B, Skórkowska A, Maciejska A, Kazek G, Budziszewska B. Benzophenone-2 exerts reproductive toxicity in male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108450. [PMID: 37543253 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone derivatives such as benzophenone-2 (BP-2) belong to the group of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Increased exposure to EDCs is considered to be an important factor behind the decline of human fertility. The main aim of the present study was to determine the effect of BP-2 on testicular function specified by sperm analysis, the level of sex hormones and their receptors. Since BP-2 has been shown to activate the immune system, another aim of the research was to verify the hypothesis that the immune system may be contributing to the testis toxicity of this compound and for this purpose changes in macrophage and lymphocyte populations in the testes were determined. BP-2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg was administered dermally, twice daily at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 4-weeks. It was shown that BP-2 reduced the number and motility of sperm and increased the number of sperm showing morphological changes. By determining the concentration of sex hormones, a significant decrease in testosterone levels and an increase in the blood levels of 17β-estradiol were demonstrated. Similar to the results obtained from the blood samples, testosterone levels in the testes were lowered, which could affect sperm parameters. The effect of BP-2 on lowering testosterone levels and the number of sperm cells may be due to immunoactivation in the testes, because it has been detected that this compound significantly decreased the number of the immunosuppressive resident testicular macrophages (TMs) (CD68-CD163+), but increased pro-inflammatory TMs with monocyte-like properties (CD68+CD163-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Broniowska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, PL, Poland.
| | - Igor Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Grzmil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, PL, Poland
| | - Alicja Skórkowska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, PL, Poland
| | - Alicja Maciejska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, PL, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, PL, Poland
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4
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Weiss V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. In vitro investigation of immunomodulatory activities of selected UV-filters. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113684. [PMID: 36813152 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are ubiquitous as they are used in numerous personal care products. Consequently, people constantly come into direct or indirect contact with these chemicals. Albeit studies of the effects of UV filters on human health have been undertaken, their toxicological profiles are not complete. In this work, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of eight UV filters representing different chemotypes, including benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octyldimethyl-para-aminobenzoic acid, octyl salate, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, 3-benzylidenecamphor, and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chlorobenzotriazol-2-yl)phenol. We demonstrated that none of these UV filters were cytotoxic to THP-1 cells at concentrations up to 50 μM. Importantly, our study highlighted the capacity of nontoxic concentrations of avobenzone and 3-benzylidene camphor to increase the secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) from both THP-1 cells and THP-1 derived macrophages. Further, they also exhibited a pronounced decrease of IL-6 and IL-10 release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The observed immune cell alterations suggest that exposure to 3-BC and BMDM could be involved in immune deregulation. Our research thus provided additional insight into UV filter safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Weiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Tamayo L, Santana P, Forero JC, Leal M, González N, Díaz M, Guiliani N, Hamm E, Urzúa M. Coaxial fibers of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)@poly(vinyl alcohol) for wound dressing applications: Dual and sustained delivery of bioactive agents promoting fibroblast proliferation with reduced cell adherence. Int J Pharm 2021; 611:121292. [PMID: 34780927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic and acute wounds, as well as the complexity of their treatment represent a great challenge for health systems around the world. In this context, the development of bioactive wound dressings that release active agents to prevent infections and promote wound healing, appears as the most promising solution. In this work, we develop an antibacterial and biocompatible wound dressing material made from coaxial electrospun fibers of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PSMA@PVA). The coaxial configuration of the fibers consists of a shell of poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydride) containing a variable concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 0.1-0.6 wt% as antibacterial agent, and a core of PVA containing 1 wt% allantoin as healing agent. The fibers present diameters between 0.72 and 1.7 µm. The release of Ag+ in a physiological medium was studied for 72 h, observing a burst release during the first 14 h and then a sustained and controlled release during the remaining 58 h. Allantoin release curves showed significant release only after 14 h. The meshes showed an antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis that correlates with the amount of AgNPs incorporated and the release rate of Ag+. Indeed, meshes containing 0.3 and 0.6 wt% of AgNPs showed a 99.99% inhibition against both bacteria. The adherence and cell viability of the meshes were evaluated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH/3T3, observing a significant increase in cell viability after 72 h of incubation accompanied by a reduced adhesion of fibroblasts that decreased in the presence of the active agents. These results show that the material prepared here is capable of significantly promoting fibroblast cell proliferation but without strong adherence, which makes it an ideal material for wound dressings with non-adherent characteristics and with potential for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tamayo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - Juan C Forero
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile
| | - Matías Leal
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás González
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Díaz
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Bacteriana, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, P. C. 780-0023, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Guiliani
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Bacteriana, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, P. C. 780-0023, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Hamm
- Departamento Física, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Urzúa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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Sandoval-Gío JJ, Noreña-Barroso E, Escalante-Herrera K, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Effect of Benzophenone-3 to Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant System in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:814-819. [PMID: 34129062 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one of the most used UV filters. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of BP-3 during embryo stages of zebrafish four hours post-fertilization (4hpf). Embryos were exposed to 0, 1, and 10 µg L-1 of BP-3 for 72 h. We investigated biochemical and molecular biomarkers of neurotoxicity (AChE) and the antioxidant system (gene expression of catalase, CAT, superoxide dismutase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, GPX, the concentration of total glutathione, GSH, and lipid hydroperoxides, LPO). Results indicated that the acute exposure to BP-3 in zebrafish embryos did not show significant differences in survival, hatching rate, or antioxidant system biomarkers. In contrast, there were significant differences associated with AChE gene expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Sandoval-Gío
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Sisal, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín, Tizimín, YUC, Mexico
| | - Elsa Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Sisal, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
| | - Karla Escalante-Herrera
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Sisal, Sisal, YUC, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Sisal, Sisal, YUC, Mexico.
