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Wareing N, Mills TW, Collum S, Wu M, Revercomb L, Girard R, Lyons M, Skaug B, Bi W, Ali MA, Koochak H, Flores AR, Yang Y, Zheng WJ, Swindell W, Assassi S, Karmouty-Quintana H. Deletion of adipocyte Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 1 prevents lipolysis and attenuates skin fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595271. [PMID: 38826482 PMCID: PMC11142148 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background The cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is skin thickening and tightening. Targetable mechanisms for skin features remain elusive. Drugs successful in treating internal organ manifestations have failed efficacy in skin. Dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) is amongst the understudied contributors to skin manifestations. This study proposes the role of sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1), a gene previously unrecognized as a contributor to dermal lipoatrophy characteristic of early skin fibrosis in SSc. Methods Skin gene expression of SIX1 was analyzed in the GENISOS and PRESS SSc cohorts. Correlation analysis was performed with Spearman rank analysis. Novel mouse models were developed using the Cre-loxp system to knock out Six1 in all cells and mature adipocytes. Subcutaneous bleomycin was used to model early DWAT atrophy and dermal fibrosis characteristic of SSc. Findings SIX1 was upregulated in SSc skin, the expression of which correlates with adipose-associated genes and molecular pathways. Genetic deletion of Six1 in all cells in mice challenged with bleomycin abrogated end-stage fibrotic gene expression and dermal adipocyte shrinkage. Adipocyte specific Six1 deletion was able to attenuate the early increase in skin thickness, a hallmark of experimental skin fibrosis. Further studies revealed a link between elevated SIX1 and increased expression of SERPINE1 and its protein PAI-1 which are known pro-fibrotic mediators. Interpretation This work identifies SIX1 as an early marker of skin fibrosis in SSc. We also demonstrate a causative role of Six1 in skin fibrosis by promoting adipocyte loss and show that deletion of Six1 in adipocytes has the potential of impacting early disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Wareing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), TX, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Tingting W Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), TX, USA
| | - Scott Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), TX, USA
| | - Minghua Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | | | - Rene Girard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), TX, USA
| | - Marka Lyons
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Brian Skaug
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Weizhen Bi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), TX, USA
| | - Meer A. Ali
- D Bradley McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Haniyeh Koochak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Anthony R Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Yuntao Yang
- D Bradley McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- D Bradley McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - William Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), TX, USA
- Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston TX, USA
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2
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Jussila A, Zhang B, Kirti S, Atit R. Tissue fibrosis associated depletion of lipid-filled cells. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15054. [PMID: 38519432 PMCID: PMC10977660 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is primarily described as the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, but in many tissues it also involves a loss of lipid or lipid-filled cells. Lipid-filled cells are critical to tissue function and integrity in many tissues including the skin and lungs. Thus, loss or depletion of lipid-filled cells during fibrogenesis, has implications for tissue function. In some contexts, lipid-filled cells can impact ECM composition and stability, highlighting their importance in fibrotic transformation. Recent papers in fibrosis address this newly recognized fibrotic lipodystrophy phenomenon. Even in disparate tissues, common mechanisms are emerging to explain fibrotic lipodystrophy. These findings have implications for fibrosis in tissues composed of fibroblast and lipid-filled cell populations such as skin, lung, and liver. In this review, we will discuss the roles of lipid-containing cells, their reduction/loss during fibrotic transformation, and the mechanisms of that loss in the skin and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jussila
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sakin Kirti
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Radhika Atit
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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3
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Satzinger S, Willenborg S, Ding X, Klose CSN, Radtke D, Voehringer D, Eming SA. Type 2 Immunity Regulates Dermal White Adipose Tissue Function. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2456-2467.e5. [PMID: 37295491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses have been increasingly linked with tissue maintenance, regeneration, and metabolic homeostasis. The molecular basis of regulator and effector mechanisms of type 2 immunity in skin regeneration and homeostasis is still lacking. In this study, we analyzed the role of IL-4Rα signaling in the regeneration of diverse cellular compartments in the skin. Mutants with global IL-4Rα deficiency showed two major phenotypes: first, a pronounced atrophy of the interfollicular epidermis, and second, a significant increase in dermal white adipose tissue thickness in mice aged 3 weeks (postnatal day 21) compared with littermate controls. Notably, IL-4Rα deficiency decreased the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase, a rate-limiting step in lipolysis. Immunohistochemical and FACS analysis in IL-4/enhanced GFP reporter mice showed that IL-4 expression peaked on postnatal day 21 and that eosinophils are the predominant IL-4-expressing cells. Eosinophil-deficient mice recapitulated the lipolytic-defective dermal white adipose tissue phenotype of Il4ra-deficient mice, showing that eosinophils are necessary for dermal white adipose tissue lipolysis. Collectively, we provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of interfollicular epidermis and hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated lipolysis in dermal white adipose tissue in early life by IL-4Rα, and our findings show that eosinophils play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaolei Ding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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4