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Grafting of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Sialic Acid onto Chitosan to Produce a New Amphipathic Chitosan Derivative: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020452. [PMID: 33467083 PMCID: PMC7829902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is the only cationic polysaccharide found in nature. It has broad application prospects in biomaterials, but its application is limited due to its poor solubility in water. A novel chitosan derivative was synthesized by amidation of chitosan with 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid. The chitosan derivatives were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and measurement of the zeta potential. We also investigated the solubility, cytotoxicity, and blood compatibility of chitosan derivatives. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid could be grafted onto chitosan molecular chains. The thermal stability of the synthesized chitosan derivatives was decreased and the surface was positively charged in water and phosphate-buffered saline. After chitosan had been modified by 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid and sialic acid, the solubility of chitosan was improved greatly in water and phosphate-buffered saline, and percent hemolysis was <5%. Novel amphiphilic chitosan derivatives could be suitable polymers for biomedical purposes.
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The Leaf Extract of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Accelerated In Vitro Wound Healing by Reducing Oxidative Stress Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3963510. [PMID: 33505581 PMCID: PMC7806374 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3963510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The impairment in the regulation of the physiological process in the inflammatory phase of wound healing results in oxidative stress damage, which increases the severity and extends the healing time. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the radical scavenging properties of Coccinia leaf extract and its ability to ameliorate a migration process in vitro. Coccinia is a medicinal plant that was used in ancient times for relieving insect bite itching and swelling. However, the role of Coccinia leaf extract as an antioxidant related to the process of wound healing has never been studied. In this study, we demonstrated that the leaf extract possessed antioxidant properties that acted as a proton donor to neutralize reactive oxygen species with the IC50 value of 4.85 mg/mL of the extract. It could chelate iron with the IC50 value of 21.39 mg/mL of the extract. The leaf extract protected the human fibroblasts and keratinocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by increasing cell survival rate by more than 20% in all test doses. The protective property was dose-dependently correlated with the decrease in reactive oxygen species formation. In addition, the leaf extract enhanced the cell migration rate of fibroblasts and keratinocytes up to 23% compared with vehicle control. The results suggested that Coccinia leaf extract may be a potential herb for increasing the wound healing process with its antioxidant capacity and can be used as an herbal ingredient for the utilization of skincare products.