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Guo Y, Hu Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Fan Z, Qu Q, Miao Y. Feasibility of adipose-derived therapies for hair regeneration: Insights based on signaling interplay and clinical overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:784-794. [PMID: 34883154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is a dynamic component of the skin and closely interacts with the hair follicle. Interestingly, dWAT envelops the hair follicle during anagen and undergoes fluctuations in volume throughout the hair cycle. dWAT-derived extracellular vesicles can significantly regulate the hair cycle, and this provides a theoretical basis for utilizing adipose tissue as a feasible clinical strategy to treat hair loss. However, the amount and depth of the available literature are far from enough to fully elucidate the prominent role of dWAT in modulating the hair growth cycle. This review starts by investigating the hair cycle-coupled dWAT remodeling and the reciprocal signaling interplay underneath. Then, it summarizes the current literature and assesses the advantages and limitations of clinical research utilizing adipose-derived therapies for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Guo
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhexiang Fan
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Qu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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5
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Walendzik K, Kopcewicz M, Wiśniewska J, Opyd P, Machcińska-Zielińska S, Gawrońska-Kozak B. Dermal white adipose tissue development and metabolism: The role of transcription factor Foxn1. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23171. [PMID: 37682531 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Intradermal adipocytes form dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), a unique fat depot localized in the lower layer of the dermis. However, recognition of molecular factors regulating dWAT development, homeostasis, and bioactivity is limited. Using Foxn1-/- and Foxn1+/+ mice, we demonstrated that epidermally expressed Foxn1 regulates dWAT development and defines the adipogenic capacity of dermal fibroblasts. In intact and post-wounded skin, Foxn1 contributes to the initial stimulation of dWAT adipogenesis and participates in the modulation of lipid metabolism processes. Furthermore, Foxn1 activity strengthens adipogenic processes through Bmp2 and Igf2 signaling and regulates lipid metabolism in differentiated dermal fibroblasts. The results reveal the contribution of Foxn1 to dWAT metabolism, thus identifying possible targets for modulation and regulation of dWAT in physiological and pathological processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walendzik
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paulina Opyd
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Machcińska-Zielińska
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawrońska-Kozak
- Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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6
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Gawronska-Kozak B, Kopcewicz M, Machcinska-Zielinska S, Walendzik K, Wisniewska J, Drukała J, Wasniewski T, Rutkowska J, Malinowski P, Pulinski M. Gender Differences in Post-Operative Human Skin. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2653. [PMID: 37893027 PMCID: PMC10604277 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the impact of age, gender, and obesity on the skin wound healing process has been extensively studied, the data related to gender differences in aspects of skin scarring are limited. The present study performed on abdominal human intact and scar skin focused on determining gender differences in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) accumulation, and Foxn1 expression as a part of the skin response to injury. Scar skin of men showed highly increased levels of COLLAGEN 1A1, COLLAGEN 6A3, and ELASTIN mRNA expression, the accumulation of thick collagen I-positive fibers, and the accumulation of α-SMA-positive cells in comparison to the scar skin of women. However, post-injured skin of women displayed an increase (in comparison to post-injured men's skin) in collagen III accumulation in the scar area. On the contrary, women's skin samples showed a tendency towards higher levels of adipogenic-related genes (PPARγ, FABP4, LEPTIN) than men, regardless of intact or scar skin. Intact skin of women showed six times higher levels of LEPTIN mRNA expression in comparison to men intact (p < 0.05), men post-injured (p < 0.05), or women post-injured scar (p < 0.05) skin. Higher levels of FOXN1 mRNA and protein were also detected in women than in men's skin. In conclusion, the present data confirm and extend (dWAT layer) the data related to the presence of differences between men and women in the skin, particularly in scar tissues, which may contribute to the more effective and gender-tailored improvement of skin care interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Sylwia Machcinska-Zielinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Joanna Wisniewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.K.); (S.M.-Z.); (K.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Justyna Drukała
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Wasniewski
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rutkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Piotr Malinowski
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Pulinski
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Cherkashina OL, Morgun EI, Rippa AL, Kosykh AV, Alekhnovich AV, Stoliarzh AB, Terskikh VV, Vorotelyak EA, Kalabusheva EP. Blank Spots in the Map of Human Skin: The Challenge for Xenotransplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12769. [PMID: 37628950 PMCID: PMC10454653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the knowledge about human skin homeostasis, development, wound healing, and diseases has been accumulated from human skin biopsy analysis by transferring from animal models and using different culture systems. Human-to-mouse xenografting is one of the fundamental approaches that allows the skin to be studied in vivo and evaluate the ongoing physiological processes in real time. Humanized animals permit the actual techniques for tracing cell fate, clonal analysis, genetic modifications, and drug discovery that could never be employed in humans. This review recapitulates the novel facts about mouse skin self-renewing, regeneration, and pathology, raises issues regarding the gaps in our understanding of the same options in human skin, and postulates the challenges for human skin xenografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Cherkashina
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Morgun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra L. Rippa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Kosykh
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Alekhnovich
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey B. Stoliarzh
- Federal Government-Financed Institution “National Medical Research Center of High Medical Technologies n.a. A.A. Vishnevsky”, 143421 Krasnogorsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V. Terskikh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Gawronska-Kozak B, Walendzik K, Machcinska S, Padzik A, Kopcewicz M, Wiśniewska J. Dermal White Adipose Tissue (dWAT) Is Regulated by Foxn1 and Hif-1α during the Early Phase of Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:257. [PMID: 35008683 PMCID: PMC8745105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is involved in the maintenance of skin homeostasis. However, the studies concerning its molecular regulation are limited. In the present paper, we ask whether the introduction of two transcription factors, Foxn1 and Hif-1α, into the post-wounded skin of Foxn1-/- mice regulates dWAT during wound healing (days 3 and 6). We have chosen lentivirus vectors (LVs) as a tool to deliver Foxn1 and Hif-1α into the post-wounded skin. We documented that combinations of both transgenes reduces the number, size and diameter of dermal adipocytes at the wound bed area. The qRT-PCR analysis of pro-adipogenic genes, revealed that LV-Hif-1α alone, or combined with LV-Foxn1, increases the mRNA expression of Pparγ, Glut 4 and Fasn at post-wounding day 6. However, the most spectacular stimulatory effect of Foxn1 and/or Hif-1α was observed for Igf2, the growth factor participating in adipogenic signal transduction. Our data also shows that Foxn1/Hif-1α, at post-wounding day 3, reduces levels of CD68 and MIP-1γ mRNA expression and the percentage of CD68 positive cells in the wound site. In conclusion, the present data are the first to document that Foxn1 and Hif-1α cooperatively (1) regulate dWAT during the proliferative phase of skin wound healing through the Igf2 signaling pathway, and (2) reduce the macrophages content in the wound site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gawronska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (S.M.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (S.M.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Sylwia Machcinska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (S.M.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Artur Padzik
- Virus Vector Core, Turku Centre for Biotechnology BioCity, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (S.M.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.W.); (S.M.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
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9
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Kalabusheva EP, Rippa AL, Tsitrina AA, Pinto A, Terskikh AV, Chermnykh ES, Vorotelyak EA. Xenotransplantation of a Full-Layer Human Skin Strip as a Model for Studying Skin Regeneration and the Hair Follicle Cycle. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Dermal Adipose Tissue Secretes HGF to Promote Human Hair Growth and Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1633-1645.e13. [PMID: 33493531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) are immersed within dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), yet human adipocyte‒HF communication remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated how perifollicular adipocytes affect the physiology of human anagen scalp HFs. Quantitative immunohistomorphometry, X-ray microcomputed tomography, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the number and size of perifollicular adipocytes declined during anagen‒catagen transition, whereas fluorescence-lifetime imaging revealed increased lipid oxidation in adipocytes surrounding the bulge and/or sub-bulge region. Ex vivo, dWAT tendentially promoted hair shaft production, and significantly stimulated hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and HF pigmentation. Both dWAT pericytes and PREF1/DLK1+ adipocyte progenitors secreted HGF during human HF‒dWAT co-culture, for which the c-Met receptor was expressed in the hair matrix and dermal papilla. These effects were reproduced using recombinant HGF and abrogated by an HGF-neutralizing antibody. Laser-capture microdissection‒based microarray analysis of the hair matrix showed that dWAT-derived HGF upregulated keratin (K) genes (K27, K73, K75, K84, K86) and TCHH. Mechanistically, HGF stimulated Wnt/β-catenin activity in the human hair matrix (increased AXIN2, LEF1) by upregulating WNT6 and WNT10B, and inhibiting SFRP1 in the dermal papilla. Our study demonstrates that dWAT regulates human hair growth and pigmentation through HGF secretion, and thus identifies dWAT and HGF as important novel molecular and cellular targets for therapeutic intervention in human hair growth and pigmentation disorders.