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Oster M, Reyer H, Keiler J, Ball E, Mulvenna C, Muráni E, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K. Comfrey (Symphytum spp.) as an alternative field crop contributing to closed agricultural cycles in chicken feeding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140490. [PMID: 32634689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Local cultivars of comfrey (Symphytum spp.) have been used to cover protein and mineral requirements of farm animals in low-input systems. Due to its known health-promoting (e.g. allantoin), but also anti-nutritive ingredients (e.g. pyrrolizidine alkaloids), multidisciplinary approaches are essential in order to quantify the nutritional value and the potential of its use in poultry and farm animals in terms of meeting animal needs, using local resources as well as remediating over-fertilized soils. Focusing on animal effects, here one-day old sexed Cobb500 broiler chickens were subjected to either a standard control diet or a standard diet supplemented with 4% dried comfrey leaves for 32 days. Performance traits indicate good acceptance of supplementation with comfrey leaves. Parameters for liver function, mineral homeostasis, bone mineral density as well as intestinal microanatomy revealed no signs of impairment. Quantified pyrrolizidine alkaloids were below the detection limit in liver and breast muscle (<5 μg/kg tissue). Comfrey supplemented male broiler chickens showed higher ash content in breast muscle and revealed altered gene expression profiles for metabolic pathways in blood cells. In healthy broiler chickens, the transcriptome analyses revealed no aberrations in the immune-related pathways due to comfrey supplementation. The results imply that the use of comfrey leaves in a high-performance broiler line seems feasible and offers the potential for closed nutrient cycles in site-adapted local agricultural systems. Further analyses need to focus on possible growth-promoting and health-improving components of comfrey and the safe use of chicken products for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oster
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Keiler
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ball
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, Co Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Christina Mulvenna
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough, Co Down BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Eduard Muráni
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Yamada M, Mohammed Y, Prow TW. Advances and controversies in studying sunscreen delivery and toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:72-86. [PMID: 32084432 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review critically evaluates the sunscreen delivery and toxicity field. We chose to focus on approved sunscreens in this review. Optimal sunscreen use prevents skin cancer and photoageing but there is an important knowledge gap in sunscreen/skin interactions. Sunscreen delivery is a key for efficacy, but studying sunscreen delivery is not straightforward. We review the strengths and weaknesses of in vitro, excised skin and clinical approaches. Understanding positive and negative sunscreen effects on skin homeostasis is also challenging. The results in this field, especially in vitro testing, are controversial and experimental design varies widely which further supports disparities between some findings. We hypothesize that bias towards showing sunscreen toxicity to increase impact could be problematic. We explore that perception through a detailed review of experimental design, especially in cell culture models. Our conclusion is that emerging, non- and minimally invasive technologies are enabling new approaches to volunteer studies that could significantly improve knowledge of sunscreen delivery and interactions.
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Kolbe L, Pissavini M, Tricaud C, Trullás Cabanas C, Dietrich E, Matts PJ. Anti-inflammatory / anti-oxidant activity of ingredients of sunscreen products? Implications for SPF. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:320-324. [PMID: 31087383 PMCID: PMC6852040 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of sunscreen products is derived from testing in vivo their ability to prevent erythema ("sunburn"). Recently, certain articles have raised concerns that sunscreen products may actively suppress erythema via anti-inflammatory / anti-oxidant (AI/AO) activity. These articles reason that this may result in a higher labelled SPF value than that provided by the efficacy of the UVR filters alone, giving consumers a "false sense of security". On the other hand, since inflammatory processes are known to play a role in the mechanisms of photodamage / skin cancer induction and propagation, AI/AO activity may provide valuable incremental photoprotective benefit (provided that there is no interference with visible erythema). The objective of these studies, therefore, was to investigate the potential of AI/AO ingredients to suppress UVR-induced erythemal response in human skin, in vivo. METHODS In vivo studies with SPF30 sunscreen formulations containing a variety of AI/AO ingredients were performed according to the International Standard ISO24444:2010 method. While ISO24444:2010 requires assessment of erythema at 20 ± 4h post-irradiation, an additional assessment at 5 h post-irradiation was also used to determine potential delay in erythema development. RESULTS None of the formulations, containing a variety of AI/AO ingredients, influenced SPF determination in comparison to the vehicle formulation. CONCLUSION Our in vivo results demonstrate that commonly-used AI/AO ingredients, at concentrations typically used in sunscreen products, neither influence SPF value nor delay erythemal response, i.e., the measured SPF reflects the true photoprotective capacity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kolbe
- Beiersdorf AGUnnastrasse 4820245HamburgGermany
| | - M. Pissavini
- Coty‐Lancaster SAM2, rue de la Lujerneta 98000MonacoMonaco
| | - C. Tricaud
- L’Oréal188 rue Paul Hochart94 550Chevilly LarueFrance
| | | | - E. Dietrich
- Cosmetics Europe ‐ The Personal Care AssociationAvenue Herrmann‐Debroux 40B‐1160BrusselsBelgium
| | - P. J. Matts
- Procter & Gamble, Greater London Innovation CentreEghamUK
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Anti-Hyperuricemic Effect of 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-5-sulfonic Acid in Hyperuricemic Mice through XOD. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102671. [PMID: 30336599 PMCID: PMC6222621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, benzophenone-type molecules are beneficial for alleviating the UV exposure of humans. More importantly, various compounds with this skeleton have demonstrated various biological activities. In this paper, we report the anti-hyperuricemic effect of the benzophenone compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid (HMS). Preliminarily, its molecular docking score and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition suggested a good anti-hyperuricemic effect. Then, its anti-hyperuricemic effect, primary mechanisms and general toxicity were examined on a hyperuricemic mouse model which was established using potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine together. HMS demonstrated a remarkable anti- hyperuricemic effect which was near to that of the control drugs, showing promising perspective. General toxicity was assessed and it showed no negative effects on body weight growth and kidney function. Moreover, anti-inflammatory action was observed for HMS via spleen and thymus changes. Its anti-hyperuricemic mechanisms may be ascribed to its inhibition of XOD and its up-regulation of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and down-regulation of glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9).