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11
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Kovács D, Fazekas F, Oláh A, Törőcsik D. Adipokines in the Skin and in Dermatological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239048. [PMID: 33260746 PMCID: PMC7730960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are the primary mediators of adipose tissue-induced and regulated systemic inflammatory diseases; however, recent findings revealed that serum levels of various adipokines correlate also with the onset and the severity of dermatological diseases. Importantly, further data confirmed that the skin serves not only as a target for adipokine signaling, but may serve as a source too. In this review, we aim to provide a complex overview on how adipokines may integrate into the (patho) physiological conditions of the skin by introducing the cell types, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and sebocytes, which are known to produce adipokines as well as the signals that target them. Moreover, we discuss data from in vivo and in vitro murine and human studies as well as genetic data on how adipokines may contribute to various aspects of the homeostasis of the skin, e.g., melanogenesis, hair growth, or wound healing, just as to the pathogenesis of dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Kovács
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Fruzsina Fazekas
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-602
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12
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Muneeb F, Hardman JA, Paus R. Hair growth control by innate immunocytes: Perifollicular macrophages revisited. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:425-431. [PMID: 30920018 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of innate immunocytes such as mast cells, γδ T cells, NK cells and macrophages (MACs) in hair growth control under physiological and pathological conditions has recently begun to be re-explored. Here, we revisit the role of resident perifollicular macrophages (pfMACs) located in the hair follicle (HF) mesenchyme (CTS). Substantial, stringently timed fluctuations in the number and localization of pfMACs were first observed long ago during murine HF morphogenesis and cycling. This already suggested some involvement of these innate immunocytes, with a recognized role in tissue remodelling and in hair growth control. The relatively recent demonstration of a Wnt signalling-driven crosstalk between these immunocytes and HF epithelial stem cells in telogen HFs, which promotes anagen induction, has reinvigorated interest in the role that pfMAC plays in hair biology. Besides the apoptosis-associated secretion of stem cell-activating Wnts and the differential secretion of HF-targeting growth factors such as FGF-5 and FGF5s from pfMACs, we also explore how MAC polarization, and thus function, may be influenced by the local metabolic and immune environment. Moreover, we examine how pfMACs may contribute to hair cycle-associated angiogenesis, vascular remodelling, HF immune privilege and immunopathology. On this basis, we discuss why targeting pfMACs may be relevant in the management of hair growth disorders. Finally, we argue that studying pfMACs offers an excellent, clinically relevant model system for characterizing and experimentally manipulating MAC interactions with an easily accessible mammalian, continuously remodelled (mini-)organ under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhan Muneeb
- School of Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan A Hardman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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13
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Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Klopot A, Sabin K, Baida G, Horsley V, Budunova I. Regulated in Development and DNA Damage Responses 1 Prevents Dermal Adipocyte Differentiation and Is Required for Hair Cycle-Dependent Dermal Adipose Expansion. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1698-1705.e1. [PMID: 32032578 PMCID: PMC7398827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) expansion is associated with important homeostatic and pathologic processes in skin. Even though mTOR/protein kinase B signaling is important for adipogenesis, the role of regulated development of DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1), a negative regulator of mTOR/protein kinase B, is poorly understood. Loss of REDD1 in mice resulted in reduction of body mass, total fat, size of gonadal white adipose tissue, and interscapular brown adipose tissue. Inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue and dWAT in REDD1 knockouts were expanded compared with wild type mice. Size and number of mature adipocytes in dWAT were also increased in adult REDD1 knockouts. This dWAT phenotype was established around postnatal day 18 and did not depend on the hair growth cycle. Numbers of adipocyte precursor cells were lower in REDD1 knockout skin. In vitro analysis revealed increased differentiation of skin-derived REDD1 knockout adipocyte precursor cells as indicated by higher lipid accumulation and increased adipogenic marker expression. 3T3L1 cells overexpressing REDD1 had decreased sensitivity to differentiation. Overall, our findings indicate that REDD1 silencing induced expansion of dWAT through hypertrophy and hyperplasia. This REDD1-dependent mechanism of adipogenesis could be used to preferentially target skin-associated adipose tissue for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo C. Rivera-Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Current address: Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Anna Klopot
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kaitlyn Sabin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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14
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Zhang Z, Shao M, Hepler C, Zi Z, Zhao S, An YA, Zhu Y, Ghaben AL, Wang MY, Li N, Onodera T, Joffin N, Crewe C, Zhu Q, Vishvanath L, Kumar A, Xing C, Wang QA, Gautron L, Deng Y, Gordillo R, Kruglikov I, Kusminski CM, Gupta RK, Scherer PE. Dermal adipose tissue has high plasticity and undergoes reversible dedifferentiation in mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5327-5342. [PMID: 31503545 DOI: 10.1172/jci130239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal adipose tissue (also known as dermal white adipose tissue and herein referred to as dWAT) has been the focus of much discussion in recent years. However, dWAT remains poorly characterized. The fate of the mature dermal adipocytes and the origin of the rapidly reappearing dermal adipocytes at different stages remain unclear. Here, we isolated dermal adipocytes and characterized dermal fat at the cellular and molecular level. Together with dWAT's dynamic responses to external stimuli, we established that dermal adipocytes are a distinct class of white adipocytes with high plasticity. By combining pulse-chase lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing, we observed that mature dermal adipocytes undergo dedifferentiation and redifferentiation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Upon various challenges, the dedifferentiated cells proliferate and redifferentiate into adipocytes. In addition, manipulation of dWAT highlighted an important role for mature dermal adipocytes for hair cycling and wound healing. Altogether, these observations unravel a surprising plasticity of dermal adipocytes and provide an explanation for the dynamic changes in dWAT mass that occur under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and highlight the important contributions of dWAT toward maintaining skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center
| | | | | | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope/Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Ilja Kruglikov
- Scientific Department, Wellcomet GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Bigas J, Sevilla LM, Pérez P. Epidermal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Inactivation Affects the Homeostasis of All Skin Layers in Chronologically Aged Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1899-1908. [PMID: 32199993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) in the skin of the elderly population contributes to age-related defects strikingly similar to those occurring after pharmacologic treatments with GCs. GCs act through the ligand-dependent transcription factors GC receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We reported that epidermal MR plays nonredundant roles relative to GR in adult mouse skin homeostasis; however, its relative contribution to natural skin aging has not been previously investigated. A 13-month-old MR epidermal knockout (MREKO) mice showed differential features of aging relative to controls (CO) in all skin compartments. MREKO mice were resistant to age-induced epidermal atrophy but showed reduced dermal thickness, with decreased collagen deposition and decreased SMAD2 and 3 activity. Importantly, the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) was 2.5-fold enlarged in 13-month MREKO versus CO, featuring adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy at least in part through early increases in Pparg. These changes correlated with compartment-specific alterations in GC signaling. In addition, conditioned medium from MREKO keratinocytes increased adipocyte differentiation, indicating paracrine regulation of adipogenesis through mechanisms that include activation of β-catenin signaling. These findings highlight the importance of epidermal MR in regulating cross-talk among skin compartments in naturally aged skin through GC and β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bigas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Jaime Roig, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Jaime Roig, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Jaime Roig, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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27 TH Fondation René Touraine Annual SCIENTIFIC MEETING 2019: Skin Appendages - Developmental and Pathophysiological Aspects. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1353-1367. [PMID: 31854035 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Caveolin-1 as a possible target in the treatment for acne. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:177-183. [PMID: 31769542 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important pathophysiological factor in acne. Cav-1 strongly interacts with such well-recognized etiopathogenic factors such as hyperseborrhea, follicular hyperkeratinization and pathogenicity of Cutibacterium acnes. Cav-1 is a strong negative regulator of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression. It acts as a critical determinant of autophagy, which is significantly induced in acne lesions through C. acnes and by absorption of fatty acids. Cav-1 also demonstrates different correlations with the development of innate immunity. We propose that normalization of Cav-1 expression can serve as a target in anti-acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Regeneration of Dermis: Scarring and Cells Involved. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060607. [PMID: 31216669 PMCID: PMC6627856 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies on certain skin cell specifications and their contribution to wound healing. In this review, we provide an overview of dermal cell heterogeneity and their participation in skin repair, scar formation, and in the composition of skin substitutes. The papillary, reticular, and hair follicle associated fibroblasts differ not only topographically, but also functionally. Human skin has a number of particular characteristics that are different from murine skin. This should be taken into account in experimental procedures. Dermal cells react differently to skin wounding, remodel the extracellular matrix in their own manner, and convert to myofibroblasts to different extents. Recent studies indicate a special role of papillary fibroblasts in the favorable outcome of wound healing and epithelial-mesenchyme interactions. Neofolliculogenesis can substantially reduce scarring. The role of hair follicle mesenchyme cells in skin repair and possible therapeutic applications is discussed. Participation of dermal cell types in wound healing is described, with the addition of possible mechanisms underlying different outcomes in embryonic and adult tissues in the context of cell population characteristics and extracellular matrix composition and properties. Dermal white adipose tissue involvement in wound healing is also overviewed. Characteristics of myofibroblasts and their activity in scar formation is extensively discussed. Cellular mechanisms of scarring and possible ways for its prevention are highlighted. Data on keloid cells are provided with emphasis on their specific characteristics. We also discuss the contribution of tissue tension to the scar formation as well as the criteria and effectiveness of skin substitutes in skin reconstruction. Special attention is given to the properties of skin substitutes in terms of cell composition and the ability to prevent scarring.