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Gao F, Yu S, Tao Q, Tan W, Duan L, Li Z, Cui H. Lignosulfonate Improves Photostability and Bioactivity of Abscisic Acid under Ultraviolet Radiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6585-6593. [PMID: 28851212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA), as a commonly used plant growth regulator, is easy to be degraded and lose its bioactivity under sunshine. To select an eco-friendly and efficient photoprotectant for the improvement of photostability and bioactivity of ABA when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, we tested the effects of three biodegradable natural-derived high polymers, sodium lignosulfonates 3A [molecular weight (MW) > 50000, with degree of sulfonation (DS) of 0.48] and NA (20000 < MW < 50000, with DS of 0.7) and calcium lignosulfonate CASA (MW < 20000, with DS of 0.7), on the photodegradation of ABA. Lignosulfonates 3A, NA, and CASA showed significant photostabilizing capability on ABA. Lignosulfonate 3A showed preferable photostabilizing effects on ABA compared to CASA, while NA showed an intermediate effect. That indicated that lignosulfonate with a high MW and low DS had a stronger UV absorption and the hollow aggregate micelles formatted by lignosulfonate protect ABA from UV damage. Approximately 50% more ABA was kept when 280 mg/L ABA aqueous solution was irradiated by UV light for 2 h in the presence of 2000 mg/L lignosulfonate 3A. The bioactivity on wheat (JIMAI 22) seed germination was greatly kept by 3A in comparison to that of ABA alone. The 300 times diluent of 280 mg/L ABA plus 2000 mg/L 3A after 2 h of irradiation showed 20.8, 19.3, and 9.3% more inhibition on shoot growth, root growth, and root numbers of wheat seed, separately, in comparison to ABA diluent alone. We conclude that lignosulfonate 3A was an eco-friendly and efficient agent to keep ABA activity under UV radiation. This research could be used in UV-sensitive and water-soluble agrichemicals and to optimize the application times and dosages of ABA products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
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Broniowska Ż, Ślusarczyk J, Starek-Świechowicz B, Trojan E, Pomierny B, Krzyżanowska W, Basta-Kaim A, Budziszewska B. The effect of dermal benzophenone-2 administration on immune system activity, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity and hematological parameters in male Wistar rats. Toxicology 2018; 402-403:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wu MH, Xie DG, Xu G, Sun R, Xia XY, Liu WL, Tang L. Benzophenone-type UV filters in surface waters: An assessment of profiles and ecological risks in Shanghai, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:235-241. [PMID: 28359989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters) are frequently introduced into aquatic environment from several sources. The occurrence and fate of select BP-UV filters and their metabolites were investigated in this study. All target compounds were detected in water samples, except for 2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone (2, 3, 4-OH-BP). The concentration reached up 131ngL-1 for 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-ethoxybenzenesulfonic acid (BP-4), 30.0ngL-1 for 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), and mean value of 158ngL-1 for benzophenone (BP). Concentrations of BP-UV filters were not related to recreational waters but with high population frequencies. In addition, five BP-UV filters, namely 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2,3,4-OH-BP, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and BP were investigated for probable sources, and found that they originate from BP-3 metabolism. There is a similar source for BP-3, BP-4, BP-1, 4-OH-BP and BP. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) showed that risk quotients (RQs) of BP-4, BP-3 and BP were 2.7, 0.8 and 0.5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hong Wu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Deng-Guo Xie
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xia
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Liu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Liang Tang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Chirumbolo S. Alpha-bisabolol, not a matter for cancer therapy. Commentary: "Research on the immunosuppressive activity of ingredients contained in sunscreens". Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:96. [PMID: 26029105 PMCID: PMC4426726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Medicine, University Laboratories for Medical Research (LURM)-Medicine D, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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