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19
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Dermal White Adipose Tissue: A Newly Recognized Layer of Skin Innate Defense. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1002-1009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Pivetti S, Fernandez-Perez D, D’Ambrosio A, Barbieri CM, Manganaro D, Rossi A, Barnabei L, Zanotti M, Scelfo A, Chiacchiera F, Pasini D. Loss of PRC1 activity in different stem cell compartments activates a common transcriptional program with cell type-dependent outcomes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1594. [PMID: 31106267 PMCID: PMC6520019 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complexes are evolutionarily conserved complexes that maintain transcriptional repression during development and differentiation to establish and preserve cell identity. We recently described the fundamental role of PRC1 in preserving intestinal stem cell identity through the inhibition of non-lineage-specific transcription factors. To further elucidate the role of PRC1 in adult stem cell maintenance, we now investigated its role in LGR5+ hair follicle stem cells during regeneration. We show that PRC1 depletion severely affects hair regeneration and, different from intestinal stem cells, derepression of its targets induces the ectopic activation of an epidermal-specific program. Our data support a general role of PRC1 in preserving stem cell identity that is shared between different compartments. However, the final outcome of the ectopic activation of non-lineage-specific transcription factors observed upon loss of PRC1 is largely context-dependent and likely related to the transcription factors repertoire and specific epigenetic landscape of different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pivetti
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro D’Ambrosio
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daria Manganaro
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Barnabei
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marika Zanotti
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Scelfo
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Chiacchiera
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology–CIBIO, Trento, Italy
- Corresponding author. (F.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Diego Pasini
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. (F.C.); (D.P.)
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21
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Nicu C, Hardman JA, Pople J, Paus R. Do human dermal adipocytes switch from lipogenesis in anagen to lipophagy and lipolysis during catagen in the human hair cycle? Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:432-435. [PMID: 30776154 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In murine skin, dermal white adipose tissue (DWAT) undergoes fluctuations in size across the hair cycle, whereas changes in size, function and metabolism of dermal adipocytes (DAs) during the human scalp hair cycle remain unexplored. Transmission electron microscopy results suggest that during anagen-catagen transition, human DAs co-opt the autophagy machinery to undergo lipophagy within their lipid droplets. Whole-mount staining of hair follicles (HFs) and surrounding DWAT for the autophagy marker LC3B confirms the increased presence of LC3B+ lipid droplets adjacent to catagen HFs; moreover, DWAT around catagen HFs engages in greater glycerol release compared to DWAT surrounding anagen HFs. Thus, we hypothesize that human DAs switch from lipogenesis during anagen to lipophagy together with lipolysis during catagen. We propose various experiments to further prove this hypothesis, whose systematic exploration should help to better characterize the functions of human DWAT and its communication with the HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Alan Hardman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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22
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Kruglikov IL, Zhang Z, Scherer PE. The Role of Immature and Mature Adipocytes in Hair Cycling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:93-105. [PMID: 30558832 PMCID: PMC6348020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) strongly interact with adipocytes within the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), suggesting a strong physiological dependence on the content of immature and mature adipocytes in this layer. This content is regulated by the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursors, as well as by dedifferentiation of mature existing adipocytes. Spatially, long-range interactions between HFs and dWAT involve the exchange of extracellular vesicles which are differentially released by precursors, preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes. Different exogenous factors, including light irradiation, are likely to modify the release of adipocyte-derived exosomes in dWAT, which can lead to aberrations of the HF cycle. Consequently, dWAT should be considered as a potential target for the modulation of hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA.
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